US11201027B2 - Triggered fuse for low-voltage applications - Google Patents

Triggered fuse for low-voltage applications Download PDF

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Publication number
US11201027B2
US11201027B2 US16/478,207 US201816478207A US11201027B2 US 11201027 B2 US11201027 B2 US 11201027B2 US 201816478207 A US201816478207 A US 201816478207A US 11201027 B2 US11201027 B2 US 11201027B2
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Prior art keywords
fusible conductor
fuse
triggerable
bottleneck
melting
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US20190371561A1 (en
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Arnd Ehrhardt
Peter Zahlmann
Sven Wolfram
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Dehn SE and Co KG
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Dehn and Soehne GmbH and Co KG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H89/00—Combinations of two or more different basic types of electric switches, relays, selectors and emergency protective devices, not covered by any single one of the other main groups of this subclass
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H39/00—Switching devices actuated by an explosion produced within the device and initiated by an electric current
    • H01H39/006—Opening by severing a conductor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/0039—Means for influencing the rupture process of the fusible element
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/05—Component parts thereof
    • H01H85/055—Fusible members
    • H01H85/08—Fusible members characterised by the shape or form of the fusible member
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/05—Component parts thereof
    • H01H85/055—Fusible members
    • H01H85/08—Fusible members characterised by the shape or form of the fusible member
    • H01H85/10—Fusible members characterised by the shape or form of the fusible member with constriction for localised fusing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/05—Component parts thereof
    • H01H85/18—Casing fillings, e.g. powder
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/05—Component parts thereof
    • H01H85/18—Casing fillings, e.g. powder
    • H01H85/185—Insulating members for supporting fusible elements inside a casing, e.g. for helically wound fusible elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/38—Means for extinguishing or suppressing arc
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/38—Means for extinguishing or suppressing arc
    • H01H2085/381—Means for extinguishing or suppressing arc with insulating body insertable between the end contacts of the fusible element
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H01H85/05—Component parts thereof
    • H01H85/055—Fusible members
    • H01H85/12—Two or more separate fusible members in parallel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/36—Means for applying mechanical tension to fusible member
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/30—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H9/34—Stationary parts for restricting or subdividing the arc, e.g. barrier plate
    • H01H9/36—Metal parts

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a triggerable melting fuse for low-voltage applications for protecting devices that can be connected to a power supply system, in particular surge protection devices, consisting of at least one fusible conductor which is located between two contacts and is arranged in a housing, and also consisting of a trigger device for controlled disconnection of the fusible conductor in the event of malfunctions or overload states of the respective connected device, wherein an extinguishing medium is introduced into the housing.
  • fuses are used as a backup protection for surge arresters in the so-called shunt arm.
  • a corresponding fuse must guarantee the protection in case of a short-circuit.
  • the special properties of a melting fuse basically allow only very small design options with respect to varying or setting the protective range of the fuse.
  • DE 42 11 079 A1 shows such a solution, in which a pyrotechnic charge is detonated when the current which flows through the current conductor of the fuses and is detected by a current detection device exhibits an intensity which is greater than a pre-definable threshold value.
  • DE 10 2008 047 256 A1 discloses a high-voltage fuse with a controllable drive for a shearing rod which destroys a plurality of bottlenecks. The control may thereby be performed depending on a fault current from a separate control unit.
  • DE 10 2014 215 279 A1 refers to the melting integral I 2 t.
  • the melting of a fusible conductor is determined by its material and geometry properties, so that, depending on the material and/or geometry of the fusible conductor, a respective heat amount Q is necessary for evaporating the fusible conductor.
  • DE 10 2014 215 279 A1 refers to a further development of a melting fuse in such a manner that additional contacts are provided, wherein one of the additional contacts represents a trigger contact, in order to cause the fusible conductor to melt indirectly of directly by initiating a short-circuit.
  • the fusible conductor may have a predetermined breaking point in the area of one of the further contacts.
  • the fusible conductor is surrounded by an extinguishing medium at least in sections, in particular by sand.
  • the triggering that is to say the control for disconnecting the fusible conductor in the event of malfunction, should either be assumed by a superordinate control unit, or in case the fuse is integrated as a backup protection in surge voltage protection devices, by the surge voltage protection device.
  • the triggerable melting fuse should furthermore be capable of triggering on the basis of measured mains impedance values.
  • the configuration of the fuse to be created should be cost-effective, the fuse should have a high switching capacity and a small design. By specifying values for forming additional bottlenecks, the option of a fuse protection characteristic that can be set in a targeted manner can be realized.
  • a triggerable melting fuse which is in particular suitable for low-voltage applications for protecting devices that can be connected to a power supply system, in particular surge protection devices.
  • the melting fuse consists of at least one fusible conductor which is located between two contacts and is arranged in a housing. Furthermore, a trigger device for controlled disconnection of the fusible conductor in the event of malfunctions or overload states of the respective connected device is provided, wherein an extinguishing medium is introduced into the housing.
  • the fuse according to the invention disposes of at least one fusible conductor having a plurality of bottlenecks in series, whereby the passive function of a usual electrical NH fuse is guaranteed.
  • the fuse exhibits per fusible conductor at least one additional special bottleneck which does not impair the passive function of the fuse, and which can be actuated by triggering independently of the electric current load. This special bottleneck will be destroyed by mechanical breaking, cutting, punching, or punching out or disconnecting a solder connection.
  • an extinguishing medium-free region is formed in the housing such that the at least one fusible conductor is exposed in at least one section.
  • a mechanical separating element can be introduced into the extinguishing medium-free region in order to mechanically destroy the at least one fusible conductor depending on the trigger device, and independently of its melting integral.
  • the separating element is formed as a blade or cutting edge.
  • the separating element itself can be driven toward the fusible conductor by a bridge igniter.
  • the mechanical energy for moving the separating element may likewise be provided by a shape memory alloy or other shape or volume changing media.
  • the trigger device comprises a detection end evaluation unit, as well as a control for the exemplary bridge igniter and an energy supply and has at least one control input.
  • the passive characteristic of the fusible conductor of the fuse may be interrupted at any time, about >10 ms. Solely the range of the adiabatic melting remains unaffected.
  • the I 2 t value related thereto is matched in a known way to the load to be protected via the dimensioning of the fusible conductor.
  • the solution according to the invention also enables the interruption of very small currents far below the passive rated current of the fusible conductor, as well as a current-free interruption. Due to this, an interruption may even be performed independently of the current flow, for example, already upon a measured impedance change.
  • the evaluation and detection unit can take into account changes in the network when defining the instantaneous protection characteristic. This is advantageous in case of a varying number of loads or a varying power supply capacity by energy producers.
  • triggering such as current, voltage, the increases thereof, or even the time-dependent behavior thereof, but also external control signals may be utilized for controlling the trigger function apart from the impedance evaluation.
  • external control signals may be utilized for controlling the trigger function apart from the impedance evaluation.
  • Criteria such as pressure, temperature, light, magnetic fields, electric fields or similar may be fed and considered via further sensors at additional inputs.
  • the triggerable melting fuse according to the invention is in particular suitable as an arrester backup fuse for a series connection to surge arresters in the field of low-voltage applications.
  • the fuse according to the invention is in particular formed for the application with spark gaps and can be configured according to these specific features.
  • the proposed principle is suitable both for direct current applications and alternating current applications and also allows to be utilized in the series arm, for example.
  • controllable fuse may be used in a common housing of a surge protection device connected in series with a spark gap or a varistor.
  • the fuse protects the surge protection device before, at, or, if necessary, even after an overloading and disconnects it from the network.
  • a triggerable fuse which aims at a defined mechanical cutting of a special, additional bottleneck of a fusible conductor of a fuse after a trigger has been actuated.
  • Quartz sand for example, is suitable as an extinguishing medium, in particular in case of high switching capacities.
  • the task is solved to create a fuse, which combines the advantages of a classical current-limiting fuse with those of an activatable, quasi intelligent fuse with just one cutting edge in a small design and a simple activator.
  • the fuse does not lead to an increase of the protective level of the downstream arranged arrester, and, when activated, does not generate any voltage above the identified protective level of the respective connected surge protection device.
  • the relevant solution is based on one or more parallel fusible conductors of the fuse, which are arranged within an extinguishing medium.
  • the fusible conductor has a plurality of conventional electrical bottlenecks, that is to say current bottlenecks in series, the number of which corresponds to the usual configuration for the corresponding rated voltage of the fuse.
  • the fusible conductors extend preponderantly straight-line axially through the fuse body.
  • the structure and the operating mode of such a fuse and of the bottlenecks correspond to those of usual fuses.
  • the at least one fusible conductor preferably has between the mentioned usual current bottlenecks at least one further special mechanical bottleneck, which can be cut through by at least one actuator and a cutting edge or similar means.
  • the cutting edge as a dividing element preferably consists of an isolating material or is provided with an isolating coating. This isolating cutting edge leads to an expansion of the isolating gap between the interrupted fusible conductor.
  • the resulting isolating gap is capable of realizing a dielectric strength of at least 2.5 kV, preferably 4-6 kV.
  • inventive additional bottleneck differs from known usual bottlenecks by the measures outlined below.
  • the geometric or mechanical additional bottleneck has a residual cross-section, which is greater than that of the usual bottlenecks.
  • the melting integral value (I 2 t value) of the bottleneck is dimensioned so as to be equal to or minimally higher than the disconnect integral of the fuse. This configuration causes the bottleneck not to respond upon short-circuit currents.
  • the geometric bottleneck and the cutting edge are situated in an area without extinguishing medium.
  • This area is preferably separated on both sides from the areas with extinguishing medium and the electric bottlenecks by thin barriers.
  • the width of this area is substantially restricted to the edge width and twice the thickness of the fusible conductor.
  • the fusible conductor(s) are guided through the isolating barrier such that preferably no further sealing to the isolating area is necessary in order to prevent extinguishing medium, for example, quartz sand, from entering.
  • extinguishing medium for example, quartz sand
  • the isolating barriers may be manufactured from ceramics, vulcanized fiber or else from polymers with or without outgassing (POM).
  • the wall thickness preferably is ⁇ 1 mm.
  • the width of the cutting edge preferably is higher than the width of the fusible conductor, however, at least wider than the additional mechanical bottleneck.
  • the cutting edge has a stroke path going beyond the elongation area of the fusible conductor upon disconnecting.
  • the distance of the shortest connection between a fusible conductor that had been cut to be currentless, is about ⁇ 4 mm. In case of an arc disconnection, the distance is extended due to the combustion of the fusible conductor. Measures for extending the sliding distance may be provided on the cutting edge.
  • the cutting edge may form an isolating gap together with a fixed or deformable counterpart.
  • the electric arc can extend quite rapidly from the cutting area into the area having the extinguishing medium.
  • the pressure development and thus the housing stress in the cutting area therefore are low.
  • the high extinguishing capacity is guaranteed by the bottlenecks in the two areas with extinguishing medium, compressed quartz sand, for example.
  • the material of the additional bottleneck in the cutting area is available for an extension of the electric arc.
  • the material selection of the cutting edge and the isolating barriers or barrier walls allows comparatively good cooling to be realized also in these areas.
  • the space-saving design and the low influence on the passive fuse behavior allow small sizes to be realized.
  • the routing of the fusible conductor and the impedance do not differ from usual fuses, whereby the voltage drop in the event of pulse currents can be limited.
  • the passive behavior of the additional bottleneck in the event of short-circuit allows the voltage level of the fuse to be limited, and it is possible to comply with the protective level of the arrester.
  • the fusible conductors may be separately isolated by in each case one cutting edge and one actuator. This also permits an opposite or overlapping movement of the cutting edge, wherein the cutting edges may at the same time serve for the gap formation.
  • the shaft of the cutting edge itself may be guided within or connected to the piston, or may be attached to a projectile guided within the piston.
  • the cutting edge may in this respect be arranged very closely to the fusible conductor. However, a distance for increasing the impetus of the cutting edge may also be selected when there is enough space or an external drive.
  • the piston, but the cutting edge, as well, preferably may be guided additionally.
  • the mentioned projectile is contained loosely in the piston. In the piston cavity, the igniter or bridge igniter is located and fills the piston cavity. The cavity is sealed with respect to the projectile over a distance in the direction of movement, which corresponds at least to the path of movement until the disconnection of the fusible conductor(s). This guarantees that the sealing with respect to the projectile within the piston is not removed until after the bottleneck is ruptured.
  • the fusible conductors of the fuse preferably are attached rigidly to the fuse housing by a lower cap or an end cap.
  • the double-sided isolation of the cutting area from the area of the extinguishing mean serves as an additional guide of the fusible conductors in the narrow cutting area.
  • the guide in the passages of the isolation plates is in this case designed such that the fusible conductor(s) in case of transverse position to the cutting edge are allowed to slightly deform in the direction of the movement of the cutting edge upon impingement of the cutting edge. It has shown that this slight deformation requires less effort than a rigid guide of the fusible conductor. When the fusible conductors are ruptured, they are bent on both sides between the isolation and the cutting edge. Alternatively, a punch-out is also possible in case of a corresponding design of the cutting edges and necessary force actions.
  • the force action of the actuator is substantially base on the thermal expansion of the gas surrounding the bridge igniter. After the piston has been opened, this minimally heated gas amount may easily relax within a very small volume, namely, if necessary, directly in the cutting area, so that no reinforcement of the fuse housing, the caps or a ventilation or similar needs to be provided.
  • actuators having slower response times may also be used.
  • shape memory alloys or other volume changing materials are conceivable here.
  • the highest requirements regarding the coordination between the force needed to cut through or rupture a bottleneck are linked to the required pulse current carrying capacity at which no disconnection of the fusible conductor of the fuse is intended to be caused.
  • the loads are lower in arresters on a varistor basis.
  • lightning arresters are assumed to have a maximum load of 100 kA 10/350 ⁇ s. In usual alternating current networks, this means a load of 25 kA 10/350 ⁇ s for the individual spark gap.
  • the fusible conductor of a fuse should satisfy the above requirement in the described application. This relates both to the usual electrical bottlenecks and the described additional mechanical or geometric bottleneck.
  • this requirement approximately corresponds to a fuse having a fuse current rating of 315 A.
  • the rated voltage of the fuse a voltage in the range of the line-to-line voltage of the network, where the arresters are employed, is often selected.
  • the fuse should be suitable for a voltage of 400 volts in a usual 230/400 volts network.
  • the backup fuse of the arrester does not generate an arc voltage which is above the protective level of the arrester.
  • a voltage of about 300 volts may be expected per bottleneck. From these requirements results a number of a minimum of three and a maximum of five usual known bottlenecks for such a fuse, wherein a usual protective level of about 1.5 kV is not exceeded in general.
  • this approach aims at a space-saving and cost-effective embodiment of a triggerable fuse which is based on the defined rupturing of a special additional bottleneck of a fusible conductor of a fuse in the extinguishing medium after activation of a trigger.
  • the remaining properties of an otherwise passively fully operable fuse are not affected.
  • the particularities of this approach are the simplicity of the trigger and the coordination of the additional geometric bottleneck to the classical known fuse bottlenecks.
  • fusible conductors When tensile forces are exerted on one or more fusible conductors, all of the present bottlenecks, that is to say the entire fusible conductor strip and the attachment of the strip will be elongated.
  • the elongation length in fusible conductors, in particular fusible copper conductors, of a length of 5-8 cm may easily be a few millimeters until rupturing.
  • the necessary stroke path may already be significantly above 10 mm, which results in an undesired increase in size of such a component.
  • the additional mechanical breaking point also referred to as a tensile bottleneck, has to be coordinated and dimensioned in conjunction with the known electrical bottlenecks.
  • the cross-section thereof is smaller than that of the electrically relevant bottlenecks.
  • the mechanical bottleneck will not respond before the electrical bottlenecks at all current loads, even transient loads, but will respond n a time-delayed manner or at higher loads.
  • the related embodiment of the invention thus is based on one or more parallel fusible conductors of the fuse in an extinguishing medium.
  • the fusible conductors have a plurality of conventional bottlenecks in series, the number of which corresponds to a usual configuration for the corresponding rated voltage of the fuse.
  • the fusible conductors mainly extend axially through the fuse body in a straight line.
  • the fusible conductor(s) preferably have between the mentioned known bottlenecks at least one further, special bottleneck, which may be ruptured by an actuator.
  • the employed actuator furthermore causes a defined expansion of the interrupted fusible conductor.
  • the developing entire isolating distance realizes a dielectric strength of at least 2.5 kV.
  • the additional bottleneck differs from the usual bottlenecks by the features below.
  • the additional mechanical or geometric bottlenecks has a residual cross-section which is significantly smaller than that of the usual bottlenecks.
  • the melting integral value of the bottleneck in the period of transient pulse current loads, in particular of the current pulse shape 8/20 ⁇ s and 10/350 ⁇ s, is identical or even greater than that of the usual known bottlenecks.
  • the force of the actuator acts almost only upon the inventive additional bottleneck.
  • the elongation of the usual known bottlenecks due to the force action of the actuator is negligible.
  • the target of the proposed measures is a current density distribution in the fusible conductor and the bottlenecks that is as uniform as possible even at a pulse current load with very good and almost delay-free heat dissipation from the area of the geometric bottleneck.
  • FIG. 1 a block diagram of a basic arrangement comprised of a detection and evaluation unit, a control, an energy supply and a triggerable fuse;
  • FIG. 2 an exemplary structure of a triggerable fuse in a sectional view
  • FIG. 3 an exemplary time/current characteristic of a triggerable fuse according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 an exemplary fusible conductor for a capsule fuse with bottlenecks, which are designed longer than known usual bottlenecks for achieving short melting times at small overcurrents;
  • FIG. 5 a construction having a non-linear fusible conductor, but having an angular routing of the fusible conductor, with the connections A and B;
  • FIG. 6 a fundamental arrangement having two fusible conductors and cutting edges working in opposite directions, each with an actuator;
  • FIG. 7 a partial area of the arrangement according to FIG. 2 after a disconnection without arc action
  • FIG. 8 a an arrangement, in which the fusible conductors are cut simultaneously and transversely
  • FIG. 8 b a representation of the simultaneous cutting of the fusible conductors at a vertical orientation toward the fusible conductor
  • FIG. 9 a cutting element having two offset cutting edges in cross-section, which enables the cutting of two fusible conductors transversely at a short stroke path;
  • FIG. 10 in each case a cutting edge and an actuator for cutting a fusible conductor at short stroke paths and an opposing movement of the cutting edges;
  • FIG. 11 a cutting element having two cutting edges and rotatory movement, which can be forced by a corresponding guide and only one actuator;
  • FIG. 12 a further embodiment, in which a further fusible conductor of a fuse, which may be configured in a wire form, for example, will not be interrupted by the disconnection device;
  • FIG. 13 an alternative to a wire with a fusible conductor on a carrier
  • FIG. 14 a cutting arrangement in parallel to a horn spark gap short-circuited by a fuse wire of a low fuse current rating, and wherein, when the main fusible conductor is ruptured, the current will commutate to the fuse wire, which will ignite the horn spark gap, which horn spark gap then extinguishing the current in an arcing chamber;
  • FIG. 15 a further development of a cutting and separating edge
  • FIG. 16 an arrangement having an actuator with a short, yet variable stroke path
  • FIG. 17 a fusible conductor with known bottlenecks in the form of oblong recesses, with an area of unreduced cross-section being provided between the known bottlenecks, and an additional bottleneck in the form of a plurality of rhombus-shaped recesses of short total length being realized within this area;
  • FIG. 18 a fusible conductor for a capsule fuse having bottlenecks, which, for achieving short melting times at small overcurrents, are designed different from usual known bottlenecks;
  • FIG. 19 an embodiment, in which the additional mechanical bottleneck 4 according to the invention is introduced between usual known bottlenecks
  • FIGS. 20 a -20 c various design variants of the additional mechanical bottleneck according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 21 a and 21 b an exemplary structure of an NH fuse in a capsule design (in sections) with A in the normal state and B in a triggered state;
  • FIGS. 22 a and 22 b an embodiment for use of shape memory alloys with special utilization of the tensile force
  • FIG. 23 an embodiment in which the tensile force acts at a solder joint, which can be disengaged, for example, by a reaction foil of exothermal reaction in the shortest time possible, this means in the millisecond range.
  • FIG. 1 shows a basic arrangement of an embodiment according to the invention comprised of a detection and evaluation unit 1 , a control 2 , an energy supply 3 and a triggerable, controllable fuse 4 .
  • the control unit 2 exhibits an additional external control input 5 .
  • the detection and evaluation unit 1 has a plurality of measuring inputs 8 , and an input for current measurement 6 as well as voltage measurement 7 .
  • Further sensors can be connected to the inputs 8 .
  • the signal emission to the fuse 4 may be performed in a wired manner, but also in a wireless manner when the ignition device (bridge igniter) is separately supplied.
  • FIG. 2 shows an exemplary structure of a triggerable fuse having a cutting element 13 in a sectional view.
  • this representation corresponds to the classical structure of known NH fuses with an extinguishing medium in the form of quartz sand, and a complementary area for activating a bridge igniter 14 .
  • the fuse 4 exhibits two connection caps 9 , two fusible conductors 10 , two areas 11 with an extinguishing medium, for example, quartz sand, and an extinguishing medium-free region 12 .
  • a cutting edge 13 may be introduced into the extinguishing medium-free region 12 for separating the fusible conductors 10 .
  • the cutting edge 13 is accelerated in the direction of the fusible conductors 10 and cuts them in two.
  • a stopping area may be provided in the extinguishing medium-free region.
  • This stopping area serves for damping the impact and thus for protecting the housing wall and the cutting edge.
  • this area may be utilized for a gap-like arc pinch-off.
  • the stopping area may be realized, for example, from a soft or elastic or porous plastic material with or without gas emission. Alternatively, a damping in a tapering gap-like area of isolating material is also possible.
  • control lines 15 which can be connected directly to the control 2 (see FIG. 1 ).
  • the bridge igniter 14 is situated in an enclosure 16 , wherein the enclosure 16 exhibits a piston 17 driven by the bridge igniter 14 , which piston is in communication with a separating element 13 .
  • the extinguishing medium-free region 12 is formed as a channel that is isolated from the extinguishing medium 11 .
  • the channel exhibits side walls 18 , which may also serve for guiding the separating element 13 .
  • FIG. 3 shows the time/current characteristic of an arrangement according to the invention by way of example.
  • the adiabatic heating of fusible conductors of gG fuses may be up to >5 ms, depending on the design of the fusible conductor.
  • the passive fusible conductor of fuse A for example, has a fuse current rating of about 315 A.
  • Fuse B has a significantly lower fuse current rating of 100 A, however, at an almost identical adiabatic melting integral (I 2 t value).
  • the pulse current carrying capacity which is important, for example, for the application in combination with a surge protection device, is comparable for both fuses.
  • the fusible conductor B needs to be designed correspondingly or retained additionally.
  • the behavior of the proposed protection device is determined by the passive melting behavior of the fusible conductor of the fuse.
  • the time until the active interruption of the fusible conductor may be arbitrarily delimited until the passive melting time.
  • the time/current characteristic may thus be arbitrarily designed to be below the time/current characteristic of the fuses.
  • the setting of maximum current flow durations and maximum current flow levels is thus also possible in a wide range.
  • the exemplary range having a variable characteristic is delimited by the dashed lines below the passive characteristics of the fusible conductors A and B.
  • FIG. 4 shows a fusible conductor 1 A for a capsule fuse having bottlenecks 2 A, which are designed to be longer than known electrical bottlenecks for achieving short melting times at small overcurrents. This results in an advantageous decrease of the fuse current rating of the fuse.
  • the length of the bottlenecks approximately corresponds to the distance of the non-modified cross-section of the fusible conductor 1 A between the bottlenecks.
  • an additional bottleneck 3 A for cutting the fusible conductor is located and has a lower modulation degree than the bottlenecks 2 A.
  • splitting the fusible conductor into a plurality of fusible conductors is advantageous with high pulse currents to be overcome and the high metal content associated therewith.
  • Two fusible conductors of identical design are advantageous for the relevant requirements according to the invention.
  • the constructional size, the geometry of the fuse housing, the number of fusible conductors, etc. may be varied arbitrarily. Apart from a straight routing of the fusible conductors and a connection on both sides to opposite front sides, the connections A and B may, of course, be also on one side of the housing 6 A according to FIG. 5 .
  • electrically conducting housings may also be realized having one or two isolated entries for the fusible conductor(s).
  • the design of the fusible conductor may use strips, wires, tubes or the like.
  • the routing of the fusible conductors and the positioning of the connections are to be designed such that, at a load with transient pulses, the forces, the current intensities, and in particular the protective level of the entire arrangement, as well, will be observed.
  • the inductive voltage drop at the fuse arrangement needs to be restricted to values of ⁇ 300 V, if possible, ⁇ 200 V, at loads of more than 25 kA.
  • FIG. 6 shows a fundamental arrangement of two fusible conductors 1 A with two cutting edges 4 A working in opposite directions, each with an actuator (not shown for simplification purposes).
  • the housing serves at the same time as a connection A.
  • the further connection B is led out from the housing 6 A in an isolated manner.
  • the coaxial arrangement reduces the inductive voltage drop.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a partial area of the arrangement according to FIG. 2 after a disconnection without an arc action.
  • the lateral movement of the fusible conductor areas 12 A between the cutting edge 4 A and isolation plates can be recognized. Due to the close routing of these parts, clamping of the parts may be utilized in a corresponding design for decelerating the cutting edge 4 A and for forming a gap.
  • FIG. 8 a shows an arrangement, in which the fusible conductors are cut simultaneously and transversely.
  • FIG. 8 b shows a simultaneous cutting of the fusible conductors at a vertical orientation toward the fusible conductor.
  • the actuator 5 a and the cutting edge are directly integrated into the fuse housing in a space saving manner.
  • FIG. 9 a cutting element having two offset cutting edges 4 A is illustrated in cross-section, which cutting element enables the cutting of two fusible conductors 1 A at a short stroke path.
  • a cutting edge 4 A or an actuator 5 A for cutting a fusible conductor 1 A is used. This enables short stroke paths, an opposing movement of the cutting edges, and, with a corresponding design, a partial gap formation directly between the cutting edges 4 A, if no additional isolating gap with or without extinguishing function or an area including an extinguishing medium is provided.
  • FIG. 11 a cutting element having two cutting edges 4 A and rotatory movement is illustrated, which can be forced by a corresponding guide and only one actuator.
  • the cutting edge 4 A may be guided in each case in one part such that a good gap formation is possible.
  • FIG. 12 shows an embodiment, in which a further fusible conductor 13 A of the fuse, which may even be configured in a wire form, for example, will not be interrupted by the disconnection device.
  • the wire may be contacted to the main connections or else directly or indirectly to the main fusible conductors.
  • the wire is preferably surrounded by an extinguishing medium 14 A.
  • the current will commutate to the wire, whereby an arc formation in the cutting area can be largely prevented and high dielectric strength can be realized after complete disconnection.
  • the interruption is performed by a further fusible conductor, which has a very low fuse current rating, in particular below the rate amperage of the network.
  • the fusible conductor 13 A which is in the form of a wire, for example, may be interrupted in a time-delayed manner by the same cutting edge, where appropriate, directly or indirectly, if necessary, in order to enable a passage of current at 0 A.
  • An indirect interruption is possible in a mechanical displacement or destruction of a carrier on or by the wire.
  • a shift of an SMD fuse is likewise feasible.
  • the explained basic arrangement is suitable for interrupting high short-circuit currents.
  • the cutting or separating unit according to the invention may be in parallel to a horn spark gap 16 A which is short-circuited by a fuse wire 17 A of low fuse current rating, for example.
  • a fuse wire 17 A of low fuse current rating for example.
  • the current will commutate to the fuse wire 17 A, which will ignite the horn spark gap 16 A, which horn spark gap in turn extinguishing the current in an arcing chamber 18 A in a current limiting manner.
  • the requirements regarding the current commutation and the risk of re-ignition here are lower than in a parallel connection to a fuse of small fuse current rating. Igniting an electric arc directly below the inlet area or else directly in an arc chamber is also possible.
  • the requirement regarding current commutation and re-ignition is in this case already higher than in the classical horn spark gap, but is lower than in a parallel fuse of a fuse current rating.
  • the areas adjoining the cutting device and being filled with extinguishing medium may be dispensed with, whereby the impedance and the space requirement in the main path are reduced.
  • the cutting device 4 A may be located directly in the ignition range of a horn spark gap 16 A.
  • the horn spark gap 16 A is in this case short-circuited by a fuse strip 1 A, if necessary, having a bottleneck or a defined I 2 t value, and is located directly in the main path.
  • the fuse strip may be guided here outside the cutting area between the diverging electrodes.
  • the cutting or separating edge is in this case designed such that the electric arc developing upon interruption of the strip is moved in the direction of the arcing chamber, and an isolation distance is formed in the horn spark gap corresponding to the desired dielectric strength according to FIG. 15 .
  • the cutting edge is manufactured at least predominantly from isolating material or mounted or embedded in isolating material.
  • the cutting edge is continued to be guided for several millimeters, so that the distance between the cut fusible conductor remainders is more than 3 mm, however, preferably more than 5 mm.
  • the cutting edge may be guided laterally next to the diverging electrodes of the horn spark gap in grooves 19 A made of isolating material, whereby a lateral arc flashover will be prevented.
  • the fusible conductor may be thermally separated or displaced from the area between the two electrodes such that an isolating gap is formed.
  • the cutting edge may in this case be provided additionally with a mechanical pre-tension allowing the entry into the area of the diverging electrodes even without activation by the actuator.
  • FIG. 16 shows an arrangement having an actuator 5 A with a short, yet variable stroke path.
  • the actuator piezoceramics or similar may be used here, for example.
  • the fusible conductor 1 A is in this case guided transversely in two isolation members 20 A of punch-like formation. Due to the movement of the actuator, it is possible for a defined modulation of the bottleneck 3 A of the fusible conductor to be performed even after the installation, and thus to change the characteristic of the fuse optionally. With a corresponding level of the signal to the actuator 5 A, it is even possible to cut through the fusible conductor completely.
  • the cutting and embossing of the bottleneck may be performed by several actuators according to the number of fusible conductors or also for several bottlenecks per fusible conductor.
  • the punching or embossing parts preferably are made of a material supporting the arc extinction, for example, ceramics, polymer or similar.
  • the punching area may be isolated from the extinguishing medium region in addition by isolating plates 9 A. In thinner fusible conductors 1 A, this isolation is not mandatory in case of a corresponding granulation of the extinguishing medium.
  • the activation of the fuse according to the invention depends on the selected actuators.
  • the activation may be performed in shape memory alloys or bridge igniters via a current, for example.
  • the current may be obtained, for example, from the connected network or a separate energy storage.
  • bridge igniters the low required energy may also be provided in a galvanically separated way by a transmitter.
  • the triggering degree for the activation of the fuse will be designed such that activation is possible by means of several criteria.
  • actively controllable switches may be employed, which dispose of internal evaluation electronics or an external control option.
  • these switches may also be means responding directly to physical parameters, which means are provided in parallel to the controllable switch.
  • Such switches may respond to threshold values or changes in temperature, pressure, current, voltage, optical signals, volume or similar or combinations thereof.
  • electronic, mechanical, voltage switching but also impedance-changing components can be employed.
  • FIG. 17 of a further embodiment of the invention shows a fusible conductor 1 B having usual bottlenecks 2 B in the form of oblong recesses. Between these usual recesses, an area having an unreduced cross-section 3 B is provided, which in this case is of a similar length as the recesses. Within this area, an exemplary embodiment of an additional mechanical bottleneck 4 B is formed. This bottleneck 4 B is realized as a rhombus-shaped recess of short total length.
  • the short bottleneck may be realized without any considerable expansion of the fusible conductor and without any relevant reduction of the material of the fusible conductor, which is necessary for a controlled arc extension. Due to the explained design, the bottleneck will not result in an additional pressure or temperature load of the fuse housing either.
  • the mechanical tensile bottleneck may also be provided at other positions of the fusible conductor, such as, for example, immediately before the first electrical bottleneck in the direction of tension of the actuator. It must, however, be observed that the free length of the fusible conductor in the region filled with extinguishing medium possibly must be extended according to the desired actively switchable short-circuit currents. It is consequently not mandatory for the mechanical bottleneck to be centrally situated in the fusible conductor.
  • the fuse according to the invention allows the fuse, even if only one bottleneck is disconnected, to be activated already at high currents with virtual melting times of ⁇ 10 ms.
  • the fuse according to the invention is allowed to be interrupted after a shorter time in a virtually currentless state at low currents far below the rated amperage and even high fault currents in the kA ampere range. Also, an almost arbitrary time/current characteristic may be realized depending on the requirement.
  • tension relief means on the fusible conductor or partially fixing the fusible conductor in so-called “stone sand” are also possible.
  • the force may be directed to a single bottleneck in a targeted manner.
  • FIG. 18 shows a fusible conductor 1 B for a capsule fuse having bottlenecks 2 B, which, for achieving short melting times at small overcurrents, are designed to be longer than usual bottlenecks.
  • the distance of the unreduced cross-section 3 B of the fusible conductor between the bottlenecks corresponds in this case to at least the length of the bottleneck.
  • FIG. 19 shows an embodiment in which the further mechanical bottleneck 4 B according to the invention is introduced between the normal bottlenecks 2 B.
  • This bottleneck of a length of ideally a few 10 ⁇ m is unsuitable as a usual bottleneck and does not support the passive function thereof in the event of short-circuit disconnections. Despite a smaller cross-section, the bottleneck will not respond at these loads, whereby no additional arc voltage is generated. The function accordingly is solely restricted to the active control of the fuse.
  • the length of the bottlenecks is designed by the factor 4 , ideally, however, greater than 10, to be smaller than the lengths of the usual known bottlenecks.
  • the cross-section of the bottleneck according to the invention is smaller by at least the factor 20%, ideally more than 50% smaller than that of the normal bottleneck.
  • the usual, normal known bottlenecks have a modulation degree of about 2 with respect to the unreduced cross-section. This relatively low modulation degree is expedient due to the necessary low metal content in small constructional sizes.
  • the tensile force of the bottlenecks required for them to be ruptured is at most 80%, however, ideally ⁇ 60% with respect to the forces resulting in rupturing normal bottlenecks.
  • the possible stroke path within the fuse is delimited to at least twice the path required for reliably rupturing the mechanical bottleneck, and is designed correspondingly.
  • the path may also be designed to be longer in order to achieve sufficient dielectric strength.
  • the expansion may be further reduced.
  • a fusible conductor 1 B having four normal bottlenecks 2 B and a modulation degree of 2 is illustrated.
  • the length of the bottlenecks is 4 mm, whereby the rated amperage may already be reduced to about 160 A.
  • the heating of the bottlenecks at a load of 25 kA 10/350 ⁇ s is about 700° C., with a sufficient ageing stability being still given here.
  • the mechanical predetermined breaking point 4 B is dimensioned so as to be able to be produced by simplest punching methods and, at the same time, having the normal known bottlenecks.
  • the length is 0.5 mm, for example.
  • the cross-section of the transversely arranged oblong holes is reduced by 20% as compared to normal bottlenecks. In case of pulse loads, the temperature of this bottleneck is level with the temperature of the remaining bottlenecks.
  • FIG. 20 b a bottleneck 4 B of equal entire length but having a rhombus-shaped geometry is illustrated.
  • the rhombuses shorten the area of the minimum residual cross-section with respect to the overall length significantly.
  • the residual cross-section may be reduced at the same temperature to 60%.
  • the reduction of the force needed to destroy the mechanical bottleneck is in the same range.
  • the design of such bottlenecks or similar bottlenecks is solely restricted by the technology and the cost of reproducible manufacture.
  • a design of a bottleneck 4 B restricted to thickness modulation may be performed.
  • the fusible conductor 1 B is not shown in a top view of the width of the fusible conductor.
  • the view is related to the thickness of the fusible conductor 1 B in a side view.
  • the variant according to FIG. 20 c discloses a design allowing a sufficient and uniform current density distribution in case of pulse currents with a very strong cooling of the bottleneck.
  • the heating of the bottleneck in case of pulse currents may thus be even significantly below that of normal bottlenecks, if this is advantageous for the entire function.
  • the assumed identical temperature increase in case of pulse currents, in case of which the response of the bottlenecks should be avoided, results in higher temperatures at the normal bottlenecks in case of mains frequency currents, whereby, when the behavior is passive, an arc formation at the traction bottleneck may be avoided.
  • FIGS. 21 a and b an exemplary structure of an NH fuse in a capsule design is illustrated in sections.
  • FIG. 21 a shows in this case the normal state
  • FIG. 21 b shows the triggered state.
  • the fuse preferably has an isolating housing 5 B, two main fusible conductors 1 B, on both sides for connecting in each case a metallic end cap 6 B, to which the fusible conductors 1 B are contacted.
  • the fuse for activating the igniter 7 B, the fuse in a small constructional size exhibits an outlet for at least one or two control terminals 8 B.
  • the control terminals 8 B may be guided out axially, but also radially from the housing or the end caps of the fuse. In case of larger outlets, wireless activation is also possible.
  • a projectile 10 B At the projectile 10 B, two fusible conductors 1 B each are in this case rigidly connected to a central mechanical bottleneck 4 B.
  • the fusible conductors are clamped under pressure between a conical area of the projectile 10 B and a further conical part 12 B.
  • the clamping force continues to increase, so that it is not possible to release the clamping connection.
  • the parts may be shaped to be cylindrical, and the fusible conductors may be shaped as half shells.
  • the fusible conductors are situated in a space 13 B filled with extinguishing medium. Quartz sand is preferably employed as the extinguishing medium. All of the bottlenecks of the fusible conductors preferably are surrounded by the extinguishing medium.
  • the piston 11 B is situated in an intermediate part 14 B, which delimits the space including the extinguishing medium from a hollow space 15 B above the projectile 10 B.
  • the intermediate part 14 B may be an isolating part or even be made partially or completely from an electrically conducting material.
  • a substantially annular part 16 B may be provided between the intermediate part 14 B and the end cap 6 B to which the fusible conductors 1 B are contacted through the end cap 6 B.
  • a current flow between the fusible conductors 1 B and the end cap 6 B through the intermediate part 14 B may be prevented, if necessary, by a suitable material selection or an isolating layer.
  • the end cap 6 B and the parts 5 B and 14 B, as well as 16 B are designed such that the fuse is finally closed by pressing on the end cap 6 B.
  • the two fusible conductors 1 B are realized above the piston 11 B and the projectile 10 B in the extinguishing medium-free space 15 B by areas angled with respect to the axis.
  • FIG. 21 b shows the disconnected state.
  • the angled areas of the fusible conductor are bent during the movement in the extinguishing medium-free space quasi in the opposite direction at a minimum effort.
  • the bending of the strips requires no pressure compensation in a small volume without extinguishing medium, since the air displacement does not take place against a closed space. It is advantageous in this embodiment, that no additional interruption or contacting of the fusible conductor(s) is necessary for contacting the fusible conductors and the extension of the isolating gap.
  • the fusible conductor strips that are employed by way of example may be guided through the fuse on a short path at very low impedance and without deviations or movements.
  • a fusible conductor material of very low impedance despite the relatively high elongation at break of such materials is employed.
  • the impedance of the arrangement is low, so that in case of a high current slope and high currents, the ohmic and inductive voltage drop across the fuse, and thus the influence on the protective level of the arrangement is low.
  • the voltage drop is ⁇ 300 V, preferably less than 200 V.
  • the projectile may even be connected directly or indirectly to the connection caps by a transverse connecting strip, a flexible line, a multiple contact system or similar.
  • the area of the fusible conductor ends in this case at the projectile.
  • shape memory alloys or volume changing materials When shape memory alloys or volume changing materials are used, a similar structure as that described above may be used, wherein the sealing between the projectile and the piston may be dispensed with. In the event of use of shape memory alloys, an embodiment according to FIGS. 22 a and 22 b is also possible when the tensile force is utilized.
  • FIGS. 22 a and 22 b only a segment of the structure is illustrated in detail for the purpose of explanation.
  • the position of the segment within the outlined fuse 17 B in capsule design is demonstrated by dashed areas.
  • the fusible conductor 1 B has a substantially U-shaped portion 18 B.
  • the fusible conductor itself is guided through two plate-like feedthroughs 19 B and 20 B.
  • the feedthrough is realized, for example, as a first fixed plate 19 and is situated in the area of the U-shaped portion of the fusible conductor.
  • the second plate 20 B is movable and situated in the transition area to an axial fusible conductor area. Between the two plates, the fusible conductor extends to the second plate 20 B at an acute angle.
  • the tensile force When a tensile force in the direction of the U-shaped deviation is applied to the second plate 20 B, the tensile force will act directly upon the mechanical bottleneck 4 B as a tearing fore.
  • the tensile force may also be realized by a shape memory element 22 B attached directly or indirectly to the second plate, for example, by heating it directly or indirectly.
  • the plates 21 B and 19 B seal off the U-shaped area of the fusible conductor including the movable plate 20 B from the ingress of extinguishing medium.
  • FIG. 22 a shows the described arrangement during normal operation
  • FIG. 22 b shows the state after a bottleneck interruption.
  • the activation of the fuse depends on the selected actuators.
  • the activation may be performed, for example by means of shape memory alloys or in the bridge igniters via a current.
  • the current may be obtained from the connected mains or else from a separate storage.
  • a bridge igniter here, as well, the possibility is given to provide the needed energy in a galvanically isolated manner by a transmitter.
  • the triggering circuit for the activation is realized such that the activation may be performed by means of several criteria. As already discussed, actively controllable switches or even switches immediately responding to physical parameters may be employed.
  • a tensile force to the fusible conductor situated in the extinguishing medium for example, quartz sand
  • permanent spring force is also possible with permanent spring force.
  • it is not a tensile force which is brought to act upon the mechanical bottleneck but a tensile force is brought to act upon a solder joint, which can be disconnected by a reaction foil (exothermal reaction) within 1 ms.
  • the extension requires a stroke path which comprises the length of the soldering distance and the needed isolating distance.
  • the fuse has a housing 5 B with connection caps 6 B.
  • the fusible conductor 1 B is split into two areas, which are interconnected by solder 25 B.
  • the reaction foil 26 B of exothermal heat generation is arranged in the area of the connection.
  • the reaction of the foil may be triggered via an auxiliary fuse or a spark generator 27 B.
  • the control is performed in this case via one or two connection lines 8 B.
  • the connection point is situated in the area of the fuse including extinguishing medium 13 B. This area is sealed off from the extinguishing medium-free area 15 B by a feedthrough 28 B. In this area, a spring 29 B mechanically pretensioning the fusible conductor 1 B is situated.
  • the fusible conductor 1 B is kinked (dashed position) and pulled through the area 15 B, so that a sufficiently long isolating distance between the two remainders of the fusible conductor is yielded.

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US11764025B2 (en) 2023-09-19
US20190371561A1 (en) 2019-12-05
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US20220013320A1 (en) 2022-01-13
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DE102017119285A1 (de) 2018-08-02
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