US1131263A - Tellurian. - Google Patents

Description

3 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

Patented Mar. 9

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THE MORRIS PETERS C0.. PHoTo-LITHD., WASHINGIUN, D

W. PARK.

TBLLURIAN.

APPLIOATION FILED AUG. 1s, 1913.

Lmw Patented Mar.9,1915.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 2V NORRIS PETERS CO., PHo'roJJv-HO., wAaHANG roN, D. CA

W. PARK.

TELLURIAN.

APPLIUATION FILED AUG. 1a, 1913.v

Mwlw ,Patented Mar. 9, 1915.

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WITNESSEI INVENTOR.

BY MPM i a. MK @scam/W@ HT TOHN EY.

THF IORR, F 1 FRS Ca, P NDTOALITHQ. wASHlNGroN. L'

WILLIAM LPARK, OF BRANTFORD, ONTARIO, CANADA.

TELLURIAN.

Speccation of Letters ."E'atent.

Patented Mar.. 9, 1915..

Application led August 18, 1913. Serial No. 785,345.

To all 'whom' t may concern.'

Be it known that l, WILLIAM PARK, of the city of Brantford, Province of Ontario, Canada, have invented certain new and u seful Improvements in Tellurians, of which the following is a specification.

rFliese improvements relate to devices for displaying the relative movements of the sun, earth and moon and the various phenomena which result from said movements and the respective natures of the said bodies, and particularly to improvements in the apparatus disclosed and claimed in United States application No. 67 6,805 filed February 10th, 1912.

My object is to improve the construction oit the earth and moon globes to provide means for illustrating the phenomena of total and annular solar eclipses and to provide means for illustrating the phenomena of winds and climate.

vWith this object in View, my invention consists in the constructions hereinafter described and then specilically claimed.

Figure 1 is a side elevation, partly in section, of my improved tellurian. Fig. 2 is a plan view of the same. Fig. 3 is a vertical section of part of the gearing for imparting the necessary movements to the earth and moon. Fig. 4 is a vertical section of' the -upper part of the gearing, shown in Fig. 3,

with connecting gearing complete. Fig. 5 is a side elevation showing parts of the connecting gearing separated. Fig. 6 is a plan view of the gearing shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 7 is a plan view or" the eccentric and its connection for giving the moons orbit its proper inclination. Fig. 8 is a 'front elevation of the primary gearing for driving the apparatus. Fig. 9 is a rear view on a smaller scale of the shield of the sphere representing the earth. Fig. 10 is a plan view of the cam giving the eccentric orbit for the earth. Figs. 11 and 12 are details illustrating the means for giving a periodic tilt to the dark hemisphere of the moon. Fig. 13 is a side elevation of the climatic indicator in position on the earth globe, and Fig. 14 is a front elevation oi' the same.

ln the drawings like numerals of reference indicate corresponding parts in the different figures.

Referring particularly to Figs. 1 and 2, 1 represents a suitable stand on which is supported a stationary crown wheel 2 preterably cut with 365 teeth. 3 is a spindle supporting a sphere 4 representing the sun. This may be either opaque and colored to represent the sun, or else translucent and provided in its interior with an electric lamp 5 or other source of illumination. On

the spindle 3 is journaled the arm 6 carrying the earth and moon as hereinafter' described. Withinthis arm is journaled a shaft 7 having secured thereto adjacent the crown wheel 2 a pinion 8 meshing with the gear wheel 9 secured to the spindle 10 journaled in a bracket 11 depending from the arm 6. rlhis spindle has secured thereto, the pinion 12 meshing with the crown wheel 2. The spindle 10 carries the sleeve 13 loose thereon, but engageable for driving purposes with the gear wheel 9 through the medium of the clutch 14, half of which is formed on the sleeve and the other half on the hub of the gear wheel. When the clutch is engaged as shown in Fig. 1, the arm 6 may be rotated about the spindle 3 by operating the crank arm 15 secured to the sleeve 13.

rlhe shaft 7 has secured thereto, the gear wheel 16 meshing with the pinion 17 fast on a spindle 18 journaled in suitable bearings on the arm 6. rilhis spindle by means of the bevel O'earing 19 drives the sleeve 20 journaled on the spindle 3 and carrying the pointer 21 which is thus movable over the face of a 24 hour dial 22 supported from the arm 6. rl`he gearing is so proportioned that the pointer completes a circuit of the dial during such time as the arm 6 has been moved one three hundred and sixty-fifth part of a revolution about the spindle 3. As, particularly for the purpose of teaching time it is sometimes desirable to be able to impart a slow movement to the pointer 21 l provide the sleeve 13 with the gear wheel 23 which through an endwise movement of the sleeve can be brought directly into mesh with the gear wheel 16. A. much slower drive is thus given to the shaft 7 and consequently to ,the pointer 21 than when the driving is through the medium of the gears 8 and 9. These latter, oi course, continue to rotate giving a very slow movement to the arm 6.

The earth and moon are carried on the arm 6 and their movements imparted to them from the shaft 7 through the medium of the construction l will now describe.

A bracket 24 is formed at the end of the arm 6 and this bracket carries the vertical stationary sleeve 25. In this sleeve is journaled the spindle 26 which has the bevel gear wheel 27 secured to its upper end. The lower end of the spindle is driven by the bevel gearing 84 from the spindle 7. Surrounding the upper end of the spindle 26 is a sleeve 28 to which is secured the bracket 29 in which is journaled the polar aXis 30 of the earth. This polar axis is set at the proper inclination and carries the bevel gear Wheel 31 meshing with the bevel gear Wheel 5.8 fast on the spindle 64 journaled in the bracket 29 and having secured thereto the bevel gear wheel meshing with the bevel gear wheel 27. The polar axis of the earth may thus be rotated once to one revolution of the pointer 21 representing 24 hours or one day. (See Fig. 3). As the polar axis must be maintained in a constant direction while the arm 6 is being rotated about the spindle 3 gearing must be provided for that purpose. The lower end of the sleeve 28 has the gear wheel 32 secured thereto. This gear wheel meshes with the pinion 33 secured to and revolving with the gear wheel 34 suitably journaled on the casing 35. (See Figs. 4, 5 and 6); rlhis gear Wheel 34 has meshing therewith the pinion 36 fast on the spindle 37 journaled in the casing 35. This spindle carries the gear wheel 38 meshing with the pinion 39 fast on the spindle 26. Through the train of gearing described the sleeve 28 is so rotated as to maintain the polar axis of the earth pointing in a constant direction in space. Y

Before describing the specific construction of the earth I will fully describe the remaining gearing which is used to impart the necessary movements to the moon.

'Below the pinion 39 is located the gear wheel`40 secured to the sleeve 4l surrounding the stationary sleeve 25. The lower end of this sleeve carries the eccentric 42. Below the gear wheel 40 is located the gear wheel 43 secured to the sleeve 44 surrounding the sleeve 41. This sleeve 44 carries the bracket 45 on which is hinged the arm 47 carrying the moon. This arm 47 is pivoted at its outer end to the sleeve 48. By thus pivoting the arm 47 a vertical rocking movement may be imparted thereto to give the desired inclination of the moons orbit. The rocking movement is imparted through the medium of the eccentric strap 49 connected by means of a suitable universal joint with the depending arm 50 formed on the arm 47. The gear wheels 40 and 43 are actuated to give the desired movements to the sleeve 44 and the sleeve 48 through the medium of the gearing which will be now described.

0n the spindle 37 is secured the pinion 51 meshing directly with the gear wheel 43 on the sleeve 44. On the spindle 37 is also secured the pinion 52 which meshes with the gear wheel 53 suitably journaled on the casing 35 and having secured thereto the pinion 54 which meshes with the gear wheel 40 secured to the sleeve 4l. These gears are all suitably proportioned to give the proper timing to the various motions desired.

The sleeve 48 is maintained in its vertical position while the arm 47 is being rocked through the medium of the eccentric by means of a parallel motion device constructed substantially as follows: The lower end of the sleeve is pivotally connected to the arm 55, the inner end of which is pivotally connected with the sleeve 56, -tree to revolve on the stationary sleeve 25.

The moon is formed of an outer translucent sphere 57 which is secured to the upper end of the sleeve 48. Thus as the sleeve is carried around the earth the same side of the transparent sphere 57 is presented to the earth which, of course, represents actual conditions. To represent the phases of the moon I employ an inner hemisphere 58. This will have its outside dark and the inside white or reflecting and a light may be inserted to illuminate the interior. As an alternative a sphere may be employed having one dark and one translucent hemisphere. To represent the phases ol the moon, the dark hemisphere must be maintained constantly pointing away from the sun. For this purpose the following gearing is employed: 'Vithin the sleeve 48 is journaled the tubular spindle GO the upper end of which carries the hemisphere 58 and the lower end of which is connected by bevel gearing 6l with the spindle G2 journaled in the arm 55. The inner end of the spindle is provided with the bevel pinion G3 meshing with the stationary bevel gear G4 secured to the stationary sleeve 25. To permit of the rocking movement of the arm 55 it is necessary that its pivot be located as nearly as possible in line with the intersection of the pitch circles on the bevel gearing. I also provide means for tilting the hemisphere 58 to represent the dierent inclinations of the crescent phase of the moon at dill'erent seasons. For this purpose T support the hemisphere from the tubular spindle GO by means of the yoke 72 in which is journaled the cross wire 73 connected at its ends to the hemisphere 58. A crank arm 74 is secured to the wire and is pivotally connected at its other end of the rod 75 which passes through the tubular spindle G0 and at its lower end rests on the rod 76 projecting from the end of the spindle 62. As the moon is raised or lowered in its orbit the end of the rod 7G rises and descends relative to the pivot between the tubes 48 and 62 and thus pushes the rod 75 up and down and causes the tilting of the dark hemisphere 58. Tt will be noted that a loop 77 is provided in the wire 78 secured to the wire 73 which loop serves to support a candle to illuminate the moon sphere 57.

rfhe earth is constructed substantially as follows: The polar axis is secured to a sphere 65 which is of reflecting material so as to form a spherical mirror and has outlined thereon the land surfaces of the globe and such other of the physical characteristics of the earth as may seem desirable. rlhis sphere thus rotates with the polar axis. rlhe sphere is preferably of polished metal, the land and water surfaces being of contrasted colors. Outside the sphere 65 is located the hemispherical hood 66. rlhis hood will be made of a reflecting material, preferably of polished metal7 to reflect the sun and moon globes. This hood is preferably darkened inside or unpolished and is connected, as shown, to the bracket 67 secured to the casing 35. This casing and sleeve maintain a constant position relative to the arm 6 and therefore the dark inside of the hemisphere 66 will always be presented toward the sun and as the dark inside of its rim is reflected in the sphere 65 an exact representation is given of the illuminated and non-illuminated portions of the earth surface, the circle of transition being sharply defined.

To enable the phenomenon of annular eclipses to be properly shown it is necessary that the earths orbit be elliptical. l secure this ellipticity of the earths orbit by making the arm 6 and the spindle 7 telescopic and by providing means for extending and contracting the arm 6 as it is rotated about the sun sphere. In Fig. 1 l show the part 6at of the arm sleeve within the other part and provided with a finger 7 9 projecting through a slot 80. rlhis finger engages in an eccentric cam groove 83 carried on the crown wheel 2 which cam groove thus entends and retracts the part 6*- of the arm as desired. rlhe spindle 7 is made with a telescopic joint 81 as shown so that it will accommodate itself to the varying length of the arm 6. A pin 85 on the part 6a engaging in a slot 82 in the outer part 6 of the arm may be employed to steady the two parts and aid in keeping them in proper alinement. llhen the reflection of the sun globe in the earth globe is eclipsed by the passage of the moon between the earth and the sun the eclipse will be either annular or total according to the distance of the earth from the sun which depends on the elongation and contraction of the arm 6. Properly speaking the moons orbit should also be eccentric to represent nocturnal conditions, but it is not readily practicable to represent this, and as the appearance of the phenomenon of an annular eclipse can be represented by making the earths orbit only eccentric, l prefer to avoid further complication.

'lhe climatic indicator is illustrated more particularly in Figs. 13 and 14. This indicator comprises a meridian 87, which is so supported as to be constantly directed to the sun. Preferably the meridian is supported from the casing 35 which supports the hood 66. rlihis meridian has a ring 88 formed at the center, the opening in which is of a suflicient size to permit of the passage of the rays forming the reflected image of the sun on the earth globe. rlhe center of this opening is therefore, of course located in a line joining the centers of the earth and sun globes. By suitably marking the meridian as for example by differences of color, the differences of variations in the insolation of the earths surface may be readily indicated. F or a distance of about 22B-.lf therefore on each side of the center, the meridian is colored red to. indicate the portion of the carthls surface where the suns rays are perpendicular to the earths surface or almost so. For a distance of about 9.50 from each end the meridian is painted white to indicate the part of the earths surface where the suns rays strike most obliquely and approximately to indicate the position of the snow line on the earths surface at any season that is the lower limit in latitude where snow will usually fall or exist at that season at the surface sea level. intermediate the red and white portions, the meridian is colored green to indicate the portion of the earths surface where the suns rays strike more obliquely than under the part of the meridian painted red and less obliquely than under the parts painted white.

To enable the phenomenon of the trade winds and the return currents from the equator to be represented I provide the arches 90 which are connected to slides 91 movable along the meridian. The inner ends of the arches are separated by an arc of about 50 of the meridian which is approximately the width of the equatorial belt commonly known as the doldrums The northern arch subtends an angle of about 240 and the southern arch about 270 as the south eastern trade wind belt is somewhat wider than the belt of the north east trades. rlhe slidability of the arches is of great iniportance the seasonal shift in latitude of the trade winds is very small compared to the shift of the heat equator or belt on the earths surface where the sun is overhead at noon. The heat equator shifts 47o but the trade winds shift only from 8 to 9, therefore the arches must be shifted up or down on the meridian to indicate the proper positions of the trade wind belts. To assist in the accurate adjustment of this slidable system which may be termed a trade wind indicator l prefer to graduate the meridian 87 as shown. rlhe direction of the trade winds is indicated by arrows 89 preferably pivoted, which are carried by the bars 92 connecting the slides 91. Other arrows 93 are situated in various positions along the meridian which are used to indicate the direction of the-winds at different parts of the earths surface. The close set arrows adj acent the poles are used to represent the direction of the polar surface currents. Those set higher up are used to indicate the direction of the upper currents. The arches 90 are set with arrows 94E pointing away from the equatorial belt which serve to indicate the course followed by the heated air rising from the equatorial belt which comes back to the surface, just outside the belts of the trade winds in what are known as the horse latitudes. 'lhe meridian being set to remain in a constant position relative to the sun, the position of the heat equator relative to the earths surface is indicated at any time, and also the position of the zones on the earths surfac'e where torrid, temperate or frigid climatic conditions exist, and as the arches are movable, by setting them according to available tables, the winds of the earth may be graphically demonstrated.

Briefly, with this device the following main phenomena are illustrated :-1. The actual changing of the seasons during the year at different parts of the earths surface.

2. The circulation of the air on the globe and its usual changes. 3. The climatic results from the air circulation and variations caused by the disposition of the land sur faces of the globe. 4. `The actual shifting of the heat Zones during the year which enables the teacher to correct any false ideas derived from the customary classification of climate by means of the five fixed Zones.

From the various mechanisms described it follows that the earth may be rotated around the sun in a period representing 365 days while the pointer 21 has moved 365 times around the dial 22. At the same time the moon has been revolved l2 times about the earth, constantly maintaining the same side of the outer sphere 57 presented to the earth and the dark side of the inner hemisphere` 58 away from the sun. At the same time the sphere 57 has been raised and lowered to give its orbit the desired inclination of 5.9 degrees to the orbit of the earth. The direction of inclination also remains constant relative to the earths axis so that the phenomenon of eclipse seasons is well represented. Eclipse seasons are those times when the conjunction of the sun and moon occurs within 160 of thernode, when solar eclipses may occur, and when the line sunmoon earth makes an angle of less than 110 with the line of nodes when lunar eclipses may occur. In each year there are two eclipse seasons of about one month each. The sphere representing the earths surface has also been rotating synchronously with the pointer 21.

An important result of the special construction of the earth is that on the surface of the sphere the reflection of the moon may be seen and the reflections exhibit exactly the appearance of the moon in the sky as it passes through its various phases from new to full. This is true whether the moon be between the sun and the earth or the earth between the sun and the moon. For the purpose of indicating the phenomenon of a lunar eclipse, the center of the exterior of the hood 6G may have a dark nonreflective or opaque circular patch formed thereon. When the reflection of the full moon approaches this patch it gradually disappears and the phenomenon of an eclipse is represented as indicated in Fig. 9. Another advantage follows from the use of this reflecting sphere (i5, that is, to an observer` standing in the position of the sun sphere Lf the latter is seen reflected in this sphere 65 and the position of the sun relative to the equator at any time of the year is actually seen.

lVhile it would be easy to elaborate the description of the various functions of this apparatus, suflice it to say that substantially 'all the relative movements of the sun, moon and earth may be represented and all the phenomena resulting therefrom satisfactorily shown and explained. Many phenomena are shown as observed from two points of view. On the reflecting surface of the earth they appear as seen from the earth, while the observer at the same time sees them as they would appear from a view point in space, this making it possible to widen the scope of the teaching of astronomical geography in public schools. The mechanism itself is simple, positive, automatic and chain drive is avoided. The climatic indicator provides simple means for indicating the climatic results following from the constantly changing position of the sun relative to the earths equator.

That claim as my invention is 1. ln a tellurian, the combination of an earth globe comlnising a highly reflecting spherical mirror; an inclined axis on which said sphere is journaled', means for rotating the said sphere on its axis; a bright sun globe; and means for carrying the reflecting sphere about the sun globe while its axis is maintained in a constant direction in space.

2. In a tellurian, an earth globe comprising a highly reflecting spherical mirror in combination with a bright sun globe; means for carrying the reflecting sphere about the sun globe; a hemispherical hood having a mirror-like outer surface supported about the earth globe with its circular edge in a vertical plane substantially intersecting the earths center; a moon globe; means for carrying the moon globe about the earth globe;

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and means whereby the hood is constantly maintained with its convex surface directed away from the sun the earth globe is carried about the latter'.

3. ln a tellurian, an earth globe compris ing a. highly reflecting spherical mirror in combination with a bright sun globe; means for carrying the reflecting sphere about the sun globe; a moon globe; means for carrying the moon globe about the earth globe, the sun and moon globes being so proportioned and placed as to give reflected images approximately the same size; and means for giving ellipticity to the earths orbit to vary the relative size of the reflected images of the sun and moon globes.

4:. ln a tellurian, an earth globe com* prising a highly reflecting spherical mirror in combination with a bright sun globe; means for carrying the reflecting sphere about the sun globe; a moon globe; means for carrying the moon globe about the earth globe; a hemispherical hood having a mirror-like outer surface supported about the earth globe with its circular edge in a vertical plane substantially intersecting the earths centers; means whereby the hood is constantly maintained with its convex surface directed away from the sun as the earth globe is carried about the latter; and a dark non-reflecting spot formed at the center of the convex surface of the hood.

5. ln a tellurian, the combination of a sun globe; an earth globe; means for carrying the earth globe about the sun globe; a moon globe comprising an outer translucent sphere and an inner dark hemisphere; means for carrying the moon globe as a whole about the earth globe in an orbit inclined to the earths orbit and with its dark hemisphere constantly directed away from the sun globe; and means for automatically tilting the darli hemisphere as the moon globe rises and falls in its orbit.

6. ln a tellurian, the combination of a sun globe; an earth globe journaled on an inclined axis; means for carrying the earth globe about the sun globe with its axis maintained in a constant direction in space; and a climatic indicator` comprising a meridian suitably supported adjacent the earth globe adapted to be constantly directed toward the sun and having the same part of its outer surface always intersected by the plane of the earths orbit the meridian bearing indicia to indicate zones of diderent degrees of insolation of the earth surface.

'l'. lfn a tellurian, the combination of a sun globe; an earth globe journaled on an inclined axis; means for carrying the earth globe about the sun globe with its axis maintained in a constant direction in space; and a climatic indicator comprising a meridian suitably supported adjacent the earth globe adapted to be constantly directed toward the sun and having the same part of its outer surface always intersected by the plane of the earths orbit, the meridian being provided with an aperture, the center of which is located in the line joining the centers of the sun and earth globes.

8. ln a tellurian, the combination of a sun globe; an earth globe journaled on an inclined axis; means for carrying the earth globe about the sun globe with its axis maintained in a constant direction in space; and a climatic indicator comprising a meridian suitably supported adjacent the earth globe adapted to be constantly directed toward the sun and having the same part of its outer surface intersected by the plane of the earths orbit, the meridian being provided with an aperture, the center of which is located in the line joining the centers of the sun and earth globes, the meridian also bearing indicia to indicate Zones of dilferent degrees of insolation of the earth surface.

9. ln a tellurian, the combination with an earth globe journaled on an inclined axis of' a climatic indicator comprising a meridian bearing indicia to indicate zones of different degrees of insolation of the earth surface; the earth globe and meridian being so supported that a relative rotary movement of the two is obtainable on a substantially vertical axis.

10. ln a tellurian, the combination with an earth globe journaled on an inclined axis of a climatic indicator comprising a meridian provided with a series of arrows to indicate the direction of travel of air currents, the earth globe and meridian being so supported that a relative rotary move ment of the two is obtainable on a substantially vertical axis.

l1. In a tellurian; the combination with an earth globe journaled on an inclined axis orn a climatic indicator comprising a meridian provided with a series of pivoted arrows to indicate the direction of travel of air currents, the earth globe and meridian being so supported that a relative rotary movement of the two is obtainable on a substantially vertical axis.

l2. ln a tellurian, the combination with an earth globe journaled on an inclined axis of a climatic indicator comprising a meridian carrying arches one at each side ot the center to indicate the movements ot the heated air rising from the equatorial climatic belt of the earths surface; the earth globe and meridian being so supported that a relative rotary movement oi' the two is obtainable on a substantially vertical axis.

18. ln a tellurian; the combination with an earth globe journaled on an inclined axis of a climatic indicator comprising a meridian carrying arches one at each side of the center provided with arrows to indicate the movements of the heated air rising from the equatorial climatic belt of the earths surface, the earth globe and meridian beingso supported that a relative rotary movement of the two is obtainable on a substantially vertical axis.

Y14C. In a tellurian, the combination with an earth globe journaled on an inclined axis of a climatic indicator comprising a meridian bearing indicia to indicate Zones of different degrees oitl insolation of the earth surface and provided with a series ot arrows to indicate the direction of travel of air currents, and carrying arches one at each side of the center to indicate the movements of the heated air rising from the quatorial climatic belt of the earths surace.

15. In a tellurian, the combination with an earth globe journaled on an inclined axis of a climatic indicator comprising a meridian'bearing indicia to indicate zones of different degrees of insolation of the earth surface'and provided with a series of pivoted arrows to indicate the direction of travel of air currents, and carrying arches one ateach side of the center to indicate the movements of the heated air rising from the equatorial climatic belt of the earths surface.

16. In a tellurian, the combination with an earth globe of a climatic indicator comprising a meridian suitably supported relative to the globe; slidable means movable lengthwise thereon forming a trade wind indicator and provided with arrows to indicate the direction of the trade winds.

17. In a tellurian7 the combination with an earth globe of a climatic indicator comprising a meridian suitably supported relative to the globe; slidable means movable lengthwise thereon forming a trade Wind indicator and provided with arrows to indicate the direction of the trade winds, the trade wind indicator subtending approximately an angle of 570.

18. In a tellurian, the combination with an earth globe of a climatic indicator comprising a meridian suitably supported relative to the globe; slidable means movable lengthwise thereon forming a trade wind indicator, the trade wind indicator subtending approximately an angle of 57.

19. In a tellurian, the combination with an earth globe of a climatic indicator comprising a meridian suitably supported relative to the globe; slidable means movable lengthwise thereon forming a trade Wind indicator and provided with arches to indicate the course of the heated air rising from the equatorial climatic belt of the earths surface, the inner ends of said arches being separated by a space to indicate the approximate width of said belt.

Toronto this 5th day of Aug. 1913.

WILLIAM PARK.

Signed in the presence of- J. EDW. MAYBEE, E. P. HALL.

Copies ofV this patent may be obtained for nve cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents,

Washington, D. C.

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