US1161664A - Aeromobile. - Google Patents

Description

Amomone.

APPLICATIGH FILED FEB. 19, |9l0.

Patented Nov, 23, 1915A 8 SHEETS-SHET 2.

J. E. HARRIMAN, JR.

AEROMOBILE. APPucAoN man FEB.19. 1910.

Patehted Nov. 23, 1915.

`8 SHEETSSHEET 3.

Imaerot /Mf Y# QP/Ovwney.

J. E. HARR'IMAN, la.

AEROMOBiLE.

APPLICATWN man FEB.19.1910.

1,1 @l ,664, Patented Nov. 23, 1915.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

by ,mi/m 2%@ W To 69's,

l. E. HARRIIVIN, Je.

AEROMOBILE.

APPLICATION FILED FEB. I9. I9Io.

Patented Nov. 23, 1915.

Leie

8 SHEETS-,SHEET 5.

J. E. HAMMAM, ln.

AEROMOBILE.

APPLICATION men fis.x9.1sx

l 9 l 6 l ,664. Patented Nov. 23,1915.

B SHEET HEET 7.

1. E. HARRIMAN, JR. Amor/loana APPLICATION FILED FEB. 19, I9I0. ll Patented Nov. 23, 1915.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 8.

Specification of Letters letent. Pgggeg' 'nf', 23x LQ Application icd February i9, 15316.

To @ZZ wiwi/z. 'may' Com-cern l Be known that i. Jaim HAHMMAN, Jr., ci Bieeiiine, in the' county of Nerf folk and State ci iiizisseciiusetts. inve invented ccitain new nini usefui inpi'cvements in iei'cmcbiies, ci which the i01- iowing is e. speciiiceticn.

This invention ieiates te niechanicni iiying npnetiis, enti inte ici' its object tc pic vide ein improved iii-chine ci greet iieXibility :is te its modes et use enti capabie J more extended und betten control. and gieziteij iexibiiity anni izinge of adjustment than any cf the. apparatus ci? deicei; oi' this chiunctei hitherto ifncwn.

iwy object .s been to piciide n nii chine cagjieiiie ci' cerf 'ng ci? more per sons. and capable et ccntici and guidance frein diiieientpoints te insure safety in case of accident to or incapacity of the person ncinniiiy acting as the drii'ei 0i' engineer of the machine.

Stiii another object has been to ccnstinct :i machine ci a nuinbei ci units capable of indefinite etensicniend innitiplicaticn, anti iiition for intime i it use, ci' tei' iiing in iciat-iveiy diiicfent positions. :is iegiii'ds the tinecticn oi nci'nizii incitement of the appzii'ntus.

Stili .incthci' o'ijec* visi. n ici' ztjusting t ie wnigs ci' respect te the Yeijticni. for seci ing and ici' expeiiinentiiticn.

the ends which have han in View in de igning tii m'esent invention have been, betere stated, kto provide peri' ct iexioiiity between tiie .'niicus main .parte ci' the innciiine, ii'iieifreby to secure ccnipictennd sure con stebiiitjf ci bnizince in the nii. and wide range adjustments 'foi' imipcees of study enti exneiin'ient, While at the saine has been tc ineke pti lenes With time inst nicient Vlgi .y and sti'engtii in f ycmi units ci# mitin parte ci tne in ciiii'ying inf# inte -ion inte eiect ii irc devised a ccnibinntien inciufiing e. Centiai longitudinal member Oi backbone. with which iii ci the other parte are connected, a. fiexiiiic and adjustable aeroplane ccnstiuction, consistingV ot pivctziily connecie. Wings, eacii of which may be a inonopiene @if snpei'pcsed innitipiiines, n rigid eecpinne "tebie in nii iiiections with respect to 'the *A* Serial No. 544,832.

Working ont cf Ahe invention in practiced 'terni if. have ap; iieci the truss principle to the supporting j,L lanes and have developed new types et truss ns applied to the Wings and planes ci" e tiying machine.

Foi' convenience of description, and :is )furnishing nppinpi" "te and descriptive designations te the pelis of the machine, preiei to the machine as u whole- :in een mobile, the part incinding the pivot-21H3; incnnted and ceciiiniiie wings the winged aeroplane. und the cnnetincticn, inciuding tne i'eiativeiy iigiciiy connected planes, iieiccei.

the (iian'in ai embody in tile if ie Drin cip ci inv crm which at the present je consider the best enti most practical these drawings. Figure i represents in Qide eieviition the eeicniobiie is e Wncie.

E is ai pien View of the seine. Fie.

is a icnt elevation ci Winged eei'epianc pci'ticn ci the eeicniobiie Showing' the ings extended. Fig. is :i vien.' the saine part 'iiine, sim-ning the wings in ii dii- .teren tien. such es they nniy occupi.' foi scan"y "5. is :i iront eievzition ci tne part ich` i tei'in the ie-inc i, eiiewing the beck t the ninciiine in section. is an .tion showing me centiei part Fig 3, ninety-ating the details euch. iigiiie incie cieai Y is an elevation showing A ci ing. fi. is an eievzition ct the part siic'ii'n in Fig. f4' is seen from the iight et such gine, the iigiite hand winged pinne E"eilig broken iiway for cieeiness. ig. S is a pien View ci Fig. Fig. it' is zin elevation ci' the eteeing propeiiei and ccnti'oiiing ineens therefor, iepe. modification of the constinetion siiewnin Fig. i. Figs. l to l?, iepiesent a nicciiiricatien snowing the appiicetion of the incncpiie pi'incipie te the eei'epiene and showing i-espectieiy en nnciei plan View, eiei-'aticin :i front eiei'icn, n iezii eieveticn, ini-ont eieiiition ci 'the eeiocai detfiiied, and ii detnii sectionfii view on the lineli-6 of Fig. i3.

The seine i'eieience cheincteis indicate the saine pints in ali the iguies.

in the di'iiwings the nuinerei l represents shaft which en; encie icngitudinaiiy of the i the centr-.ii zit fore-entiteit centei'-iine ci the machine and nerve illustrated an apber sented in dotted lines in Fig. l, being hidden by the inclosing tubular casing 2 which constitutes a tubular frame or backbone. Upon this backbone is mounted the winged aeroplane, consisting preferably of two wings which are pivotally mounted upon the shaft or rather the casing surrounding the shaft. These wings are best shown in Figs. 8 and ei, and each is represented as consisting of two planes, 3 and 4, the former of which is superposed above the latter. I desire to note here that l am. not necessarily limited to two superposed planes for the wing structure, but reserve the right to use more than two planes, or to make each wing as ai inonoplane. The truss construction which l have devised for these wings lends itself to the support of any number of planes, whether .one or more. Each of the wing planes extends across and is supported by two curved trusses, the forward or anterior of which consists of a longitudinal member 5, which extends transversely of` the fore-and-aft line of the machine, but longitudinally (that is in the direction of the greatest dimension) of the wing, a strut or compression member 6 and a chord or tension member 7 passing from the opposite ends of the longitudinal member 5 beneath the end of the strut. This truss construction gives all necessary rigidity to the wing re- Sistant to the upwardly acting air pressure.

F pr structural reasons, and in order to dis- I tribute the stresses and increase the rigidity of the truss I preferably provide more than one strut, the present design showing two struts 8 and 9 respectively in addition to the strut 6, all of these struts being connected together at a common point and radiating therefrom toward the longitudinal member 5. It isto be understood, of course, that any number of struts may be employed.

In a like manner the posterior portion of the` wing is supported by a similar truss, of which only the longitudinal member l() is 'shown in Fig. 2, it being understood, however, that such posterior truss is the same in all respects as the anterior one above described. Likewise the under wing et is supported by forward and rear truss frames, consisting of longitudinals l1 and struts7 which are conveniently the same struts previously described. That is, the longitudinals 5 and 1l ai'e both connected to the struts G, 8 and 9 and are braced thereby, while the chord 7 is connected to the outer end of the member 1-1, as well as the mein- Conveniently the trusses 5 and l1 converge and are connected together at their vinner ends, as shown inthe drawings, both being attached to a block l2, although this.

construction is not absolutely necessary, and

they may he parallil throughout their entire lengthLif desired. Ribs 13, as shown in Figs. l and 2, extend in a fore-and-aft direction between the longitudinal truss members 5 and 10, and between the lower longitudinal anterior and posterior truss mem- Vbers ll, for supporting the fabric which and outer chord to stiifen the structure in a well-understood manner while diagonal tension members 1G extend `etweeii the anterior and posterior trusses, as shown in Fig. l have illustrated the wings as being convex on their upper surfaces, both inthe direction of their length and in a fore-andl aft direction. To, secure the fore-and-aft curvature the ribs`l3 are somewhat bowed at their forward ends, having a gradually increasing amount of curvature from the tips of the wings inward. Likewise the inner extremities of the wing coverings are shown as bein(r bent sharply downward, being connected -o strips 5 and lla, which are curved so as to .lie at their ends against the strut S. #This curvature provides pockets attlie forward edges of the wings and at their linner extremities, to obtain additional susmembers of the trusses cross the fore-and-v aft axis of the machine and are connected to blocks 17,/w,hich are pivoted upon the shaft casing 2. The extreme ends of the wing frames are connected by links 1S with a foreand-aft rod 19y which extends from the forward pair tif-links to the rear pair, that is, to the links which are connected with the posterior truss frames of the wings. The forward end of the rod 19 slides in a slot 20, which is formed in a bar 2l extending downwardly from the shaft casing and coniiected thereto. The rear end of this rod is connected to a bar 22 which has a slot or passage 23 (Fig. (3) to receive the shaft and easing, andfis capablev of moving up and down thereon. i

The ends of the frames of each wing are connected by a fore-and-aft icd 24, on which the operator may stand, as indicated in the -drawings, sonas to depress these ends and thereby elevate the wings in the manner illustrated in Figs. 4 and lBetween and above the wings is a paraupper ends io the struts 8, as shown at 2? and 28, and pivoted together at their upper ends by means or a rod 29. lOver the bowed frames is stretehed a covering 30, whereby this part or' the apparatus constitutes a parachute which resists and retards descent, or in other Words, exerts a relativelyupward pressure when the machine is descending. A part or all of this severing, partieularly at the sides of the pare-.chute traine, may be transparent, and may be pianes or sheets of such a material as Celluloid or other niaieriel suitablyr treated to insure transparency, rinis trensperent feature is important, es the operator is stationed between the planes or YJanes, and it is necessary that his Jie to either side should not be niateriallif' obstructed. rhese uprightplanes constitute `vertical Yanes or rudders which tend to direct or guide the aeroplane in a uniform straight line oi travel, as Will be readily understood. At the sides 01"' the pararhute trarne are .rods or bars 3l, 32, 'which .enebie the operator to shift his Weight and serve iorveontroiling and guiding the noe.-

' Chine as hereinafter described. A see-t 33 is t 4offeree-ii Wei ,naracnute Drovided for the o erster. and is hinged to A f the bar unich es previously described,

is attached to the rear end of the rod i9a .the seat niaj/ be swung baelr on its hinges out or ii of the oi erator when the istte is standing on the rods 24 or the plat- `"Theplati'orni is hung from the 'form tieroinobiie, and particularijfY to apply his *weight to different portions of the Wings. rfinis by riding on the rods 2s the operetors is exclusively appiied to the ne ends ot the 'wing trunies insucli a to tend to elevate the Wings, as

@nenn shown in ings. e: and V7, the Wing frames other so that depression of the iereofl tends to iit their' outer n the other hand when the opt is transte red to his bands he rods Si and 2, the application g'ht to the Wings is transferred to .the Ypoints i7 and of connection of the yoke to the wing frames, which points are on the, opposite sides of the pivot-ai'axis ot thel Wings from the inner. ends crossing each inner ends giortions. d erster-ls w fgilg u.oi the i, unies. This 4transfer of Weight tends to lower the wings into the position shown in Fins operator *DMV l, 3, and Them when the sfands on the nluti'orin Se. his

trois Y der pairs of links 1S. 1A*Fernen the niseinne is in the air the upward pressure ottse air. ectinO ri omosition to the 't amt et e ir Center oi gggravitgT oi' insomnie, tends to reise the Wings. This tendency is resisted and to a greater or less extent oountereeted by spring 35, which Connects the wings With enen other belonY their pivotal support. There are also springs 36 and 3? which ei;- tend between the bar or pin 19 and the platform 34 which ziet to the saine purpose. These springs are or may be. provided with any desired adjusting means, so that their tension is ad'usted to the reouired amount o J.

in soaring or gliding and in direreiit degrees and eonditions ot' atmospherib disturbance By resting his Weight to a greater or less degree onthe see-t andvplstforin 33 also, sdjustinentiof the Wings and maintenance of the hitter in any adjustment muy be further controlled. l find it desirsble and usefuhiiE not absoiutely necessary, to provide power Aineens for adjusting the wings, which may be used' in conjunction with or independently of the shifting oi' the operators weight, the nouer means consisting:i4 a piston :rod 3S connected at its lower end ,tothe rod 19 and having at its upper end piston,` which' is contained in a cylin- The latter enters erigir-compressor chamber i0 and is adapted 'Iso receive conipressed nir or other niotivei'iuids on ongosite sides or the piston under the control of the foot ievers and By'suitabiy operating the' pedals or such 'revers the wings may be raised or Wered automatically Without requiring en@enditure oit energy on the part of the operetor, Means for rethe sings irsny of their :adjustments rn f be uoi 'd i, for inst-ance, by

s3, having e brake J L en additional lever member or pau/'l fi engaging the piston rod ribs 5G. These planes are hung from the U-I power from the combustion ofan explosive charge or, under some circumstances, from the consumptionvof steam. motor illustrated here consists of fourjunits, two of which may be generators and the other two air-compressors or the like. l desire it to be understood, however, that I do not limitmyself to any particule r type of engine, but reserve theright to use any kind whatever, whetherI of the-rotary or the reciprocating 'type, and' working on any principle, that is through development of heat internally by combustion of fuel in its working chamber or chambers, or by an externally provided working fluid, or an electric motor. For my purpose, however, l considei` it preferable to employ such a form of engine or connect the same in such manner to the' shaft as to avoid the necessity of forming cranks in the shaft, as the presence of cranks increases the di'liiculty vof 'taking' the machine apart and reassembling. It is not impossible, however, to use a crank, and the shaft may .if necessary be provided with a cra-nk shaft section. Control levers for the engine are represented at 47 and are shown merely to illustrate the position in which said levers may be placed for convenient access by the operator. As the essence of my invention relates to the combination of the yaeromobile as a whole and to the parts thereof herein more particularly described and claimed, without being dependent upon any particular type of motor or mode of' control thereof, I have not deemed it ne'cessary to illustrate the same with any greater degree of particularity than merely to indicate the presence of a motor and of controlling means therefor.

On the backbone of the machine, which, as before stated, consists of the shaft l and its casing 2, l mount an additional aeroplane which for purposes of description I term an aerocar. This aerocar is constructed primarily Tof a U-shapcd frame 48, to which are connectedy the upper and lower superposed planes 49 and 50. The upper plane consists of forward and rear rods 5l and 52, extending` transversely of the machine as'a whole, but longitudinally of the great est dimension of the plane,'for which reason l term them. longitudinal rods, to which the forward and reaifdgcs of the cloth coverings are attached, and ribs 53 in the usual manner, whlle the lower plane consists of the longitudinal rods or' bars 54 and 55 and 4shaped frame. 48 between the upper and lower extremities thereof, being suspended by tension members 58, b9 and 60, which extend from the end of each ,leg of the frame to the frame members` of the wings, and are preferably wire., The planesare further stiifened and held in place by chords Gl and 6:2, connected to the U shaped frame below the upper plane, and chords G3, connecting the lower plane with brackets 64 which are detachably connected to the bottom of the U-shaped frame and extend be low the Same. and diagonal members are carried between the planes and from the lower piane to the frame 48 between Athe side members thereof, thus stiffening and bracing the planes in all directions. It will be noted that the only mode .of connection between the upper and lower planes 49 and 50 is b v means of the vertical tension members 65 and the diagonal members 66. There are no rigid struts In addition furtl' er verticalbetween the planes to hold them at a fixed Upon the top of the collar is and through the bearing is passed a rod 70 which alsovpasses through the side members or legs of the 'frame 48 and supports the weight of the latter. The rod 7() can turn in the bearing 69 about its own axis, and thus the aerocar as a whole is enabled to turn about the horizontal axis of the rod 70 and the vertical axis of the swivel connection of the bearing (319 with the collar (37. These movements of the aerocar serve for guiding the aeromobile as a whole up or down and to the right or left. 'lhe'oscillating movement about the axis of the rod 70, of course, governs the elevation of the aeromobile in an obvious and well-known way, while the oscillation about the vertical axis of the bearing G9 serves to guide themachine to the right or left by virtue of the rudder vanes which are indicated by the heavily shaded lines 7l in Fig. 5. These vanes may be thin plates, if desired, or sheets of cloth, carried by the side members of the frame 48 and extending in vertical planes parallel to the fore-and-aft axis of the machine. The outline of the rudder vanes is indicated by the wires or lines 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, and 77 in Fig. 1. Vlhere the vanes are made of cloth they are fastened to and supported bythe wires last indicated at their edges. The vanes may be made in two or three .separate parts, in order that their extreme upper and V lower portions may extend respectively above and below the superposed supporting ator or passenger Seated in the chair mined by the'position and size of the wheel 103. Likewise, by oscillating the casing 2 about its axis, the propeller may be caused to exert a thrust either to right or left. Although I have shown the propeller as connected with .the shaft by a ball and socket joint, I desire to observe Athat this is not the only possible, nor necessarily the most preferable, form of connection, since any other convenient and suitable form of universal joint may be employed.

Upon afm-ing to Fig. i, a win be naar that I have provided traction wheels 101 and,105, upon which the aeromobile may run when being` supported and in alighting. The wheel 101 is carried in a frame 106 swiveled upon the lower end 'of the bar 21, which, as before stated, depends from and is secured to the forward part of the shaft casing. It may be here observed that the shaft .asing is made in two parts, the forward part 2 of which is secured to the motor casing, and is not independently oscillable. The other traction wheel 105 is pivoted upon an axle extending between the bracket-s G-L which are secured to the frame L1S of the aerocar. Inf addition the wings have supporting. wheels 107 which bear upon the ground in case the wings are depressed, as shown in Fig. 3, before the machine rises from the ground.

In putting the apparatus into flight it is, ofcourse, caused to run along the ground on its supporting wheels, the wings of the aeroplane portion being raised. vWhen suf= licient momentum has.been acquired, the wings are depressed, and this will have the effect of raising the far, either owing to their downward pressure upon the air, or, in case this is not sufficient, by their wheels 107 coming into contact with the ground, and thereby elevating the front end. Once the car is safely in flight, it can be controlled, raised, lowered, steered to right or left, and balanced by adjustment of the wings and of the aerocar and propeller, as hereinbefore described, all these capacities for adjustnient giving a very thorough and effective means of control.

An additional inode of control and of securing balance is alfordedby the means which I am now about to describe for deiecting and bending down the tips of the wings. The hand control rods 31 and 32 have downwardly projecting arms 108 and 109 near their forward and rear ends`respectively, and from these arms extend wires 110 and 111 to the lower ends of the struts of the anterior and posterior truss frames of both wings. These wires pass around pulleys at the ends of the struts and thence pass to the tips of the wings. The hand'rods are rotatable in their bearings and by twisting or turning them a pull may be exerted on the wires 110 and 111 sufficient to bend down the tips of the wings to assist in balancing in the manner employed by birds. Gnly the extreme tips of the wingsare thus deflected, because the struts 9 irigidly support the wing surfaces at the points where they are connected thereto.

The aerocar is designed to carry a passenger and for that purpose I provide a seat or 'chair 112. supported at the bottom of the U-shaped frame 18. Provision is made also for the control of the aeromobile by the passenger' occupying this seat, in order that lie may guide the machine to safety in case of the incapacity o'f the driver occupying the stand in the winged aeroplane. Accordingly I provide a bar 113, projecting down from the collar 67 within reach of the occupant of the seat 112, such arm having a transverse handle. By pushing or pulling on the bar 'the passenger may tilt the planes of the aeroear up or down, thereby causing the machine as a whole to respectively descend or rise, while by grasping the handle of the bar and exerting a twisting stress the aeroear may be swung to right or left, whereby to steer in either direction. Also between the winged aeroplane and aerocar is an additional seat 111 suspended from the shaft casing 2 by a collar 115, which is movable thereon to balance the weight carried by the seat. A line 116 is connected to the collar 115 and passes around pulleys in such a position as to be accessible to the driver and to the occupant of the seat 112, whereby the seat 114 and its occupant may be" arbitrarily shifted to the point required by the exigencies of the situation.

Owing to the manner in which the parts of the aeromobile are associated together, it may be readily taken apart for shipment or storage in a small space, or for independent use of the different parts, and may with equal ease be'reassembled. When taken off, the aerocar may be independently used as a glider for the'purposes of experiment, in-

struction and amusement, in which case the Vwheel and seat. 112 .may be removed. The winged aeroplane may also be used independently in`gliding and for experimentation as to the effect produced by adjustment of the wings at different angles. It is also within my'contemplation to reverse the relative arrangement of the aeroplane and aerocai', putting the latter in front and the former in the rear, and to make a corresponding reversal of the positions of the main and auxiliary propellers. Any or all of the parts may also be duplicated-on a suflieiently long shaft or backbone, and thus a multiple aeroplane may be constructed according to the same principles, capable of indefinite extension as to lifting power and carrying capacity. l

I propose and reserve the right, to use valvular wings of such form as to open s are depressed or held suaioiiery, construction the Wings may he raising the apparatus iii emeril 'l-e moitie-ii o iler Wing cove-rheinib: eorriiiuous o *she Wvizi rriies7 ing, he shire i and irreali; eepliecl -a would he arranged in suitably sii'ened strips hung at one edge of lie Wing' frames und so eomieeecles te swing operi when e relatively downward current of air strikes "diem, hu.;-

lse helfl Closed While there is any upward pressure ef velle air en heir under sui-feces: feature of construction of the eerooar which deem of Considerable importance isI the hovering ,of the superposed planes of the eeroea-r does noe exteiicl entirely from end o end, hut there is an operi place left iii the neuter' of each plane between the two iiirieririos rihsj thereby the air pass up Werd threugh lhe eerirrei pere of the plaines in ease the seme are tilted, witheu requii ing io rzirerse the Whole length ,ef the planes before eseepiiig.

s e materiel for the ireme Worx oi 'che aeromobile, l propose to use thin and iight,

hui strong;7 s'ieel tubing, such es is used in*y bicyele frames, er may use the common lll-steel. l flo het desire eo he limited, howeier; te ahy particular materiel. hui; reserve the right to use j; other iiieel in accordance with the principles practised at the present ll ing' 2 of slieleon form, Pierrg large amount of miierial removed rom it ariel suiicieii rigidity for Jthe purposes required. Also l propose ioempl0y roller or will hearings heeasing" and shelf; io The Well-known' man utilizing e meier ef o for iruter-ieeieting the meo F r containing' the-Weher ariel liqui-:l fuer i. here zegel ahlis if' and TS supported eonneeeal respee '53 Wir-li rhe motor, f mede Wi lier: the liqi uel 'is simulmio a :y L! 1 r Wiili um i 'let 1 i. il nes me wings e` uml in or- :i single i i 1 i, mme. l here @resine-l omhustien vpe, using liquid ,see

Figs. ll to i6 inclusive. From these igures and eurtieularly from the uncler plan lfiewV ll unil the elevation of Fig.- l2. vvl seen 'that each oil the i ,i r, i x portee if ehe @Re Gl Huss frz-lilies and are Qreieutefl from being displaced by guy `Wiges or iiiemhers 128 :wel

Q9, which are exi-ended at :i suitable hum er of points from the forward and rear .clges of the planes to the struts.

in like manner eher aeree-er is made wih single plane which is suspended from the legs of the U-shiipecl rigid frame 483 in e manner equivalent to that already described.

lii other respects the aeromobile es e Whole substantially he smilie :is previeusly described7 wiih lie exception shirt as shown in l2 `ehe plzi'orm 33 eiieiids forward @i lthe nioor ihsreuel of in the rear thereof, ancl tha the operators statien is therefore in front of the motor. As e corr sequence of this modiicatieii iii arrange nient, the foot holds 242 for the operai-er mi the shore arms of the Wing truss frames errericl forwsrclly, as is also shown i i2. Meer modifications iii 'the details of cfs.` struction of ":he 'ljving machine as s Whole nher than rhose specifically noted may he meule, That it is not essenisl that the shaft or backbone he solirl.y lout it may he tubular if desired, :mil likewise the shaft (ses ing 2 iieefl not :i tuiulsr easing, hui vii, may he :my sort oi frame work, such "for instruire :is ii gi simile sleleten frame, essence of he invention is rommel m eoiisiruiioh of hselzhene or frame having suriieient stiffness uml -iimhle er heilig; re-

.longitudinal members of the.

sieil alieni; im exis parallel to er eoiiciuen with thelaxis the shaft.

le will he uoed tha is result of the pivoal merle ef mounting the Wings, thej are eriuelecl e wave up :mii 5, be e'fueiifleil in s suhsiziiiiiell' wher by heir :seres re descent ef l'ie creased io he maxi mirri, or raised or Werefl upwardly 'tei iii L muy he iieereese the exleiit horizontal eren ever which the;Y exteml when ii, is desired to rlescemh or te ig sus .of pressure All buoyancy, or, in other words, the metawing on the descending side it would bel brought toward the horizontal, thereby increasing its resistance to descent and at the same time the other wing is made more nearly vertical, correspondingly decreasing its sustaining power. The upward air pressure is thus concentrated on the descending wing and the machine is automatically restored to correct balance.

In descending the wings will be raised so as to diminish the relatively upwardly acting air resistance, and then, when approaching the ground, they will be suddenly outspread to check the descent and allow the machine to alight gently.

It is possible and easily feasible to inclose the space between the planes of the wings and the planes of the aerocar in the mnltiplane form of the machine with gastight fabric weich, with the fabric covering of4 the planes, provides spaces adapted to contain a gas lighter than air, whereby additional sustaining power may be secured. It is possible also with the monoplane type to support or attach gas bags upon or to the wings, The wings when thusmade to form, or to have attached thereto, gas bags are operable in the same manner as has already been described, and when so constructed or provided make of the machine an improved aiitl more managealfile dirigible balloon. This I consider to be an important feature of my invention.

I claim,-

l. Afiying machine comprising a central llongitudinal member or backbone, wings pivetally mounted upon said central member and extending to either side thereof, and a controlling member having a horizontal surface and a vertical surface pivoted upon s'aidbackbone, and oscillable about the axis of tlie.bacl bone and also about horizontal and vertical axes.

2. A flyingl machine comprising a longitudinal backbone, wings pivoted upon said backbone and extending to either side thereof, and a controlling device mounted upon said backbone independent-ly. of said wings' and oscillable transversely about the axis thereof and also about a substantially horizontal axis at right angles thereto.

3. A flying machine comprising a body structure, motive and propelling mechanism mounted on said structure, wings independently pivoted to said body structure on a central longitudinal axis,.each having a supporting surface located wholly ein one side of the axis opposite to the other wing, and including also frame members extending structure, motive and propelling means mounted upon said structure, wings independently pivoted to said body structure on a central longitudinal axis, each having a supporting surface located wholly on one side of the'axis opposite to the other wing,

and including alsoframe members extend-j' ing across the axis, and 'means connected with the frame members of each wing on opposite sides of the axis for so moving said wings as to bring the weights and sustaining forces of the machine in the line of propulsive thrust, and to lower the center of grav-v ity below the center of sustaining force,for inherent stability, respectively.

A flying machine comprising al winged aeroplane having angula-rly adjustable wings extending toward opposite sides of the flying machine, a driving propeller are ranged to exert its thrust in a. fore-"and-aft direction, a backbone, and an aerocar pivotally mounted upon said backbone, said aerocar consisting of a substantially horizontal plane and parallel vertical rudder planes on opposite sides of the backbone, and being adjustable about axes parallel to its respective planes.

6. A flying machine comprising a forward member having supporting planes or wings, a rear member having support-ing planes, a frame member connected with said members, means for altering the angle between the wings or planes of one of said members, and a connection between said means and the other said member, whereby the same means may serve also for altering the angle of the planes of the other said member. l

7. A flying machine comprising in combination a central longitudinal shaft, a propeller secured to said shaft, ay driving motor for rotating said shaft, wings extending laterally to either side of said shaft, andpivotally mounted to oscillater about the .axis of the latter, means bywhich said wings may be so moved about this axis to adjust to any desired 'degree the angle betweenV them and the vertical, and vmeans for holding the wings at such angie.

8. A flying machine comprising a central propeller shaft, a motor, wings pivotally mounted upon said shaft 4and extending to either side' thereof, and means connected to said vwings at opposite sides of the axis thereof by which an operator may apply his weight upon the wings at opposite sides of the pivotal axisthereof, for raising and depressing the wings, the wings being so related in position to said shaft as to give inmeneer herent stability when raised, and non-inherent stability when lowered, for. propelled flight.

9. A flying machine comprising a pair of laterally extending wings pivotally mounted to oscillate about an axis extending in the direction of normal forward movement of the machine, means whereby the operator of the machine is enabled to transfer his weight to parts of said wings on respectively opposite sides of the pivotal axis thereof, and means whereby the operator may apply his weight to the pivotal axis of such wings to relieve the wings of such weight.

lO. A flying machine comprising a pair of laterally extending independently pivoted mounted wings, means controlled by the Operator for changing the angles of the wings of the pair equally and oppositely as a whole about their pivotal axis, and means for independently dcflecting the tips of the wings.

ll. In a flying machine a wing structure consisting of a truss frame extending transversely of the direction of normal travel of the machine, and a supporting surface having a frame-work independent of said truss frame and a covering, carried 'by said frame, the frame having a longitudinal member, a strut extending downwardly between the ends of such longitudinal member, and tension members passing from the ends of said longitudinal member to the lower end of said strut.

12. In a flying `machine a wing structure consisting of a truss frame having a longitudinal member, a strut extending downwardly from such longitudinal member between the ends thereof, and a tension member connected to the ends of said longitudi nal member and the lower end of said strut; and a supporting surface carried by said truss frame and suitably secured and braced thereto.

13. In a flying machine a wing structure consisting of two or more truss frames, each having a longitudinal member, a transverse strut, and a tension member uniting the op posite ends of said longitudinal member with a point on said strut, remote from said member; ribs extending transversely across the truss frames and secured to the longitudinal members thereof, and a fabric having an extended surface supported by said longitudinal members and ribs.

lll. ln a. flying machine, the combination of a main shaft, wing frames'crossing said shaft and pivotally connected thereto, said frames having wide supporting surfaces, ,links hung from theends of said frames-and connected together below said shaft, a support for the operator supported by said linlrs, and a second support for the operator hung from said shaft independently of said links and in such relation to said first support that the weight of the operator can be readily shifted from one to the other.

l5. ln a flying machine a pair of pivotall'y connected wings extending transversely of their pivotal axis, and having short arms extending across such axis, a support for `the operator suspended from the axis at a distance below the same which is a fraction of the height of the operator, and a second support for the operator connected to the short arms of said wings in such relation to said first support that the weight of the operator may readily be transferred from oneto the other.

16. In a flying machine a pair of wings extending toward opposite sides of the machine and pivotally mounted to swing about an axis transverse to their length, each said wing having a short arm on the opposite side of its pivotal axis, a support for the operator connected to the short arms of said wings whereby the weight of the operator applied on said support tends to elevate the wings, elastic means normally tending to depress the wings, and a second support for the operator hung from the pivotal axes of the wings in such position that the operator` mayreadily shift his weight from the first support, whereby said elastic means is enabled to depress the wings.

17. ln a flying machine a pali of pivotally mounted wings having extended supporting surfaces, and each wing having a short arm on the opposite side of its pivotal axis from its supporting surface, foot pieces connected with the short arms of said wings, whereon the operator may to elevate the wings, and hand holds for the operator attached respectively to each wing on the opposite side of its pivot from the foot piece thereof, whereby the operator may transfer his weight to depress the wings. v

18. ln a flying machine a pair of pivotally connected wing frames extending to opposite sides of their pivotal support, each said wing frame having a long lever arm carrying a fabric-supporting surface and a short arm on the opposite side of its pivot, foot pieces attached to the short arms of the re spective wing structures, links hung from said short arms and connected together, ai] operators seat supported upon the point of connection of said links, an operators platform suspended from the pivot of the wings and hand grips supported upon the wing structures on the opposite sides of the pivot thereof from said foot pieces, said foot pieces, seat, platform and hand grips being arranged in proximity to each other, whereby the operator is enabled conveniently to shift his weight from one to another thereof.

19. ln a flying machine a pair `of pivotally connected wing frames extending to opposite sides of their pivotal support, each said soA stand to cause his weight ist wing frame having a long lever arm carrying a fabric-supporting surface and a short arm on the opposite side of its pivot, foot pieces attached to the short arms'of therespective wing structures, links hung from said short arms and connected together, an

Aoperators seat supported upon the point of .connection of said links, an operators plat` form suspended from the pivot of the wings, and hand grips supported upon the wing structures on the opposite sides of the pivot thereof from said foot pieces, said foot pieces and platform being' slightly below the axis of the wings, and said seat and hand grip being above such axis, and all in relatively close proximity to one another, so that the operator may easily transfer his weight from one`to another.

. 20. In a flying machine a central longitu- I dinal casing, a winged aeroplane' supported upon said casing, a driving shaft passing longitudinallyy through said casing, a motor for rotating said shafta propeller secured upon said shaft, a guiding aerocarl hav`ing substantially horizontal and vertical planes pivotally attached to said frame by guiding aeroplane structure having sub-4 "stantially horizontal and vertical planes,

and a longitudinally extending backbone to which said ,'guiding aeroplane is pivotally connected, and upon which. the latter may be moved about substantially horizontal and vertical axes.

22a A flying machine, comprising a central longitudinal frame member or backbone, a winged aeroplane connected to said4 backbone and having a support for an operator, a guiding aeroplane structure having substantially horizontal and vertical planes vpivotally mounted upon said back-- bone, means controlled by the operator for swinging said guiding aeroplane structure l about a horizontal axis and from side to side about a'vertical axis, a support fora passenger suspended from said guiding aeroplane structure, and means within reach of the occupant of such support for adjusting the said aeropl/ane structure about either axis.

In a iying machine, the combination of a main Winged supporting aeroplane, 'a

guiding aeroplane separate from said sup-l Vporting aeroplane, a connecting frame,

supports'for operators independently carried by said plane and guiding'- plane respectively, and means accessible to and operable by each operator for shifting the guiding aeroplane to change the elevation of andsteer the machine as a whole.

24. 'In a ying machine an aerocar consisting of -a U-shaped frame having substantially vertical legs, and -asubstantially horizontal wing or supporting plane structure consisting of a separate framework and a-covering arranged transversely of the legs of said frame, and between theA ends thereof, and braces extending from different points of said plane to the frame, above and below the plane.

25. In a flying machine a main supporting wingedl aeroplane, a backbone, and -a gliding aerocarv detachably 'connected to said backbone and consisting of a substan tially vertical U-shaped frame and a substantially horizontal plane supported by and braced to said frame, said aerocar being oscillativefor guidance and control.

26. In an aeroplane structure a U-shaped frame, a substantially rectangular aeroplane frame forming a structure independent oi"v -said U-shaped fra-me having longitudinal members, transverse members anda fabric covering, Suspenders -by which said aeroplane frame is hung from the legs of such U-shaped frame, and braces connected withsaid aeroplane frame and U-shaped frame for'retaining the latter in an invariable relation to each other.

27. In an aeroplane structure the combi# nation of a U-shaped main frame having upright legs, superposed aeroplane frames, suspension members by Which said aeroplane -frames are hung from the legs of said main U-shaped frame, and tension braces connectin saidaeroplane frames with said U- shape holding them in an invariable relation.

28. In an aeroplane the combination of frame, and with leach other, for,

two or more superposed planes, a single rigid frame consisting of substantially par# allelside members and a connecting mem-- ber, and tension members suspending said planes from thefside members of said frame, and bracing said planes against displacement from their proper position with respect to the frame.

29. In an aeroplane, the combination of oscillatively mounted wings, with motive and propulsiva. mechanism, and means for raising and lowering the wings, said wings being arranged and located with'respect to the propulsive -mechanisnrso that, when lowered, the center of gravity, and center of' sustaining pressure, are coincident withnthe y line ofpropulsive thrust; and whenraised, the center of gravity of the machine and operator is below the center of sustaining l machine of pivoted laterally and'oppositely extended wings, a-'support for anoperator between said wings and above` the pivotal axis thereof, and a parachute frame' extending above and on'b'ot'h sides of theiroperator `and having a sustaining surface, said frame at the sidesofthe operator carrying transparent steady rudder Yanes. v

31. A iiying machine conngrisingv a body structure, propelling mechanism, and supporting planes or wings adjustably mounted on said structure with provision for being lowered to a position in which the center of sustaining pressure is in th'e line of propulsive thrust, and of being raised above such position.

A iying machine comprising a body structure, propelling mechanism, and supporting planes or wings adjustably mounted on said structure with provisionv for being lowered to a position in which the center of sustaining pressure is in the line of pro-V- pulsive thrust, and of being' raisedvabove such position, said planes also having their weights so distributed with respect to the weight' of the balance of the machine, that I when Vin such lowered position, the center of gravity f. the entire machine is in the same line.

Intestimony whereof -I have aziixed my signature, in presence of two witnesses.

JOHN EMERY HARRIMAN, JR.' Witnesses:

F. R. RoULs'roNn, a ARTHUR H. BROWN..

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