US1068651A - Flying-machine. - Google Patents

Description

DE BERT HARTLEY.

FLYING MACHINE. APPLICATION FILED 0013, 1910.

Patented July 29, 1913.

4 BHEETS-SHEET 1,

' DE BERT HARTLEY.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLIOATION FILED 0013, 1910.

Patented July 29, 1913.

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Q a 4 RN Mv? Ni a/izesaea' DB BERT HARTLEY. FLYING MAOHINE. APPLICATION IILEQ 061.23, 1910.

Patgnted July 29, 1913.

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Y B L T R A H R E B E D FLYING-momma. APPLICATION FILED 00128, 1910.

' v Patented Ju1y29, 1913.

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E BERT H T OF A O; rumors. i I

FLYING-MACHINE;

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To all whom it mag/concern: t

Be it known that I, DE Bna'r HAR'ILEY, a

tzitizen of the United States, and a resident of Chicago, in the county-of Cook and State of Illinois, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Flying-Machines;

f and I do hereby'declare that the :following is a' full, clear, and exact description thereof,

reference being had to the accompanyingdrawings,and to the characters of reference marked thereon,-which form a part of this specification.

--This invention relates toimp'ro'vements in that type of heavier-than-air flying machine known as aeroplanes, :wherein the weight-is sustained by the-reactions resulting in moving an aeroplane edgewise through. the air at a small angle of incidence by mechanical power or'otherfor ce. y

Among the ob'ects of my invention is to provide aconstruction and arrangem'entfor automatically restoring the equilibrium of the machine upon occasion of the shifting of the center of gravityof the machine, due to the machine'tipping out oi its plane of flight for any reason, whereby such equilibrium is restored independently of manual control of the pilot, thereby leaving the pilot free to direct' the steering movements of the machine and attend to thepower plant;

Such automatic balancing, of the machine ...inay be effected by means of a pivoted plane -or planes so constructed and-arranged that upon tilting of the machine, whereby its center of gravity isshifted, the said-pivoted plane orplanes will be acted upon by the pressure of the-air through which the machlne is moving in such manner as to restore the machine to equilibrium, Such automatic restoration to equilibrium may. be effected tic-maintain pr, restore the machine in both liorizontal'and lateral equilibrium.

Another 'object of the invention, relating to the automatic restoring of lateral equilibrium,.is the provision of laterally extending, pivoted planes, elongatedtransversely to the line of flight and pivoted at such points-to the body of the machine that upon lateral. shifting of the machine, and a consequentshifting of the center of gravity thereof, the said pivoted" planes act auto-' matically. in a inanner-torestorethe lateral stability or equilibrium of the machine.

Another object of the invention relating to .the automatic restoring of equilibrium is the provision of guide tubes or bars for the p Specification of Letters Patent.- Applicationfiled-October}, 191a. Serial No. sateen oted planes in opposition to' the air pressure on-the lower sides of the planes-to hold the i'ium of the machine.

Patented'Jiily 29; i913;

pivoted planes, rigid with andnforming a. part offthe frame of the macliine and carrying springs arranged to act upon the pivplanes normally in position for flight and.

to restore equilibrium, said springs being arranged to be adjusted 'to equalize the area of the pivoted planes' to' diflerent'loads on thema'chine. Another object of the invention is to proyide a simple and effective means .for steermg the machine verticallyin line of its flight through the air, so. arranged that the steer iiigmeans or elevator may operateto automatically restore the longitudinal equilib- Another object of the invention is toprovide an exceedingly simple and effective means .for steering the machine laterally in its course, or from one side to the other of a .direct line of flight. to describe lateral curves.

Another object of the invention is to provide -means'for laterally steering the ma'-- chine, arranged to restore longitudinal equilibrium of the machine.

Another ob'ectof the'inventionis to arran e a connection between the laterally ex tending pivoted planes and a -foll owing,-

plane or rudder in such manner that manual power applied to the lateral planes to swing them on their axes has the efi'ectto twist or tilt the following plane in a manner to change.the lateral direction of flight of the" machine.

Another object of the invention is to provide a connection between such lateral pivoted planes and a following plane, .so are ranged as to produce an action in the following plane which coordinates with, the lateral planes to assist -in restoring the lateral equilibrium upon occasion of lateral shifting of the" machine and consequentshifting of the-center of gravity.

Another object of the invention is to provide an arrangement of spring mounted planes constructed to automatically restore equilibrium of the machine in the event of. the changingof the center of gravity of; the machine, while at .-the. same time beingmounted and arranged to permit the plane members. having the automatic fUHClZIOHS described. to be manually operatedto con-: trol the machine at the will of the ilot.

Another object of the inventipn is to effectan arrangement between the pivoted lateral I planes and a following plane 111 such a way that said following plane may, by manipu- I lation of the, pivoted planes, be swung upwardly to changethe course of the machinefrom a descending line of. flight to an ascending'line when the machine is being prepared to alight upon the ground, and'thus enable-the machine to approach the ground at suchangle and speed as to permit it to land smoothly and without bringing excessive shocks a'nd jars on the. machine;

Anotherobject of the invention is to pro-.

vide an exceedingly simple and light, yet

strong truss frame WhlCh carries the main plane of the machine and the car or like defvicel and to which the lateral planes are pivoted.

- Another object of the invention is to proyide means for quickly stripping or detaehmg the lateral, pivoted planes from the ma:

chme so'that sa d planes may be quickly removedwhen the machine is in' flight, in

the event that one ofsaid planes becomes disabled, and the arrangement of the main plane and coordinating controlling-planes,

as-the elevator and rudder, is such that the machine thus stripped of its lateral planes may be safely steered to the earth ticularly pointed out in, the .appended .claims.

. trating the hinged connection of one of the planes with its yielding balancing lenients and a part of the connection be ween the said pivoted plane and the following plane or rudder. Fig. 8 is a detail Other objects of the. invention are to -mprove and simplify various-details of the machine, and the invention consists in the,

matters hereinafter set forth and more parpivoted illustrating the device for susiaining the ad vancin'g plane or elevator, by means pornnttlng it to be actuated to steer the'machine in a vertical direction and to also automatically restore longiuidimil equilibrium of the machine. Fig. 9 is a section on line 99 of Fig. 8. Fig. 10 IS a detail, partially in section, of the device for yieldingly holding the pivoted planes 1n operative position. Fig. '1 is a detail of the means for detachably connecting the inner ends of the pivoted planes to their balancing yielding elements or spring devices and for releasing them therefrom. Fig. 12 is a section on line 1212 of Fig. :11. .Fig. 13 is a perspective view illustrating the system of cables and attaching devices for quickly stripping the pivoted planes from the machine.

As shownin said drawings, 15 designates what'may betermed the central or body plane of the machine; 16, 16 laterally and oppositely'extending planes which are er ranged transversely to the line of flight and .are pivoted near their inner ends to the machine frame; 17 a vertically swinging elevator. oradvancing plane located in the front of the machine for the-purpose of steering in vertical directions, and 18 a horizontal following plane or rudder arranged at and hinged -to the rear of the main plane for steering in lateral directions, and also ar-'- ranged to modify the verticaldirection or .line .of flight of the machine. The various planes mentioned are herein indicated as made ofsingle thickness material for the purpose of simplifying-the drawings; but"- it will be understood that .in practice any or all of said planes may be of the usual tru'ssed' or double surface construction and formed with such curves as maybe deter-- mined most effective The main or central plane 15 is supported on a rigid trussed frame, consisting as herein shown, of the transverse trusses 19, 19, ar-- ranged one at the front and the other at the rear of the body, andeach compr sing upper and lower arched'or trussed members 20, 20' connected by vertical struts 21, 21.

The main plane 15 is attached to the upper mem bers 20of the trusses, and conforms laterally to the curveof said members, and is preferably parabolically curved from front torear. v

22 designates a car, or other carrying device, forthe pilot and passengers which extends from front to rearof the machine, and is connected at its front and rear ends to thc'lower sides of the trusses 19, 19 at the points 23, (Fig. 3) said car constituting a rigid connection between the lower sides of the trusses. The car is closcdat its sides and bottom so that it may float in water and is provided with a rear and two front sup-- porting wheels 25, 26, respectively, whereby it'may be supported and moved from" place to place on the ground, and upon which the machine is propelled forwardly under its power to obtain the speed required to raise the machine from the ground in starting the same. The two front supporting wheels 26 are mounted on axles 27, 27 connected. in

any suitable manner to the car, and the rear supporting wheel is preferably mounted on a spring arm 28, or other suitable spring device, whereby to cushion the impact of the car against the ground when 'ahghtmg. The front and IQQPSlClGS of the car are mclined upwardly from the frontsupporting wheels, the front inclined surface 29 being arranged to assist in moving the machine out o't', abody of water into which it may alight when motive power is impressed upon the machine to drive it forwardly.-

The pivoted planes 16, as herein shown, and as preferably made, have flattened side and' endmarginal portions, and are trans-- versely and longitudinally curved on their under sides, between their flattened marginal portions, the front and rear curvature being preferably that of a parabola. planes 16 are pivoted to the ends of the trusses 19 by means of pivots 30,- located at the front and rear margins of the wings The .said

' their points of pivot are located nearest'their yinner ends, they being'hereinshown as 10- cated substantially one-third of the dista'nce from their inner to their outer ends, so as to give more sustaining area on their outer than their inner ends.

At the'inner' ends of said pivoted planesare arranged notched guide pieces 32 which engage upright guide tubes I 33, 33 at the sides of the car and rigid with v the 'trussed frame structure.

Said guide tubesare curved at their central portions on arcs concentric to the pivotal axes of the swinging planes so as to maintain their guidmg action'on the pivoted planes in all positions of the latter.. Arranged within each of .us'aid guide tubes is a spiral expansive spring 36,-which is admitted to the tube through the lower end thereof, said lower endbeing closed by a screw-threaded plug 37. Located within the tube above said spring is a follower 88- thatis provided with a lu 39 h i which extends laterally through and sli es in a longitudinal slot in the tube. ,The-inner end of each pivoted plane is connected with Y oted at its lower end to said plane and vided at its upper end with an eye 41 w ich said stud by means of a bail or yoke pivrofits over said lug and is confined thereon by a removable key 42fitted in a transverse open,-

' ing in, the lug laterally outside of the eye.

The springs36 act expansively, through the followers 38 and bails 40, in opposition to the pressure of air beneath the planes to normally maintain the planes-in position for flight, but yield to permit the planes to change their angles to the main plane upon occasion of shifting of the center of gravity of the machine, and when the springs return the planes to normal position equilibrium of the maclune 1s restored.

The springs are placed under compression-when the planes change their angle as described, and the power of the springs actsgvhen returning the j planes to normal position to restore equilibrliirn, as set forth. The compression of the springs 36 maybe varied through the medium of adjusting bolts or screws 44 which are screw-threaded axially through the plugs 37 and are provided at their upper ends, within the tubes, with swivel heads 45 that bear against the lower ends of the springs. Through the efi'ect of the adjustment de scribed the pressure on the inner ends of the swinging planes may be accurately adjusted load, so as to normally hold said swinging planes in their operative positions fpr flight against theupward'pressure of the' air beneath the same, while permitting the outer ends of the planes to be swung upwardly, against the action. of the springs, either by manual power or upon occasion of abnormal pressure on the lower sides of the planes due to tilting of the machine. The adjustment of the springs may be such that the swinging or pivoted plane's 16 may assume as a normal position a dihedral angle relatively to each other, and this dihedral angle is adapted to to suit the weight-of the machine and its be changed either manually or'automatically.

The bails 40 attached as they are to the pivoted planes at laterally separated points serve to brace or stitfen the inner ends of said planes.

It will be observed that the transversely arranged trussed frame constitutes an ex-- 'ceedingly rigid support for the pivoted planes and permits said frame to be made exceedingly light as compared to its strength.

It will also be observed that by pivoting the planes 16 adjacent to their inner ends so as to bring thezlarger parts of the plane sur faces laterally outside their pivots, the planes are made exceedingly sensitive to unbalanced pressures, due to shifting of the center of gravity of the machine, so that their action to maintain and restore equilibrium is delicat and positive. v

The elevator or advancing plane 17 for changing the vertical direction of the mavator has rearwardly extending arms 49 that are pivoted to said bar in any suitable manner. Aunctuating hail or yoke 50 is rigidly connected to saidarms 49 and extends rearwardly beneath the main p'ane and is provided atits rear end'with an eye 51, (Figs. 3, Sand 9) which engages over an upright guide bar 52 extending between the car and the main plane. Said guides bar has a curved portion engaged by said eye which is concentric to the pivotal axis of the elevator 50 as to permit the bail or yoke to swing frcelv u 'n ar lly and downwardly. Surrounding said gait ear :2, and arranged plane is pivoted at its forward edgeto the between the same and an: adjusting nut 55, screw-threaded to the lower end .of said.

guide'bar, is a spiral, expansively acting spring 56 which acts upwardly upon the bail or yoke 50 n opposition to the pressure of air beneath the elevator to hold the elevator in apredetermined ornormal position during flight. The arrangement of the spring and its manner. of adjustment provides means for maintaining the elevator in its 7 normal position against the pressure of air beneath and relative to-the-weight of that part of the machine and its load thrown on the same. Said spring also permits the elevator to be swung upwardly or downwardly to changethe verticaldirection of'the machine, as desired, and further enables the spring mounted elevator to automatically restore the longitudinal equilibrium of the machine in case the machine tends to, tip

forwardly, in.the same general manner as' the spring mounted planes 16 restore lateral equilibrium. The under surface of sadd ele- 'vator is preferably curvedboth longitudinally and laterally, the longitudinal or front to rear curve =bein,'g preferably that of a parabola.-

Referring now to. the construction and arrangement of the following plane or rudder.

18 and to the manner of its operation, said following edge of the main plane to swing vertically for the purpose'of modifying the vertical direction of flight of the machine,

and'the construction'of said plane is also so arranged as to permit said plane to be twisted or warped about .1ts longitudinal axis to change the. lateral direction of fiight of the machine. Thesaid following plane or rudder is shown as being fan shaped, being wider at'its rear than at its front end. It is paraholically curved from front to rear and is also preferably transversely, curved, the

-margins being substantially flat. The frame .of said-following plane,; as it is herein shown, comprises two real-wardlyextending bars that are hinged at 61 to the'following edge of the main plane, andhave only a vertically swinging movement, and'a closed frame 63 which is supported on.sairl'bars and upon which ,the plane surface is stretched. The frame 63 is supported on the bars 60" in a manner pern'iittinga slight rocking or twisting movementthereon,so as topcrmzt the plane, which 1s stretched on the surrounding frame, to be given the warping'or twisting movement, above referred to.

4 For this purpose'the forward member 65 and an intermediate member 66 of the frame 63am provided with clips 67, 67 through. "which thehinged bars 60, 60; loosely extend,

and the rear member 68 of the frame is provided with sockets 69 into which the rear ends of the said bars 60 loosely fit. The said following plane or rudder is adapted to be swung about its hinges 61, and to be I warped about its longitudinal axis, for the purposes specified, by the following devices: 72, 72 designate vertically swinging levers arranged beneath the following plane or rudder and pivoted between their ends to a horizontal pivot bar ,73 that is mounted in the rear end of a tail consisting of V-shaped frames 74, 74 which extend rearwardly' from extend beneath the main plane and may be operatively connected in any suitable manner to the yielding balancing devices of the pivoted planes so that said pivoted planes and following plane or rudder may have coordinating movement for a purpose hereinafter to be described. Such connnection, as herein shown, consists of the eyes 77 formed in the lugs 39 of the followers 38,-

through which eyes'the forward ends of; the levers loosely extend, to produce, in effect, a swiveling connection between the levers and said lugs.

lVith the arrangement shown, when the forward ends of both levers 72 are simul taneously depressed, the following lane or rudder is swung upwardly as a who e aboutits hinges. 61, and in this position serves to steer the machine in vertical direction, If

howeverene of the levers be swung downwardly while the other remains stationary, the following plane or rudder will be twisted or warped about itslongitudinal axis, one

of the rear corners of said plane being thrown upwardly while the other rear corner is thrown downwardly. For instance, if the right handlever 72 be swung down- 'wardly while the left hand lever remains stationary, the right rear corner of the following plane or rudder will be thrown up-' wardly and the left rear corner thrown downwardly. This movement of the rudder is permitted by reason of the resiliency. in

the swinging bars 60 and also by reason of the loose or rocking COI-lfiQCf-lOn of-the frame 63 with the bar-s60 at the points (57. and 69.

In some instances arrangements may be made to manually operate the following plane or rudder either by directly grasping the operating levers 72 or by means of other operating mechanism connected therewith. As herein shown said rudder operating levers are provided with hand holds 10 by which the rudder may be thus manipulated.

When the rudder l8 is applied to the 'ma" .chine herein, shown, having the. pivoted,

lateral planes, such independent manual operation of the rudderwill be eite ctive when the pivoted planes are detached from the machine,.as will be hereinatter described. The said rudder may, however, be applied to machines in which thesteering will be effected by direct manual manipulation of the levers 72, or other analogous operating devices When the rudder is operatively connected, through saidlevers-72'and spring balance device, with the pivoted planes, the

tilting of'said latterplanes on their pivots serves tosiinultan'eously operate the rudder or tollowing plane with the pivoted planes,

whereby said following plane or rudder coordinat-eswith said pivoted planes, either to restore lateral equilibrium to the machine,

.; upon occasio-nof the shifting of the center of gravity thereof, or tosteer the machine. The means whereby said pivoted planes, and the following plane or, rudder 'coordinate to produce theseresults'will be best understood-from. an inspection otFigs. 4 z

and '5.

The 1111 "h s ositions lot the pivoted planes and following-plane shown in Fig. i'are the positions which'these parts assume when. the machine moves in a straight line of flight, it beingunderstood that the advancing edges o-fthe planes are slightly tilted upwardly, with thepropercurvature,

to give th'e proper' angle of incidence of the planes to the air. During such time of: straight flight the front :.elevator 17 will be adjusted in a-plane substantially parallel to that of the 'other planes. If new for any reasontheinachine be tilted laterally, about its longitudinal axis, as lfor instance if the pilot should shift his weight toward one side of the machine, or if an unbalancing pressure be exerted against the underside of one of the pivotedplaheslGQan unbalanced weight will be thrown -.upon :that {swing- -ing plane -16 toward-which the center of gravity has been shifted. When the machine occupies the tilted position assumed, the machine, as a whole, will be laterallyinclined to. its normal plane ,so that, ifthe planes were fiiged or immovable, the machine would tend to glide or skidin a slanting direction toward the e'arth; --Byreason of the pivotal mounting of the 'pl-anes16, having unbalanced areas on the opposite sides -of their pivots, the pivoted plane toward which the center'of gravity has been shifted -will be tilted on its pivot to'swing it to the -p'osition shown-in the dotted line position a indicated in'Fig. 4', and, through its'connection with the following plane or rudder, will warp ortwist the adjacent .rear' corner of said rudder.upwardly to the dotted position 7) shown in Fig. t. Theautomatic' upward tilting of the plane-ldto'ward which the maehine'tilts hastheett'ec tr'to maintain said .latter plane'and "the adjacent side"of the following: plane -or-. ruddersubstantially parallel to the horizontal, and to increase theangle' of incidence thereofi to the air in the slanting path in which the machine tends to' glide orskid and, inasmuch as the opposite pivotedplane h'asvnot changed its position on its'axis, the reaction. of the overbalanced weighhshittedto the tilted plane 16, on the sustaining body of: air will have the effect of arresting the gliding or skidding movement. The planes when swung to 5 the dotted line positions L,' 'b, indicated in Fig. 4, were swung to these positions against the action of the-balancing springs or yielding elements 36. Thereafter the said balancing springs-or yielding elements 36 returns the pivoted planes and rudder. to. normal positions with respect to the otherplanes and restore therlateral equilibrium of the machine. It will of course be understood that it the machine be tilted in the opposite 5 direction-by shifting ofthe center of gravity toward such other direction the-other, or right hand] pivoted, plane will operate,'in conjunction with theright handside'of the following plane or rudder to restore the machine to lateral equilibrium in the same man? ner as before described. It will thus be seen that the flateral-stabilit-y'of the machine is at all times automatically restored without any attention whatever on-the part of the pilot, so-that the pilot ,may give his full attention-t0 steering and driving the ma hine. i

The spring balanced elevator 17 acts in a generally similar 'manner'to maintain the longitudinal equilibrium of the machine.- As betore stated, the balancing spring 56 of the elevator is so adjusted with respect to the weight which it carries and to the air pressure beneath the same as; tobe maintained in a .-predetermined position relatively to the other planes during flight. If through any disturbing influence the machine is tilted forwardly soasto. throw abnormal weight on the elevator, the reaction setup in the air beneath the elevator will have-the ,efiect toupwardly tiltsaid elevator against the action of the spring 56 and thereby steer the machine upwardly to. restore the machine to its-normal line of.11 5 flight, and the return of the elevator under thefinfiuence of the balancing spring will restore equilibrium tothe machine. -.-The following plane or rudderIS is also uormally held in operative-position for flight by-the eilect of the springs 30 opposing the action of tlieair ressure beneath the plane, and said spring eld plane or rudder will. operate in the general manner of the elevator to restore longitudinal equilibrium to 5 *the machine. should the machine tip backwardly by shifting of the center of gra ity toward the rear of the machine. This ei"ec.t

of the rudder or following plane will be manitestedwhether ornot thelateral planes 139 be in'place or detached from the machine.

In fact the spring or other yielding balance of the elevator and rudder'described may operate in connection with various other types of aeroplanes having diflerent -means for maintaining and restoring lateral balance, andjthe invention, so far as it relates tothe rudder and elevator, is not limited to the type of machine herein shown.

The pivoted planes 16 and the following plane or rudder 18, in addition to their function of. automatically restoring lateral equilibrium to the machine, as above described, serve also as means-for laterally guiding themachine in flight. For this pur- .pose the inner ends of the swinging planes,

adjacent to the car 22, may be provided with the handles 80, Fig. 7, which .are adapted to be grasped by the hands of the pilot to steer the machine. If, for instance,

it be desired 'to steer the machine to the right, from the position assumed inlfull lines in Fig. 4:, as viewed from the seat, the ilot grasps the handle 80 of the pivoted p ane at the left hand side of the machine and. tiltssaid plane to the dotted line position a shown in Fig. 4. This tilting movement of the plane 16 causes the adjacent rear corner of the following plane to be 'warped or twisted downwardly; In'

or rudder to be warped or twisted upwardly and the opposite rear cornerof said rudder this positlon of the rudder the angle-of incidence to the air is increased on the right .35

hand side of the rudder and isdeereased on the left hand side thereof. This has the ofthe machine on the side thereof effect to retard the speed of that side of the machine presenting the larger-angle of incidenceto, theair and to accelerate the speed resenting the smaller angle-of incidence. he result of this is that the machine turns or pivots about a vertical axis toward the side presenting the larger angle of incidence.

henthe machine is to be turned toward the left the pilot grasps the handle 80 of the right hand pivoted plane to tilt the same on its axis and to warp the following plane or rudder in a direction opposite to that indicated by'the dotted line b, Fig. 4.

If when preparing to alight the machine should approach ,the ground at such an angle and at such speed that the machine may'not be readily controlled by the elepilots mount the lateral planes.

tion with thefelevator 17 to elevate the nose of the machine so as to incline th upwardly. the pivoted planes and of the elevatorin this manner the machine may be made to approach a desired landing spot at a suitfor safe landing. When thus descendingin have been stripped, in a manner hereinafter to be descri'bemor when descending in a Thusby proper manipulation-of ably long angle and at a' sultably slow speed machine from which the pivoted Lplanes machine not having such pivoted planes,'

and having other means for maintaining and restoring lateral e uilibrium, the said following-plane or rudd er mav be manipulated by direct manual contro tion with the elevator, to efiect proper landingas described.-

I have provided means for strippingthe lateral, pivoted planes from the machine in case of injury to one of the planes, or incase for any other reason it is desired to de- If, for instance,-

in conj unca safe and.

during flight one ofthe laterahplanes I should become disabled and useless to perform its function, the effect of the other plane would be to turn the machine onits longitudinal axis and throw entirely out of the control ofthe other'planes so'that the machine would dro to the ground. In order to meet this contingency I have pro.

planes at their pivots 30 and also "at their connections with thestuds 39 of the followers 38. A convenient mechanism forefiecb ing this result is herein shown andjis inade 'vided means for disconnecting said lateral.

-as follows: Each of said pivots 30 is aitw o I part pivot, as best shown in Figs. 1 and 13,

and the members ofeach pivot are at, ranged in line and se arated from each other at their inner en s. They have longitudinal guiding engagement in bearings- 85, 85 fixed in any suitable manner on the planes l6. The said two-part pivots are normally projected. outwardly for engagement with the bearings in-the trusses by means of spiral springs 86 surrounding said members and interposed between the inner bearings 85 and pins 87 extending through said pivots. The inner ends of said pivots are formed with eyes 88 to which are conneeted the two branches 89 of a cable'90, said branches passing about pulleys 91, 31 mounted on the plane between said'pivot members. The cables 90 extend inwardly 0 over the planes 16 to the car; They are provided at the inner ends of the planes with other branches 93 which extend upwardly to the connection of the bails 40 with the studs-39, said branches 93 suitable pulleys 94 at the inner ends of said planes. The upper ends of said branches 93 are connected with devices for releasing or pulling downwardly the locking keys 42 which lock the bail eyes on the studs 39, -and passing under also with stripping devices .by which the -tl'irough and have vertical sliding engageor looking positions.

ment in-guide sleevesz100 that are-supported on'cross bars 101v which extend be tween' the arms of the bails 40. Spiral, expansively acting springs 102 are interposed betweensaid'guide sleeves 100 and shoulders .03'forrned-inany suitable manner on the stems 99, said springs serving normallyto hold the locking pins in their uppermost The lower ends. of said guide stems are formed with eyes to V which are attached the upper ends of the branchcables 93. ,The bars-96, which carry thewedges' 95, are made of such length that the wedges will not engage the bail eyes 42 to force them from the studs until after the pins 42 are withdrawn from the slotted lugs and. below the planes of the eyes.

= after the pins have been thus released, serves --to strip the bail eyes off of the'lugs-and 7 thereby release the bails and the inner endsof the pivoted planes from the balancing spring devices. i

The systemof cables for operating the stripping devices describedlis so arranged that the branches 93 are maintained normally, taut, while the main cables 90, lying along the pivoted planes are slack, as indicate in Fig. 13. Therefore upon pulling the inner ends of the cables 90, the first efiect is to release the pins 42 .and stri the hails from the studs 39, after which, in the con-- tinued pull on the cables, the pivot members 30 are drawn inwardly to release them from their bearings at the outer ends ofrthe trusses. \Vhen so released the planes are free to drop fronrthe machine. It is thus evident that said planes, while being re,- liably connected to the machine during use thereof, may be quickly stripped therefrom when the emergency arises, and may also be readily detached from the machine when it is desired to demount the machinefor other purposes, as for the purpose of storage.

'lhe propeller 105 is shown as locatedat the front of the machine just in rear. of the elevator l7, and is driven, through its shaft 106, by any suitable form of motor 1 0T mounted on a. part rigid with the'trussed' frame. The propeller shaft 100 is mounted in a suitable bearlng lixed nnthe forwardly extendmg'nose of the machine. The pro- Co-n-- tinned movement of the bars andwedges,

bearings;

4. In an aeroplane, apivoted plane hav- 'peller may, however, I be otherwise located,

as desired and morethanone propeller may be employed. :It will be furthermore-1man1-' test that the structural details of the ma-a chine may be varied in other "respects with out departing from-lhespirit. of the invention, and the invention-'15 not limitedto'the illustrated details, ekceptassuch details are" hereinafter made tl1e s11lijectof specific claims. Y I claim as my invention 1. An aeroplanecomprising v porting planes, pivots between the ends of slang-sit.

said planes and' trending in'the'line' of ad-' Vance of the machine,'upon which" these planes may be independently tilted by change. of center of gravity of the machine, and means cooperating with the inner ends of said planes to restore them to normal position and reestablish equilibrium when they have been so tilted.

2. An aeroplane comprising-tilting supporting and controlling planes, pivots between the ends of said planes and trending in the line of advance of the machine, upon which pivots these planes may be independ entlyti'lted by change of the center of grave ity of the machine, means to automatically cooperate with the inner ends ofsaid planes to restore them to normal positionand reestablish equilibrium-when they have been so tilted, andmeans at the inner ends of said 'planes for manually controlling said planes to directthe flight oif'the' machine.

3. In an aeroplane, a main frame pr ovided with bearings, oppositely, directed, elongated supporting, balancing and steering planes independently hinged to said bearings j and swingable independently of each other, said planes being in themselves immovable except as to warping and the1r hinged connection to said frame, and means cooperating with said planes to restore them to normal position and reestablish equilibing its lower' side presented to tl1e air a fixed guide for the'inner end of said piv oted plane, a guide projection on said plane for -ngaging said fixed guide, and a spring associated with said guide and actingon' th'eplane in opposition to the pressure of airbeneath-the outer end of the same to normally hold the plane in operative position for fiight,.and arranged to permit the plane to automatically change its angle upon the shifting of center of gravity of the urac'lnne, said spring acting to return the plane to normal operative position and to thereby restore the equilibrium-of the inachinc,

An aeroplane cmnprising a main plane.

and its frame and opposcd-lateral plant-s pivoted'betwecn their ruds to said main plane and adapted to occupy dill'ercnt. diherium after they have been tilted on. their main plane with means -to independently change said dihedral angles.

dralangles relatively to each other and the 6. An aeroplanecomprising a" main plane and its frame and opposed lateral planes pivoted to said main plane and adapted to occupy different dihedral angles relatively to each other and the main plane, yielding balancing means connecting the inner ends of said lateralplanes to the frame, and xnea-nsassociated with the balancing means whfzreby the dihedral angles of said lateral planes, relatiyely. to each other, may be changed. ,f Q 'i 7'. An aeroplane comprising a main plane a'ndits frame, the latter provided with side bearings, and laterally opposed supporting, steering and balancing. planes pivoted between their ends to said bearings, with their areas outside their pivots overbalancing the areas thereof inside their pivots.

8. An aeroplane comprising a main lane and its frame, the latter provided with side bearings,

I and laterally opposed supporting steering and balancing planes pivoted between their ends to said bearings, said .frames embracin upright guide members, and guide device on the pivoted planes to engage-said guide members.

9. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, laterally. opposed sustaining planes pivoted between their ends to the \frameand each having unbalanced areas at .the oppositesides of its pivot, and yielding a balancing means acting against the pivoted planes in opposition to the unbalancing pressure ofair beneath said planes. 10. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, laterally opposed planes arranged with their inner ends beneath the main-plane and pivoted between their ends to said frame at points in their lengths near est adjacent to itliei'r iianer ends, and adjustable yiclding balancing means acting on the inner ends of the pivoted planes. a 11. An aeroplane comprising a frame, two laterally "opposite planes pivoted to said frame, upright slotted guide tubes carried by the frame for guiding the pivoted planes in their tiltingmovements, springs within said tubes, and connections betwecn'the springs and said pivoted planes, whereby said springs act against the pivoted planes in opposition to the pressure of air beneath said planes.

' 12. An aeroplane machine comprising a' main plane and its frame, the latter provided with side bearings, and laterally op-- posed supporting steering and balancing planes pivoted between their ends to said bearings with their areasoutside their pivots (Wei-balancing the areas thereof inside their pivots, said frame embracing upright guide members, guide devices of the pivoted planes to on the inner ends engage said guide main plane and its frame,

for withdrawing members, and bails pivoted at their lower 13. An aeroplane machine comprising a main plane and its frame, the latter provided with side bearings, and laterally opposed supporting steering and balancing planes pivoted between their ends to said bea ings with their areas outside their piv-.

ots overbalancing the areas thereof inside their pivots, said frame embracing upright guide members, guide devices on the inner endsof the pivoted planes to engage said ide members, and bails pivoted at their to the inner ends of the pivoted planes, and

springs associated with said guide members of the frame and acting on the unbalanced planes. through the bails, for the purpose set forth.-

. 14. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, the latter provided with side bearings laterally opposed supporting,

steering and balancing-planes pivoted be.

tween their .ends to said earings with their areas outside their pivots overbalancing the areas thereof inside their pivots, said frame embracing upright, hollow,

ower ends'and at laterally separated points slotted guide posts, springs within said hollow posts, and

bails connected to 'theinner ends ofv said pivoted planes,

' balancing the areas thereof inside their piv; o ts, said frame embracing guide p0sts,

springs carried by the guide posts, and bails connected to the inner ends of said pivoted planes, and operatively connected with said springs, whereby the springs act in opposition to the overbalanced areas of the planes, and means for adjusting the springs to vary the action thereof on said pivoted planes.

16. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, laterally opposed supporting and balancing'planes pivoted .to said frame by' releasabl pivots, and Inc-ans the pivots of said planes from the frame during flight to thereby strip said pivoted planes from the machine.

17, An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, laterally opposed planes pivoted to said frame, yielding elements carried by said frame and conne ted to and acting vupon said pivoted'planes for and operatively connected, through the slots of said posts, with saidthe springs act in oppo-,

1,059,051 i s {a the purpose set forth, and a single manually operable device for each pivoted plane, connected to the pi'vots of said planes and to the connections between the yielding elements and said planes and arranged, by a continuous movement thereof, to disconnect the pivoted planes from the frame, first at their points of connection with said yielding elements and afterward at their pivots. 18; An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, laterally opposed planes pivotedto said frame by spring held i p1: members, yielding elements carried by said frame and operatively connected to and acting upon the pivoted planes, the connections between said, pivoted R anes and said yielding "elements embracing a combined releasablelock and stripping device arranged, when the lock is released, to strip the planes from said; yielding elements, and a single cable for each plane acting upon the spring held pivots of the plane and the lockingand stripping device toreleasesaid parts ina contmuous pulling movement. of

the cable to strip the pivoted planes from the machine.

j 19. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, laterally opposed planes 'pi-voted between their ends to the frame, a-' following plane or rudder, and

operative connections between the following plane or rudder and the inner ends of the pivoted planes constructed to operate the the pivoted planes.

following plane upon a-change 'of angle of 20. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and"v its frame, laterallyopposed planes. pivoted between their ends to the frame, a following plane or rudder constructed to be swung vertically and to be warped or twisted about its longitudinal axis, and operative connections between the inner ends of said.pivoted planes andsaid following plane or rudder arranged to warp and to-swing the following plane or rudder upon a change of angle of the pivoted planes. J

21. Anj-aeropla ne" comprising a main plane and its frame, laterally opposed planes.

planespivotedlto said -frame,-a following- .plane orrudder, operative connections betweenv the following plane or rudder and the inner ends of the pivoted planes arranged to produce a predetermined coordinating operation of the rudder upona change of angle .of the pivoted planes relatively to the main plane, and ielding elements carried by the frame an eratively connected pivoted and following 22.An"aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, laterally opposed' planes pivoted'to said frame,'a following plane or rudder hinged to the main lane and adapted to be swung vertical y to acting against said opchange the vertical direction of themachine, and to be warped or twisted-about its longitudinal axis to vsteer the machine later,

tween the inner end of each pivoted plane plane is-Warp'ed when one only of the pivoted plants is tilted upon its; pivot and the following plane is swung upwardly when both pivoted tilted on their pivots.

planes are simultaneously ally, and separate operative connections be I .,7O and one side of the following plane, 'so constructed and arranged that the following- '23. An aeroplane comprising .a main plane, laterally opposed pivoted planes hav'-- ing releasable i'vofs, afollowing plane or .rudder COT'ABUDGd to the main plane, operative connections between the pivoted planes and the following lane arranged to give steering motion to te latter .plane upon the tilting of the pivoted planes on their pivots, spring elements actingon said operative connections between the lateral and following planes, and means to withdraw the pivotsof the lateralplanes to strip said planes from the machine without releasing'thefollowing plane or rudder from said 'spring elements. "it 24. An aeroplane comprislng a frame, a

main plane thereon, a hinged following plane orrudder adapted to be freely swung vertically about its hinge to change the vertical direction of the machine, and to be bodily warped: or twisted about its longitudinal axis to steer the machine laterally, and separately actuable operating levers pivoted: t'ot-he frame and connected one at each side of the following plane and extending forwardly beneath the main plane.

25. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and a horizontal, vertically swinging following plane or rudder at the following edge of the main plane, comprising rearwardly extending bars which are hinged to swing vertically, and a frame with a plane said latter frame being mounted loosely on said bars, whereby the frame may rock on said bars to permit the rudder to twist or warp about an axis located between said bars, and independently actuable operating devices connected each'to one'of said bars and extending forwardly. beneath the main plane.

27. In an aeroplane, a main plane, a pivoted elevator at. the front of the main plane movement of the elevator, said spring being nectcd trusses arranged supported on said guide. N

:28. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, an elevator at the front of the main plane'for steering the machine vertically, a following plane or rudder at the rear of the main plane for control-ling the vertical and lateral direction of the machine, laterally opposed planes pivoted to' the side of said frame, and yielding ele-' ments acting on said planes and elevator in opposition'to air "pressure on their lower surfaces to normally maintainthem in operative position for flight, while permitting them to change their angles, upon shifting of the center of gravity of the machine, and to return the planesto operative position to restore the equilibrium of the machine. 29. An aeroplane comprising a frame composed of front and rear, rigidly con-' transversely to the line of flight and having upper transversely curved members, between and attached to the trusses and transversely curved to conform to the upperplane extending between transversely to as my invention I aflix a central plane extending members of the trusses, and laterally op-' posed supporting and balancing otedzbetween their ends to the trusses.

. 30. An aeroplane comprising a frame composed of front and rear transversely to the lineof planes pivends of said flight, a .central and attached to the upper sides of the trusses, lateral supporting and balancing planes pivoted to the ends'ofsaid trusses,'and a car construction extending between and attached to and depending principally below the lower sides of the trusses and constituting arigid connection between thelower sides of the trusses.

trusses arranged '31. An aeroplane comprising front and -rear, rigidly connected trusses.- arranged the line of flight, a central plane extending between and attached to the upper members of said trusses, a nose rigid with and extending forwardly from the front truss and carrying bearings for a propeller shaft, 'a propeller shaft mounted in said bearing and laterally opposed supporting and balancingv planes pivoted tothe ends of said trussesanda rudder at the rear-of the main plane. i

In testimony, that I claim the foregoing my signature in the presence of two witnesses, this 28th day of September A; D. 1910. v

f DE BERT-HARTLEY. WVitness'es': v l

Nl lnnnmesnn,

. ALBERT SYIEiNI-IAUSER.

Copies'o'f this patent may be obtained. for five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents,

Washington, 1 C.

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