US1025434A - Concrete piling and piling units. - Google Patents

Description

M. M. UPSON.

CONCRETE PILING AND PILING UNITS.. APPLICATION FILED APB.. 9, 1910. BNEWED SEPT. 26, 1911.

1,025,434. Patented May 7, 1912.

Xxx.

ltllventor 7h. 1%. l @11a/i A tiny MAXWELLM. UrsoN, oF ENGLEwoop, NEW JERSEY.

CONCRETE FILING AND-P'ILING UNITS.

Specication of Letters Patent. Application filed April 9, 1910, Serial No. 554,388. v

I Patented May 7, 1912. Renewed September 26, 1911. Serial No. 651,462.

To all whom tt may concern:

Be it known that I, MAXWELL M. UPsoN, a'citizenof the United States of America, and a resident of Englewood, New Jersey, have invented certain 'new and useful .lmprovements in Concrete Piling and Piling Units, the principles of which are set forth in the following specification and accompanying drawings, whichv disclose the form of the invention which I now consider to be the bestof the various forms in which the principles of the invention may be embodied.

rllhis invent-ion relates to concrete piling and piling elements, for foundations, walls, cribs, coifer-dams, piers, wharves, bridges,

, bulkheads, buildings, and the like.

The object of the invention is a practical construction, physically and economically, of said nature for such purposes, and the invention consists of the structures hereinafter disclosed and claimed. One of the lock are manifestly weak at the-joints, and

therefore are not Awell adapted to resist strains at right angles to their length, and they are extremely liable to breakage in sinking into laterally-interlocking position with adjacent units; and furthermore, they do not at'all resist strains along the line of the piling tending to pull the units apart and produce openings between the units, un-

' less they are still further weakened by a modication constituting la longitudinal interlock. At the same time, some such linterlock is extremely desirable, to keep the pilev units -from relative transverse and lonitudinal movement, so as to permit a joint, preferably lfrom top to bottom of the piling, which shall be of such character as to permanently prevent the passage through ter. The mere prevention of longitudinal and transverse vmovement notA of itself sulficient to insure against passage of such. matter, although the prevention of such movements is a long step in that direction. The special tongue-and-groove interlock of the art shown betweenunits Z, W, Fig. 3, and constituting a vagrant joint in addition to interlocking, answers all requirements excep`t4 the kessential one of strengthg that is, itl v is theoretically ideal, but is actually impractical 'because the interlocking projections are Aliable to breakage during sinking, so

' that the joint is never tight from the beginning. Combination steel and concrete piles wherein the steel comprises a struct-ure forming a connecting baresteel web and a container for the concrete, either both web and container, or one or the other,-and whereinl there is a metal interlock, are excessively expensive and -lack the mechanical advantages for foundation purposes, of a uniform, thick, and stable concrete structure.y So also with'sheet piling entirely composed of steel,

which is not suiiiciently rigid unless the mass of the material lis increased to an economically-prohibitlve degree, as by increasing the thickness of the steel'sheets or by providing extra angles to` withstand 'the' greatest strains. .In any oase,'steel piling is' most expensive, and has a short life resulting from rust and salt-water erosion; and' protection of the steel from erosion, by mereI coatings of concrete (as distinguished from a steel-reinforced concretev pile)-simply increases its said excessive cost, without in-'- creasing the structural strength. Finally, any concrete piling unitwhich requires steel these being the' high cost. The greatesteconomy accompanies the use of c oncretev piling with concretel interlocks, but heretofore that has been considered impracticable, and for the following reasons. It has beenl possible, as in Fig. 3, to obtain all-concrete j piling having theoretically tight joints, the diliiculty, however, being that the jointsv could not be actually made tight on account of breakage during sinking of the structure to constitute the interlock, is thereby madel which was weakened in the attempt to obtain a vagrant joint to produce tightness and to interlock the piling units.

AIn addition to the fact that ordinary tongue-andgroove interlocked concrete piling units `afford no interlockjresistanee to strains longitudinal of the piling, it is practically impossible to reinforce the pile-projections adjacent the groove'in such manner 16 as to obviate danger of breakage by lstrains at right angles to the piling, both during installation and after the pile is in position. Even the attempt to accomplish such result is accompanied by great trouble and expense. This invention includes and provides concrete sheet-piling and units therefor, which may entirely lack all metal parts except the ordinary internal reinforcing used in piles which are preemolded, this novel piling hav- 20 ing a simple y concrete interlock against strains longitudinally, and transversely of the piling, and forming a tight joint, without in anywise seriously weakening the structure. This invention makes it possible I to use as a piling element, the ordinary simple pre-molded concrete pile, with a specially molded butsimple concrete joint-face, and without any external covering or container or metallic interlock, and capable of being grounded or sunk in any of the modes customary in the case of concrete piling units.

I have found that a concrete wall of sheet piling made up of the pile units of this invention, is substantially even stronger and more rigid than a continuously molded wall of concrete would be, and that it acts to vsubstantially the same degree as that in preventing the passage through the piling-wall of semi-solid and solid matter. The advantagevin installation of this substitute for a continuously molded wall, is made clear from a consideration of the fact that the piles of this invention are manufactured as separate individual units either in or out of their grounded positions, but preferably out, and before sinking or grounding; and when so pre-molded they are of such .small size and convenient shape that they can be readily handled, and grounded in the ordinary way, as by water-jettingor driving, or

both, and without the necessity of the preliminary trench-excavation required for a continuously-molded concrete wall. In the case -of water-jetting, the units may have a Water passage, as well known. j

Of the drawings, Figure 1 is a horizontal section lof the piling shown in Fig. 2 in elevation, and embodying the invention hereof; and Fig. 3 is a horizontal section showing concrete piling of the prior art.

The concrete piles shown may consist of the material commonly used, z'. e., comprising cement, sand, and broken stone or gravel, the stone or gravel being preferably used for economy. The piles may be molded in any known way, and may, and preferably do, contain the usual vertical steel reinforcing rods or equivalents shown at 'Y as mutually supported by wires or stirrups X, in the usual way. The concrete of the piles is indicated in Fig. 1 in section by the crosshatching.

In Fig. 3 the concrete piling of the prior art is shown as consisting of concrete piling units V, Z, `W. The ordinary concrete tongue-and-groove interlock between V and Z obviously lacks any interlock against strains longitudinally of the piling, so that the joint might spread or open up in the' direction of the length of the piling, suliieiently to permit the passage through it of semi-solid and solid matter. The tongueand-groove acts simply against transverse strains and as a centering guide for the unit in sinking it alongside its adjacent and previously sunk unit. The special concrete tongue-and-groove interlock between units Z and W takes care of both transverse and longitudinal strains tending to separate the units, but at the 'sacrifice of requisite strength of a unit having dimensions small enough to be practicable for handling and installation. Thus the material at 1, 2 and 3 is most seriously reduced in thickness, and throughoutthe vertical length of the unit, so that this construction is actually impracticable, the interlocking projections being liable to breakage during sinking. or afterward, at 1, 2 or 3. The joint itself however. owing to its shape which produces the interlock against longitudinal movement, whereby the joint possesses a vagrant, devious or Wandering character, is ideally adapted to prevent the forcing through it of semi-solid and solid matter. ,The trouble is that the structure is too weak to insure the maintenance of this otherwise ideally tight joint. On the other hand, the permanently tight integral concrete interlocking joint of this invention, such as those between concrete pile units of Fig. 1, not only serves to prevent spreading of the joint and units longitudinally, and reduct-ion of the joint by movement of the units transversely, but permits all. necessary strength of material, such that the joint-face projections are not liable to breakage and the joint is maintained tight permanently. Thus, at A, B. C, Fig. 1, joint 4 at an angle to the length of the piling, prevents longitudinal displacement of the units from each other, and therefore prevents spreading of the joint, thus doing the work of either one of the (liverging faces of the special tongue-and-groove joint between units Z and W, Fig. 3. Joints 5 and 6, Fig. 1, at oppositely disposed longitudinal projections a, I) of unit B, do the Work done by the special tongue-and-groove joint between Z and lV, Fig. 3, as to preventing` displacement of the unit from adjacent units, in the direction transversely oi the piling, thus preventing reduction of the joint in that direction. -This is all done without weakening the structure, because,

vin Fig. l, between adjacent units, such as A and B, there is' only one joint 4 which' interlo'c'ks against longitudinal movement, this vbeing located substantially midway of the transverse thickness of the unitsu This permits maximum thickness, transversely of the unit, of the longitudinal projections a., o; and it also permits maximum thickness,

liti

dit

. the unit.

vagrant character as 'that between Z and W,

longitudinally ot the unit, of the transverse projections c, d from longitudinal projections I). in Fig. 8on the other hand, the materialatsome or' all of thepartsl, 2, Soi

the joint between Z, W, must be too weak, because there are two inclined tongue-faces,

one at each side of the longitudinal center, and 'each necessarily' substantially remote from that center, thus producing three cooperating projections transversely of two adjacent units. `lin Fi l, the location of the joint i substantial y at the transverse l center of the unit, limits to two, the necessary number oit cooperating projections transversely of two adjacent units, thus permitting maximum thickness of the material ot the projections. This drawing of unit `B, Fig. l, clearly shows that the transverse width of each longitudinal project-ion a, I) may be nearly haii the transverse thickness of the concrete pile unit, as compared with the special tongue-and-groove joint between units Z, W ot Fig. 3, where the thickness of material at 1, 2 or 3 must be approximately only one-third oit1 the transverse thickness of This joint between units A and B, Fig. 1, however, also possesses the same Fig. 3, which is so desirable a feature in preventing the forcing of matter through the joint of the piling, provided that this vagrant joint be inamtained tight. The placing oi cement in this vagrant joint, it desirable, will further increase the improbabilit-y of the passage lofmatter through the piling, and onstitute the piling substan-y tially a continuous wall. A- desirable manner ot lling the joint to make it absolutely tight is'to slush the contact-faces with Icement-mortar just prior to sinking.

jections,. a, h away from .each other,

the tree or non-contacting sident then unitv A it', opposite projection a. This auxiliary guide may be secured to one of the units A or B, such as B, by means ofthe bolts shown, which are embedded in the concrete. Guide G is secured to the lower portion of the unit (Fig. '2), andextends longitudinally beyond the face of A which contacts with unit B. Thus, the guide G, while A is being sunk, serves to keep the lower portions of projections a, c of A, in tight engagement with the lower portions of projections d of B; and as the sinking progresses, the portions ot projections a, I), c, d above auxiliary guide (i are held tightlytogether on account of the entire unit being held in vertical alinement in the ordinary manner between the walling-.pieces of the pile-driver or other suitable vertical guides. As indicated in Fig; 2, the guide Gis sunk 4with the pile unit and-there remains in the mud or earth;

AIt is immaterial as to which unit a guide G is secured, so long as it serves its stated funct1on of assisting to center the unit during shaking.V The projections a and c, etc., are

to be understood as preferably extending from top to bottom of the pile unit, as shown in Fig. 2, to thereby give maximum strength to prevent the passage of semi-solid and solid matter throughthe' piling at any portion of its height, and particularly they are to be understood as extending near the bottom in order .to serve as guides coperating with auxiliary guide G during sinking. But obviously,"the preferred forms may be widely varied within the inventioin,

as for example, the guides G might be duplicated and 'be located also near the top oi' the units. But no upper auxiliary guide G is needed for unit B, because project-lon a of B at the right is oppositely disposed with respect to projection b ofB at the left, so that after unit B is sunk along unit C and A alongV B, so that B is held between A and C, B is kept from transverse movement in either direction by virtue of the opposite dispositionof theprojections on the respective contact-faces oi'unit B. Here the only needed function for G is to preserve alinement of B with C during, the sinking of B. llurthermore,A the invention mayv be embodied in forms, hereinafter disclosed, wherein the coperating sinking guide is not auxiliary to the unit, as is G, but may be an integral portion of the concrete unit itselfthus dispensing with all-auxiliaries@ such as G. I

Une'obj ect ofthe novel construction above described is to prevent the breakage, during sinking, of 'those Y integral parts of the piling-units which interlock the units against longitudinal and transverse movement, so as to provide and maintain a tight joint. This objectis also -accomplished by f* the joint-between 'units -C and D, l*`ig. 1, wherein the longitudinal and transverse 1nterlock consists of concrete or grout B 1n recesses L, M in the joint-faces of the units C, D, the concrete being placed inthe cavity formed by the facing recesses after C has been sunk alongside D; C being guided into place along D by means of lower guides G1 on both free or non-contacting sides of C (Figs. 1 and 2). If desired, a

steel helixv S may be placed in the space L, Mj

afterthe units C, D are in place and before the space is filled with concrete; but this is simply to reinforce the narrow part of the concrete joint and need not and preferably does not comprise a metallic interlock between units C and D. In fact, the reinforcement S is of the same'general nature as the 'ordinary internal reinforcing X, Y, eX- cept that it is located as a part of the novel structure in the part thereof having the least strength, although the grout or concrete R will set integrally to a suflicient extent with the concrete of the pile-units C, D, so that the concrete at L or M is in fact a projection integral with unit C or unitD respectively, the peculiarity of the construction being that the concrete structure R does not eXist until after the uni-ts are in place. The

statements made above as to guide G, apply joint, because the recesses L, M may be also to guides G1. Also the guides G1 are turned inward at the right to enter lateral grooves O in unit D, to keep unit C close to D during sinking. There is no liability to breakage during the sinking, in this form of made small and the adjacent projections thick, as compared with the projections-of Fig. 3, and because the projections adjacent to recesses L, M of Fig. 1 are not subjected to interlocking strains during sinking. Af-

ter these units C, D are sunk and the recesses lled with concrete or grout, the units become consolidated into what is substantially a continuous wall, even if the contracting faces of the pairs of projections adjacent the recesses be not sealed together byy cement. In any case, this form provides a tight joint which cannot possibly be penetrated by solid or semi-solid matter.

A simple and complete form'of the invention, lacking any separate or auxiliary guides either at bottom or top, is shown att-he joints of unit E with units D and F. Here there is the longitudinally-interlocking joint 4 substantially as at A, B and C. In addition, the joint-faces, as at the port- ions 10 and 11, may be inclined, as shown, to

:serve as centering guides to coperate with projections a, b, c, i during sinking, and

also for transverse locking after sinking.

These inclined portions 10, '11 prevent transverse movement of unit E in the direction of the longitudinal projections a, of units D, E, F transversely away from'each other,

and therefore permit both longitudinal projections a, b of unit E to be located on thel same side of the longitudinal center, in-

stead of on opposite sides as in unit B. But even if projections a, b of unit E beoppositely disposed as in unit B, the inclinations such as 10, 11 of the j oint-faces of E, would serve as coperative guides during the sinking of E. Thus, when the projections a, I), and the inclined portion 11 of unit E and the correspondingly inclined part 13 0f unit F, extend substantially to the bottom of the unit, as they preferably do, they serve to center unit E in lace during sinking alongside adjacent unit F. Of a given unit E, any two or more of the joints 9, 10, 11, 12 may be inclined for this purpose, provided' only that at least one is inclined at each jointl face of the unit at such anule as to cooperate with a projection a or Z) 1n centering the unit in sinkin and to keepthejoint tight thereafter. he form shown at the right of unit E is preferable, however, where the inclined portion 11 is the side of the joint-face of the unit E which is opposite to projection a of said unit, and not the face of the projection itself, so that the centering strains are distributed across the 'entire transverse thickness of the unit. The inclined portions, as 10, 11, can be inclined suiiiciently to so serve as coperative centering guides durng sinking and as transverse interlocks after sinking, without seriously weakening the structure, by virtue of the fact that the location `of the longitudinal interlock/1 substantially at the center of the transverse thickness of the unit, permits considerable length to be given to the longitudinal projections a, b in the direction of the piling, so as to compensate in material for that lost by forming the inclinations 10, 11. The inclinations are to be understood as being on the contacting face of a unit, whether on the contacting face of a projectionfrom the unit, or otherwise.

A characteristic common to all the above novel structures comprising interlocks against movement of units longitudinally of the piling, is that theunits have a noncentering integral concrete interlock against strains longitudinally of the piling. That is to say, the integral portion ofthe unit which comprises the interlockagainst longitudinal movement does not of itself serve to center durin sinking, (as is the case at Z, W, Fig. 3 but either does not assist at all in centering, as at C, D, or assists only by preventing transverse movement in one direction, as at A, B, C and D, E, F. The concrete interlock against movement longitudinally of the piling is integral with the unit in all such cases, in the sense that it is a molded part of the. concrete unit, whether cast as a projection of a unit before the unit is sunk, or, as at C, D, molded with the joint-faces of the units in recesses therein after lthe sinking of the units. The longitudinal interlock 1s non-centering in that it alone cannotfserve to center the'unit.y

' and between D, E, l?.

which is being sunk, with respect to an adjacent sunk unit. Some coperating means for centering is' required, if centering is to be assured, because, in the cas of the use of a singleprojection a (from unit B), this can guide yonly as to one direction of the two. possible directions of transverse'move- Y f ment. rll`hus, at A, B, C the means coperative with the interlocking projections a,

b, toiguide the unit as to both transversev directions, 2. c., to center it, is the guide G; at D, El? it is the inclined portion 10 or 1l; at C, D, one of the pair of guides G1 cooperates with the other, etc. At Z, W, Fig. 3, on the other hand, the pair of inclined joints of the Lspecial tongue, both of which coperate with the groove in the adj acent unit to interlock the 'two units against relative movement longitudinally of the piling, also coperate with each other to center the unit Z during sinking alongside unit W. lhere is also acharacteristic common to all ot the novel forms wherein a piling-unitprojection is employed, as between A, B, C

This is that the jointiace of a lunit has onlya single longitudii nally-interlocking projection, and this single projection Vhas onlya single longitudinally- 'interlocking joint-face which face is in a plane yangularly disposed with reference to the plane of the meeting or opposing side of the pile; so that at the joint-faces of two adjacent units there are only two coperative longitudinally-interlocking projections and only one longitudinally-interlocking joint; all as distinguished from the -prior art, as at Z, W, 4Fig. 3, where there are three longitudinal projections and two longitudinally-interlocking joints. A further characteristic of the projection-form of the invention is that the single longitudinally-intervlocking joint is located substantially midway of the transverse diameter of the unit. The projection is from one side of, the contacting tace; and the` thickness oqt-he projection, on account of the'ce'ntral location of the longitudinally-interlocking joint-face, is

'nearly haltthe transverse thickness of the .were altered by removin tongue along a line paral el with the piling,l

entire unit. The effect :is as if the special tongue-and-groove joint-atZ, W.(F1g."3)

then removing the projection' 1 from the other unit, then movin thel remaining tongue-portion into the p ace of projection l, 4and nally enlarging the projection 3 ont' the other unit to cause it to come into interlocking engagement Wlth 4 the remaining single .interlocking joint-face of the rem-'I nant of the tongue. 'lt is this elimination',

in this invention, of the double longitudii vnelly-interlockiiig joint at Z, IW,lB`ig. 3,

which makes desirable some Acooperative centering means during sinking, -notwithstarada-portion of the the completed piling may be prevented by the opposite disposition of the two longitudinal projectionstfrom' the respective con- ,tact faces of a unit, as at B, Fig. l.

The jointbetween units F and H illustrates the action of adjacent longitudinal projectionsa, b of the two adjacent units to prevent transverse .displacement in the direction of the projections toward each other, and also the action of the inclination of the contact face at 13 as a means 'coperative with said projections, to center the'l unitlduring sinking and vto prevent transverse' displacement in the direction of the project-ions away from each other all being shown independently of any longitudinallyinterlocking joint. However, independently of the inclination 14v of the contact tace of unit H, the opposite disposition ofthe projections a, b serves to prevent transverse displacement of a unit from a vcomplete piling, and in the lack of such inclination,

luseiEul during sinking, an auxiliary guide 'G2 may be employed in sinking lil with a straight face as at 15. ln piling having joints such as those between F, H and lr,

lacking longitudinal interlocks, thetransverse interlocks consisting of t-he longitudinal projections a, t, provide vthe desired tight or vagrant joints which will not be disturbed it the endsv of the piling'be securely anchored against longitudinal movement. lt is preferable, however, to provide thel longitudinally interlocking construction, in order to insure that the units may be initially sunk closely enough together to form a tight joint.

, The joint between l and J illustrates the action of guides Gon both of the opposite free sides of the units, in keeping the units -in vplace from transverse'moveinents; the

guides G3., permissibly at top and bottom,

entering recesses U1 to lkeep the units in place from loilgitudinal movement. These guides and recesses can be used in an -form 'of the invention, whenever desirab e', and under certain conditions of installation, ma provide a 'joint suiilciently tight alt-hougl lacking` the generally desirable vagrant character. 1

The ultimate product of' the invention is a piling which is all-concrete, including the interlock, as concernsall but the desirable ordinary internal reinforcement; and

.the joints are preferably completely filled Awith cement or cement mortar, such that 'ire ico

the e'ect, as to water-proofing 'and' per- I petual life, is that of a sol/id concrete wall, the cemented' joints being permanently maintained tight by 'theA special formn' in-4 terlocking construction shown. "'lhi'si piling urthermorewresembles a `,continuous' "cnncrete wall in being of uniformthickne'ss, 'n't increased atXthe joints, lacking any outer ist ree

covering, container or metal interlocks, and having full strength in the plane of the piling and at angles therewith. This piling may be adapted to any desired angle, by merely changing the shape of the molds for the individual piles. In short, it may be used under any conditions where steel piling is now used, and not only with high comparative economy, but with greatly increased stability and carrying capacit-ys Not only is the piling of this invention much more economical than steel piling for a given height of piling unit, but the economy is multiplied as a result of the fact that a given height of pile has a greater carrying capacity, owing to the more massive character of the concrete pile element and its subunits (i. e., the height of the piling), the

saine may be dispensed with whenever desired. It is usually preferable that the novel joint extend from'top to bottom, but there is no necessity of using the invention where it is not useful. It is clear that t-he units may be held together in accordance with the invention, by the novel joints which do not extend continuously from top to bottomfand if in any case, a tight or vagrant .joint is not needed from top to bottom, the

same need extend only so far as to hold the units together so as to maintain the joint tight at the levels where that is desirable. It is clear also that as few as two units of a long piling may embody the invention, as at a localized place where a tight joint may be desirable; and that therefore a piling may be witliin the invention even if only a portion of it -be constructed in accordance therewith.

I claim:

1. A concrete sheet wall comprising a plurality of successively-adjacent concrete pileunits having a non-centering joint of concrete between two adjacent units, which concrete joint holds the j oint-faces of said units against joint-spreading longitudinally of the piling.

2. Concrete piling comprising a plurality of successively-adjacent concreterpile-units having non-centering joint-s of concrete at the two joint-faces of a unit, which concrete joints hold said unit against j oint-movement transversely of the piling. i

3. Concrete piling comprising a plurality of successively-adjacent concrete pile-units having a non-centering joint of concrete bet-ween two Aadjacent units, which concrete joint holds said unit against joint-movement longitudinally and transversely of thc piling.

4. Concrete piling comprising a plurality of successively-adjacent concrete pile-units,

.two of which units adjacent to each other have each a single longitudinal projection of integral concrete from its joint-face, said 'projections having each an integral trans- -in one transverse direction; and means for preventing joint-movement in the opposite transverse direction and cooperative with said project-ions to provide and maintain a tight joint between said two adjacent units.

6. Concrete piling 'comprising a plurality of successively-adjacent concrete pile-units, the two joint faces of two adjacent units having each a single longitudinal projection of integral concrete, said two project-ions holding said two adjacent units from jointmovement in one direction transversely of the piling; and means for holding said two adjacent units from joint-movement in the opposite transverse direction.

7. Concrete piling comprising a plurality of. successively-adjacent concrete pile-uiiits, the two joint-faces of two adjacent units having each a single longitudinal projection of integral concrete, said two projections interlocking with each other to prevent jointmovement longitudinally of the piling and in one transversedirection; and an auxiliary guide secured to the free side of the piling and holding said two adjacent units from joint-movement in the opposite transverse direction.

8. Concrete piling comprising a plurality of successively-adjacent concrete pile-units, the two joint faces of two adjacent units having each a single longitudinal projection of integral concrete, said two projections holding saidtwo adjacent units from jointmovement in one direction transversely of the piling; and an auxiliary guide secured to the free side of the piling and holding said two adjacent units from joint-movement in the opposite transverse direction.

9. A concrete sheet wall comprising a plurality of successively-adjacent concrete pileunits, the two joint-faces of two adjacent units having each a single longitudinal projection of integral concrete, said two pro j ections interlocking with each other to prevent ljoint-movement longitudinally of the piling and in one direction transversely of pile-units, the two joint 'faces of two adjacent units having each a single longitudinal projection of integral concrete, said two proj eetions holding said two adjacent units from joint-movement in one direction transversely of the piling; and means secured to the free sides of the piling for holding said twoadjacent units from joint-movement in the opposite transverse direction.

11. A unite for concrete piling, consisting of a concrete pile having secured to its free side an auxiliary guide extending beyond the unit in the direction of its length longitudinally of the piling.

12. A unit for concrete piling, consisting of a concrete pile having a vertical recess formed in its free side.

13. A unit for concrete piling, consisting of a concrete pile having an integral concrete projection from a joint-face, said pro j ection having a single locking-joint face at an angle with the piling length of the unit.

14. A unit for concrete piling, consisting of a concrete pile having from each of its joint-faces an integral concrete projection, each of said projections having a single locking-joint face at an vangle with the piling length of the unit.

l5. A unit for concrete piling, consisting of a concrete pile having from each of its joint-faces an integral concrete projection, each of said projections having a single locking-joint face at an angle with the piling length of the unit, said two projections and their locking-joint faces being disposed oppositely to each other von the respective faces of the unit.

16. A unit for concrete piling, consisting of a concrete pile having from each of its joint-faces an integral concrete projection, each of said projections having a single locking-joint face at an angle with the piling length of the unit, said two projections and their locking-joint faces being disposed correspondingly to each other on the respective faces of the unit.

17. A unit for concrete piling, consisting of a concrete pile having a vagrant jointface, one portion of which is inclined at an angle to serve as an interlock longitudinally of the piling, and another portion of which is inclined to serveonly to hold the unit 'single longitudinally-interlocking portion.

MAXWELL M. UPSON.

Witnesses:

I. A. FISK, H. P. HAMLIN.

Images