US10791945B2 - Biocompatible implantable electrode - Google Patents
Biocompatible implantable electrode Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US10791945B2 US10791945B2 US13/905,851 US201313905851A US10791945B2 US 10791945 B2 US10791945 B2 US 10791945B2 US 201313905851 A US201313905851 A US 201313905851A US 10791945 B2 US10791945 B2 US 10791945B2
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- voids
- substrate
- outer peripheral
- peripheral surface
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active, expires
Links
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 claims description 4
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000575 Ir alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001260 Pt alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 abstract description 19
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010329 laser etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000001674 Agaricus brunnescens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 MP35N Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNIOPGDIGTZGOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitroglycerin Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC(O[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O SNIOPGDIGTZGOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000010839 body fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000747 cardiac effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001684 chronic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035602 clotting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000157 electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000005260 human cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002085 irritant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000021 irritant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000000608 laser ablation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000926 neurological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940073020 nitrol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- HWLDNSXPUQTBOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum-iridium alloy Chemical compound [Ir].[Pt] HWLDNSXPUQTBOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A61B5/04—
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
- A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
- A61B5/279—Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses
- A61B5/28—Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses for electrocardiography [ECG]
- A61B5/283—Invasive
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/02—Details
- A61N1/04—Electrodes
- A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
-
- A61B5/042—
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/062—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by direct control of the laser beam
- B23K26/0622—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by direct control of the laser beam by shaping pulses
- B23K26/0624—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by direct control of the laser beam by shaping pulses using ultrashort pulses, i.e. pulses of 1ns or less
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/352—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment
- B23K26/3568—Modifying rugosity
- B23K26/3584—Increasing rugosity, e.g. roughening
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/36—Removing material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/02—Electroplating of selected surface areas
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a biocompatible, implantable electrode for electrically active medical devices.
- the electrode has an optimized surface topography for improved electrical performance.
- Such a electrode is suitable for devices which may be permanently implanted in the human body as stimulation electrodes, such as pacemakers, or as sensors of medical conditions. Such is achieved by the application of ultrafast high energy pulses to the surface of a solid, monolithic electrode material for the purpose of increasing the surface area and thereby decreasing its after-potential polarization.
- implantable devices which are typically electrodes used for the stimulation of tissue or the sensing of electrical bio-rhythms.
- the electrical performance of implantable electrodes can be enhanced by increasing the external surface area which is in contact with tissues inside the body. It is known that increasing the surface area of an implantable electrode increases the double layer capacitance of the electrode and reduces the after-potential polarization, thereby increasing device battery life, or allowing for lower capture thresholds, and improved sensing of certain electrical signals, such as R and P waves. It is known in the art to apply a coating to increase the surface area of the electrode thereby reducing the after-potential polarization. A reduction in after-potential polarization results in an increase in charge transfer efficiency by allowing increased charge transfer at lower voltages.
- Double layer capacitance is typically measured by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
- an electrode is submerged in a electrolytic bath and a small cyclic wave is imposed on the electrode.
- the current and voltage response of the electrode/electrolyte system is measured to determine the double layer capacitance.
- the capacitance is the predominant factor in the impedance at low frequencies ( ⁇ 10 Hz) and thus the capacitance is typically measured at frequencies of 0.001 Hz-1 Hz.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,158 shows a stimulation electrode having a porous surface coating whose active surface area is essentially larger than the surface area defined by the geometrical basic shape of the electrode.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,799,076 discloses an electrode having a substrate with a first layer covering at least a portion of the substrate, and a second layer covering at least a portion of the first layer.
- the first layer consists of a carbide, nitride or carbonitride of titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, hafnium, tantalum or tungsten.
- the second layer includes iridium.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,572 teaches a high efficiency tissue stimulating and signal sensing electrode.
- a lead has a porous electrode of platinum-iridium with recessed areas or grooves formed into the surface. The grooves allow for acute electrode stabilization as a result of clot formation and endocardial tissue capture.
- At least one layer of a porous coating of 20-200 micron diameter spherical particles are deposited on the surface of the base electrode to obtain a porous macrostructure for promoting chronic tissue ingrowth.
- a microstructure surface coating is applied to increase the active surface area and enhance electrical efficiency by lowering electrochemical polarization and increasing electrical capacitance.
- the present invention solves these issues by the application of ultra-fast energy pulses supplied to the surface. It has now been found that energy pulses delivered by means of an ultrafast laser produces surface structures on the order of 50 nm to 500 nm which is ideal for tissue stimulation. This process is produced not by laser etching and removal of material but by a restructuring of the surface. In the laser etching process of U.S. patent publication 2011/0160821 the surface is modified through the impingement of the laser, and the smallest feature that can be made equates to the size of the focused laser beam, which is limited by the wavelength of the laser, typically 200-1600 nm.
- the invention provides an electrode comprising a solid, monolithic substrate having an outer peripheral surface; the outer peripheral surface having a topography defined by a plurality of voids distributed about the outer peripheral surface and extending a depth through the substrate; said voids having a depth through the substrate of from about 50 nm to about 500 nm; and said voids having a width of from about 50 nm to about 500 nm; said voids being spaced from adjacent voids a distance of from about 50 nm to about 250 nm.
- the invention also provides a method for producing an electrode comprising a solid, monolithic substrate having an outer peripheral surface; the outer peripheral surface having a topography defined by a plurality of voids distributed about the outer peripheral surface and extending a depth through the substrate; said voids having a depth through the substrate of from about 50 nm to about 500 nm; and said voids having a width of from about 50 nm to about 500 nm; each void being spaced from adjacent voids a distance of from about 50 nm to about 250 nm, the method comprising exposing a solid, monolithic substrate to from about 10 to about 500 pulses of laser irradiation having a wavelength of from about 200 nm to about 1600 nm, at a pulse width of from about 1 femtosecond to about 5 picoseconds, and at a irradiance of from about 200 watts/cm 2 to about 5000 watts/cm 2 .
- FIG. 1 illustrates the surface topography of an inventive electrode produced according to the conditions of Example 1.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the surface topography of an inventive electrode produced according to the conditions of Example 2.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the surface topography of an comparative electrode produced according to the conditions of Comparative Example 3.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the surface topography of an inventive electrode produced according to the conditions of Example 4.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the surface topography of an comparative electrode produced according to the conditions of Comparative Example 5.
- FIG. 6A illustrates an exemplary embodiment wherein the electrode is attached to an electrical connector and the electrical connector is attached to an electrical pulse generator; and FIG. 6B illustrates an exemplary embodiment wherein the electrode is attached to an electrical connector and the electrical connector is attached to an electrical measurement device.
- the invention provides biological benefits which exploit nanometer-scale features such as a reduced likelihood of infection, and functional benefits such as improved electrical transfer.
- the invention produces nanometer-scale features on biocompatible metals such as platinum by exposure to a femtosecond laser operating at various wavelengths.
- Laser induced surface structures produce an array of voids with length and depth ranging from about 50 nm to about 500 nm, depending on the laser parameters employed.
- the invention realizes a performance advantage over typical prior art surface modifications by achieving an optimal surface geometry, which maximizes the effective surface area of the electrode while minimizing the after-potential polarization effect, thereby increasing charge transfer efficiency.
- After-potential polarization is the voltage remaining on an electrode after a stimulation pulse on the electrode from a device such as a pacemaker. It is a measure of how efficiently the charge is injected into the tissue.
- the method for charge transfer in a medical electrode is by the charging and discharging of the electrical double layer capacitance formed on the surface of the electrode.
- This layer can be thought of as a simple parallel plate model in which the tissue to be stimulated is separated from the electrode surface by a barrier primarily of water, Na, K and Cl. The thickness of this layer is dictated by the concentration of the electrolyte in the body and is therefore uniform over the working life of the electrode.
- the thickness of an electrical double layer formed by an electrical conductor in 0.9% saline, i.e., body fluid is on the order of 1 nm and the expected thickness of the double layer capacitance formed in normal body electrolyte would be from about 0.5 nm to about 10 nm, more typically from about 5 to about 6 nm.
- a typical human cell is on the order of from about 5,000 nm to about 10,000 nm in size. Because the cells are much larger than the layer and much smaller than the electrode surface, the cells can be thought of as being parallel to the surface of the electrode. As the non-polarized electrolyte (the electrolyte present but not participating in the electrical double layer) increases, the impedance of the tissue-electrode system increases. This is known as the solution resistance. The increased impedance results in a less effective charge transfer due to a dissipation of voltage along the solution resistance path. To minimize this impedance, the tissue to be stimulated should be as close to the electrode surface as possible. It would therefore be preferred, for these purposes, to have the electrode surface flat and placed parallel to the tissue.
- the invention thus provides an electrode comprising a solid, monolithic substrate having an outer peripheral surface.
- the substrate comprises a biocompatible metal suitable for implanting within the tissues of a mammal. Examples non-exclusively include platinum, steel, alloys of platinum and iridium, alloys of nickel and cobalt, and combinations thereof.
- the outer peripheral surface of an electrode has an area of from about 1 mm 2 to about 20 mm 2 , preferably from about 3 mm 2 to about 12 mm 2 .
- the electrode may have any suitable configuration or shape such as a tubular, flat, mushroom or corkscrew shape.
- the outer peripheral surface has a topography defined by a plurality of voids distributed about the outer peripheral surface and extending a depth through the substrate.
- the voids have a depth through the substrate of from about 50 nm to about 500 nm, preferably from about 100 nm to about 250 nm.
- the voids have a width of from about 50 nm to about 500 nm, preferably of from about 100 nm to about 250 nm.
- the voids are spaced from adjacent voids a distance of from about 50 nm to about 250 nm.
- An electrode according to the invention is produced by exposing an outer peripheral surface of a solid, monolithic substrate of such a biocompatible metal to pulses of laser irradiation.
- a laser beam which produces a spot size of 100,000-800,000 nm is used to produce the structures.
- the number of pulses of laser irradiation per spot ranges from about 10 to about 500 pulses, preferably from about 50 to about 400, and more preferably from about 100 to about 300.
- the pulse wavelength is of from about 200 nm to about 1600 nm, preferably from about 400 to about 1,000, and more preferably from about 400 to about 800.
- the pulse width ranges from about 1 femtosecond to about 5 picoseconds, preferably from about 100 femtoseconds to about 3 picoseconds, and at a irradiance of from about 200 watts/cm 2 to about 5000 watts/cm 2 .
- the laser irradiation produces a spot diameter of from about 10 ⁇ m to about 10,000 ⁇ m, preferably from about 25 ⁇ m to about 2,500 ⁇ m, and more preferably from about 50 ⁇ m to about 1,000 ⁇ m.
- suitable lasers non-exclusively include a Coherent Libra-F Ti:Sapphire amplifier laser system, and a Coherent AVIA laser.
- the resulting electrode has a polarization of about 1,000 mV or less, preferably about 500 mV or less, and more preferably about 200 mV or less. It has been determined that the lower the polarization of the electrode, the more optimized is the surface topography for improved electrical performance. The desirable characteristics of the surface, those being high double layer capacitance of the electrode and a low after-potential polarization effect, are enhanced when the surface area of the electrode is increased. A reduction in after-potential polarization results in an increase in charge transfer efficiency by allowing increased charge transfer at lower voltages. Thus a reduction of after-potential polarization increases device battery life, and improves sensing of certain electrical signals.
- the inventive electrode has at least one electrical connector electrically attached at an end thereof to the substrate.
- this may be a wire of a suitable material such as a biocompatible, conductive material such as platinum, silver, copper, a superalloy such as MP35N, or a material such as Nitrol.
- the other end of the wire is connected to an electrical pulse generator such as a cardiac pacemaker.
- the other end of the wire is connected to an electrical measurement device such as a sensor of biological conditions, or a voltage recording device.
- FIG. 6A illustrates an exemplary embodiment wherein the electrode is attached to an electrical connector and the electrical connector is attached to an electrical pulse generator.
- FIG. 6B illustrates an exemplary embodiment wherein the electrode is attached to an electrical connector and the electrical connector is attached to an electrical measurement device.
- a series of cylindrical platinum electrodes having a diameter of 2.2 mm and an active length of 0.75 mm was processed via ultrafast laser texturing. Each of the cylinders was rotated on its axis while the laser impinged the surface at a nearly oblique angle and the wavelength, number of pulses and laser irradiance were varied. Variations in operating parameters give the indicated potential polarization results.
- a Coherent Libra-F Ti:Sapphire amplifier laser system was used for the exposure.
- the laser exposure had a wavelength of 800 nm, an irradiance of 400 W/cm 2 and 100 pulses per spot.
- the resulting polarization was 600 mV.
- An example of a small surface feature size is approximately 4 nm and an example of a large surface feature size is approximately 107 nm.
- the laser exposure had a wavelength of 800 nm, an irradiance of 400 W/cm 2 and 10 pulses per spot.
- the resulting polarization was 829 mV.
- the surface topography is shown in FIG. 2 .
- the structure appears to be similar to that of Example 1, but the depth of the features is not as pronounced.
- the laser exposure had a wavelength of 800 nm, an irradiance of 100 W/cm 2 and 50 pulses per spot.
- the resulting polarization was 1100 mV, which is similar to that of an un-processed sample.
- FIG. 3 shows the desired inventive structure does not appear to be present.
- the laser exposure had a wavelength of 400 nm, an irradiance of 1000 W/cm 2 and 100 pulses per spot.
- the resulting polarization was 700 mV.
- FIG. 4 shows the structure appears to be similar to FIG. 1 but with less definition in the features.
- the laser exposure had a wavelength of 400 nm, an irradiance of 64 W/cm 2 and 10 pulses per spot.
- the resulting polarization was 996 mV.
- the surface does not present any features of the invention. The only features present are due to the process used to form the material into bar stock.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
- Measuring And Recording Apparatus For Diagnosis (AREA)
- Measurement And Recording Of Electrical Phenomena And Electrical Characteristics Of The Living Body (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (21)
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/905,851 US10791945B2 (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2013-05-30 | Biocompatible implantable electrode |
CA2850878A CA2850878C (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2014-04-29 | Biocompatible implantable electrode |
IL232460A IL232460B (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2014-05-05 | Biocompatible implantable electrode |
PL14168637T PL2808053T3 (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2014-05-16 | Biocompatible implantable electrode |
EP14168637.8A EP2808053B1 (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2014-05-16 | Biocompatible implantable electrode |
JP2014109475A JP6941414B2 (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2014-05-27 | Biocompatible and implantable electrodes |
AU2014202893A AU2014202893B2 (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2014-05-28 | Biocompatible implantable electrode |
JP2019094362A JP2019136556A (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2019-05-20 | Method for producing biocompatible implantable electrode |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/905,851 US10791945B2 (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2013-05-30 | Biocompatible implantable electrode |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20140357973A1 US20140357973A1 (en) | 2014-12-04 |
US10791945B2 true US10791945B2 (en) | 2020-10-06 |
Family
ID=50729389
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/905,851 Active 2035-11-21 US10791945B2 (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2013-05-30 | Biocompatible implantable electrode |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10791945B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2808053B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP6941414B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2014202893B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2850878C (en) |
IL (1) | IL232460B (en) |
PL (1) | PL2808053T3 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11495369B2 (en) | 2021-03-25 | 2022-11-08 | Heraeus Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG | Laser structured, coated electrical conductor and method for producing same |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10791945B2 (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2020-10-06 | Pulse Ip, Llc | Biocompatible implantable electrode |
EP3033197B1 (en) * | 2013-08-15 | 2020-04-22 | Advanced Bionics AG | Method for forming an implantable electrode |
US9117680B2 (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2015-08-25 | Pulse Technologies Inc. | Biomedical electrode |
US10219715B2 (en) * | 2015-06-17 | 2019-03-05 | Pulse Technologies, Inc. | Biomedical electrode having low oxygen content |
US20200194771A1 (en) * | 2018-12-12 | 2020-06-18 | NeuroTronik IP Holding (Jersey) Limited | Medical electrodes having enhanced charge capacities, and methods of manufacturing |
CN112187223B (en) * | 2020-09-23 | 2023-07-07 | 西安交通大学 | Broadband pulse electric field irradiation device based on microstrip circuit |
CN116847903A (en) * | 2021-02-08 | 2023-10-03 | 科利耳有限公司 | Medical implant electrode with controlled porosity |
Citations (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5318572A (en) | 1992-06-02 | 1994-06-07 | Siemens Pacesetter, Inc. | High efficiency tissue stimulating and signal sensing electrode |
US5571158A (en) | 1991-08-06 | 1996-11-05 | Biotronik Mess- Und Therapiegeraete Gmbh & Co. Ingenieurbuero Berlin | Stimulation Electrode |
US6799076B2 (en) | 1999-12-07 | 2004-09-28 | Greatbatch-Hittman, Inc. | Coated electrode and method of making a coated electrode |
WO2007095549A2 (en) | 2006-02-13 | 2007-08-23 | Medtronic, Inc. | Medical devices having textured surfaces |
US20070292667A1 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2007-12-20 | Laude Lucien D | Molded polymer comprising silicone and at least one metal trace and a process of manufacturing the same |
US20080183260A1 (en) | 2007-01-31 | 2008-07-31 | Nygren Lea A | Medical electrode including an iridium oxide surface and methods of fabrication |
US20080299289A1 (en) | 2007-05-29 | 2008-12-04 | Fisk Andrew E | Optimum Surface Texture Geometry |
US20110126410A1 (en) | 2009-12-01 | 2011-06-02 | Cochlear Limited | Manufacturing an electrode assembly having contoured electrode contact surfaces |
US20110160821A1 (en) | 2009-12-30 | 2011-06-30 | Jackson Timothy R | Electrode surface modification for imparting current density directionality in lead electrodes |
US20130085557A1 (en) | 2011-09-30 | 2013-04-04 | Nidek Co., Ltd. | Stimulus electrode for biological tissue and method of producing the same |
US20130296678A1 (en) * | 2012-04-24 | 2013-11-07 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Combination structural porous surfaces for functional electrode stimulation and sensing |
EP2808053A1 (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2014-12-03 | Pulse Technologies, Inc. | Biocompatible implantable electrode |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4644797B2 (en) * | 2004-01-28 | 2011-03-02 | 国立大学法人京都大学 | Laser irradiation method and apparatus, fine processing method and apparatus, and thin film forming method and apparatus |
US20060108327A1 (en) * | 2004-11-23 | 2006-05-25 | Chng Kiong C | Method of manufacturing a microstructure |
US8728563B2 (en) * | 2011-05-03 | 2014-05-20 | Palmaz Scientific, Inc. | Endoluminal implantable surfaces, stents, and grafts and method of making same |
-
2013
- 2013-05-30 US US13/905,851 patent/US10791945B2/en active Active
-
2014
- 2014-04-29 CA CA2850878A patent/CA2850878C/en active Active
- 2014-05-05 IL IL232460A patent/IL232460B/en unknown
- 2014-05-16 EP EP14168637.8A patent/EP2808053B1/en active Active
- 2014-05-16 PL PL14168637T patent/PL2808053T3/en unknown
- 2014-05-27 JP JP2014109475A patent/JP6941414B2/en active Active
- 2014-05-28 AU AU2014202893A patent/AU2014202893B2/en active Active
-
2019
- 2019-05-20 JP JP2019094362A patent/JP2019136556A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5571158A (en) | 1991-08-06 | 1996-11-05 | Biotronik Mess- Und Therapiegeraete Gmbh & Co. Ingenieurbuero Berlin | Stimulation Electrode |
US5318572A (en) | 1992-06-02 | 1994-06-07 | Siemens Pacesetter, Inc. | High efficiency tissue stimulating and signal sensing electrode |
US6799076B2 (en) | 1999-12-07 | 2004-09-28 | Greatbatch-Hittman, Inc. | Coated electrode and method of making a coated electrode |
WO2007095549A2 (en) | 2006-02-13 | 2007-08-23 | Medtronic, Inc. | Medical devices having textured surfaces |
US20070225785A1 (en) | 2006-02-13 | 2007-09-27 | Medtronic, Inc. | Medical devices having textured surfaces |
US20070292667A1 (en) | 2006-06-06 | 2007-12-20 | Laude Lucien D | Molded polymer comprising silicone and at least one metal trace and a process of manufacturing the same |
US20080183260A1 (en) | 2007-01-31 | 2008-07-31 | Nygren Lea A | Medical electrode including an iridium oxide surface and methods of fabrication |
US20080299289A1 (en) | 2007-05-29 | 2008-12-04 | Fisk Andrew E | Optimum Surface Texture Geometry |
US20110126410A1 (en) | 2009-12-01 | 2011-06-02 | Cochlear Limited | Manufacturing an electrode assembly having contoured electrode contact surfaces |
US20110160821A1 (en) | 2009-12-30 | 2011-06-30 | Jackson Timothy R | Electrode surface modification for imparting current density directionality in lead electrodes |
US20130085557A1 (en) | 2011-09-30 | 2013-04-04 | Nidek Co., Ltd. | Stimulus electrode for biological tissue and method of producing the same |
US20130296678A1 (en) * | 2012-04-24 | 2013-11-07 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Combination structural porous surfaces for functional electrode stimulation and sensing |
EP2808053A1 (en) | 2013-05-30 | 2014-12-03 | Pulse Technologies, Inc. | Biocompatible implantable electrode |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
Vorobyev et al. "Effect of surface structural modifications of platinum in multi-pulse femtosecond laser ablation" LFNM 2006. * |
Vorobyev, A.Y., and Chunlei Guo, "Femtosecond Laser Nanostructuring Ofmetals." Optics Press, vol. 14, No. 6; Mar. 20, 2006; pp. 2164-2169. |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11495369B2 (en) | 2021-03-25 | 2022-11-08 | Heraeus Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG | Laser structured, coated electrical conductor and method for producing same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP6941414B2 (en) | 2021-09-29 |
JP2019136556A (en) | 2019-08-22 |
AU2014202893A1 (en) | 2014-12-18 |
CA2850878C (en) | 2022-10-04 |
IL232460A0 (en) | 2014-08-31 |
CA2850878A1 (en) | 2014-11-30 |
AU2014202893B2 (en) | 2019-03-21 |
PL2808053T3 (en) | 2019-11-29 |
IL232460B (en) | 2021-07-29 |
US20140357973A1 (en) | 2014-12-04 |
EP2808053B1 (en) | 2019-03-13 |
EP2808053A1 (en) | 2014-12-03 |
JP2014233630A (en) | 2014-12-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US10791945B2 (en) | Biocompatible implantable electrode | |
AU2020202344B2 (en) | Biomedical electrode | |
AU2021201430B2 (en) | Biomedical electrode having low oxygen content | |
Deku et al. | Amorphous silicon carbide ultramicroelectrode arrays for neural stimulation and recording | |
EP2736402B1 (en) | Opto-electrical device and method for artifact reduction | |
Cogan et al. | Sputtered iridium oxide films for neural stimulation electrodes | |
CA2699085C (en) | Optimum surface texture geometry | |
US20130296678A1 (en) | Combination structural porous surfaces for functional electrode stimulation and sensing | |
Frederick et al. | Activated iridium oxide film (AIROF) electrodes for neural tissue stimulation | |
Shah et al. | Improved chronic neural stimulation using high surface area platinum electrodes | |
Chakraborty et al. | Charge injection characteristics of sputtered ruthenium oxide electrodes for neural stimulation and recording | |
US20140326482A1 (en) | Iridium Oxide Coating with Cauliflower Morphology for Functional Electrical Stimulation Applications | |
US20210101001A1 (en) | Method of fabricating an electrode structure |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: PULSE TECHNOLOGIES, INC., PENNSYLVANIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FISK, ANDREW E.;REEL/FRAME:030516/0114 Effective date: 20130529 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: PULSE IP, LLC, PENNSYLVANIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:PULSE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:046071/0698 Effective date: 20170628 |
|
STCV | Information on status: appeal procedure |
Free format text: EXAMINER'S ANSWER TO APPEAL BRIEF MAILED |
|
STCV | Information on status: appeal procedure |
Free format text: APPEAL AWAITING BPAI DOCKETING |
|
STCV | Information on status: appeal procedure |
Free format text: ON APPEAL -- AWAITING DECISION BY THE BOARD OF APPEALS |
|
STCV | Information on status: appeal procedure |
Free format text: BOARD OF APPEALS DECISION RENDERED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: PUBLICATIONS -- ISSUE FEE PAYMENT VERIFIED |
|
STCF | Information on status: patent grant |
Free format text: PATENTED CASE |
|
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: ENTITY STATUS SET TO UNDISCOUNTED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: BIG.); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 4TH YEAR, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1551); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY Year of fee payment: 4 |