US10049176B2 - Method for determining characteristics of holes to be provided through a plate and corresponding programme - Google Patents

Method for determining characteristics of holes to be provided through a plate and corresponding programme Download PDF

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US10049176B2
US10049176B2 US14/914,900 US201414914900A US10049176B2 US 10049176 B2 US10049176 B2 US 10049176B2 US 201414914900 A US201414914900 A US 201414914900A US 10049176 B2 US10049176 B2 US 10049176B2
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Prior art keywords
orifices
orifice
plate
fluid
area
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US20160210391A1 (en
Inventor
Gilles Flamant
Lingai Luo
Yilin Fan
Min Wei
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universite de Nantes
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Universite de Nantes
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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Classifications

    • G06F17/5072—
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/026—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits
    • F28F9/0278—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits in the form of stacked distribution plates or perforated plates arranged over end plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/026—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits
    • F28F9/028—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits by using inserts for modifying the pattern of flow inside the header box, e.g. by using flow restrictors or permeable bodies or blocks with channels
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
    • G01N15/088—Investigating volume, surface area, size or distribution of pores; Porosimetry
    • G06F17/5018—
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
    • G06F30/23—Design optimisation, verification or simulation using finite element methods [FEM] or finite difference methods [FDM]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/30—Circuit design
    • G06F30/39—Circuit design at the physical level
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/30—Circuit design
    • G06F30/39—Circuit design at the physical level
    • G06F30/392—Floor-planning or layout, e.g. partitioning or placement
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • G01N30/60—Construction of the column
    • G01N30/6004—Construction of the column end pieces
    • G01N30/6017—Fluid distributors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2119/00—Details relating to the type or aim of the analysis or the optimisation
    • G06F2119/08—Thermal analysis or thermal optimisation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates in general manner to distributing fluid in a circuit.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method of determining the characteristics of orifices to be made in a plate in order to be able to obtain better uniformity in the distribution of fluid downstream from the perforated plate in a manner that is fast and reliable, and that is applicable to various different circuit designs and different working conditions.
  • Another object of the invention is also to be able to design a circuit that includes a plate that is made using said method, and of size that is limited with limited head loss for the fluid passing through the plate.
  • the invention provides a method of determining characteristics of orifices for making through a plate, said plate being for positioning in a circuit across the fluid passage, said method being characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
  • Such a method of the invention makes it possible to optimize the distribution of fluid through a perforated plate placed across a fluid passage in a fluid flow circuit with a distribution that is more uniform or homogeneous across a flow section of the circuit downstream from the perforated plate.
  • the flow section that is fed with fluid downstream from the plate is formed in three dimensions (3D) by a surface and it may be reduced to a line for performing calculation in two dimensions (2D) as described in detail below.
  • the flow rate density as a parameter, i.e. the flow rate relative to the control length or area, representative of the positions of the orifices relative to one another, and by comparing the flow rate density of each orifice with the mean flow rate density by associating the value of the flow rate density of each orifice with the value of the mean flow rate density, it is possible to obtain a distribution that is more uniform, in particular for the speeds of the fluid downstream from the perforated plate, thereby improving the efficiency of the installation and reducing any risk of the installation being damaged.
  • the space or domain of the circuit fed with fluid downstream from the perforated plate may be used to perform a function such as: heat exchange; chemical reaction; or fluid separation.
  • this space or domain downstream from the plate may comprise:
  • the diameter d i of the area a i of the fluid passage of the orifice is modified to increase the diameter d i of the orifice if the flow rate density Qs i of the orifice is less than the mean flow rate density Q s , and vice versa.
  • said at least one modified characteristic of at least some of the orifices is the diameter d i or the area a i of the fluid passage of the orifice.
  • said at least one modified characteristic of at least some of the orifices is the number N of orifices.
  • said at least one modified characteristic of at least some of the orifices is the length L* i of the segment or the control area S* 1 of the orifice, without the constraint of being equal to the segment length L* i of the control area S* i of the other orifices.
  • the length L* i of each control segment, or each control area S* i is defined as being equal to the length of each of the other segments, or equal to each of the other control areas.
  • the step of modifying at least one characteristic of at least some of the orifices is performed while conserving a constant porosity value for the plate, said plate porosity being defined as the sum of the fluid-passing diameters or areas of the orifices divided by the length, or the area, of the plate.
  • the fluid-passing diameter d i or area S i of the orifice written d i,t or a i,t is modified to or in such a manner that:
  • the diameter d i or the fluid passage a i and the length L* i of the segment or the control area S* i are selected in such a manner that d i /L* i is less than or equal to 1, or is less than or equal to 1.
  • d i /L* i is less than or equal to 1, or a i /S* i is preferably kept less than or equal to 1 regardless of the iteration, i.e. regardless of the calculation cycle.
  • the steps d) to h) correspond to a calculation cycle, the method comprising executing a first series, of calculation cycles, with a characteristic of at least some of the orifices being modified in step h), and a second series of calculation cycles being executed with another characteristic of at least some of the orifices being modified in step h).
  • each plurality of cycles is performed with a constant value for plate porosity from one cycle to another in the same series, but with a different value for plate porosity from one series to another.
  • the method comprises:
  • steps d) to h) correspond to a calculation cycle, and a series of calculation cycles is performed with a plate of given shape and/or size, and a second series of calculation is performed with another plate shape and/or size.
  • the invention also provides a computer program comprising program code instructions for executing steps of the method as described above when said program is executed on a computer.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view in two dimensions of a circuit having a perforated plate placed therein, the characteristics of an orifice and of the plate suitable for use in an implementation of the invention being referenced;
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view in two dimensions of a circuit of a heat exchanger across which there is positioned a perforated plate;
  • FIG. 3 is a view of a graph plotting up the ordinate axis the ratio of the diameter of each orifice over the mean diameter of the orifices in a plate, e.g. corresponding to the plate of FIG. 2 , and along the abscissa axis the references of the corresponding orifices for a series of five calculation cycles marked “Cycle 0 ” to “Cycle 4 ”, in accordance with an implementation of the invention;
  • FIG. 3A is a diagrammatic view showing the various diameters of the plate orifices defined in FIG. 3 for the series of five calculation cycles written “Cycle 0 ” to “Cycle 4 ”;
  • FIG. 4 is an image using point density to show the distribution of speeds in the circuit of the FIG. 3 heat exchanger in which the plate is perforated with orifices of diameters corresponding to the Cycle 4 cycle of FIG. 3 or 3A ;
  • FIG. 4A is an image using point density to show the distribution of speeds in the circuit of the FIG. 3 heat exchanger in which the plate is perforated with orifice diameters corresponding to the Cycle 0 cycle of FIG. 3 or 3A ;
  • FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing the steps of an implementation of the method of the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view of a square plate of surface area S subdivided into control surfaces S* i of square shape, each of which includes an orifice of fluid passage a i , the characteristics of said plate being used for performing an implementation of the method of the invention, with 3D calculation; and
  • FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view of a round plate of surface area S, having a portion subdivided into control surfaces S* i of hexagonal shape, each including an orifice of fluid passage a i , the characteristics of said plate being used for performing an implementation of the method of the invention, with 3D calculation.
  • the invention relates to a method of determining the characteristics of orifices to be made through a plate 2 that is positioned in a circuit in order to make uniform the distribution and preferably also the speeds of the fluid downstream from said plate 2 .
  • the characteristics of the orifices comprise in particular the number, the diameters, and possibly the relative positions of each of the orifices.
  • the number of orifices could be different, and it is written N.
  • Said plate 2 is positioned in the circuit 10 across the fluid passage 7 downstream from the inlet 11 of the circuit.
  • the circuit 10 forms a portion of a heat exchanger 1 and has a portion 13 forming parallel fluid ducts arranged with ducts 3 of another fluid circuit of said heat exchanger so as to enable heat to be exchanged between the fluid passing along the ducts 13 and the fluid passing along said other ducts 3 .
  • the method of determining the characteristics of orifices in the plate comprises the following steps, described with reference to the flow chart of FIG. 5 .
  • operational data of the circuit is defined, said data advantageously comprising the temperature of the fluid, and/or the pressure of the fluid, and/or the received heat flux, and/or gravity.
  • step 401 data concerning the fluid 7 entering the circuit upstream from the plate 2 is defined.
  • This fluid data comprises the flow rate Q entering the circuit, and preferably the viscosity, and/or the compressibility, and/or the density of said fluid, as a function of the temperature of the fluid and/or of the pressure of the fluid.
  • Data relating to the orifices is also defined in step 402 .
  • Said characteristics comprise the number N of orifices, and for each orifice, when using 2D geometry, there is defined a segment referred to as the control segment, which is of length L* i .
  • Each control segment corresponds to cutting out a part or all of the length, written L, of the plate 2 such that the segments join one another and each segment includes the corresponding orifice i.
  • a control surface is defined, written S* i .
  • Each control surface then corresponds to cutting out a part or all of the surface area, written S, of the plate 2 so that the control surfaces join one another, and each control surface surrounds the corresponding orifice i.
  • control segments or surfaces are representative of the distances or areas between an orifice and another orifice, and thus of the extent of the zone immediately downstream of the plate over which the fluid will spread on leaving the corresponding orifice.
  • the diameter, written d i , or the area, written a i , of the fluid passage of each orifice is also defined.
  • the diameter d i is initially identical among the orifices.
  • the initial diameter of each orifice may differ from one orifice to another. The same applies to the area a i of each orifice when using a 3D model.
  • the local porosity is equal to the diameter d i of the orifice over the length L* i .
  • the local porosity is defined as above by replacing the length L* i with the area S* i , and by replacing d i with a i .
  • the area S* i which is replaced by the length L* i in 2D, corresponds to an area around the orifice, or indeed to a control volume of the plate around the orifice if consideration is given to the thickness of the plate.
  • the area a i which is replaced by the diameter d i in 2D, corresponds to the fluid passage of the orifice or indeed to the volume of the orifice if consideration is given to the thickness of the plate.
  • said local length L* corresponds to the length L of the plate divided by the number of orifices, written N, present along this line length, i.e.:
  • the ratio d i /L* i is selected to be less than or equal to 1.
  • the ratio a i /S* i is selected to be less than or equal to 1.
  • the porosity is defined as above, replacing the diameter d i with the fluid passage a i and the length L of the plate by the area S of the plate.
  • the circuit 10 and its content, in particular the plate 2 with its orifices, are meshed in step 403 .
  • the other elements 3 if any, that are present inside said circuit 10 , such as the ducts 3 of the other heat exchanger circuit, are also meshed.
  • the outline of the circuit, its inlet and outlet, and also the inside of said circuit are meshed. It is necessary to mesh a shape in order to be able to calculate numerically the dynamic behavior of the fluid. This is a conventional technique for the person skilled in the art and is therefore not described in detail.
  • the meshing may be performed using the GAMBIT (registered trademark) meshing software.
  • the dynamic behavior of the fluid in the circuit is simulated in step 404 so as to determine the speed of the fluid flow in each mesh of the circuit as a function of the fluid data, preferably of the operational data, of the characteristics of the orifices, and of the mesh.
  • the simulation may be performed using numerical simulation software, such as FLUENT (registered trademark) software published by the supplier ANSYS (registered trademark).
  • FLUENT registered trademark
  • the fluid speed calculation points or meshes are selected to be sufficiently numerous to be representative of the flow of fluid in each zone of the circuit.
  • step 405 the fluid flow rate Q i through each orifice in the perforated plate 2 is then calculated as a function of the speed determined for the stream of fluid through each orifice, and of the diameter (2D mode) or of the fluid passage (3D) mode of said orifice.
  • the calculation of Q i also takes account of other physical properties of said fluid, such as its viscosity, its compressibility, and its density.
  • a mean value for flow rate density, written Q s is defined as the ratio of the flow rate Q entering the circuit divided by the length. L of the plate (in 2D) or by the area S of the plate (in 3D).
  • the lengths L* are identical from one segment to another.
  • the error value e.g. 1% or 5%
  • step 407 the diameter d i or the area a i is modified in some or all of the orifices, using the following equation in 2D:
  • calculation steps 403 to 406 are repeated until the difference in absolute value for each orifice between Qs i and Q s is less than a given value, referred to as the error value, e.g. 1% or 5%.
  • the error value e.g. 1% or 5%.
  • calculation steps 403 to 406 are repeated while keeping overall porosity constant, at least for a given series of repetitions.
  • the set of steps 403 to 406 as described above is referred to as a calculation cycle in the description below.
  • the characteristic that is modified during the first series of calculation cycles is the diameter d i (2D) or the area a i (3D) of each orifice, after which the character that is modified during the second series of calculation cycles is the number N of orifices.
  • said characteristic of the orifices that is modified may be the length L* i of the segment or the control area S* i of the orifice without any constraint on the segment lengths or the control areas being equal for all the orifices.
  • each plurality of cycles is performed with a plate porosity value that is constant from one cycle to another in the same series, but with a plate porosity value that differs from one series to another.
  • the head loss associated with the characteristics, of the orifices that are considered as being optimized is calculated, and the characteristics of the orifices that are considered as being optimized that correspond to the calculation cycle series having the smallest head loss is then selected.
  • the orifices After selecting the configuration of orifices that is considered as being optimized from the point of view of the uniformity of flow rates per unit area through each orifice and possibly from the point of view of head loss, the orifices can be made in the plate in compliance with said selected configuration and the plate can be put into place in the circuit of the installation at the intended position.
  • provision may also be made to perform a series of calculation cycles with a plate of given shape and/or size (e.g. square as shown in FIG. 6 ), and at least one second series of calculations with a plate of some other shape and/or size (e.g. round as shown in FIG. 7 ).
  • a series of calculation cycles with a plate of given shape and/or size (e.g. square as shown in FIG. 6 ), and at least one second series of calculations with a plate of some other shape and/or size (e.g. round as shown in FIG. 7 ).
  • Such an installation may be applied to separating air, to the petrochemical industry, or to other types of installation that make use of a circuit in which a fluid flows.
  • Such a method of optimizing the configuration of the orifices in the plate is advantageously developed in the form of an algorithm that makes it possible to obtain a distribution of fluid that is substantially uniform downstream from the plate with little increase in head loss associated with inserting the plate.
  • This method makes it possible to define the topology of the orifices to be drilled:
  • the steps of the above-described method are performed using program code instructions executed on a computer.
  • FIGS. 3 to 4 show the diameter values modified for each orifice during the four calculation cycles (or iterations) performed in succession starting from an initial diameter definition corresponding to the curve Cycle 0 .
  • the graph of FIG. 3 plots up the ordinate axis the ratio d i /d mean where d mean is the mean diameter of the orifices in the plate, and along the abscissa axis the references of the N orifices, specifically O 1 to O 9 .
  • FIG. 3A shows the diameters associated with the various orifices in the plate during each cycle Cycle 1 to Cycle 4 starting from initialization in Cycle 0 .
  • FIG. 4 serves to visualize the distribution of fluid speeds in the circuit with a plate perforated in compliance with the orifice distribution of the cycle Cycle 4 .
  • the field of speeds is represented by the density of points it can thus be seen that the distribution of speeds in the five parallel channels in this configuration is more uniform than that which results from the initial distribution of orifice Cycle 0 , that can be seen in FIG. 4A .
  • program storage devices e.g. in computer-readable digital data storage media, or they may be executable programs.
  • the programs or instructions may also be executed from program storage peripherals.

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US14/914,900 2013-08-30 2014-08-29 Method for determining characteristics of holes to be provided through a plate and corresponding programme Active 2034-10-06 US10049176B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1358304A FR3010178B1 (fr) 2013-08-30 2013-08-30 Procede de determination de caracteristiques d'orifices a menager a travers une plaque et programme correspondant
FR1358304 2013-08-30
PCT/FR2014/052145 WO2015028758A1 (fr) 2013-08-30 2014-08-29 Procede de determination de caracteristiques d'orifices a menager a travers une plaque et programme correspondant

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US20160210391A1 US20160210391A1 (en) 2016-07-21
US10049176B2 true US10049176B2 (en) 2018-08-14

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EP (1) EP3039585B1 (fr)
DK (1) DK3039585T3 (fr)
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WO (1) WO2015028758A1 (fr)

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US20160040942A1 (en) * 2014-08-08 2016-02-11 Halla Visteon Climate Control Corp. Heat exchanger with integrated noise suppression
JP7124425B2 (ja) 2018-05-02 2022-08-24 富士電機株式会社 冷却装置、半導体モジュールおよび車両

Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6668915B1 (en) * 1999-09-28 2003-12-30 Peter Albert Materna Optimized fins for convective heat transfer
US20050087767A1 (en) * 2003-10-27 2005-04-28 Fitzgerald Sean P. Manifold designs, and flow control in multichannel microchannel devices
US20070144708A1 (en) * 2005-12-22 2007-06-28 Tilton Charles L Passive Fluid Recovery System
US20120111535A1 (en) * 2010-10-28 2012-05-10 Alstom Technology Ltd. Orifice plate for controlling solids flow, methods of use thereof and articles comprising the same

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6668915B1 (en) * 1999-09-28 2003-12-30 Peter Albert Materna Optimized fins for convective heat transfer
US20050087767A1 (en) * 2003-10-27 2005-04-28 Fitzgerald Sean P. Manifold designs, and flow control in multichannel microchannel devices
US20070144708A1 (en) * 2005-12-22 2007-06-28 Tilton Charles L Passive Fluid Recovery System
US20120111535A1 (en) * 2010-10-28 2012-05-10 Alstom Technology Ltd. Orifice plate for controlling solids flow, methods of use thereof and articles comprising the same

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Search Report dated 2015.
Wang et al: "Effects of distribution channel dimensions on flow distribution and pressure drop in a plate-fin heat exchanger" Dated: Mar. 7, 2013.
Wen J et al.: "Study of flow distribution and its improvement on the header of plate-fin heat exchanger" Dated: Nov. 2004.

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FR3010178B1 (fr) 2018-11-09
WO2015028758A1 (fr) 2015-03-05
EP3039585A1 (fr) 2016-07-06
FR3010178A1 (fr) 2015-03-06
DK3039585T3 (en) 2019-04-01
EP3039585B1 (fr) 2018-12-26
US20160210391A1 (en) 2016-07-21

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