US11438243B2 - Adaptive adjustment of links per channel based on network metrics - Google Patents
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- US11438243B2 US11438243B2 US16/382,517 US201916382517A US11438243B2 US 11438243 B2 US11438243 B2 US 11438243B2 US 201916382517 A US201916382517 A US 201916382517A US 11438243 B2 US11438243 B2 US 11438243B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
- H04L43/06—Generation of reports
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
- H04L43/08—Monitoring or testing based on specific metrics, e.g. QoS, energy consumption or environmental parameters
- H04L43/0852—Delays
- H04L43/0864—Round trip delays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/08—Learning methods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
- H04L41/14—Network analysis or design
- H04L41/142—Network analysis or design using statistical or mathematical methods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
- H04L43/08—Monitoring or testing based on specific metrics, e.g. QoS, energy consumption or environmental parameters
- H04L43/0823—Errors, e.g. transmission errors
- H04L43/0829—Packet loss
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
- H04L43/08—Monitoring or testing based on specific metrics, e.g. QoS, energy consumption or environmental parameters
- H04L43/0876—Network utilisation, e.g. volume of load or congestion level
- H04L43/0888—Throughput
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L43/00—Arrangements for monitoring or testing data switching networks
- H04L43/50—Testing arrangements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/16—Implementation or adaptation of Internet protocol [IP], of transmission control protocol [TCP] or of user datagram protocol [UDP]
- H04L69/163—In-band adaptation of TCP data exchange; In-band control procedures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
- H04L41/16—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks using machine learning or artificial intelligence
Definitions
- the subject application generally relates to computer networks, and, for example, to tuning network connections between computers, and related embodiments.
- the quality of network connections can be an important factor in the effective operation of applications.
- network problems such as high round trip time (RTT), packet drops, packet timeouts, and re-transmits, can introduce latency into application communications. This latency can cause data buffers to fill and processing resources to be diverted to handle backlogged buffers.
- TCP/IP transmission control protocol/internet protocol
- a system can comprise a memory that stores computer executable components and a processor that can execute the computer executable components stored in the memory.
- the computer executable components can comprise a network metric monitor that can monitor a network metric of a communication channel between a first device and a second device, wherein a change in performance of the communication channel can be determined based on the network metric.
- the computer executable components can further comprise a channel rating component that can adjust a rating of the network connection based on the change in performance of the network connection.
- the computer executable components can further comprise a link controller to adjust the communication channel based on the rating, resulting in an adjusted communication channel.
- a computer-implemented method can comprise communicating, by a system comprising a processor, with a computer, by employing a communication channel of a network.
- the method can further comprise receiving, from a link controller, by the system, an instruction that can modify the communication channel, wherein the link controller can generate the instruction based on an indication from a network metric monitor that a network metric of the communication channel has changed.
- a computer program product can comprise machine-readable storage medium comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, can facilitate performance of operations comprising monitoring a network metric of a communication channel between a first device and a second device, wherein a change in performance of the communication channel is determined based on the network metric.
- the operations can further comprise modifying a rating of the communication channel based on the change in performance of the communication channel, resulting in a modified rating, and modifying the communication channel based on the modified rating, resulting in an adjusted communication channel.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example, non-limiting system that can facilitate the adaptive adjustment of links per channel based on network metrics, in accordance with various aspects and implementations of the subject disclosure.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a sample data protection system that can use different embodiments described herein.
- FIG. 3 depicts an example flow diagram illustrating one or more embodiments that can facilitate adaptive adjustment of links per channel based on network metrics.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an example chart of a relationship between an example network metric (e.g., latency) and throughput of a communication channel.
- an example network metric e.g., latency
- FIG. 5 depicts an example approach to rating network metrics by a channel rating component, according to one or more embodiments.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a more detailed view of one or more embodiments of a channel rating component.
- FIG. 7 illustrates an example flow diagram for a method that can facilitate the adaptive adjustment of links per channel based on network metrics, in accordance with one or more embodiments.
- FIG. 8 is a flow diagram representing example operations of a system comprising a network metric monitor, a channel rating component, and a link controller, that can facilitate the adaptive adjustment of links per channel based on network metrics.
- FIG. 9 depicts an example schematic block diagram of a computing environment with which the disclosed subject matter can interact.
- FIG. 10 illustrates an example block diagram of a computing system operable to execute the disclosed systems and methods in accordance with various aspects and implementations of the subject disclosure.
- Various aspects described herein are generally directed towards facilitating the adaptive adjustment of links per channel based on network metrics.
- the implementation(s) described herein are non-limiting examples, and variations to the technology can be implemented.
- the computer processing systems, computer-implemented methods, apparatus and/or computer program products described herein employ hardware and/or software to solve problems that are highly technical in nature (e.g., using artificial intelligence or machine learning to adaptively tune network connections), that are not abstract and cannot be performed as a set of mental acts by a human.
- a human or even a plurality of humans, cannot efficiently, accurately and effectively, manually analyze and prioritize the voluminous amounts data associated with network metrics and communication channels, with the same level of accuracy and/or efficiency as the various embodiments described herein.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram 100 of an example, non-limiting system 150 that can facilitate adaptive adjustment of links per channel based on network metrics, in accordance with various aspects and implementations of the subject disclosure.
- system can comprise memory 116 that stores computer executable components and processor 160 that can execute the computer executable components stored in the memory.
- the computer executable components can comprise a network metric monitor 170 that can monitor a network metric of a communication channel 185 (e.g., by employing network protocol stack 180 ) between a first device and a second device, wherein a change in performance of the communication channel can be determined based on the network metric.
- the computer executable components can further comprise a channel rating component 130 that can adjust a rating of the network connection based on the change in performance of the network connection.
- the computer executable components can further comprise a link controller to adjust the communication channel based on the rating.
- memory 116 can comprise volatile memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), etc.) and/or non-volatile memory (e.g., read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), etc.) that can employ one or more memory architectures.
- volatile memory e.g., random access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), etc.
- non-volatile memory e.g., read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), etc.
- ROM read only memory
- PROM programmable ROM
- EPROM electrically programmable ROM
- EEPROM electrically erasable programmable ROM
- processor 160 can comprise one or more types of processors and/or electronic circuitry that can implement one or more computer and/or machine readable, writable, and/or executable components and/or instructions that can be stored on memory 116 .
- processor 160 can perform various operations that can be specified by such computer and/or machine readable, writable, and/or executable components and/or instructions including, but not limited to, logic, control, input/output (I/O), arithmetic, and/or the like.
- processor 160 can execute computer executable components including network metric monitor 170 , link controller 190 , channel rating component 130 , and network protocol stack 180 .
- FIG. 2 illustrates a sample data protection system 200 that can use different embodiments described herein. For purposes of brevity, description of like elements and/or processes employed in other embodiments is omitted.
- one or more embodiments can, in some circumstances, improve the performance of data protection systems by intelligently controlling and managing links across system components.
- Example data protection systems can include, but are not limited to, data replication systems, redundant drive array systems, and systems providing data backup and restoration capabilities, e.g., VMAX ALL FLASH STORAGE®, provided by DELL EMC. It should be noted that this example is non-limiting, and one or more embodiments described herein can be used with different systems having different functions, but similar components.
- one or both of secondary storage servers 270 A-B can be local to primary storage server 250 .
- secondary storage server 270 A is local to primary storage server 250 , e.g., both being on a local network
- secondary storage server 270 B is remote to primary storage server 250 , e.g., by employing global network 217 .
- global network 217 is described as such to emphasize its long-distance connection, and other network scopes can be utilized with one or more embodiments, e.g., regional networks, neighborhood networks, and building networks.
- channels that provide local network connectivity can have significantly different characteristics, e.g., global network 217 can have characteristics that can degrade the performance of the data transfer between primary storage server 250 and secondary storage server 270 B.
- One or more embodiments can dynamically compensate for differences in network characteristics that can degrade the performance of system 200 .
- each of secondary storage servers 270 A-B can have associated network metrics 280 A-B.
- Example network metrics 280 A-B monitored by one or more embodiments can include, but are not limited to, RTT latency, packet drops, packet timeouts, and re-transmits. Examples of network metrics effects on network performance (e.g., RTT) are discussed further with FIG. 4 below.
- one or more embodiments can improve the operation of data protection system 200 by reducing data link loss risks, reducing overall replication latency, ensuring high data availability across protection system components, and increasing network link throughput.
- the number of links selected for a channel can correspond to the rating determined for the channel by channel rating component 130 .
- link controller 190 can also implement a change in TCP/IP links for a communication channel and thus, in some circumstances, also increase the data parallelism in the use of the channel as well as increase the throughput across the network.
- different network metrics 280 A-B can be monitored by network metric monitor 170 at different time intervals or in response to different events, to determine whether one or more network metrics 280 A-B have changed 330 .
- packet loss and retransmit metrics can be monitored for every time interval T and compared with the computed values for previous time internal T ⁇ 1. In some circumstances, an increase in either or both of these metrics over an interval can indicate the channel link has become more lossy.
- FIG. 5 depicts an example approach to rating network metrics according to one or more embodiments. For purposes of brevity, description of like elements and/or processes employed in other embodiments is omitted.
- artificial intelligence logic 610 can perform a set of clustering machine learning computations, a set of logistic regression machine learning computations, a set of decision tree machine learning computations, a set of random forest machine learning computations, a set of regression tree machine learning computations, a set of least square machine learning computations, a set of instance-based machine learning computations, a set of regression machine learning computations, a set of support vector regression machine learning computations, a set of k-means machine learning computations, a set of spectral clustering machine learning computations, a set of rule learning machine learning computations, a set of Bayesian machine learning computations, a set of deep Boltzmann machine computations, a set of deep belief network computations, and/or a set of different machine learning computations.
- neural network 620 One way that artificial intelligence logic 610 can facilitate the adaptive tuning of links per channel based on network metrics is by using neural network 620 .
- One or more embodiments can employ one or more neural networks 620 optimized by data including, but not limited to, previously determined performance of the network and analysis of previous activity of communication channels.
- method 700 can comprise receiving, from a link controller 190 by the system (e.g., by network protocol stack 180 ), an instruction to adjust the communication channel 210 B, wherein the instruction was generated by the link controller 170 based on an indication from a network metric monitor 170 that a network metric 280 B of the communication channel 210 B has changed.
- Network metric monitor 170 can be configured 802 to monitor a network metric of a communication channel of a network between a first device and a second device, wherein a change in performance of the communication channel is determined based on the network metric, in accordance with one or more embodiments.
- Channel rating component 130 can be configured 804 to adjust a rating of the communication channel based on the change in performance of the communication channel, in accordance with one or more embodiments.
- Link controller 190 can be configured 806 to adjust the communication channel based on the rating.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of a computing environment 900 with which the disclosed subject matter can interact.
- the system 900 comprises one or more remote component(s) 910 .
- the remote component(s) 910 can be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices).
- remote component(s) 910 can be a distributed computer system, connected to a local automatic scaling component and/or programs that use the resources of a distributed computer system, via communication framework 940 .
- Communication framework 940 can comprise wired network devices, wireless network devices, mobile devices, wearable devices, radio access network devices, gateway devices, femtocell devices, servers, etc.
- the system 900 also comprises one or more local component(s) 920 .
- the local component(s) 920 can be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices).
- local component(s) 920 can comprise network metric monitor 170 , link controller 190 , and channel rating component 130 ).
- One possible communication between a remote component(s) 910 and a local component(s) 920 can be in the form of a data packet adapted to be transmitted between two or more computer processes.
- Another possible communication between a remote component(s) 910 and a local component(s) 920 can be in the form of circuit-switched data adapted to be transmitted between two or more computer processes in radio time slots.
- the system 900 comprises a communication framework 940 that can be employed to facilitate communications between the remote component(s) 910 and the local component(s) 920 , and can comprise an air interface, e.g., Uu interface of a UMTS network, via a long-term evolution (LTE) network, etc.
- LTE long-term evolution
- nonvolatile memory can be included in read only memory, programmable read only memory, electrically programmable read only memory, electrically erasable read only memory, or flash memory.
- Volatile memory can comprise random access memory, which acts as external cache memory.
- random access memory is available in many forms such as synchronous random access memory, dynamic random access memory, synchronous dynamic random access memory, double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory, enhanced synchronous dynamic random access memory, SynchLink dynamic random access memory, and direct Rambus random access memory.
- the disclosed memory components of systems or methods herein are intended to comprise, without being limited to comprising, these and any other suitable types of memory.
- FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of a computing system 1000 operable to execute the disclosed systems and methods in accordance with one or more embodiments/implementations described herein.
- Computer 1012 can comprise a processing unit 1014 , a system memory 1016 , and a system bus 1018 .
- System bus 1018 couples system components comprising, but not limited to, system memory 1016 to processing unit 1014 .
- Processing unit 1014 can be any of various available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multiprocessor architectures also can be employed as processing unit 1014 .
- System bus 1018 can be any of several types of bus structure(s) comprising a memory bus or a memory controller, a peripheral bus or an external bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available bus architectures comprising, but not limited to, industrial standard architecture, micro-channel architecture, extended industrial standard architecture, intelligent drive electronics, video electronics standards association local bus, peripheral component interconnect, card bus, universal serial bus, advanced graphics port, personal computer memory card international association bus, Firewire (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1394 ), and small computer systems interface.
- bus architectures comprising, but not limited to, industrial standard architecture, micro-channel architecture, extended industrial standard architecture, intelligent drive electronics, video electronics standards association local bus, peripheral component interconnect, card bus, universal serial bus, advanced graphics port, personal computer memory card international association bus, Firewire (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1394 ), and small computer systems interface.
- System memory 1016 can comprise volatile memory 1020 and nonvolatile memory 1022 .
- nonvolatile memory 1022 can comprise read only memory, programmable read only memory, electrically programmable read only memory, electrically erasable read only memory, or flash memory.
- Volatile memory 1020 comprises read only memory, which acts as external cache memory.
- read only memory is available in many forms such as synchronous random access memory, dynamic read only memory, synchronous dynamic read only memory, double data rate synchronous dynamic read only memory, enhanced synchronous dynamic read only memory, SynchLink dynamic read only memory, Rambus direct read only memory, direct Rambus dynamic read only memory, and Rambus dynamic read only memory.
- Computing devices typically comprise a variety of media, which can comprise computer-readable storage media or communications media, which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows.
- Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media that can be accessed by the computer and comprises both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media.
- Computer-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured data.
- Computer-readable storage media can comprise, but are not limited to, read only memory, programmable read only memory, electrically programmable read only memory, electrically erasable read only memory, flash memory or other memory technology, compact disk read only memory, digital versatile disk or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other tangible media which can be used to store desired information.
- tangible media can comprise non-transitory media wherein the term “non-transitory” herein as may be applied to storage, memory or computer-readable media, is to be understood to exclude only propagating transitory signals per se as a modifier and does not relinquish coverage of all standard storage, memory or computer-readable media that are not only propagating transitory signals per se.
- Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the information stored by the medium.
- a computer-readable medium can comprise executable instructions stored thereon that, in response to execution, can cause a system comprising a processor to perform operations, comprising determining a mapped cluster schema, altering the mapped cluster schema until a rule is satisfied, allocating storage space according to the mapped cluster schema, and enabling a data operation corresponding to the allocated storage space, as disclosed herein.
- Communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and comprises any information delivery or transport media.
- modulated data signal or signals refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in one or more signals.
- communication media comprise wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.
- FIG. 10 describes software that acts as an intermediary between users and computer resources described in suitable operating environment 1000 .
- Such software comprises an operating system 1028 .
- Operating system 1028 which can be stored on disk storage 1024 , acts to control and allocate resources of computer system 1012 .
- System applications 1030 take advantage of the management of resources by operating system 1028 through program modules 1032 and program data 1034 stored either in system memory 1016 or on disk storage 1024 . It is to be noted that the disclosed subject matter can be implemented with various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
- a user can enter commands or information into computer 1012 through input device(s) 1036 .
- a user interface can allow entry of user preference information, etc., and can be embodied in a touch sensitive display panel, a mouse/pointer input to a graphical user interface (GUI), a command line controlled interface, etc., allowing a user to interact with computer 1012 .
- Input devices 1036 comprise, but are not limited to, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, cell phone, smartphone, tablet computer, etc.
- Interface port(s) 1038 comprise, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, a universal serial bus, an infrared port, a Bluetooth port, an IP port, or a logical port associated with a wireless service, etc.
- Output device(s) 1040 use some of the same type of ports as input device(s) 1036 .
- a universal serial busport can be used to provide input to computer 1012 and to output information from computer 1012 to an output device 1040 .
- Output adapter 1042 is provided to illustrate that there are some output devices 1040 like monitors, speakers, and printers, among other output devices 1040 , which use special adapters.
- Output adapters 1042 comprise, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and sound cards that provide means of connection between output device 1040 and system bus 1018 . It should be noted that other devices and/or systems of devices provide both input and output capabilities such as remote computer(s) 1044 .
- Computer 1012 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer(s) 1044 .
- Remote computer(s) 1044 can be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, cloud storage, a cloud service, code executing in a cloud computing environment, a workstation, a microprocessor-based appliance, a peer device, or other common network node and the like, and typically comprises many or all of the elements described relative to computer 1012 .
- a cloud computing environment, the cloud, or other similar terms can refer to computing that can share processing resources and data to one or more computer and/or other device(s) on an as needed basis to enable access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be provisioned and released readily.
- Network interface 1048 encompasses wire and/or wireless communication networks such as local area networks and wide area networks.
- Local area network technologies comprise fiber distributed data interface, copper distributed data interface, Ethernet, Token Ring and the like.
- Wide area network technologies comprise, but are not limited to, point-to-point links, circuit-switching networks like integrated services digital networks and variations thereon, packet switching networks, and digital subscriber lines.
- wireless technologies may be used in addition to or in place of the foregoing.
- Communication connection(s) 1050 refer(s) to hardware/software employed to connect network interface 1048 to bus 1018 . While communication connection 1050 is shown for illustrative clarity inside computer 1012 , it can also be external to computer 1012 .
- the hardware/software for connection to network interface 1048 can comprise, for example, internal and external technologies such as modems, comprising regular telephone grade modems, cable modems and digital subscriber line modems, integrated services digital network adapters, and Ethernet cards.
- processor can refer to substantially any computing processing unit or device comprising, but not limited to comprising, single-core processors; single-processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithread technology; parallel platforms; and parallel platforms with distributed shared memory.
- a processor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit, a digital signal processor, a field programmable gate array, a programmable logic controller, a complex programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein.
- processors can exploit nano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order to optimize space usage or enhance performance of user equipment.
- a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.
- a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer.
- a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer.
- an application running on a server and the server can be a component.
- One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal).
- a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal).
- a component can be an apparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electronic circuitry, which is operated by a software or a firmware application executed by a processor, wherein the processor can be internal or external to the apparatus and executes at least a part of the software or firmware application.
- a component can be an apparatus that provides specific functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, the electronic components can comprise a processor therein to execute software or firmware that confers at least in part the functionality of the electronic components.
- X employs A or B is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances.
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