US1068652A - Flying-machine. - Google Patents

Description

DE' BERT HARTLEY.

FLYING MAOHINE.

AYPLIOATION FILED APR. 11, 1912.

Patented July 29, 1913. I

5 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

6'65 as L' DE BERT HARTLEY.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLIOATION FILED APR. 11, 1912.

Patented July 29, 1913.

5 SHBETS-SHEET 2 I N m m -7. 2 2 7 1 Z76 wfi z NM kw on BERT HARTLEY.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED APR.11, 1912.

Patented July 29, 1913.

6 SHEETS-HEET 3.

DE BERT HARTLEY.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 11, 1912.

1,068,652. Patented July 29, 1913.

5 8HEETSSHEET4.

DE BERT HARTLEY.

FLYING MACHINE. APPLICATION FILED APR.11, 1912.

3312i BERT HARTLEY, OF CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.

FLYING-MACHINE.

Specification 61 Letters Patent. Application filed "April 11, 1912. Serial No. 690,108.

Patented July 2'9, 1913.

To all whom it may concern:

Be =it-known that I, DE-BERT'HARTLEY.-fl citizen" of the United States, and a resident of Chicago, in the county of Cook and State of Illinois, have invented'certain new' 'and useful Improvements in- Flying-Machines and I do hereby declare that the following is a full, clear, a'nd exact description thereof, reference-being had to the accompany-- ing drawings, and to .the characters of ref erence marked thereon, which form apart of-this specification.

This invention relates to improvements.

in flying machines of=that class originally known as aeroplanes, and the invention relatesprincipally to the general type of ma chine illustrated in my prior application for U. S. Letters Patent, SerialNo. 584,968, filed on the 3rd day of October, 1910, in

which laterally extending, pivoted planes. or

Wings are employed for sustaining, balancin and directing the course of the machine. While my invention is shown as embodied in the type of machine referred to it will be understood that the invention is capable of a ariety of mechanical expression, one of which, for the purpose of illustrating the invention isshown in the accompanying drawings. It will .be furthermore understood that as'to certain features of the machine, they are adaptable toother types of flying machines. It will be understood therefore that the drawings and the description of the particular construction herein shown are employed for the purpose of facilitating the description of the invention, and are not employed'to define the limits of the invention, reference being had for this purpose'to the appended claims.

One of the features of the present invention is'embraced' in'a main or central plane which, in addition to the usual parabolic curve in the line of flight, is dihedrally angled or curved. in a directiontransverse to the line of flight so as to thereby give the machine an improved stabilizing action.

varying its speed. 'The operating mecha nism to twist or warp the wings may be o'perated either independently or simultaneously to effect warping'of the wings or simultaneous warping thereof, and such warping may be effected simultaneousl with or independently from the tilting movementof the wings. In this connectionI have provided a novel means for trussing the pivoted planes or wings, arranged to give the desired strength to the wings while permitting freedom of action for warping.

A further feature of the invention resides in raising the pivots at the rear or following edges of the wings above said following edges, whereby when the wings are tilted to swing the outer ends thereof upwardly, the following edge'of the wing or plane is given an outward movement, or away from the longitudinal center of the machine, which increases the angles of incidence of the wings so operated and increases the resistance to flight, for balancing and turning purposes. A

A further feature of the invention resides in connecting.the front elevator with the pivoted wings or :planesin such way that the main or central frame of the in providing foot actuated means-for giving swinging movement to the pivoted planes or wings, and this feature of the invention may be combined'with the means for twisting or warping the wings whereby the swinging movement of the wings may occur simultaneously with or independently of the warping thereof.

A further feature of the invention resides in the arrangement of the cent-rally arranged, front and rear, starting and alight ing wheels to support the machine when alightin'g and also while the machine is -gaining,momentum in starting, for flight one of said wheels, the forward wheel as herein shown, being adapted to be drawn upwardly into the frame, when the machine separated supporting wheels, is advantageous, inasmuch as such arrangement permits the machine to be started from and landed on more or less uneven surfaces with less liability of racking the machine. The forward, centrally disposed supporting wheel may constitute a rolling support on which the machine may be trundled, when the rear end of the machine is raised, in the manner of a wheelbarrow to thereby render it practical for one person to readily move the machine from place to place on the ground. The main frame is fashioned at its lower side to constitute a buoyant body so as to enable the machine to float in the event of v alighting on water.

A further feature of the invention resides in an improved means of connecting a single motor with two oppositely rotating, propellers without the necessity of using cross chains or like connections, the propellers being arranged at the front of the machine in position to give a steadying effect to. the machine.

The invention embraces other improvements in flying machines as will hereinafter more fully appear and which are pointed out in the appended claims.

In the drawings; Figure 1 is a plan view of a flying machine embodying my invention. Fig. 2 is a rear edge view of one of the ivoted planes or wings. Fig.3 is a detail section on the line 3-3 of Fig. 2. Fig. 4 is a detail section on the line 4-4 of Fig. 3. Fig. 5 is a plan view of the parts shown in Figs. 3 and 4, on the line 55 of Fig. 4:. Fig. 6 is a front elevation of the machine,'w1th parts broken away. Figs. 7 and 8 are detail sections on the lines 7-7 and 8-8 of Fig. 6. Fig. 9 is a vertical section of the general line 9-9 of Fig. 6. Fig. 10 is a detail illustrating the mounting for the starting and alighting wheels. Fig.

-11 is a detail illustrating the cushioning or shock absorbing device for the rear starting and alighting wheel. Figs. 12, 13 and 14 are views, diagrammatic in their nature, illustrating the manner in which the wings or pivoted planes are warped; and the mechanism for warping them. Fig. 15 is an enlarged detail illustrating the mounting for the p1voted planes and also the mechanism for operating the planes, and illustrating also the mounting for the front starting and alighting wheel. Figs. 16 and 17 illustrate two positions of a part of the mechanism for controlling the front elevator.

As shown in the drawings, 20 designates the central or body plane, supportedon a central trussed frame, hereinafter to be described.

21, 21 designate laterally and oppositely extending pivoted planes or wings which are arranged transversely to the line of flight and are pivoted nearest their inner end to the frame of the main or central plane, the pivots of said wings 21 being arranged at the front and rear margins thereof and trending in the lineof flight of the machine.

22 is a vertically swinging elevator or advancing plane arranged in front of the machine for the purpose of steering and supporting the machine invertical directions, and 23 isa horizontal following plane or rudder'which is hinged to the frame at the following "edge of the main plane for .supporting the machine and steering the same in lateral directions and arranged to modify the vertical direction or line of flight of.

the machine.

The parts referred to are arranged generally like the similar parts -of the machine illustrated in my aforesaid application. The controlling levers 24 for the following plane or rudder are pivoted to the frame at 35 and are adapted for connection with the lateral wings and the following plane or rudder in a manner generally similar to the construction shown in my prior application.

The main or central plane 20 is stretched across and is supported on a rigid, trussed central frame consisting, as best shown in Figs. 6 and 9, of frontand rear trusses arranged transverse to the line of flight, each comprisin an upper member 26, a lower member 2 with vertical and horizontal struts 28, 28 rigidly connecting the same.

t o the main plane, as shown in Fig. 6. The said trussed frame is provided at its rear and front margins with laterally separated converging frame . members 33, 33 and 34, 34 respectively, as shown in Figs. 1- and 9. At the points of convergence of the members 34, 34 are formed the bearings 35 in which are pivotally mounted the following plane or rudder actuating levers 24.

flight, so as to thereby give. greater stability The forwardly extending members 33, 33

of the main frame are joined at their forward ends to a transverse member 36 which carr es a bear ng 37 m which and a bearing 38 at the front side of the frame is mounted a tubular, r'otative shaft 39 which constitutes part of the driving mechanism for propellers 40, 40 located at the front of the machine. Said driving mechanism, which is operated from a single motor 41 that is supported in the frame beneath the main plane, embraces further a shaft 43 mounted within the tubular shaft 39. The said tubular shaft 39 carries at its outer end a sprocket wheel 44 which is connected by a chain 45 with a sprocket wheel 46 that is fixed to the shaft 47 of one of the propellers 40, said hollow shaft being supported on a bearing shaft-.48tfixed to and extending forwardly from the frame of the main plane. The inner shaft 43 is. provided with a sprocket wheel 50 that is connected by a sprocket chain 51 with a sprocket wheel 52 of a similar shaft 53 which carries the other propeller 40. The said hollowshaft 59 is provided at its rear end with a beveled gear wheel 54 (Figs. 7 and 9) and the inner shaft 43 is provided with an oppositely facing gear wheel 55, and said beveled gear wheelsmesh with a beveled gear wheel 56 which is fixed to and rotates with the moving part of the motor 41; said motor bein herein shown as comprising a horizontally rotative, multi-cylinder gasolene engine with said gear wheel 56 fixed to a rot-ative part of said engine- With the construction described it will be evident that when the engine rotates it serves to rotate the propellers 40 in opposite directions.

The elevator 22 is pivotally mounted at 58 to swing vertically, the rigidly connected frame members 59, 60 over which the cloth or other material is stretched to produce the 40* plane being rigidly connected at the corners of the elevator with each other through fittings (31 that constitute parts of the elevator hinge.

The rigid main frame comprises, in addition to the members described, the upright, curved posts 65, connected at their upper ends to the frame of the;main plane in any suitable manner and connected at their lower ends to the members (BO which extend between and connect the front and rear trusses of the main frame. The said posts are rigidly con- ,nected by the transverse frame members 67,

68 (Fig. 15). Said posts constitute, in addition to fixed members of the frame, guide members for pivoted Wings, and means for supporting controlling springs for the wings as will hereinafter more fully appear.

The central portion ofthe frame, bounded by the "members 66 and the posts 65 is inclosed by the housing 70, shown best in Figs.

6 and 9, having substantially straight sideportions and forwardly and rearwardly inclined bottom portions, the housing inclosing the motor, the seat 71 (Fig. 9) for the aviator and portions of the controlling mechanism for operating the machine, as will hereinafter -more fully appear. The said housing is made of any suitable rigid material and is inclosed at its-lower side so as to constitute a buoyant body to'support the machine on water in case the machine should happen to alight on a body of water.

atthe longitudinal The rear wheel may rear wheel is mounted in the free ends of 1 the arms 78 that are hinged or loosely connected to a cross bar 79 of the main frame.

The bearing sleeve for the axle 77 is provided with an upwardly extending stem 80 which engages a tubular guide 81 that is hinged to a second cross bar 82 of the frame and braced therefrom by the braces 83. The said cross bars 82 and 79 are connected fixedly together by the struts 85, as best shown in Fig. 11. Interposed between the sleeve 81 and a shoulder on the stem 80, and surrounding said stem, is a spring 86 which normally holds the wheel in its downward position and against the action of which the said stem slides into said sleeve when the rear wheel is raised relatively to the main frame, With this construction, when the wheel 76 strikes the ground upon the alighting of the machine, the hinge connection-of the-arms or links 78 with the cross bar 79 permits the wheel-76 to swing upwardly against the action of the spring 86, and the evinachine is adapted to be supported on fro-ntmnd rear supporting wheels 75, 76, respectively. The said wheels are arran ed,

sleeve 81 partakes of a like swinging movement so as to absorb the sh'ock'due to the contact of said wheel with the ground.

The wheel 75 normally occupies a down- Jvardly opening recess 88 at the bottom of the housing 70, as best shown in Figs. 6 and 9, and is adapted to be projected below said housing when the machine is to alight and drawn into the housing after the machine has alighted or is in flight by means made as follows: The said wheel7 5 is mounted on an axle 90' which extends between and is secured in any suitable manner to the lower ends of two upwardly opening tubular membars 91, 91; and said axle is connected by links 92, 92 with the frame,'being pivoted to the frame at the points 93. The said tubular members 91 are connected by a cross bar 95, and receive at their upper ends plungers 96, 96, which plungers bear upon compres sion springs 97, 97 within the tubular mem- :bers that are interposed between the plungers and the bottoms of said' tubular members. 99 designates an L-shaped lever that is pivoted at the end of its shorter arm to porting swung downwardly,

he cross piece 67 of the main frame and is connected at the angle between its arms by the cross bar 100 to the plun'gers 96. 101 designates a headed rod that extends through said cross bar 100, with its head bearing against the cross bar and extends freely through the cross-bar 95' and is provided below said cross bar with a nut 102. When said lever 99 is swung upwardly it acts, through the rod 101to raise the tubular frame.members 91 of the wheel mounting so asto draw the wheel 7 5 into the recess 88,.

this action compressing the springs 97. When the lever 99 is swungdownwardly to the position shown in Fig. 10 it permits the springs 97 to expand and to throw the wheel .75 downwardly to the position shown in Fig.

10 so as to permit the wheel to contact with he ground when the machine is starting or alighting. \Vhen preparing to alight the said wheel 75 .is thusprojected downwardly, and after the machine has alighted the wheel is drawn upwardly so that the hous ing 70, which is relatively. wide-transversely of the. machine, constitutes means for supand steadying the machine. WVhen the machine is to be started the lever 99 is thereby serving to raise the machine relatively to t e'wheel-so as to support the machine on said wheel and the rear wheel 77. v

The arrangement of wheels, disposed at the longitudinal center of the machine, as shown, enables the machine'to rise from and alight upon uneven surfaces without the objectionable racking of the machine such as occurs when the supporting wheels are laterally separated substantial distances apart. Moreover the lever arrangement forshifting the wheel 7 5 upwardly and downwardly is such as to lock the wheel in either of these ositions. Therefore when the wheel is pro- ]e'cted downwardly from thehousing it may serve as a means by which to trundle the machine from place to place, in the manner of a wheel barrow, it only being necessary for the person thus handling the machine to raise the rear end sufficiently. to throw the entire weight upon the front wheel 75 and to propel the machine, either by pulling or pushing the machine, while resting on the single wheel 75. The said lever 99 is located so as to be readily accessible from the seat 71 so as to thereby enable the aviator to readily control the position of the front wheel 75.

The pivoted planes or wings 21 are provided at'their front and rear edges respectively with pivot members 105, 106 which engage the pivot members or elements 31 carried by the extensions 29, 30 of the main frame, so that the said pivots trend in the direction of flight of the machine. The said wings are thus pivoted to the frame at a distance from the inner ends thereof, substantiallyone third of the length of said wings from their inner'ends, in the same manner as described in my aforesaid application as supporting and balancing wings or planes. The inner ends of said pivoted planes are provided with guide lugs or extensions 107 which are recessed to engage over theupright posts of the main frame to hold the wings laterally in place, and said posts are curved concentrically to the pivotal axes of the wings or planes so as to maintain such guiding engagement in all positions of the wings or planes.

As a further. and separate improvement, the hinge lugs or elements at the rear or following edges of the pivoted wings are raised above said following edges, being herein shown as carried by stifi'ening truss members 109 fixed to the following edges of the wings, as best shown in Figs.-2, 12, 13 and 1 1. As a result of this construction and arrangement, when the outer ends of the wings are swung upwardly, the following edge of the wings moves outwardly from a normal position, so as to thereby increase the angle of incidence of the wings and therefore increase the. resistance of the wings to forward flight. or turning movement of the machine. The wings are independently operated. Thus if one only of the wings be tilted upwardly at its outer.

end an added resistance will'be thrown on the side of the machine so as' to cause the machine to tend to turn about the plane or wing that is thus tilted upwardly. If both .wings be simultaneously tilted upwardly at their outer ends a breaking or retarding eflect to forward flight is imposed on the machine which tends to reduce the speed, this action closely simulating the action of the wing of a bird in arresting its flight preparatory to alighting.v The said pivotedwmgs or planes operate under the control of springs 111 which are carried by or are mounted within the hollow posts-65 in a manner generally similar to the machine shown in my aforesaid prior application, said springs tending to hold the pivoted wings or planes in normal position for flight, and the wings being'tilted on their pivots (either automatically or normally) -in opposition to the action of said springs.

. In addition to the means for controlling the said pivoted planes or wings to tilt the same upon their axes, the said wings are so constructed, and are provided with actuating mechanism,-to warp or twist the planes, such actuating mechanism, to warp or twist the planes being arranged to effect such warping or twisting of the planes eithersimultaneously orindependently of each other, and such warping action ay occur simultaneously with or independeiilly of the tilting movement of the wings. The means which I have herein shown to eflect this result are made as follows: The inner ends of the pivoted wings or planes are connected to the posts 65 through the medium of a system of quadrilaterally arranged levers 115, 116, 117, 118, one pair.

of levers being pivoted at 119 to theinner end of each wing or plane 21 at a point in front of the guide 107 and the other pair of said levers being similarly pivoted to each wing-"at a point 120 in rear of said guide 107. The said levers are pivoted at their inner ends at 121 to upper and lower bars 122and 123. The upper bars 122 are connected, as by means of studs or pins 124, with follower blocks125 in the upper ends ofthe hollow posts 65, above and engaged by the springs 111 within said hollow posts, the lugs 121 extending through slots in said guide posts. Thus the action of the springs is transmitted to the pivoted planes orwings in a manner to maintain said wings in normal operative position for flight, While permitting the outer ends. of the wings to swing upwardly, as in the construction shown in my aforesaid prior application. The lower ends of the lower bars 123 are loosely connected to guide sleeves or collars 126 which surround and slide. up and down on the posts. The tension of the springs 111 may be varied, as by meansof adjusting screws 127 that are screw-threaded through plugs 128 fitted in the lower ends of the posts, said screws hearing at. their upper ends against the lower ends of the springs. 130, 130 designate levers which are pivotedat 131 to the inner ends of the pivoted wing structure (Figs. 12, 13,14 and 15) and said levers are connected by the links 132,

133 with the arms 122, 123 in themanner best shown in Figs. 12, Band 1 1- The said levers carry hand latches or pawls 135 which cooperate with curved rack bars 136 to lock the levers in different positions as best shown in Figs-12, 13 and 1 Fig. 12 shows the normal position of the wings and of the controlling mechanism therefor. When the lever. 130 is thrown backwardly asindicated in Fig. 13, the advancing edge of the inner end of the wing 1s swung upwardly, and the following-edge of the inner end is swung downwardly. By reason of the pivotal connection of the wing at its edges ivith the frame, and of the fact that the wing is somewhat flexible, the outer end of the wing is twisted or warped in positions reverse to the inner end thereof. In other words, while the advancing edge of the inner end of the wing has thus been thrown upwardly, the advancing edge of the outer end thereof is thrown downwardly, while the following edge of the outer end of the wing-is thrown upwardly, giving a negative angle of incidence to the outer end of the wing. By reason of the fact that the greater length of the wing, or

substantially two thirds of such length,.as herein shown, is outside of its pivots, the effect of the wing, as a whole, is that of a negative angle and if both wings are thus warped, they tend to give the machine a downward course or diving effect. If only one of the wings be thus warped and the other retains its normal position the machine will tend to turn about the latter wing to change its course.

When the lever 130 is swung frcm its normal position forwardly to the position shown in Fig. 14 the following edge of the inner end of the wing is thrown upwardly and the advancing edge downwardly, while the following edge of the outer end ofthe wing is thrown downwardly and the advancing edge is thrown upwardly. The angle of incidence of the outer end, or the greater portion ofthe wing length is thus increased and the downwardly drooping following edges produce a resistance to the forward movement of the machine which serves, when both wings are thus warped, as a brake to reduce the speed of the mac ine and, when one wing onl is thus warped, to slow up the latter si e of the machine, thereby giving the machine a tendency to turn about to the outer end of the wing so warped. The positions of the Wings shown in Figs. 13 and 14: indicate extreme warped positions from normal and positions which will seldom occur. in the use of the machine. It will be understood however that any intermediate deviation of the wings from the normal positions indicated in Fig. 12 to either of the sitions shown in Figs, 13 and 14 will pro ace the effect described to a greater or less extent, depending upon the approach of such position to the extreme positions of the wings. It will be furthermore understood that the Wings are capable of an infinite series of positions between the normal position and the extreme positions illustrated, and that, by reason of the independentwarping and tilting action of the wings, and the corresponding movements of the elevators and followingplane or rudder, the course and speed of the machine may be modified in an infinite variety of ways, so as to give an exceedingly delicate control to the machine. It will be observed that the wing warping mechanism, consisting of the quadrilateral system of levers shown and their actuating means is movable with the wings when the latter are swung on their pivots and such swinging or tilting movement of the wings has no effect on the wing twisting mechanism to change the relative positions of the elements of said mechanism.

The vertical swinging movement of the wings may be effected either by foot actuated means or by hand actuated means, and reference to the actuating means herein as 20 strands are attached at their upper ends to manually operated means is intended to include any volitional actuation of the, on the part of the aviator, as distinguished from the automatic actuation of the due to the change of center of gravity of the machine, such as is more fully described in my aforesaid application.

As herein shown, and more fully illustrated in Figs. 9' and 15, the foot operated devices comprise stirrups 140, 140 which are pivoted at 141 to fixed parts of the machine frame connected to the lower cross brace. 68 extending between the posts 65. The said stirrups have upwardly and forwardly extending arms 142, 142,- to the upper ends ofwhich are attached flexible strands or ropes 145, 145 which are trained about sheaves 146, 146 mounted in any suit able manner on said posts 65 or other fixed part of the machine' The said flexible the upper ends o f' the bars 122 of the 'wing warping mechanism. When the stirrups are pressed forwardly they serve, through the flexible strands or ropes 145 and; the

I wing warping mechanism to draw down-.

wardly'the inner ends of the wings and to swing the outer ends of the wings upwardly, this movement taking place against the action of the springs 111. The positions of the wings thus maintained between the opposing action of foot pressure. and -said springs.

The rudder actuating levers 24, which may be connected to the rudder or following plane in the manner shown in my afore-v said prior application, are shown in Fig. 9 as.

extending forwardly beneath the main plane and extending through eyes 149, 149 carried by the upper ends of the bars 122 of the wing warping mechanism. The swinging movements of the wings are thus' transmitted to" the following plane or rudder to manipulate the same,.as in the manner shown inmy aforesaid prior application, or otherwise. The said wings, in addition to being strengthened by the trusses 109 at their following edges,-are further stiffened or supported by a truss arrangement made,- as

follows: 150 designates a vertical post for each wing which extends a distance above and below the same in the plane of the pivots of said wing. 151, 152 designate flexible truss members arranged one IEmir ach' above and one pair below'the wing.

pair of truss members consists of two flexible strands or wires attached in any suitable manner, atthe inner corners of the wing, as at 153, 154, and attached in like manner at 155, 156 to the corners of the wings at the outer ends thereof. The intermediate parts of said truss strands or wires extend loosely through suitable guides at the upper and lower ends of the'posts 150 so as to slide freely therethrough. Each truss wire. or

strand of each air is attached at one end to the inner end 0 the wing at one side edge of the latter, is carried through the of the post 150 andis attached at its other end' to the outer end of the wing on the same side edge of the wing. Said wires or strands are shown as confined at the posts 150 between the ends of said-posts and disks 15 8, 158 attached to the posts by means of the shanks 159, 159 of guide eyes 160, through which extend transverseflexible truss members 162, 162 that are attached attheir ends to the planes at their advancing and following edges as best shown in Fig. 1. In order that the said flexible truss wires or strands 151 may pass freely through the guides at the ends of the posts 150, the said posts may beprovided at their ends' with the sleeves 165 formedwith the curved guide surfaces 166, best shown in Fig. 5, about which the flexible truss members are trained. f The arrangement shown and described-constitutes means for trussing and strengthening the wings, while permitting the freedom of action required to warp or twist the wings in the manner described below. I

The means herein shown for connecting the elevator 22 with the pivoted wings, to I give the co5rdinating action. to said parts,

are made as follows: designates an elevator controlling lever which is rigidly connected at 171' to theelevator in advance of its hinges 58, as shown in Figs. Land 9; Said lever extends rearwardly beneath the mainplane and is provided at its rear end, within reach of the aviator with' a hand piece 174 byv which the elevator may be con trolled. Extending transversely of the hand piece 175 and loosely connected thereto is a member 176, to the outer end of which are attached the flexible strands or cords 177, 177, which latter are attached at their lower ends tothe inner ends of the wings. Through said connecting devices swinging motionflof the wings is communicated to the elevator to controlthe same. By reason of the connection of the elevator controlling lever with the wings through the member 176 (which has a swinging motion relatively to the lever 170) ,and' flexible strands 177 the range of the movement transmitted to the elevator through the swinging movement of one of the wings througha 'swing vertically, and

'Inain plane and extending laterally therefrom trans 'versely to the line of flight and adapted to means for actuating said wings to. cont-r01 the flight of the machine.

2. In an aeroplane, the combination wit-h a central, trussed body frame having truss or bracing] members on each side thereof, terminatingin hinge elements arranged 011 axes trending in the line of flight, of wings borne by said hinge elements and a main plane supported by said frame and parabolically curved in the line of flight and dihedrally angled transversely thereto.

3. In an aeroplane,'the combination with a central, trussed' body frame having'truss or bracing members on each side thereof,

terminating in hinge elements arranged on axes trending in the line of flight and a supported on said frame and parabolically curved in the line of flight and dihedrally angled transversely thereto, of lateral, vertically tiltable wings borne by said hinge elements, said Wings being capable of being warped and means for tilting and warping said wings.

In an aeroplane, the combination of a central trussed body frame with truss or bracing members on each side thereof, terminating in hinge elements arranged on axes trending in the line of flight, lateral wings borne by said hinge elements and projecting inwardly therebeyond, and a main plane supported above the inner ends of said wings and parabolically'curved in the line of flight and dihedrally angled transversely. thereto from a line median between and above saidends."

5. In an aeroplane, the combination of a central body frame having truss or bracing members on each side thereof terminating in hinge elements arranged on axes trending'in the line of flight, lateral wings loosely pivoted on'said elements to permit their being vertically tilted and to be warped or twisted,

means to warp the wings simultaneously with or independently of their rising or falling movement, and a main plane carried by the body frame.-. 7

6. In an aeroplane, the combination of a central body frame having truss or bracing members on each side thereof, terminating in hinge elements arranged on axes trending in the line of flight, lateral, wa'rpable wings pivotally mounted on said hinge elements and extending inwardly and outwardly therefrom, means to tilt said wings, means to warp said wings and a main plane supported by said body frame above the inner ends ,of said wings, and parabolically curved in the line of flight and dihedrally angled transversely thereto.

' 7. An aeroplane comprising a main plane, tiltable supporting Wings and pivots trending in the line of flight upon which said are connected through springs a central body said wings being located one at the advancing and the other at the following edge of each wing with the latter pivots raised above said following edge. v

9. An aeroplane comprising a main plane, laterally opposed, tiltable supporting and controlling wings,-pivots trending in the line of flight upon which the wings are independently tiltable, the pivots'of said wings being located one at the advancing and one at the following edge of each-plane and so relatively located that when the outer ends of the wings artilte rl upwardly the positive angle of incidence of the wings is increased and means carried by the inner ends of the wings for independently warping the Wings, as and for the purpose set forth.

10. An aeroplane comprising a main plane, tiltable supporting wings, nith pivots trending in the line offlight which wings are adapted to be independently tilted by change of the center of gravity of the machine, and means cooperating with said wings to restore them to normal position and reestablish equilibrium w been so tilted, said pivots for each wing being located one at the advancing and the other at the following edge of the wings and at dili'crent horizontal planes,for the purpose set forth.

11. In an aeroplane, the combination with laterally projecting wings, of pivots arhen they have ranged on axes trending in the line of flight,

whereon the wings are loosely mounted, and inwardly beyond which they extend, fixed posts to which the inner ends and a warpingdevice'soconnected with each wing and its post as to vary the-angle of incidence and the point of resistance as desired.-

12. In an aeroplane, the combination with frame and a main plane, of a laterally projecting wing loosely pivoted to the main frame on an axis trending in the line of flight and extending inside of said axis, a spring post-at the inner end of said wing, a follower with which said wing is connected, a manually controlled warping device connected to said wing and the spring post by which said wing may be warped to vary its angle of incidence and its point of resistance to forward flight.

13. In an aeroplane, the combination with a central body frame and main plane, of laterally projecting wings loosely pivoted of the wingsa spring post at the inner end of said wing,

to the body frame on axes trending in the line of flight and extending inside said axes, spring posts at the inner ends of said wings, followers within said posts, quadrilaterally arranged levers hingedly attached to the inner ends of the' wings at diagonally opposite pivots, upper and lower levers fulcrumed. upon the remaining two pivots of the quadrilateral levers, the upper lever extending to a hinge connection with the follower and the lower lever to a sliding connection with the post, and means for oscillating said upper and lower levers in opposite directions relatively to the wing.

14. In an aeroplane, the combination with a central body frame and a main plane, of a laterally projecting wing loosely pivoted to the body frame on an axis trending in the line of flight and extending inside of said axis, a spring post at the inner end 'of the wing, a follower within said post, a guide on the wing loosely engaging said post and permitting the wingto swing vertically, a quadrilateral link movement secured to the inner end of the wing by two of its diagonally opposite pivots, levers fulcrumed upon the remaining two pivots, one of the levers extending to a hinge connection with the follower and the other to a sliding connection with the post, and means for oscillating said levers in opposite dire tions relatively to the wing.

15. In an aeroplane, the combination with a central body frame and main plane, of a laterally projecting wing loosely pivoted to the body frame on an axis trendlng in the line of flight andextending inside said axis,

a follower within said post, a quadrilateral link movement secured to the inner end of the wing by two of its diagonally opposite pivots, levers fulcrumed upon the remaining two pivots, one lever extending to a hinge connection with the follower and the other to a sliding connection with the post, a rack secured to the wing, a hand lever pivotedto the wing and locking with said rack, a link extending from said hand lever at one side of itspivot to the power arm of the lever which extends to the follower, and a link extending from the hand lever, at the other side of its pivot to the power arm of the lever which extends to the sliding connection with the post.

16. In an aeroplane, the combination with a central body frame and main plane, of a laterally extending wing loosely pivoted to the bodyframe on an axis trending in the line of flight and'extending inside of said axis, a spring post at the inner end of the wing, a follower within the post, a guide on the wing loosely engaging said post and permitting the wing to warp and tilt under -applied force, a quadrilateral link moven rent secured to the inner end of the wing by two \of its diagonally opposite pivots, levers hinged to the remaining two pivots, one extending to follower and the other to a fulcrum and sliding connection'with the post, a rack secured to the wing, a hand lever pivoted to the wing and locking with the rack, a link extending from the hand lever at one side.

of its pivot, to the power 'arm, of the lever which extends to the follower and a second link extending from the hand lever, at the other side of its pivot, to the power arm of the lever which extends to the slidingconnection with the post, whereby the wing may be warped by power applied to the hand lever.

17 In an aeroplane, a supporting and controlling wing'pivoted between its-ends at its advancing and following edges, with means at the inner ends of the wing for warping the wing, and flexible truss members for stiflening the wing, movable relatively to fixed parts. of the wing to permit such warping.

18. In an aeroplane, asupporting and controlling wing pivoted between its ends at the advancing and following edges, with means at the inner end of the wing for warpin the wing, flexible truss members for st-i ening the wing, comprising a post extending above and below thewing, and pairs of flexible truss members above and below the wing, each member of each pair being attached at one end to the inrier end of the wing near one edge thereof and trained intermediate its ends about said post and attached at its end to the outer end of the wing at the same edge thereof.

19. In an aeroplane, a supporting and controlling wing pivoted betweenits ends at its advancing and following edges, with means at the inner ends of the wing for warping the wing, flexible truss members for stiffening the wing, movable relatively to fixed parts of the-wing to permit such warping and a stiffening truss at the following margin of the wing.

20. In an aeroplane, the combination with a lateral wing pivoted on an axis trending in the line of flight and extending inside of said axis, of acent ral upstanding post located in the line of' said axis, and wires or cords attached to the inner corners of the wlng, above and beneath, thence carried to seats in the ends of the post, thence to the outer corners on the same edge and surface from which they were led, and drawn taut, to form a truss, for the purpose set forth.

y 21. In an aeroplane, the combination with a lateral wing pivoted on an axis trending in the line of flight and extending inside of said axis, of a central, upstanding post located in the line of the axis, wires or cords attached to the inner corners of the wing, above and beneath, thence carried over seats a fulcrum connection with the .the line of flight and in the ends of the post and to the outer corners on the same edge and surface from which they were led and drawn taut, and a second wire orcord led from one edge of the wing, in the pivotal line, over the post and to the other edge of said wing.

' 22. In an aeroplane, the combination with a lateral wing pivoted on an axis trending in extending inside of said axis, of a central upstanding post located in the line of the axis, wires or cords attached to the inner corners of the wing, above and beneath, thence carried over seats in the ends 'ofthe post and to the outer corners on the same edge and surface from which they were led and drawn taut, a secvving, in the pivotal line, over the post and ond wire or cord led from one edge of the to the other edge of said wing and a turn buckle whereby the cords or wires are drawn taut.

23. In an aeroplane, the combination with a lateral wing pivoted upon an axis trending in the line of flight and extending inside said axis, of a central, upstanding post having sleeves upon the ends, with ears or guards thereon, located in the line of said axis, wires or cords attached to the inner corners of the wing, above and beneath, thence carried over said sleeves between the guards thereof, and to the outer corners of the same edge and surface from which they were led, and drawn taut, a cap or plate laid over the sleeves and confining the wires, an eye-screw securing the cap in place, a second wire or cord led from one edge of the wing, adjacent the pivotal line, through the eye of the confining screw on the corresponding edge of the post, to the other edge of the wing.

24. In an aeroplane, the combination of the central body plane, the main plane thereon, the laterally extending wings pivoted to the body of flight and extending inside their pivots and trussed by wires or cords and posts in the manner described, and means at the"inner ends of said wings for warping said wings.

25. In an aeroplane, the combination of the central body frame, the main plane supported thereon, the laterally extending wings loosely pivoted to the body frame on axes trending in the line of flight, and extending inside of said axes, means upon the body frame yieldingly resisting the departure of said wings from the horizontal and tending to restore them to equilibrium when either of them so departs, an arm projecting upward from the 'rear or trailing vedge ofmovement when frame on axes trending in the line.

ering of the inner end'of the wing, or tilting of the same, thus changing the angle of incidence and giving the wing more drag for balancing or turning purposes.

26. In an aeroplane, the combination with a central body frame, a main plane supported thereon, laterally extending wings pivoted to the body frame on axes trending the line of flight, and extending inside of said axes, means on the body frame yieldingly-resisting the departure of the wings from the horizontal and'tending to restore them to equilibrium when either so departs, an elevator plane pivoted to the front of the body frame, and means connecting the elevator plane with each wing in such a manner-that the up and down action of either wing operates to regulate the elevator plane to different positions.

27. In an aeroplane, the combination of a central body frame, a main plane supported thereon, laterally extending wings pivoted to the body frame on axes trending in the line of flight and extending inside of the said axes, means 011 the body plane yieldingly resisting the departure of said wings from the horizontal and tending to restore them to equilibrium when either of them so departs, an elevator plane pivoted to the front of the body frame, a lever for operating said plane, a cross barattached to said lever to rock thereon, and extending to a point over the inner end of each w ng, and flexible connection between said wings and the corresponding end of the cross bar, whereby the up and down movement of either wing acts to movethe elevator 'to different positions and to give double extent of both wings are moved in unison.

28. In an aeroplane, the combination of a central body frame, a main plane supported thereby, laterally extending wings pivoted to the body frame on axes trending in the line of flight, means on the body frame yieldingly resisting the departure of said Wings from the horizontal and tending to restore them to equilibrium when either of them departs, independent foot levers for the feet of the aviator, and a connection between each foot lever and the inner end of the adjacent wing, whereby side movements and up and down flight may be controlled by the feet, leaving the body and hands free for other work.

29. In an aeroplane, the combination of a central body frame, a main plane supported thereby, laterally extending wings pivoted to the body frame on axes trending in the line of flight, means on the body frame yieldingly resisting the departure of said wings from the horizontal and tending to restore them to equilibrium when either of them departs, independently pivoted stirrups to receive the feet of the aviator, a

lever arm extending from each stirrup, ,md as myinvention I aflix signature in the flexlble connections between said lever arms presence of twowitnesses, this 30th :lay of and said resisting and restoring mechanism, January, A. D. 1912.

whereby the reslsting means may be over- DE BERT HARTLEY. '5 come and the position of either wing con- Witnesses;

trolled through the appropriate stirrup. G. E. Dowma,

In testimony, that I elalm the foregoing W. L.

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