US10012533B2 - Semi-active laser (SAL) receivers and methods of use thereof - Google Patents

Semi-active laser (SAL) receivers and methods of use thereof Download PDF

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US10012533B2
US10012533B2 US14/996,936 US201614996936A US10012533B2 US 10012533 B2 US10012533 B2 US 10012533B2 US 201614996936 A US201614996936 A US 201614996936A US 10012533 B2 US10012533 B2 US 10012533B2
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capacitor
component
switching component
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US20170205283A1 (en
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Richard H. Wyles
Michael J. Batinica
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Raytheon Co
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Raytheon Co
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Priority to US14/996,936 priority Critical patent/US10012533B2/en
Priority to PCT/US2016/048050 priority patent/WO2017123282A1/fr
Priority to KR1020187018752A priority patent/KR102078320B1/ko
Priority to EP16766696.5A priority patent/EP3403115B1/fr
Priority to JP2018552631A priority patent/JP6561215B2/ja
Publication of US20170205283A1 publication Critical patent/US20170205283A1/en
Priority to IL259515A priority patent/IL259515B/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J1/44—Electric circuits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41G—WEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G7/00—Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles
    • F41G7/20—Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles based on continuous observation of target position
    • F41G7/22—Homing guidance systems
    • F41G7/226—Semi-active homing systems, i.e. comprising a receiver and involving auxiliary illuminating means, e.g. using auxiliary guiding missiles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41G—WEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G7/00—Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles
    • F41G7/20—Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles based on continuous observation of target position
    • F41G7/22—Homing guidance systems
    • F41G7/2273—Homing guidance systems characterised by the type of waves
    • F41G7/2293—Homing guidance systems characterised by the type of waves using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
    • G01S17/02—Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S17/06—Systems determining position data of a target
    • G01S17/42—Simultaneous measurement of distance and other co-ordinates
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
    • G01S3/78—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S3/781—Details
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
    • G01S3/78—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S3/782—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
    • G01S3/783—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using amplitude comparison of signals derived from static detectors or detector systems
    • G01S3/784—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using amplitude comparison of signals derived from static detectors or detector systems using a mosaic of detectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
    • G01S3/78—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S3/782—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
    • G01S3/785—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using adjustment of orientation of directivity characteristics of a detector or detector system to give a desired condition of signal derived from that detector or detector system
    • G01S3/786—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using adjustment of orientation of directivity characteristics of a detector or detector system to give a desired condition of signal derived from that detector or detector system the desired condition being maintained automatically
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
    • G01S7/483—Details of pulse systems
    • G01S7/486—Receivers
    • G01S7/4865—Time delay measurement, e.g. time-of-flight measurement, time of arrival measurement or determining the exact position of a peak
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
    • H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
    • H04N25/71—Charge-coupled device [CCD] sensors; Charge-transfer registers specially adapted for CCD sensors
    • H04N25/75—Circuitry for providing, modifying or processing image signals from the pixel array
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
    • G01S7/483—Details of pulse systems
    • G01S7/486—Receivers
    • G01S7/4861—Circuits for detection, sampling, integration or read-out
    • G01S7/4863—Detector arrays, e.g. charge-transfer gates
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
    • G01S7/483—Details of pulse systems
    • G01S7/486—Receivers
    • G01S7/487—Extracting wanted echo signals, e.g. pulse detection
    • G01S7/4873—Extracting wanted echo signals, e.g. pulse detection by deriving and controlling a threshold value

Definitions

  • SAL semi-active laser
  • Typical SAL receivers use an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to continuously digitize the signal from each pixel at high speed to follow the short laser pulse return, and use digital processing to examine the waveform seen by each pixel for laser pulses of interest.
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • This architecture limits the array size to about 2 ⁇ 2.
  • Typical SAL receivers use 2 ⁇ 2 pixel “quadrant” photodetectors to provide information on the alignment of the SAL receiver and bomb relative to the laser spot.
  • One problem with these systems is that the 2 ⁇ 2 pixel array limits the resolution and field of view (FOV) of the sensor.
  • SAL systems use a 1.06 micron laser wavelength, which causes eye damage and is not covert since most current EO sensors including image intensifiers can see this wavelength and thus determine the location of the laser designator. Furthermore, existing SAL systems can experience significant performance degradation when the sun is in the FOV of the sensor.
  • Receiver designs that can use large focal plane arrays without exceeding the cost and size limitations and that can enable the use of eye safe lasers are disclosed herein below.
  • the readout circuit of these teachings for readout from a focal plane array having a number of pixels, includes, for each one pixel in the focal plane array, an adaptive photodetector load circuit coupled to a detector for the one pixel, the adaptive photodetector load circuit having a frequency dependent circuit in parallel with a three point switching component, a third point of the three point switching component being connected to an intermediate point in the frequency dependent circuit, a voltage from the intermediate point to ground providing a switching voltage for the three point switching component, a trans-impedance amplifier, the detector being AC coupled to the trans-impedance amplifier, a comparator component, receiving an AC coupled output of the trans-impedance amplifier and comparing the AC coupled output to a predetermined threshold, a sample and hold ring comprising a number charge storage components connected in parallel, each one charge storage component comprising a capacitor in series with an enabling three point switching component, a third point of the enabling three point switching component receiving a ring enable signal, where a predetermined charge
  • a readout enabling signal is provided and charge in the capacitor in each predetermined charge storage component is multiplexed out to the output data line.
  • the ring enable signal is reset to ring enable.
  • the method of these teachings for readout from a focal plane array having a number of pixels, includes, for each one pixel in the focal plane array, coupling an adaptive photodetector load circuit to a detector for the one pixel, the adaptive photodetector load circuit configured to suppress effects of low frequency variations incident on the detector, AC coupling a trans-impedance amplifier to the detector, providing AC coupled output of the trans-impedance amplifier, through a buffer amplifier to a predetermined capacitor in a sample and hold ring, a connection to the predetermined capacitor being enabled, comparing the AC coupled output of all of the trans-impedance amplifier to a predetermined threshold, disabling, after the predetermined time delay, the connection to the predetermined capacitor, when the AC coupled output of the trans-impedance amplifier is greater than the predetermined threshold, and multiplexing out charge in the predetermined capacitor to an output data upon receiving a readout enabling signal.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a circuit, for one pixel of a focal plane array, according to these teachings.
  • SAL receiver designs that can use large focal plane arrays without exceeding the cost and size limitations and that can use SAL receiver designs that can use large focal plane arrays without exceeding the cost and size limitations and that can enable the use of eye safe lasers are disclosed herein below.
  • the readout circuit of these teachings for readout from a focal plane array having a number of pixels, includes, for each one pixel in the focal plane array, an adaptive photodetector load circuit coupled to a detector for the one pixel, the adaptive photodetector load circuit having a frequency dependent circuit in parallel with a three point switching component, a third point of the three point switching component being connected to an intermediate point in the frequency dependent circuit, a voltage from the intermediate point to ground providing a switching voltage for the three point switching component, a trans-impedance amplifier, the detector being AC coupled to the trans-impedance amplifier, a comparator component, receiving an AC coupled output of the trans-impedance amplifier and comparing the AC coupled output to a predetermined threshold, a sample and hold ring comprising a number charge storage components connected in parallel, each one charge storage component comprising a capacitor in series with an enabling three point switching component, a third point of the enabling three point switching component receiving a ring enable signal, where a predetermined charge
  • a readout enabling signal is provided and charge in the capacitor in each predetermined charge storage component is multiplexed out to the output data line.
  • the ring enable signal is reset to ring enable.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a circuit, for one pixel of a focal plane array, according to one embodiment of these teachings.
  • the focal plane array is a 32 ⁇ 32 pixel array.
  • a laser waveform sampling of 100 MHz is used.
  • Each of the pixels in the array, in this embodiment, has a circuit as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • an adaptive photodetector load circuit 15 is coupled to a detector for the pixel.
  • the adaptive photodetector load circuit 15 has a frequency dependent circuit 25 in parallel with a three point switching component M 1 .
  • a third point of the three point switching component M 1 is connected to an intermediate point in the frequency dependent circuit 25 , a voltage from the intermediate point to ground providing a switching voltage for the three point switching component.
  • the frequency dependent circuit 15 includes a resistor R 1 in series with a load capacitor C 1 , the resistor R 1 being connected to the detector output, the load capacitor C 1 being connected to the resistor R 1 and to ground.
  • the third point of the three point switching component M 1 is connected to a connection point between the resistor R 1 and the load capacitor C 1 .
  • the resistor R 1 and the load capacitor C 1 are selected in order to suppress effects of low frequency variations of the electromagnetic radiation incident on the detector.
  • the three point switching component M 1 is a field effect transistor.
  • the detector is AC coupled to a trans-impedance amplifier 35 .
  • the feedback element 30 in the trans-impedance amplifier 35 is a current to voltage conversion resistor R 2 .
  • the feedback element 30 in the trans-impedance amplifier 35 is either a diode or a transistor.
  • a comparator component 40 receives an AC coupled output of the trans-impedance amplifier and compares the AC coupled output to a predetermined threshold. In one instance, the comparator component 40 also receives especial offset adjustment for the one pixel.
  • a sample and hold ring 55 having a number charge storage components connected in parallel, each one charge storage component including a capacitor 60 in series with an enabling three point switching component 62 .
  • the capacitor 60 is connected to an output data line by a readout buffer amplifier and a readout three point switching component 67 , a third point of the readout three point switching component 67 receiving a readout enabling signal.
  • each one of the enabling three point switching component 62 and the readout three point switching component 67 is a field effect transistor.
  • the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 also includes a pulse detection logic circuit 45 receiving an output of the comparator component 40 .
  • the pulse detection logic circuit 45 is configured to provide the ring enable signal to the predetermined charge storage component wherein the AC coupled output is less than or equal to the predetermined threshold and is configured to, when the AC coupled output is greater than the predetermined threshold, delay by a predetermined time and, after the predetermined time delay, disable the ring enable signal provided to the predetermined charge storage component.
  • the pulse detection logic circuit 45 is synthesized (generated automatically) from high-level software code that defines its functionality.) After the ring enable signal is disabled, a readout enabling signal is provided and charge in the capacitor 60 in each predetermined charge storage component is multiplexed out to the output data line.
  • the ring enable signal is reset to ring enable.
  • the readout enabling, “ReadoutSH,” signals which are enabled sequentially to read out the sample/hold signals, would normally be located in a “column address” circuit that is outside the pixel.
  • ReadoutSH readout enabling, “ReadoutSH,” signals are used in conjunction with row and column address circuits that sequentially address the rows and columns of pixels, and this circuitry would also normally be located in “row address” and “column address” circuits that are outside the pixel (the focal plane array).
  • a time of arrival recording component 65 configured to record, for the one pixel, a global counter timebase code that provides a time of arrival of a pulse at the one pixel.
  • the global counter timebase code recorded in the time of arrival recording component 65 is read out when the charge in the capacitor each predetermined charge storage component is multiplexed out. After multiplexing out the charge stored in the capacitor 60 in each predetermined charge storage component, the global timebase counter is reset.
  • the “Pulse detection logic” keeps “RingEnable” enabled—The sample/hold ring is continuously being loaded in a circulating fashion (at 100 MHz in the illustrative exemplary embodiments), which provides a recent memory of signal amplitudes—No data is being read out or ADC converted
  • the detector for each one pixel responds to radiation at at least one of 1.06 ⁇ or about 1.5 ⁇ .
  • the method of these teachings for readout from a focal plane array having a number of pixels, includes, for each one pixel in the focal plane array, coupling an adaptive photodetector load circuit to a detector for the one pixel, the adaptive photodetector load circuit configured to suppress effects of low frequency variations incident on the detector, AC coupling a trans-impedance amplifier to the detector, providing AC coupled output of the trans-impedance amplifier, through a buffer amplifier to a predetermined capacitor in a sample and hold ring, a connection to the predetermined capacitor being enabled, comparing the AC coupled output of all of the trans-impedance amplifier to a predetermined threshold, disabling, after the predetermined time delay, the connection to the predetermined capacitor, when the AC coupled output of the trans-impedance amplifier is greater than the predetermined threshold, and multiplexing out charge in the predetermined capacitor to an output data upon receiving a readout enabling signal.
  • the method of these teachings also includes recording, for each one pixel, a time of arrival of a pulse at the one pixel; the time of arrival being obtained from a code from a global timebase counter, and resetting the global timebase counter after the charge in the predetermined capacitor is multiplexed out.
  • the method of these teachings also includes adjusting the predetermined threshold by a threshold offset adjustment for the one pixel.
  • the term “substantially” is utilized herein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other representation.
  • the term “substantially” is also utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative representation may vary from a stated reference without resulting in a change in the basic function of the subject matter at issue.

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US14/996,936 2016-01-15 2016-01-15 Semi-active laser (SAL) receivers and methods of use thereof Active 2036-07-30 US10012533B2 (en)

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US14/996,936 US10012533B2 (en) 2016-01-15 2016-01-15 Semi-active laser (SAL) receivers and methods of use thereof
JP2018552631A JP6561215B2 (ja) 2016-01-15 2016-08-22 セミアクティブレーザー（ｓａｌ）受信器及びその使用方法
KR1020187018752A KR102078320B1 (ko) 2016-01-15 2016-08-22 반능동 레이저 수신기들 및 그 사용 방법들
EP16766696.5A EP3403115B1 (fr) 2016-01-15 2016-08-22 Récepteurs à laser semi-actif (sal) et leurs procédés d'utilisation
PCT/US2016/048050 WO2017123282A1 (fr) 2016-01-15 2016-08-22 Récepteurs à laser semi-actif (sal) et leurs procédés d'utilisation
IL259515A IL259515B (en) 2016-01-15 2018-05-22 Semi-active laser receptors and methods of using them

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CN107907873B (zh) * 2017-10-24 2021-03-16 天津大学 一种针对阵列apd的回波采集系统及其方法
CN110967683B (zh) * 2019-12-12 2022-04-01 上海禾赛科技有限公司 信号接收和放大电路以及具有其的激光雷达
US20220136817A1 (en) * 2020-11-02 2022-05-05 Artilux, Inc. Reconfigurable Optical Sensing Apparatus and Method Thereof
US11894670B2 (en) * 2021-09-21 2024-02-06 Raytheon Company High-energy suppression for infrared imagers or other imaging devices
US11843355B2 (en) 2022-02-04 2023-12-12 Raytheon Company High-energy suppression for capacitor transimpedance amplifier (CTIA)-based imagers or other imaging devices

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US20170205283A1 (en) 2017-07-20
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EP3403115A1 (fr) 2018-11-21
WO2017123282A1 (fr) 2017-07-20
IL259515B (en) 2020-07-30
IL259515A (en) 2018-07-31
KR20180090847A (ko) 2018-08-13
KR102078320B1 (ko) 2020-02-17

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