US11718A - Heat generator and radiator - Google Patents

Description

2 Sheets-Sheet 1 G. CHILSON. 1.

Hot-Air Furnace.

Patented Sept. 26, 1854.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

GARDNER OHILSON, OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.

HEAT GENERATOR AND RADIATOR.

Specification forming part of To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, GARDNER CHILSON, of Boston, in the county of Suffolk and State of Massachusetts, have invented a new or Improved Furnace or Heat Generator and Radiator to be used for warming buildings or apartments or for various other useful purposes; and I do hereby declare, that the same is fully described and represented in the following specification and the accompanying drawings, letters, figures, and references thereof.

Of the said drawings, Figure 1, repre sents a front elevation of my heat generating and radiating apparatus or furnace. Fig. 2, is a side elevation of it. Fig. 3, is a vertical, central and longitudinal section of it. Fig. 4, is a top view of it. Fig. 5, is a top view of the fire-chamber of it, as such chamber appears when its pyramidal or frustro-conic heat radiations or chambers are removed from it.

In the said drawings, A, denotes the firepot or place for the reception of the fuel; it

is made generally speaking of a depth equal to about one fourth of its breadth at top; and gradually diminishing in width to its bottom so as to give it the appearance of a broad flaring pan or vessel.

tact with it, such lining not only serving to prevent the shell of the fire-pot from becoming overheated, but also that injury, that would result thereby to air coming in contact with its exterior surface. It also prevents the fire-pot from being destroyed by the action of the fire.

By employing a broad and shallow firepot, a great economy of fuel results, as unnecesary waste of fuel is avoided on account of the slowness of its combustion, it being well known, that when fuel is burned in deep and narrow iron vessels, the combustion of it is faster than it is in those which are broad and shallow, while as a general thing, the advantageous exposure 0 the radiating surface of the fuel is not so great in the latter as in the former. This fire-pot, A, rests on an iron base or ash box, B, made of suflicient depth for the reception of the This pan or fire-pot may be constructed of cast iron orl other proper material and if necessary it may be thoroughly protected on its inner? surface by a lining of soapstone, fire brick or other suitable substance arranged on it: where the fuel would be likely to lay in con-V Letters Patent No. 11,718, dated September 26, 1854:; Reissued September 2'7, 1864, No. 1,782.

ashes as they are formed and also to admit of the revolution of a revolveable grate, C, placed at the bottom of the fire box as seen in the drawings. At the front of the ash box or base is a door opening closed by a door D, such being for the purpose of not only regulating the draft or supply of air under the grate, but for allowing (as circumstances may require) the removal of the ashes, &c., from the ash-pit or box. Above the door D, and directly in line with the shaft, Z), ofthe grate is a register opening, 0, which has a closing slide, d, applied to it. p This arrangementof the register opening with respect to the shaft of the grate, not only enables the said shaft to be disposed entirely within the ash-pit entrance but also enables the register opening to answer the purpose of not only admitting air to the fire or fuel when required, but also of allowing a key or crank to be introduced through 1t and fitted on the shaft for the object of turning or moving the grate when necessary so to do, and this without danger of ashes escaping out of the ash-pit, provided its door be closed.

On the top of the fire-pot rests a larger rim or flange, E, constructed about the height of the fire-pot and made with a series of hollow inverted semi cones as seen at, F, F, F, these semi cones being made to extend beyond the flare of the flange and to form so many projecting heat absorbing and radiating swells or extensions of the rim, while their several bases are arranged in a horizontal plane. Alongthe periphery or upper side of the rim E, and the bases of the-semi-cones there should be a groove, I), b, for the reception of the radiator or radiator cones to be hereinafter described and for the purpose of fixing the same thereto with a close joint by means of sand, cement or bolts as the case may require. In the before mentioned groove rests a central cone, frustrum or pyramid, H, and a series of any suitable number of attached hollow pyramids, frustra or cones I, I, I, I, &.c., the drawings representing six of them, they being arranged around and adjoining the central cone. These external cones, together with the central cone, not only are united for some distance above their bases so as not only to all open into the fire-chamber over the fire-pot, but so that each external cone shall enter into the main or internal cone by l A. A -I a passage or archway as seen at N. Above 'the joinings of the surrounding cones and the central cone, each of the former cones becomes distinct from the central cone, and constitutes a smoke passage which leads up into a hollow annulus or ring, K, or a common smoke chamber or radiator suitably formed. The external cones are made to open into this chamber by apertures in each whose united capacities or areas should be equal to or about equal to that of the cross section of the interior of a discharging smoke pipe made to lead out of chamber or annulus. The ring K, may be provided with one or more cleansing openings, L,

which may be entirely covered when the ap-:

paratus is in use.

Attached to and extending from the broad flange, E, that rests on top of the fire pot is a rectangular throat or mouth piece, M, which is made to open into the fire place and for the purpose of enabling it to be supplied with fuel. This mouth-piece or flange is provided with an inclined door, N,

Which is hinged at the top of the mouthpiece and projects forward at an angle of about forty five degrees with the horizontal bottom of the mouth upon which it rests, the same being arranged as seen in the drawings. WVhen the door is closed it is piece at or near its front edge.

the mouth piece serving to admit air in a thin sheet or current to the fire and over This thin sheet of air in passing} under the plate, 0, (which it will when the. door is elevated a short distance,) becomes. highly heated by contact with it, such plate:

the fuel.

being caused to receive heat, which is re fiected upon it by the fire-place door. In

this way the stratum of air becomes highly heated before and when it reaches the gases:

or fuel, the heat received by it serving to greatly facilitate the combustion of the volatile gaseous products arising from thefuel. The ledge, a, should be formed so as to work close against the front edge of the plate, 0, until it (the ledge) is elevated entirely above the top surface of the plate.- By' means of the ledge the amount of an passing. under the plate can be regulated. Each of the vertical sides of the mouthpiece may be provided on its inner surface with an inclined projecting flange or ledge, m, for the door to close against.

Attached to the door or hinged to the front edge of it is a flat handle, f, such handle having several holes, notches or equivalents in it so as to enable the door to be elevated and supported by a stud, g, or its equivalent extending from the top of the mouth-piece and introduced into any one of the holes or notches when the door is raised upward. By this arrangement of the door sundry important advantages in the operation of the furnace, stoves, &c. are obtained. There results from it, the pre vention of the escape of gas or smoke out of the mouthpiece while the fire-pot is being supplied with fuel or the door is being opened for the purpose of enabling a person to examine the fire. Another advantage consists in the facility which this arrangement offers for regulation of the draft 'or admission of air into themouth-piece,

for the combustion of the gases arising from the fuel, as the door can be adjusted at any desirable elevation such as may be necessary to supply the required amount of air for the combustion of the gaseous products. By this arrangement the airadmitted is caused to pass in direct contact with or immediately over the upper portion of' the fuel in the fire-pot. Another advantage is that when the door is nearly closed it permits but a thin stratum of air of the width of the door-way to pass under it, which owing to the inclination of the door has rays of light and heat from the fire-pot reflected by the door, down directly upon it, whereby the said current of air becomes charged with heat before it comes in contact with the gases or volatile products of combustion arising from the fuel, the same causing such gases or volatile products of combustion to more readily ignite and consume the carbon of the smoke, than they would provided they received in the ordinary way of admitting air into and through the doorway, a current of cold instead of a current of heated air.

A great economy in theconsumption of fuel, I have found to result from the employment of a reflecting door arranged and made to operate in the above described manner, within a mouth-piece. The sides of the mouthpiece prevent lateral disturbing currents of air from rushing upon the main current that passes under the doorway.

In ordinary hot air furnaces, stoves, etc., there is generally speaking, from the fuel, a very large percentage of the volatile combustible products that passes off into the chimney in a crude or unburned state and is totally lost. I

It will appear obvious to any scientific mind that with the common fire door arranged to swing on the outside of the mouthpiece of a furnace or a stove there must of necessity be lateral currents of cold air admitted into the door opening when the door is opened. These unsteady currents often cause the smoke and more or less of the volatile products of combustion to rush out of the upper part of the doorway and into the room or apartment in which the furnace or stove may be. By my improved mode of arranging and applying a door, there is little or no possibility of suchescape of smoke and gases, for the inner surface of the door against which they may be thrown, being made to incline inward as it rises, they are caused to pass upward and be prevented from escaping out of the door-way. Another important advantage gained, consists in having the door entirely out of the way or protected within the mouth piece, it not swinging outward into the room as does a common door as it is generally applied at the mouth of a furnace. As one of the conic frustra or cones is located directly over the door as seen, in the drawings there is no convenient place in the door-Way for the smoke and gases to collect and eddy about as they often do in the common box throat or mouthpiece provided with a perpendicular door applied at its outer end. The smoke from the fire pot can pass freely up into said cone where it is retained until much if not all of its combustible contents are consumed and the heat thereof received by absorption and radiation.

By my arrangement of conical or diminishing flues, the volatile products of combustion are spread from the top of the flare of the fire pot into and against the trunks of the surrounding cones, the large central cone receiving a great amount if not nearly all of the smoke and volatile products of combustion, and holding them more or less suspended over the fire so as to enable them to be thoroughly burned. The incombustible portions of them together with such portions of them as may be combustible and have not been consumed flow out of the main cone and into the trunks or mouths of the surrounding cones and thence after impart ing heat to such cones pass into the annular chamber or annulus above the cone and traversing throughout the same escape through its exhaust pipe, the combustible properties of the fuel in the meantime being very thoroughly consumed.

By my heat generator the volatile products of combustion as they rise upward into the cones are compressed or wedged together by the continued taper of the cones and are subjected by the same to the action of the rays of light and heat from the firepot until their combustible properties are thoroughly consumed and their heat exhausted by absorption and radiation as herein before described.

The action of the cones in absorbing their heat is entirely different from that of a common cylindrical pipe or flue having vertical sides, for 111 such a pipe or flue in consequence of its sides being vertical the smoke and ascending gases impinge to a "ery small extent against their inner surfaces, and therefore there can be but little of the contact, retention and contraction of them which takes place in the tapering flue, such contact, retention and contraction of the volatile products serving to increase the absorption of heat from them as well as to facilitate the combustion.

' From the above it will be seen that under my arrangement of the cones over the firepot, I am enabled not only to abstract all or nearly all the heat from the fuel and its volatile products of combustion, but to accomplish this without descending pipes, lines or radiators outside of the furnace and in the air chamber usually surrounding it and exposed to direct contact with the cold air, the employment of such descending pipes or lines tending greatly to diminish the draft.

As the heat on leaving the fire-pot is nearly equally spread over all the internal absorbing surface of the cones, there is in sured a great equality of heat radiated a mild, agreeable and soft warmth of the surrounding air without danger of its being overheated. The peculiar arrangement of the cones enables the external air to circulate freely between them without injurious obstruction.

By my arrangement of heating furnaces it will be seen that owing to their not being liable to ever be overheated, my heat generating and radiating apparatus must be a very durable one, and also that I secure an immense radiating and heating surface of great power and quick action which any scientific mind cannot fail to see at a glance. Notwithstanding there is this large heating surface over the fire it is so broken up in the formation of the conical surfaces as to prevent to a greatextent if not entirely the production of'the internal, inert, sluggish or inactix'e heat which is generally caused in large cylindrical bodies or radiating drums when the heat cannot all be made to act at once on their internal surface, the same causing a great waste of heat. By my conical heat generator and radiator not only is there an active heating surface, but as the radiating cones are at once filled with the heated smoke and gases and operate to re tain them over the fire and to present them to the direct action of the light and heat from it or the fuel in combustion, the combustible property of the smoke and gaseous products are very thoroughly if not entirely burned out of them. It will readily be seen why this is accomplished. First, because of the united surrounding tapering cones, (the areas of whose openings into the annusuch heat with great activity. Another great result is here developed, vizl, that as these cones become filled with light and heat, the pressure is so great that the light and heat are reflected down upon the fuel and upon the inner surface of the surrounding inverted semicones. The effect of this is of the utmost importance, as it not only keeps the top of the fire bright or aids in the combustion thereof by consuming the gases, but it engenders a powerful heat which is absorbed by the inverted semicones and externally radiated and dispersed downward around the entire heating apparatus, so that when such apparatus is used in the hot air chamber of a furnace or for a stove for heating purposes the floor on which it is supported is made comfortably warm all around the stove within a circumscribing circle of several feet radius, thus securing the great and important object of warming the floor and lower currents of air in the room, or the air chamber of the furnace, as the case may be.

The series of inverted and semi cones, and the series of upright tapering radiators cooperate together so as to produce within themselves, reflection and counter reflection of heat and light and thereby greatly aid in the consumption of the gaseous products of combustion, and the absorption and dissemination of radiation of their heat.

This apparatus has a beautifuleffect when used as a furnace for heating air for distribution, for as so great a degree of heat is thrown off at the bases of the inverted semi cones it is met and absorbed by the cold air on its entrance into the air chamber of the furnace and consequently the air becomes very thoroughly charged with heat before it is discharged into the apartments to be warmed, receiving heat to a greater extent .at the bottom of the air chamber, than is the case in furnaces having no such down-.

is that with it, it becomes nearly if not quite impossible to form clinkers in the coal, as the coal is consumed so slowly and steadily that it is reduced to ashes by a natural process of combustion as it were, which is not favorable to the reduction of any part of it to clinker. As there is no one large escape pipe to produce rapid combustion by concentration of draft through the fuel, but there is a series of small escape tubes of a capacity less than the final discharge flue, these by their action tend to prevent the formation of clinker; vitrification and clinker being generally caused by rapid combustion of the coal induced by any cause and particularly where there is a large straight outlet to the furnace for the smoke to rush rapidly out of or be discharged and create a strong draft up through the coal. Such a process I have found invariably soon exhausts from the fuel those parts of it most combustible and reduces the coal to slag and clinkers. In this case the fire must soon be replenished or it will go out. But. my invention affords almost if not entirely a perfect remedy for all the evils in the common mode of burning coal. In my apparatus there is another important advantage secured by this invention that of spreading the flame and drawing it oif into the surrounding cones so as to prevent any one place or part of the radiator from becoming overheated, all parts of it being very equally heated.

My improved heat generating and radiating apparatus is not only adapted to the use of anthracite or other coal as fuel, but owing, generally speaking, to the great breadth of the fire or fuel chamber, wood may be burned in it to good advantage. Another advantage is gained by my heat generator and radiator, that with it there is little or no possibility of the inner surfaces of the tapering frustra or cones becoming injuriously coated or clogged with soot; this being owing to the inclination of such surfaces over the fire. The impingement of the rays of light and heat against them and the actionof the same thereon, is such as to prevent the accumulation of soot or deposits of the kind set forth.

I am aware that a tapering flue having fieXures or bends or branches connected by fiexures, bends or elbows has been constructed and arranged so that its mouth or entrance shall be directly over a fire-pot or chamber, while its eduction opening into the discharge flue has been made just or about a sufficient size to freely carry off the non-combustible volatile products and to cause the retention in the tube of the combustible products arising from the fuel in the fire pot or chamber. Such a tapering tube, so applied will be found'described in the specification of a patent granted to me in the United States of America on the sixteenth day of September A. D. 1851. The said bent tapering tube differs not only in construction, but considerably in its operation from a tapering tube made without branches, bends or fiexures arranged directly over the fuel and provided with an eduction opening just or about sufficient to permit to pass off through it the non-combustible portions of the volatile products of combustion, while it retains in the tube the combustible portions of such products. The difference is that in the latter tube all the combustible gases and portions of the smoke are held suspended directly over the fire and are not removed into one or more descending fiues or parts of the bent tapering tube, when from their remoteness to the fire, they are not only less liable to be consumed, but do not have their non-absorbed light and heat reflected directly downward upon the fuel.

In the employment of the tapering tube without bend or flexure, my purpose has been to avoid any of the injurious effects of a bend or flexure, that carrying the smoke from directly over the fire creates a downward draft of it in its course toward the eduction opening. It will readily be seen that such a descending portion of a flue, when leading into an ascending portion of the flues operate to prevent the volatile products in the said ascending portion from returning back upon the fire. Experience has demonstrated that although one long bent tube is an excellent radiator of heat yet it is not so valuable as a single unbent tapering tube or a series of such, arranged so as not only to retain the volatile products directly over the fire and in close proximity with it, but so that their unabsorbed light and heat may be directly reflected or thrown down upon the fuel, while the noncombus tible portions of the volatile products are allowed to escape at the smaller end of the tubes. Another advantage results from the employment of an unbent tapering tube of the kind above mentioned. External radiation of heat from it is not obstructed as it is in a tapering tube having one or more descending branches or parts, wherein by contiguity of the ascending and descending portions more or less obstruction to a free radiation and escape of heat results. In the bent tapering radiator there is not that uniformity of heat in the surface that there is in the unbent tapering tube, as the upper portions or bends of the tube become more heated than the lower portions and are constantly liable to be overheated.

What therefore I claim as my improvement or invention, is

1. The arrangement and employment with respect to a fire-pot or chamber essentially as described of one or more cones or tapering tubes, without descending bends or flexures and having their eduction opening or openings made to carry off the non-combustible volatile products and to retain nearly if not all the volatile combustible with the fire chamber essentially as specified I claim a conical or tapering radiator closed at top and arranged directly over the fire and made to open near its base in the said tapering tube or tubes and to operate with respect to them and the fire-pot or chamber and the surrounding air or medium to be warmed or heated, substantially as specified.

I also claim the combining with the upper part of the fire-pot or the rim over the fire-pot and with the exterior cones or tapering radiators, the conical or partiall conical bases or semicones attached to an making part of the rim, the same serving not only to facilitate the entrance of smoke and heat into the conical radiators, but the -absorption of heat and its radiation toward the floor as specified and the reflection of heat into the tapering radiators.

3. I also claim the arranging the feed or fireplace door within the trunk or mouth piece to the fire-pot or place and so as to operate as specified; and in combination with the mouth-piece and the door arranged in it as specified. I claim the passage in the mouth piece and its plate, 0, for the thin-sheet or stratum of air topass under the door [while it is wholly closed] and said plate, a, and be heated by contact with the plate before it [the said air] reaches the fuel.

4. And in combination with the inclined door of the fire-place, the plate, 0, and the air passage directly under it, I claim the ledge or flange, a, arranged as described, the same being not only for the purpose of regulating the admission of air into the passage, but of keeping it from passing under the door and over the plate, 0, while the ledge is below the level of the top surface of the plate.

5. I also claim the arangement of the register hole [viz, in line of, or axially with respect to the shaft of the grate] in combination with the arrangement of the outer end of said shaft, viz, entirely within the throat of the ash pit, or in rear of the registry plate or opening as specified, the said arrangement not only enabling me to dispose of the grate shaft entirely within the ash pit mouth [the end of said shaft when projecting from the front face of the furnace being, generally speaking, more or less in the way, besides presenting an appearance often disagreeable to the eye], but to make the registry opening answer the puri In testimony wherof, I have hereunto pose not only of admitting air to the fire set my signature this eleventh day of May when required but of'enabling a person to place a key or crank upon the shaft for the A. D. 1854.

purpose of turning or moving the grate GARDNER CHILSON. When necessary and this Without danger of Witnesses: I

ashes escaping out of the ash pit provided R. H. EDDY,

F. P. HALE, J r.

[FIRST PRINTED 1913,]

its door be closed.

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