US11081878B2 - Method for coordinating switches in multiple reclosers in a distribution feeder line in response to detection of a fault - Google Patents

Method for coordinating switches in multiple reclosers in a distribution feeder line in response to detection of a fault Download PDF

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US11081878B2
US11081878B2 US16/550,448 US201916550448A US11081878B2 US 11081878 B2 US11081878 B2 US 11081878B2 US 201916550448 A US201916550448 A US 201916550448A US 11081878 B2 US11081878 B2 US 11081878B2
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switching device
current
farthest upstream
fault
upstream switching
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US20200076183A1 (en
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Alejandro Montenegro
Yoav Sharon
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S&C Electric Co
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S&C Electric Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • H02H7/30—Staggered disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
    • H02H1/0007—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements concerning the detecting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
    • H02H1/0092—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements concerning the data processing means, e.g. expert systems, neural networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/02—Details
    • H02H3/033—Details with several disconnections in a preferential order, e.g. following priority of the users, load repartition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/02—Details
    • H02H3/06—Details with automatic reconnection
    • H02H3/063—Details concerning the co-operation of many similar arrangements, e.g. in a network

Definitions

  • This disclosure generally describes a method for coordinating multiple reclosers positioned along an electrical feeder line in response to detecting a fault in the feeder line and, more particularly, to a method for coordinating the operation of switches in multiple reclosers in a distributed feeder line in response to detecting a fault, where the method includes detecting a fault current in the reclosers, opening the switch in each of the reclosers in response to the fault current, closing and opening the switch in a farthest upstream recloser in a pulsed manner for a first pulse duration time, closing the switch in the farthest upstream recloser if no fault current is detected, changing the time current characteristic (TCC) curve of the farthest upstream recloser to an instantaneous TCC curve, and then closing and opening the switch in a next farthest upstream recloser for the first pulse duration time to determine if the fault is still present for that recloser.
  • TCC time current characteristic
  • An electrical power distribution network typically includes a number of power generation plants each having a number of power generators, such as gas turbine engines, nuclear reactors, coal-fired generators, hydro-electric dams, etc.
  • the power plants provide a high voltage AC signal on high voltage transmission lines that deliver electrical power to a number of substations typically located within a community, where the voltage is stepped down to a medium voltage.
  • the substations provide the medium voltage power to a number of feeder lines.
  • the feeder lines are connected to a number of lateral lines that provide the medium voltage to various transformers, where the voltage is stepped down to a low voltage and is provided to a number of loads, such as homes, businesses, etc. Current propagating on the feeder and lateral lines will generate heat because of the resistivity of the line, which is dissipated to the environment.
  • faults occur in the distribution network as a result of various things, such as animals touching the lines, lightning strikes, tree branches falling on the lines, vehicle collisions with utility poles, etc. Faults may create a short-circuit that significantly increases the load on the network, which may cause the current flow from the substation to significantly increase such as anywhere between twice the normal load current up to 100 times the load current. This amount of current could cause damage to equipment ranging from the substation transformer to the electrical lines, and could cause wild fires, where the lines may heat up and eventually melt. Many times the fault will be a temporary or intermittent fault as opposed to a permanent fault, where the event that caused the fault is cleared a short time after the fault occurs, for example, a lightning strike.
  • each lateral line is protected by a fuse that creates an open circuit when the temperature of the fuse goes above a certain melting point, which disconnects power from the loads being serviced by that lateral line.
  • a fuse Once a fuse operates, a worker from the service or utility company needs to identify which fuse has operated, and replace it after the fault has been removed or cleared.
  • fuses are generally not used on the feeder lines because they typically service many more customers, where an operated fuse on a feeder line will disrupt power to many for a prolonged duration, even if the fault is temporary.
  • Reclosers or other types of switching devices and breakers are typically employed at certain intervals along the feeder lines and include sensing and monitoring equipment and devices that detect high current because of a fault and automatically cause an interrupter switch to open to prevent current flow downstream of the recloser.
  • Conventional reclosers are generally configured to open in response to the detected high current, wait some minimal period of time, then close again to determine if the high current is still occurring to determine if the fault is intermittent or permanent. If the fault is still present, this operation is performed a number of times before the recloser determines the fault is a permanent fault, where the recloser will be locked out and be maintained in the open position until the fault has been cleared and the recloser has been reset.
  • the fault is an intermittent fault as determined by the reclosing operation, power will only be interrupted for a few seconds, before the system returns to normal operation.
  • the full fault current is applied to the feeder line when the recloser is closed if the fault is still occurring. That high current can have detrimental effects on various equipment and devices as a result of mechanical stresses caused by the high current because it generally takes about three cycles of current or longer for the recloser to again identify the high fault current and then open the switch.
  • pulse closing where a pulse of current is applied to the feeder line by quickly closing and opening the recloser instead of closing the recloser and measuring the current to determine if the full fault current is detected.
  • the analysis of whether the feeder line current indicates a fault is performed after the recloser has been reopened.
  • pulse closing can test for a fault without subjecting the feeder line to the adverse effects of the full fault current.
  • certain types of intermittent or evolving faults may not be present at the time the recloser pulses the switch closed and open to test the circuit, which may lead to inaccurate fault predictions.
  • This disclosure describes a method for coordinating switches in multiple switching devices positioned along a distributed feeder line in an electrical power distribution network in response to detecting a fault.
  • Each of the switching devices has about the same time current characteristic (TCC) curve during normal operation when no fault is present in the feeder line.
  • TCC time current characteristic
  • the method includes measuring a current flow through the switching device, and identifying that a fault current is present indicating a fault in the feeder line, where the switch in each of the switching devices between the substation and the fault is opened in response to detecting the fault current.
  • the method then initiates a current pulse in the farthest upstream switching device for a first pulse duration time, and determines whether the fault current is still present during that pulse duration time.
  • the switch in the farthest upstream switching device is closed, and the TCC curve of that switching device is temporarily changed to an instantaneous or near instantaneous TCC curve before closing.
  • the method then initiates a current pulse in a next farthest upstream switching device for a second pulse duration time after the switch in the farthest upstream recloser is closed, and changes the TCC curve of the farthest upstream recloser from the instantaneous TCC curve to a third TCC curve.
  • the method then closes the switch in the next farthest upstream recloser if no fault current is detected during the second pulse duration time, and changes the TCC curve of the next farthest upstream switching device to the instantaneous TCC curve. This process is continued until the fault current is detected in the immediate upstream switching device from the fault.
  • FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic illustration of an electrical power distribution network
  • FIG. 2 is a graph with time on the horizontal axis and feeder line current and switch position on the vertical axis showing a relationship between the switch position and the feeder line current during a pulse closing operation;
  • FIG. 3 is a graph with current on the horizontal axis and time on the vertical axis showing time current characteristics (TCC) curves for a fuse and a switching device;
  • TCC time current characteristics
  • FIG. 4 is a graph with time on the horizontal axis and feeder line current, switch position and TCC curve selection on the vertical axis showing a relationship between feeder line current, switch position and TCC curve selection during a testing operation for an upstream switching device;
  • FIG. 5 is a graph with time on the horizontal axis and feeder line current, switch position and TCC curve selection on the vertical axis showing a relationship between feeder line current, switch position and TCC curve selection during a testing operation for a downstream switching device.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic type diagram of an electrical power distribution network 10 including an electrical substation 12 that steps down high voltage power from a high voltage line (not shown) to medium voltage power, a feeder line 14 that receives a medium voltage power signal from the substation 12 , and a number of lateral lines, illustrated here as lateral lines 16 and 18 , that receive the medium voltage power signal from the feeder line 14 .
  • the medium voltage power signal is stepped down to a low voltage signal by a number of transformers (not shown) strategically positioned along the lateral lines 16 and 18 , and the low voltage signal is then provided to a number of loads 20 represented here as homes.
  • the feeder line 14 includes a number of switching devices, such as, but not limited to, recloser-type switching devices, provided at certain intervals along the feeder line 14 typically configured on a utility pole and illustrated here as an upstream switching device 24 and a downstream switching device 26 , where the upstream switching device 24 receives the medium voltage signal from the substation 12 before the downstream switching device 26 .
  • the switching devices 24 and 26 include a relay or interrupter switch 30 for opening and closing switches within the switching devices 24 and 26 during high current to allow or prevent current flow therethrough on the feeder line 14 .
  • the switching devices 24 and 26 also include a sensor 32 for measuring the current and voltage of the power signal propagating on the feeder line 14 , a controller 34 for processing the measurement signals and controlling the position of the switch 30 , and an optional transceiver 36 for transmitting data and messages to a control facility (not shown).
  • the operation and configuration of switching devices of this type are well understood by those skilled in the art.
  • the lateral lines 16 and 18 include a fuse 38 positioned between the feeder line 14 and the first load 20 in the lateral lines 16 and 18 .
  • Each fuse 38 is an independent electrical device that is not in communication with other components or devices in the network 10 , where the fuse 38 creates an open circuit if an element within the fuse 38 heats up above a predetermined temperature so as to prevent short-circuit faults on the lateral lines 16 and 18 from affecting other parts of the network 10 .
  • FIG. 2 is a graph with time on the horizontal axis and feeder line current and switch position on the vertical axis, where graph line 40 shows the feeder current over time during a fault occurrence and graph line 42 shows the open or closed position of the switch 30 in the switching devices 24 or 26 during that time, where a high signal indicates the switch 30 is closed.
  • the measured current on the feeder line 14 is normal and no fault on the feeder line 14 or the lateral lines 16 and 18 exists. If a fault occurs downstream of the switching devices 24 or 26 , for example, at location 28 in the feeder line 14 , the measured feeder line current in the switching devices 24 and/or 26 increases at location 46 in the graph line 40 .
  • the switch 30 is closed at location 48 in the graph line 42 .
  • the controller 34 identifies the high fault current from the current measurements and opens the switch 30 at location 50 in the graph line 42 , where location 52 in the graph line 40 indicates that the feeder line current then goes to zero.
  • the time it takes the switching devices 24 or 26 to identify a high fault current and cause the switch 30 to open is at least three cycles of current at system frequency, such as 50 Hz or 60 Hz, which may be providing significant stress on the network components during that time.
  • the controller 34 may employ be configured to determine if a fault is still present or is temporary and has cleared using a pulse testing functionality. Specifically, the controller 34 sends a pulse initiation signal at location 56 in the graph line 42 some predetermined time after it has opened the switch 30 when the fault is detected. Typically, the initiated pulse of current has a duration of a fraction of a cycle of current at system frequency. This pulse initiation, which may be created by quick closing and opening of the switch 30 or by a switch configured in parallel with switch 30 , such as a solid-state switch, generates a short duration pulse of current at location 58 in the graph line 40 that shows that the fault is not present because the magnitude of the current is normal.
  • the magnitude of the current is analyzed by the controller 34 sometime after the switch pulse ends to make the determination that the fault is or is not still present.
  • This pulse testing prior to closing of the switch 30 would occur once to several times before the controller 34 determined that the fault has or has not been cleared. If the fault is still present, the short duration of the fault current during the pulse testing has limited energy and does not cause a significant effect on the system components.
  • the test pulses are not able to indicate that the fault is intermittent and has not been cleared, where the switch 30 is closed after the pulse testing indicates no fault, but the fault current reappears a few cycles after closing. Thus, it would again take at least three current cycles for the recloser 24 or 26 to identify the high fault current, and open the switch 30 again. Therefore, the high stresses on the system components as a result of the fault current would occur again.
  • the pulse testing prior to closing technique is effective in many cases for indicating that a fault has or has not been cleared, in certain fault situations that are intermittent or temporary, the duration of the initiated pulse is not long enough to indicate that the fault is still present or for the fault to evolve. Therefore, the present disclosure proposes initiating a second switch pulse having a longer, but still short, duration than the initial pulse so that many of those types of intermittent faults that may not be detected by the pulse testing process can be detected without the need to close the switch 30 and again identify the fault over three high current cycles or longer.
  • the controller 34 initiates a longer duration pulse at location 60 in the graph line 42 .
  • the second pulse occurs over about a half-cycle to about a cycle and a half of current at a frequency of 60 Hz or about 12 to 20 milliseconds.
  • the measured current initially indicates that the fault is not present at location 62 in the graph line 40 , but then shows that the fault is still present at location 64 in the graph line 40 . This initial indication that the fault is not present occurs over a time about equal to the duration of the first test pulse indicating that a second test pulse of that duration also would have identified no fault.
  • the switch 30 may be closed for the second pulse at a time when the current measurement signal will have an opposite polarity to that caused by the first switch closing pulse to help prevent false positives.
  • a change from unfaulted to faulted can happen at any time, generally when the current signal cycles positive at the location 64 , this longer pulse shows that the fault is still occurring because of the magnitude of the current and other characteristics, and thus the switch 30 is prevented from closing until the fault is cleared.
  • the second By initiating first and second pulses, the second being for a slightly longer period of time, the fault current is still not enough to cause any significant equipment stress, but is long enough to identify that the fault is still present.
  • the analysis of whether the fault is still present occurs after the second switch closing pulse has ended.
  • the network 10 is configured so that the fuse 38 on that line 16 or 18 is opened before any of the switches 30 in the switching devices 24 and 26 are opened, which prevents the opening of a switching devices on the feeder line 14 from affecting the loads 20 on other lateral lines.
  • the fuses 38 will have a time current characteristic (TCC) curve that is faster than the TCC curve of the switching devices 24 and 26 , where the TCC curve defines how quickly the particular device will be opened for a particular fault current level. This is illustrated by the graph shown in FIG. 3 , where current is on the horizontal axis and time is on the vertical axis.
  • TCC time current characteristic
  • Graph line 70 represents a fuse TCC curve and graph line 72 represents a recloser TCC curve, which shows that the time it takes the fuse 38 and the switch 30 to open in response to a fault is shorter as the current increases, but the time for the fuse 38 to open is always less than the time for the switch 30 to open for a specific current. Therefore, since the fuse 38 has a lower TCC curve than the switching devices 24 and 26 , it will be opened in response to a fault on the lateral line 16 or 18 before the switch 30 is opened. Once the fuse 38 is opened, then the fault current is removed from the switching devices 24 and/or 26 , and they will not be counting to their TCC curves thereafter.
  • Coordination of the TCC curves of the switching devices 24 and 26 along the feeder line 14 may be done so that those switching devices at an upstream position relative to other switching devices have longer TCC curves so that they will not close during a fault if the fault is downstream from other switching devices in the line 14 .
  • it is desirable to limit the number of loads that are affected by a fault by preventing switching devices from opening during a fault if the fault can be isolated by opening other downstream switching devices.
  • the graph line 72 represents the TCC curve of the switching device closest to the substation 12 , or at the substation 12 , the number of TCC curves that realistically can be provided between the TCC curves 70 and 72 is limited.
  • a pulse finding technique may be employed to provide coordination between switching devices and other devices in combination with the above described processes.
  • all of the switching devices are given the same TCC curve.
  • the most upstream switching device tests the circuit for an intermittent fault using a pulse testing process. If that switching device is not the first switching device upstream of the fault, assuming the fault is still present, then it will not detect the fault during the test, and will be closed because one or more downstream switching devices are open.
  • This same process is performed by the next most upstream switching device and so on until the switching device that is the first upstream switching device from the fault detects the fault and remains open while the rest of the upstream switching device remain closed.
  • the switching device immediately upstream of the fault will not detect the fault because it is not occurring at the point in time when the pulse test is performed, and thus will close.
  • all of the switching devices upstream of the fault that have the same TCC curve will be opened again. If this process repeats three or more times for the pulse testing process, then all of the switching devices upstream of the fault may end up being locked open, and thus more loads than are necessary will be affected.
  • the present disclosure proposes to maintain the coordination between the switching devices, but to employ a temporary instantaneous TCC curve for the upstream switching device after it has performed a successful pulse test.
  • switching devices are electronic devices, they can be immediately switched between different TCC curves at any point in time.
  • the upstream switching device will maintain the instantaneous TCC curve until the next switching device downstream starts its pulse testing sequence, and then will return to its original TCC curve. Most intermittent faults would appear within that interval. If a fault does appear, it will be on the network only for a few current circuit cycles. Further, all switching devices further upstream remain closed as they have already shifted to their normal, slower TCC curve.
  • instantaneous TCC curve is used to describe this embodiment, however, instantaneous is used generally to describe a very quick TCC curve, and may have some actual time associated with it.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph with time on the horizontal axis and feeder line current, switch position and TCC curve selection or trip time for a fault event on the vertical axis showing a relationship between the feeder line current, switch position and TCC curve selection during an operation as discussed for the upstream switching device 24
  • FIG. 5 is a graph with time on the horizontal axis and feeder line current, switch position and TCC curve selection on the vertical axis showing a relationship between the feeder line current, switch position and TCC curve selection during a operation for the downstream switching device 26 during the intermittent fault scenario referred to above for FIG. 2 , where like elements are identified by the same reference number.
  • the fault is downstream of the switching device 26 at the location 28 .
  • Graph line 80 represents the selection of the TCC curve for the upstream switching device 24
  • graph line 82 represents the selection of the TCC curve for the downstream switching device 26 , where the greater the magnitude the longer the TCC's trip time.
  • the switching devices 24 and 26 have the same TCC curve, for example, TCC 0 at locations 84 and 86 , respectively.
  • the upstream switching device 24 and the downstream switching device 26 see the fault current at the same time and open their switches 30 at the location 50 in the same manner as in the example of FIG. 2 .
  • the upstream switching device 24 provides the first pulse test at the location 56 to detect whether the fault is still occurring before the downstream switching device 26 initiates a pulse test.
  • the upstream switching devices 24 does not detect the fault during the test at the location 58 because the fault has cleared or because the switching device 24 is upstream of the fault 28 and the downstream switching devices are open, the upstream switching device 24 closes its switch 30 at location 90 in the graph line 42 , where normal current flow occurs at location 88 in the graph line 40 . At this time, the switching device 24 changes to an instantaneous TCC curve at location 94 in the graph line 80 . At the same time that the upstream switching device 24 closes its switch 30 , power is restored to the downstream switching device 26 , but its switch 30 is still open. If the upstream switching device 24 was the first switching device upstream of the fault 28 and the fault 28 was still occurring, then it would be immediately opened because of its instantaneous TCC curve.
  • the downstream switching device 26 will initiate a pulse test at location 96 in the graph line 42 and the feeder line current will indicate that the fault is not present at location 98 in the graph line 40 .
  • the upstream switching device 24 will change to a longer duration TCC curve, for example, TCC 1 , than the original TCC curve at location 100 in the graph line 80 so that it will not react as fast as the downstream switching device 26 having the TCC 0 curve.
  • TCC 1 a longer duration TCC curve
  • the downstream switching device 26 determines that the fault current is not present, it will close its switch 30 at location 102 in the graph line 42 and will go into an instantaneous TCC curve at location 104 in the graph line 82 .
  • the fault 28 may reappear, and the feeder line current will increase at location 106 in the graph line 40 , and the downstream switching device 26 will open its switch 30 at location 108 in the graph line 42 . Since the TCC curve of the upstream switching device 24 is longer than the instantaneous TCC curve for the downstream switching device 26 at this time, its switch 30 will remain closed and the feeder line current will return to normal at location 112 in the graph line 40 . Shortly thereafter, the TCC curve of the downstream switching device 26 will be changed to TCC 1 at location 110 in the graph line 82 to be the same TCC curve at the upstream switching device 24 .
  • the switching device 26 is the first switching device upstream of the fault 28 . If the downstream switching device 26 did not detect the fault current at the location 106 because it is upstream of another switching device that is upstream of the fault, then the downstream switching device 26 will keep its switch 30 closed and will become the upstream switching device for the pulse test provided by a farther downstream switching device. Thus, this process is continued in the line of switching devices in sequence until the first upstream switching device from the fault 28 remains open, where all of the loads upstream of that switching device will be receiving power.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
  • Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Remote Monitoring And Control Of Power-Distribution Networks (AREA)
  • Locating Faults (AREA)
US16/550,448 2018-08-31 2019-08-26 Method for coordinating switches in multiple reclosers in a distribution feeder line in response to detection of a fault Active 2040-04-27 US11081878B2 (en)

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CA3051436A1 (fr) 2020-02-29
US20200076183A1 (en) 2020-03-05
CA3051436C (fr) 2023-03-07

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