UA73670C2 - Method for sapropels development - Google Patents

Abstract

Sapropels with dense viscous consistence are taken from the placed under the surface layer deepened layer with following the profile of the deposit surface with intake unit, with lifting those to the board of the freight vessel by autonomous pump-lifting unit with drive placed on the intake unit and forming an intake-lifting block with the last one. The mass taken is dispersed there through bubbling by bubbles of compressed air with coagulants included. The mass is loaded to containers of special form and design placed on the board of the vessel, this provides accelerated dewatering of the formed blocks of sapropel mass and easy destruction after drying. The containers are transported to the bank base where those are placed at the site of preliminary drying, after that the mass blocks are reloaded by turning the containers to grid pallets, those are placed in layers in the sockets of the stands with gaps at all the sides, with drying through natural drying. At the end of drying the blocks are transported and kept at storage bases, with milling at special stationary equipment at the bases or at consumer sites before use.

Description

Description of the invention

The invention relates to the field of underwater extraction and processing of sapropels and can be used, for example, to obtain fertilizers.

A known method of extraction, processing and use of sapropels (Organic fertilizers". Reference book. M.

Agropromizdat. 1988. 207 p. p. 128... 129 (1); "Recommendations on sapropel mining technologies with earthworm installations by pumping them into septic tanks with dewatering them to a humidity of 50...6095" M. VNIYIGIM, 1978 |21; "Recommendations on the industrial technology of extraction of sapropel from open reservoirs for fertilizers". M. 70 Kolos, 1983 IZI), which is the most large-scale and industrial of those used, by which sapropel is sucked as part of the hydropulp from the deposit from the bottom of the reservoir, the hydropulp is fed through an above-water and above-ground pulp pipeline to a sump located on the shore, in which successively, layer by layer, with step-by-step drying of the layers, they are washed to the required thickness, dried for 1...2 years with winter freezing, dried sapropel is crushed layer by layer and stacked on the sides for final drying before use. 12 The method is based on the use of existing technological equipment (dredges) intended for other purposes - deepening the bottom, washing dams and others. Until now, there is no special equipment and effective technological processes for extraction and processing of sapropels. The known method solves the problem of large-scale production only with the use of large water-yielding dredgers and can be used only on large reservoirs, where the dredger is delivered by water. Meanwhile, the most valuable sapropel deposits with a high organic content are concentrated in a large number of small lakes, making up a significant share of the total reserves. This method cannot be used on these lakes. In the pumped pulp, the content of sapropels is low, amounting to 30 g/l (3905), as a result of which a significant part of the energy consumption for the extraction and transportation of sapropels to the place of their further processing is spent on transporting ballast - water (9795), which, in addition, then must be removed, which is a long and difficult process. p. 22 During the extraction of sapropels from the deposit, significant turbidity of the water occurs, which disrupts the ecology of the water body.

The pulp pipe of the dredger is a complex and expensive structure that requires special design. The water and land parts of the pulp pipeline exclude the movement of vehicles in their area. Two clarifiers are used for drying and processing sapropels, one of which is used for washing the hydropulp, and the other for drying. The septic tanks are large (200 m x 200 m), labor-intensive in construction. Valuable components of sapropels are removed from the washed mass together with the effluents, which also cause a disturbance of the ecological balance in the natural environment. Areas set aside for settling tanks remove large plots of land (up to 10 hectares or more) from economic turnover. The cycle of obtaining the finished product (sapropel fertilizer) by this method is long - up to 2 years. Sapropel mass, being a colloid, has a high moisture capacity and slowly releases water. | only freezing during the 1st, 2nd seasons deprives it of this property, and after that it easily releases water without restoring its colloidal properties. However, after drying, the sapropel mass acquires a hard-to-destroy structure, to change which and give it flowability, tractor equipment is used.

In general, the processing of sapropel by this method requires a large amount of auto-tractor equipment with high operating costs. WITH

The described features of the sapropel processing technology according to the known method reduce its technical and economic indicators. The method of water removal by long-term freezing and drying is used in the method

With" time-consuming and uneconomical.

As a result of long cycles of processing according to the technology adopted in the method, there is a low yield of sapropel fertilizer per processing cycle, which is 100 t/ha, which is compared to the accepted standards for applying organic fertilizers 49 to the soil (20...60 t/ha and more). and Thus, the method of extraction and processing of sapropels, which is considered the most economical, stream and industrial, has low technical and economic indicators, which limit its wide application even in large-scale mining, which it is aimed at. It is not universal, its application is

Small amounts of loot are absolutely excluded. - and 20 The lack of sufficiently effective technologies for extraction and processing of sapropels and the corresponding equipment is the main reason for their limited use in agriculture and other industries, although they could potentially have wide application and great national economic importance.

The method of extraction, processing and use of sapropel is the closest to what is claimed |/Lopotko

M.3., Evdokymova G.A., Kuzmytskyi P.L. "Sapropel in economy", Minsk, Science and Technology, pp. 74...79, 86...8U, 59 91...92I4); Author's certificate of the USSR Mo870719 MIZH.Z E21S 45/00, publ. 07.10.81 |5), in which mining

GF) the complex is moved with the help of transport vehicles along the deposit, the sapropel of the dependent 7 surface consistency is taken by the intake unit, fed by the pump and lifting unit along the lifting path to the board of the cargo vessel, after it is filled, it is transported to the shore base, placed on equipped platforms and dried by natural drying, after which, before being used as a fertilizer, it is crushed into fine crumbs, while, as an option, in order to speed up the drying process, coagulants are added to the sapropel mass, which ensure the sedimentation of the colloidal structure of the sapropel.

The method is considered the most promising. The advantage of the method is the possibility of extracting sapropels of a thick consistency, which allows you to reduce the drying time to 2...4 months, avoiding cycles of winter freezing. Even more shortening of the drying time is achieved by sedimentation of the colloidal structure of sapropels using coagulants - substances that ensure the precipitation of colloids, the destruction of the colloidal structure with the release of bound water (which, in particular, is also achieved by the use of freezing cycles). But the coagulants used in the production of sapropels are not widely available (polyacrylamide, aluminum sulfate, iron sulfate, potato pulp, etc.). their use in small-scale production volumes is practically excluded due to their scarcity. Uniform introduction of coagulants into the mass of sapropels, especially with their high consistency, is difficult, existing methods of introduction do not ensure the effectiveness of their use. This is a drawback of the known method.

For these reasons, the acceleration of dehydration and drying with the use of coagulants was not widely used. 70 Meanwhile, the methods of coagulation of colloids using strong electrolytes as coagulants, which are added to colloid solutions in small quantities, such as salts, are widely known and have become the most widespread. It is also known that nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers widely used in agricultural practice are salts of the corresponding acids. Using them as coagulants for precipitation and dehydration of sapropels allows you to solve an additional problem - obtaining a complex organo-mineral fertilizer. In this case /5 Coagulation and dehydration of sapropels can be considered as a side effect when preparing a complex fertilizer - there is no need to use special coagulants, and mineral fertilizers are generally available. To increase the efficiency of the use of mineral fertilizers, both for direct use and as coagulants, it is necessary to ensure their uniform distribution in the sapropel mass with the thinnest possible dispersion of the coagulant. This task is difficult, as special equipment is required, therefore it is difficult to carry out in known methods, which is why the coagulation of sapropels has not become widespread. It is known that a small amount of coagulants is required for the purposes of coagulation - the volumes of mineral additives that must be introduced to obtain a complex fertilizer exceed the volumes required for coagulation. Thus, even additions of mineral fertilizers introduced into the mass may well act as coagulants. It is advisable to introduce them at an early stage of the technological process - when taking sapropels. In this case, for the additives introduced, there are the greatest and best opportunities for their solution, which is provided by sufficient solution time, the necessary consistency of the mass and mixing that takes place during intake, i) transportation along the lifting path, overloading and vibrational effects at all stages of transportation to the place of their drying.

Another disadvantage of the method is the transportation of mined sapropel from mining areas to the shore base in bulk cargo vessels, which greatly complicates and increases the cost of its unloading. A significant disadvantage of the method is the layer drying scheme on sites, as in the method with the use of dredges, the equipment of which requires large areas, the implementation of planning and drainage works. Thanks to the thick Ge consistency of the mass, the drying period is shortened to 2...4 months, but since drying cannot take place in the cold period of the year, in fact, one drying cycle is carried out in one season. This significantly reduces the consumption of products per unit of area. Filling the drying area with a mass of thick consistency is more difficult and requires more labor than when washing hydropulp. Due to the absence of freezing cycles and the preservation of the colloidal structure, the dried mass acquires high strength, which requires an increase in labor costs for grinding with the use of expensive auto-tractor equipment. Transportation of the finished product in the form of crushed crumbs and carried out by motor vehicles is expensive due to its low bulk weight. This, together with other disadvantages of the method, makes it unprofitable to use sapropel fertilizers when transporting them over a distance of more than 15...20 km. In connection with the need to equip large and complex drying areas, the use of a large the amount of loading and unloading and crushing equipment, complex and large-sized equipment of the mining complex, the known method cannot be applied to small reservoirs, where a large part of the most valuable sapropel varieties are concentrated. The listed shortcomings are the reason for the high cost of sapropels and small volumes of their extraction, which limits their economic use, despite their great need and significant natural reserves. and Necessary technologies and specialized equipment that significantly reduce the cost of sapropel extraction,

Ge" reduce their processing time, transport costs and are suitable for mining in any volumes on any

Water reservoirs. The invention is based on the task of improving the known method, by applying new technologies of extraction, drying, transportation and storage, to make possible the economic use of sapropels on a large scale, by increasing their extraction in any volume on reservoirs of any sizes with its reduction in price and acceleration of all technological processes. 5B The task is solved by the fact that in the known method of extraction, processing and use of sapropels, the mining complex is moved with the help of transport vehicles along the deposit, sapropels are taken away

Ф) depending on the surface consistency by the intake unit, it is fed by the pump and lifting unit along the lifting path to the board of the cargo vessel, when it is filled, it is transported to the shore base, placed on equipped platforms and dried by natural drying, after which it is ground into crumbs before being used as fertilizers, at the same time, in order to speed up the drying process, coagulants are added to the sapropel mass, which ensure the sedimentation of the colloidal structure of the sapropels, in accordance with the invention, sapropels of a thick, viscous consistency are taken from the buried layer placed under the surface layer with tracking of the profile of the surface of the deposit with a pickup unit, and it is lifted on board cargo vessel by an autonomous pumping-lifting unit with a drive located on the intake unit and forming with the last 65 the intake-lifting unit, the collected mass is dispersed in it by bubbling with bubbles of compressed air with coagulants introduced into them, the mass is loaded into cargo trucks placed on board of the floating vehicle, containers of a special shape and design that ensures accelerated dehydration of the blocks of sapropel mass formed by them and easy destruction after drying, the containers are transported to the shore base, where they are placed on the pre-drying platform, after which the blocks of mass are reloaded by turning the containers over on lattice pallets, place the tiers in nests of racks with gaps on all sides, dried by natural drying, after which the blocks are transported and stored at warehouse bases, and crushed on specialized stationary equipment at the bases or at consumers before use.

For the long-term storage of large stocks of sapropel and to serve the neighboring regions, a specialized central warehouse is being created. 70 At the same time, in order to ensure any productivity, transportability and mobility of mining complexes, a modular layout of their constituent parts is used from standard size modifications with simplification of the design of devices and working schemes of technological processes while reducing the volumes of mining. Thus, in the case of a large-scale extraction option, the coastal base is equipped with a pier, platforms for preliminary drying, drying and intermediate accumulative storage of sapropel blocks, which are equipped with /5 mechanized lifting and transport vehicles. The centralization of production of technological means is also applied, using standard-sized and modular principles of their composition, as well as the assembly and disassembly principle for single component parts of the complex of means.

To carry out transport operations in the reservoir, a closed ropeway is used, or wind energy is used, as well as existing currents. As an option, reversible, as well as two-speed ropeways are used with slowed mining speed and accelerated transportation, the drive station is placed on the shore or on a vessel, and the rotary one is on pontoons, in addition, for small volumes of mining, simplified open ropeways are used, and wind energy is used using sails or sailing vessels.

In the proposed method, tiered placement of containers or blocks of sapropel mass is used on the surface of all operations - during mining, transportation, under drying and drying, storage.

Strong electrolytes are used as coagulants. As an option, salts used in i) are used as mineral fertilizers, which simultaneously produces organo-mineral fertilizers with increased effectiveness of both components.

In the proposed method, the intake and lifting of the sapropel mass from the deposit is carried out using the height pressure of the water column above the deposit and the hydrodynamic pressure arising during the movement of the intake unit along the deposit, provided that the receiving cargo capacity is placed below the water level in the reservoir, taking into account losses - pressure in the supply tract. "at

The connection between the set of essential features and the technical and economic effect achieved is determined as follows. Taking sapropels of a thick consistency from the deposit ensures low moisture saturation of the mass with a high viscosity, which shortens the drying time due to a reduction in the volume of water removed. The thick consistency and high viscosity make it possible to form a block from the mass in the forming container, which is able to retain its shape after draining off excess moisture and some drying in the container. Preservation of this shape during drying is ensured by placing the block on a lattice tray by tipping the container with the mass block onto it. Thanks to the use of pallets, the time of pre-drying in containers and their required quantity is reduced. Further drying is carried out on the pallets with placement, including multi-tiered, on racks (stands) that ensure their ventilation from all sides. In this regard, the drying time is significantly reduced compared to drying in a layer used in known methods, which is explained by a significant increase in the evaporation surface. in the manner claimed. It increases even more by giving the surfaces of the blocks a developed grooved shape, which is formed by containers, as well as wedge-shaped cavities with the same surfaces in the volume of the block, which are also formed by forming in the container. The use of containers and pallets simplifies and reduces the labor intensity of all transport and lifting operations throughout the entire production cycle of sapropel extraction and drying, and products in the form of dry blocks provide solutions to the problems. A reduction in drying times is also achieved by the destruction of the colloidal structure of sapropels with the release of water bound by the structure, which

Ge" is achieved by its sedimentation with coagulants, as which strong electrolytes are used, for example, salts that

They are used as mineral fertilizers. At the same time, complex organo-mineral fertilizers are obtained, in which,

As you know, organic and mineral components mutually enhance the effectiveness of their use as fertilizers, which significantly increases the economic efficiency of their use. The introduction of coagulants into the mass in the composition of air bubbles, dispersing the mass at the stage of its removal from the deposit, achieves the uniformity of their distribution in the mass and increases the efficiency of application. Dispersion by air bubbles mechanically disrupts the monolithicity of the dried mass with a decrease in energy consumption for its destruction when it is crushed into crumbs before use as a fertilizer. The same problem is solved by segmenting the volume of the block with wedge-shaped ones

F) cavities. In combination with the destruction of the colloidal structure by coagulants, these methods provide a significant reduction in energy and labor costs for grinding dried sapropel mass compared to known methods.

Reducing the cost of grinding is also achieved by the fact that it is carried out in standard warehouse conditions immediately before use with the use of simple and cheap grinding equipment with electric drives, and not in the field conditions of a coastal base with the use of expensive auto-tractor equipment. With such an organization of drying, transportation, storage and grinding, transport costs are significantly reduced compared to high costs in known methods, where products are transported in the form of crumbs with a small bulk weight. This makes it unprofitable to use sapropel in the existing technologies of extraction and drying of bee during transportation at a distance of more than 10... and 5 km. The reduction in the cost of sapropels is also achieved at the stage of production due to the methods adopted in the method of taking and lifting sapropels on board a cargo vessel, excluding the transportation of ballast water, as well as due to the simplicity and cheapness of the devices implementing the method, their high efficiency. Technical and economic effects are also achieved by the application of standard-size modifications of technical means throughout the chain of the technological process of extraction, transportation and processing of sapropels and the modular principle of obtaining the required productivity by a set of the necessary complex of standard-size modifications. This allows you to get any required performance from unified elements. In addition, the technical and economic effects are provided by the multivariation of the used schemes for organizing the work of the mining and processing complex with the use of various transport and lifting means of transportation, loading, unloading depending on the specific conditions of mining - the size of reservoirs, characteristics of sapropel deposits, volumes of mining, availability of energy supply and others. This approach ensures the full-scale production of sapropel in water bodies of any type, while ensuring a reduction in the cost of sapropel production in comparison with known methods. Thus, the solution of the given problem is achieved by the listed techniques.

The essence of the claimed invention is explained by the following figures:

Fig. 1 - general scheme of extraction of sapropels from an underwater deposit;

Fig. 2 - schematic plan of the coastal base for sapropel drying during large-scale mining;

Fig. C - scheme of multi-level installation of containers on the cargo vessel and on the pre-drying site;

Fig. 4 - a scheme of drying sapropel blocks on racks: a - a plan for the placement of racks; b - placement of blocks on racks (view A and section B-B in Fig. 4a);

Fig. 5 - a block of sapropel mass formed by a container in 2 projections;

Fig. 6 - scheme of development of a deposit with a closed cableway as a vehicle (in 2 projections); high school

Fig. 7 - scheme of development of the coastal deposit with the use of a closed ropeway;

Fig. 8 - a simplified scheme for the development of a coastal deposit with a single cable drive line; and)

Fig. 9 - a simplified scheme for the development of a coastal deposit with a single cable drive route for the development of a deposit along the coast.

The schematic diagram of underwater extraction of sapropels of a thick consistency from a deposit at the bottom of a reservoir according to the proposed method is explained in Fig. 1. The transport vessel 1 tows with the help of a towing connection 2 the cargo vessel C to collect the extracted sapropel mass with the help of - an autonomous collection unit 4, which is also transported with the help of a towing connection 5 "by the vessel 1 along the sapropel deposit 6. The lengths of the towing lines Connections 2 and 5 are chosen in such a way that the lifting unit 4 appears under the cargo handling vessel 3. In this case, the flexible transport and lifting path 7 for lifting the sapropel mass on board the cargo handling vessel C (in the form of a flexible hose-sleeve) will have a minimum length. The distance between the towing 1 and the cargo handling vessel Z is chosen within (2...5) H and more, where "H" is the depth of the reservoir. With such ratios, the value of the angle "o" of the inclination of the towing connection 5 to the horizon is provided within 30 and less, in which no significant lifting forces are created during the transportation of the lifting device that pulls it "

From the deposit. As a means of transport, self-propelled vessels, a system with windlass with anchors and winches on a vessel, as well as wind energy using the sailiness of vessels, or the use of sails can be used. The latter is achievable thanks to the low speed of mass intake, which is used in practice - "up to 2...3 km/hour". The use of wind energy is advisable in steady winds. The scheme with wind-up anchors is carried out by winding the anchor forward in the course of movement, followed by pulling up the cargo vessel with winches placed on board. A barge can be used as a cargo vessel 3, as well as specialized vessels with devices for lowering and lifting and transporting the lifting and lifting unit 8.

The latter consists of one or more intake units 4 and lifting 9; it is assembled from modular units of standard size, thanks to which a intake and lifting block of the required width of the fence (grab) is obtained and

Ge") productivity.

During the intake and lifting of the sapropel mass, the developing piezometric pressure is used

A pumping and lifting system located directly in the intake unit 4 with a drive 10 located on it; in addition, they use the hydrodynamic pressure arising during the movement of the intake and lifting unit along the deposit and the vertical pressure of the water column above the deposit with a height of "H". Due to the low speed of the pick-up, the amount of hydrodynamic pressure is small, but it ensures the successful pick-up of the mass from the deposit and the creation of some support, which facilitates the lifting of the mass on board. The height pressure of the water column is used at the primary stage of intake, as well as in the siphon method of mass lifting. iF) Raised sapropels, depending on the volume of extraction, are unloaded directly into a cargo vessel, km or into special containers on board. The first option of loading the mass on board is used in exceptional cases, because then it becomes difficult to unload it. The second option with loading into containers is preferable, especially for large volumes of production using industrial methods.

They simplify further transport operations and allow their multi-level installation at all stages of the technical process, starting with the stage of loading on board watercraft. This allows you to save space, increase the productivity of all operations of the technological process and give the method an industrial type. Containers use a special design that ensures their transportation, easy unloading and creates favorable conditions for further drying and grinding. For the same purposes - speeding up the drying process and facilitating the destruction of dried blocks formed by containers at the stage of removal from storage, the sapropel mass is subjected to a special treatment - it is dispersed with bubbles of compressed air, which breaks the monolithic structure of the block after drying, facilitating its destruction during grinding. In addition, to accelerate the drying process by accelerating the removal of bound water from the mass, coagulation is used - accelerated deposition (sedimentation) of the colloidal structure, which is the sapropel mass, by introducing coagulants. As the latter, strong electrolytes are used, for example, salts, which are mineral fertilizers - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. their use as coagulants also solves another problem - obtaining a complex organo-mineral fertilizer.

The addition of mineral fertilizers contributes to the oxidative destruction of sapropels, transferring humic acids, their organic component, to a more oxidized state, which is a necessary step in the chain of transformation of organic matter into forms 7/0 that are assimilated by plants. On the other hand, mineral fertilizers against the background of oxidized organic matter are also more easily and quickly absorbed by plants, without being washed out of the fertile soil layer into unproductive horizons or into the surface waters of reservoirs, thus causing great ecological damage to natural landscapes. Thus, the introduction of mineral fertilizers into the composition of sapropel mass as coagulants also solves other important problems - increasing the efficiency of the use of both types of fertilizers based on /5 mutual influence.

In the method of introducing coagulant - mineral fertilizers, they are carried out by introducing them in a finely chopped state into the compressed air supplied for dispersing the sapropel mass, which is carried out through the corresponding constructive bubbling elements placed in the intake-elevating block. Devices for introducing coagulants into the pneumatic system of air supply to the intake and lifting unit are also placed on board the cargo vessel. The method uses several variants of pumping and lifting systems, including a system with vibrating blades having conoidal or conical holes, which implement the well-known "diffuser-confuser" pumping system. It is known that this system is capable of particularly finely dispersing the air supplied to it into the smallest air bubbles during vibration. This, on the one hand, solves the same problem - dispersing the mass in order to facilitate destruction after drying, and on the other - increasing the degree of dispersion of the coagulant in the mass. c ob The use of coagulants as dehydration and drying accelerators is known (4, p. 79), but it has not yet become widespread. One of the main reasons for this should be considered the lack of technologies for their introduction into i) the mass in a dispersed form, evenly distributed over the mass.

The proposed method successfully solves this problem without the use of special techniques, in parallel, when solving another problem - dispersing the mass to facilitate its further destruction. The same approach is also used when solving another problem - choosing the type of coagulant with a parallel solution to the problem of obtaining complex fertilizers. (It is known that the formation of a delta in a year flowing into the salty seas is explained by sedimentation - colloids of fresh river water and the coagulating effect on them of electrolytes - sea water salts). Compressed air is supplied to the intake and lifting unit from a low-capacity compressor placed on the ship using a hose (sleeve). In parallel with it, electricity is supplied to the mechanical drives of the pumping and lifting systems via a cable. Hoses and cable can be combined with the transport and lifting path 7th- (fig. 1).

The mass, dispersed by bubbles of compressed air, is fed upwards to the side of the cargo vessel. Compressed air, which arrived from the pneumatic line, enters the mass that is under supply pressure; in addition, it is under the pressure of the water column. As a result, the pressure in the mass can reach 0.1 MPa (1 kg/cm 2) and more. "

As the pressure increases, the solubility of gases in liquids increases. There is also dissolved air in the water contained in sapropels. When rising up, the pressure in the mass drops to atmospheric. Air bubbles dispersed in this mass increase in volume, increasing its dispersion. At the same time, the air dissolved in the mass of water is also "» released in the form of bubbles with an independent volume, or merges with the bubbles of dispersed air, increasing their volume. This also contributes to increasing the degree of dispersion of the mass. Similar phenomena are excluded during the precipitation and drying of sapropels by method |1) with the use of a dredger, where the dried mass becomes monolithic, -and strong, which can hardly be crushed.

Air bubbles dispersed in the sapropel mass are released and water vapor from the mass condenses, thereby contributing to its drying. b These phenomena also include the advantages of the proposed method.

In the method, to achieve the same goal - acceleration of the drying process, as the most important in the technological 7 chain of production of sapropels and inhibiting their wide use, production of sapropels of a thick or viscous consistency is used. This is done by taking the mass from the deeper layers of the deposit, for which the intake unit is buried in it. This is achieved by the interaction of two structural elements of the lifting unit - the inclined blade 11, which deepens the unit into the deposit during its movement, and the opposing ski-shaped support plane 12, which slides along the surface of the deposit (Fig. 1). The latter can be adjusted in height, which achieves the necessary degree of deepening of the intake block into the deposit and excludes getting into the mass

Ф, water that is removed and the liquid fraction from the upper layer 13 of the deposit, as well as foreign inclusions that are located on top of it. In the surface layer of the deposit, microbiological processes of organic transformation are just beginning to take place, the surface is often infected with pathogenic microflora, while the deeper layers of a mature consistency are sterile. This is also an advantage of the method.

Thanks to the interaction of the inclined plane 11 and the opposing support plane 12, the topography of the deposit surface is automatically tracked.

The main pressure for lifting the sapropel mass is created by the pumping and lifting system located in the intake unit 4. The initial moment of taking sapropel from the deposit is carried out when the valve 14 is closed at the 65 end of the lifting tract 7 (flexible hose). Thanks to this valve, when the intake-lifting block 8 is lowered into the reservoir, water does not fill the lifting path 7 due to the presence of air in it. With the start of the lifting system, sapropels are fed into the intake 4 and lifting 9 units of the intake-lifting unit 8, which occurs due to air compression in the trunk of the lifting tract 7. The incoming sapropels create a plug in the supply tract, preventing the flow of water into the tract. When the valve 14 is opened, the sapropels from the deposit are driven into the lifting path by the height pressure of the water column to a certain level.

Further lifting of the mass to the level of the ship's side occurs under the action of the pumping system. Under favorable conditions for submersion of block 8, the deposit itself acts as a plug preventing water from entering the lifting path, and the role of valve 14 is reduced to preventing water from entering the path during submersion and deepening of the block. In the process of operation, when the lifting path is filled with a column of mass, the latter balances the pressure of the column of water above the 7/0 deposit and the height pressure can no longer be used. Under the action of high-altitude pressure, sapropels from the deposit according to the described scheme rise to a height that does not reach the water level in the reservoir. The difference in heights corresponds to pressure losses in the supply tract. If the receiving capacity is placed below this level, then the mass intake is carried out without the use of a pumping and lifting unit, by gravity, under the pressure of the water column, as well as some support, which is formed during the movement of the intake unit along the deposit - hydrodynamic pressure. With /5, such an intake scheme can also use the siphon effect, where part of the supply tract is placed above the water level in the reservoir. The scheme can be implemented, for example, when loading watercraft sitting deep on the water or in a specially sunken capacity.

With the help of standard-size modifications of the block-module scheme of the intake-elevation block in the proposed method, a wide range of productivity changes are achieved. The block layout of large-sized modifications of the intake and lifting units allows you to get a high-performance wide-grip intake-elevator unit with a grip width of up to 3..4m. And, on the contrary, a single-section layout with a small standard size modification of nodes, for example, 0.5 m wide, allows the method to be applied on small reservoirs using small-sized watercraft with low-power power plants. In the case of low-volume extraction options, simplification of technological processes is applied in terms of the set of technological operations, composition and complexity of the devices used.

A full set of operations and special devices are used in large-scale mining. In this i) variant, mined sapropels are loaded onto a barge into containers, using a double-decker or larger installation, after which the barge is transported to the unloading point of the base. The approximate order of organization of work on the processing of sapropels based on large-scale mining is presented in fig. 2. The base has a berth 15 with a swivel crane 16, located on the shore of the reservoir, a drying area 17, equipped with a bridge or gantry crane 18. The area includes sections for preliminary drying 19, final drying 20, storage and - shipment 21 of sapropels. The pre-drying area is connected to the wharf by a closed transport link, for example, a trolley conveyor. The barge 22 with the containers on board is brought to the pier 15, where the containers are picked up by the crane 16, fed to the trolleys 23 of the conveyor 24, transported to the preliminary drying area 19, unloaded and stacked, for example, in two or more tiers with the help of the crane 18. -

The scheme for installing containers 25 in two or more tiers, which is also used when installing on a barge and which allows sapropel to be loaded from a hose in any tier, is shown in Fig. 3. In fig. 2 shows, as an example, a scheme for placing containers in the pre-drying area 19. Containers, in addition to tiered placement, are installed in two rows 26 with passages 27 between them for carrying out cargo operations. As part of the site, there is a platform 28 for carrying out transshipment operations from carts 23 to a conveyor 24. The drying of sapropel mass in containers consists in the fact that moisture is removed from the mass through the surfaces

And the sapropel block with the help of drainage and ventilation perforated channels arranged on the internal surfaces of containers. Immediately after loading the mass into the containers, water from it, as it has a lower viscosity, is squeezed out by the pressure that develops in the volume of the mass due to the effect of its own weight on the surface, where it flows through the channels or evaporates when flowing down the surfaces of the channels. In the future, drying of the mass takes place due to the ventilation of the channels. After the block has dried and reached a certain strength, at which it does not fall apart after being removed from the container, the latter is covered with a lattice (perforated) pallet, and transported to the final drying area 20, where the container is unloaded onto specially equipped

Ge" racks by overturning it. The layout of racks in the final drying area 20 is shown in Fig. 5or Za. Racks 29 are placed in double rows 30 with passages between them with a width of "Z", which allows transportation

Sh- on them with the help of a crane 18 (fig. 2) containers. The racks contain nests in which blocks of sapropel mass 31 with pallets 32 are placed in several tiers (fig. 46 - view A of fig. 4a), so that there are gaps "5" between them. for cargo handling operations. There are "5" gaps between the blocks in height, and "Z 5" gaps in the double rows (fig. 4c - section B-B in fig. 4a), thanks to which the mass blocks on the racks are ventilated from all sides (ventilation in the BOTTOM block is provided with a lattice tray). Such placement intensifies the drying process due to the increase of the evaporation surface. It is even more increased thanks to the shaped side surfaces of the blocks,

F) created by chutes 33 formed by containers (Fig. 5). In addition, the containers form wedge-shaped cavities 34 in the blocks, extending from the bottom of the container in the thickness of the block to a depth of 1/2...3/4 of its height. These cavities, which also have a grooved surface, increase the evaporation-drying surface and are ventilation channels inside the volume of the block. Along with this function, the cavities perform another role - they weaken the monolithicity of the block, which is important in case of its subsequent destruction. The applied method of forming blocks and stacking them on racks provides fast, intensive drying of blocks, which is not comparable to any of the known methods, in which the mass is distributed in a layer over the surface of the drying platform, having only one evaporating surface, and in the method |1)| with sapropel washing, the washed mass consists mainly of water. Therefore, the terms of drying 65 according to the claimed method do not compare with the known ones and it can be considered as the most technological and highly efficient method that meets all the requirements that can be presented to the modern industrial method.

After the final drying of the blocks, together with the pallets, they are removed from the racks and transported to site 21 (Fig. 1). It is known that when dried by other methods, the sapropel mass forms a hard-to-break structure. This is explained by the fact that sapropel in the liquid state forms a finely dispersed colloidal structure, which does not collapse when dried, but changes to a new state with high strength. Only long-term drying with 1...2 cycles of freezing can irreversibly destroy this structure, i.e. it will not form a colloid again upon re-moistening. | even with this method, it is difficult to destroy the layer of sapropel mass that has dried on the drying field, therefore, it is necessary to use tractor milling for its destruction. /0 All the more difficult-to-destructive structures will be formed in other well-known mining methods, where sapropels of a viscous consistency are mined, therefore, drying times are reduced to 3...4-X months and there are no freezing cycles that destroy the colloidal structure.

In the proposed method, the task of facilitating the destruction of the dried sapropel mass is solved by breaking its continuity by dispersing air bubbles at the stage of taking sapropel from the deposit. 7/5 In addition, the method uses coagulation of the colloidal system of sapropels with salts - mineral fertilizers.

It is known that during coagulation, the collapse of the colloidal structure occurs with its sedimentation into a sediment that no longer has the cohesion and strength of the colloidal structure. It is also known that the main method of coagulation is the addition of a small amount of strong electrolytes, for example, salts. Coagulants used in the method - mineral fertilizers are not in short supply, and they can be introduced into the mass in a significant amount, for example, 5...1095 and more, 2o which can reliably ensure coagulation. The method of introducing the coagulant into the mass, which ensures its uniform fine distribution in the volume, is also important. All this ensures a successful and complete flow of coagulation in the entire volume, which ensures a decrease in the strength of the dried mass and, therefore, decreases the required capacity for destruction, which also makes obtaining sapropel fertilizers cheaper.

All the main techniques used in large-scale extraction of sapropels are used in any other scale of extraction. The main differences between different options in terms of the scale of production are the degree of perfection of the used technical means and options of technological schemes i) production-transportation-drying: as the volume of production decreases, both of them are simplified. Large-scale options are used in reservoirs with large reserves of sapropel, where extraction is carried out for a long time. The process is equipped with full-fledged, perfect watercraft with a large radius of action and with a perfected shore base. Small-scale and medium-scale extraction options are used in small and medium-sized reservoirs, where sapropel deposits can be developed within a relatively short period of time or in the case of low demand for sapropel. In these cases, the main requirements for mining (the complex becomes mobility and transportability, structural simplicity, cheapness. These requirements are largely satisfied by the selected technological scheme. One of the options for organizing small-scale and me) medium-scale mining is a scheme with a vehicle in the form of a two-speed closed cable car and - routes with a direct and reverse branch, presented in fig. 6. The closed cableway consists of a drive station 35, located on the shore or on a stationary vessel far from the coast, and a turning station 36, located on pontoons 37, fixed on anchors 38. The stations are connected by a closed cableway, which consists of a straight 39 and return 40 branches The mining complex consists of a watercraft 41 with a "power plant (boat, boat) and a lifting unit 42 with a flexible lifting path 43 placed on the ground") from the surface of the deposit and connected to the watercraft 41 by a towing connection 44 .In the process of extraction, extractive

And the complex is constantly in the zone of development of the deposit, while the cable of the route passes through the guide and the device on board the vessel 41, while the other parts of the cableway of both branches are on the bottom of the reservoir.

The guiding device of the watercraft 41 has a clamp with the help of which it can be fixed on the rope and, in this way, receive movement, and when unfixed, the watercraft remains stationary with a moving rope. A similar device is on the cargo vessel 45. During extraction, it is pulled up to the vessel 41 so that the intake and lifting unit 42 is under it, its lifting path 43 is fed on board, and both are connected

Ge" vessels with a direct branch of 39 rope, the track gives working speed and conducts mining, filling

Containers on board a cargo vessel with sapropels. When they are filled, the track is stopped, both

Vessels are unfastened on the forward branch of the route, the cargo vessel is secured on the reverse branch and transported to the shore base at the speed of transport. branches of the route, for which its reverse is used. To ensure more High productivity, the branches of the cableway are spread so as to ensure oncoming transportation of cargo vessels. The scheme of mining with a cableway can be implemented in various options.

F) By moving the pontoon 37 with the turning station 36 at a constant position of the drive station 35 on the shore, or at a constant position of the watercraft where it is placed, fan development of the deposit is carried out. After the development of one section of the deposit by this method, the drive station is moved on the shore or the vessel with the drive station is moved to a new position, while the vessel, for example, a barge, with the drive station can be used as a floating base if it is of sufficient size. Another version of the development of the deposit adjacent to the coast is presented in Fig. 7. In it, a closed cableway 46 with drive 47 and turning 48 stations is gradually moved along the coast. At the same time, the entire development area is equipped with a central base 48, which is connected by a transport link 49 along the coast with the entire development area, for example, 65 by a cable car. More simplified mining schemes with the use of cable routes are used for small volumes of mining. They are depicted in Figs. 8 and 9, where schemes for the development of coastal deposits are presented.

The mining complex in these schemes consists of a floating vehicle 49 with a power plant, a cargo floating vehicle 50 and a lifting unit with a lifting path, not shown in the figures. The complex is completely similar to the complex in fig. 6 (pos. 41...453. It is transported to the deck, and then towed to the shore at working speed for

With the help of the rope 51 (Fig. 8) and the drive station 52, located on the shore. I will put the sequential development in the scheme of fig. 8 is carried out by moving the drive station 52 along the shore. Fig. 9 shows the scheme of development of the deposit in passages along the coast. In it, the drive station 53 is moved stationary on the shore, and the pontoon 54 with the turning station and anchors is moved in stages. In all schemes according to fig.b...9, watercraft with a power plant (pos.41 fig.b, pos.49 fig.8 and 9) are equipped with a low-power power plant with a capacity of 1...3kW 7/0 Driven by an internal combustion engine for powering the drive of the pump system of the intake-lifting unit 42 (fig. b), as well as a low-power compressor unit for dispersing the sapropel mass and feeding it with coagulant in the intake-elevating unit. These units can be placed in a motor boat or a boat. As cargo vessels, rectangular pyramid-shaped containers are used to ensure their transportation, including by motor vehicles, using the "capacity-to-capacity" method. This is possible /5 with a carrying capacity of 25...35 tons. If a larger cargo capacity is required, the block-modular principle of layout is used. The same applies to other means of mining complexes, for example, pontoons of turning stations and others. The rectangular plan shape of cargo vessels allows you to compactly place in them containers for mass, which have a rectangular pyramidal shape. This ensures their convenient transportation using the same technique - capacity to capacity", as well as the extraction of sapropel blocks from 2 of them. The same principle of size modifications, selected depending on the load capacity of the mechanisms used for unloading at coastal bases, is used for them. Accelerated drying of sapropel on coastal bases, along with other factors, determines the cost of sapropels and the efficiency of their use. For this, in all mining options, the method involves drying blocks formed by containers on pallets placed on drying platforms, at least in one tier (with the most small volumes of production). In these cases, to facilitate lifting and transport operations, small containers and the simplest lifting and transport vehicles with a manual drive are used. When i) increasing volumes, mechanized drives are used with their supply of electricity from transportable low-power power plants with an internal engine burned or from a temporary power line. In the most rational scheme of organizing work at the shore base, a bridge crane-beam is used, which is used in large-scale and medium-scale mining, while in the latter case, the berth for cargo vessels is equipped in the form of a bay located in the area of operation of the crane-beam. For this, the area served by the crane-beam is placed close to the shore and arranged "about an artificial bay. Another option for feeding a loaded cargo vessel into the area of operation of the crane beam is to pull up the cargo vessel with loaded containers with a winch along the rail path that goes into the reservoir. at

Under-crane ways of crane beams with supports are arranged prefabricated and disassembled and also with the use of modular schemes. This also ensures the transportability of the metal structures of the shore base, which also allows organizing the development of sapropels in small and medium-sized reservoirs.

Thus, the modular size modifications of the sapropel extraction and processing complex nodes allow to cover the entire possible range of extraction volumes, to ensure any productivity. The modular system allows reducing the dimensions of the nodes, which ensures the transportability of the complex when it is delivered /-s from the producer to the consumer, as well as when changing mining facilities. The typification of dimensional modifications simplifies the production of nodes and allows, in combination with the provision of transportability, to organize a cheap;" centralized production of technical means of extraction. The availability of specialized technological equipment, suitable for any volume of extraction, allows to dramatically expand the scale of extraction and application of sapropel, which is relevant for restoring the fertility of depleted soils and establishing a -I organo-feedback system of agriculture.

Another factor in the expansion of production volumes is the development of deposits by cheap and accessible simplified means in a large number of small lakes and reservoirs with high-quality sapropels, which is extensive

Ge" variant of the production organization. It is characterized by short transportation distances to consumers.

It is known that with the existing imperfect technologies of extraction, drying and transportation of the use of sapropels

As a fertilizer, it becomes unprofitable when transported over a distance of more than 15...20 km. This is explained by the fact that sapropel is a low-concentration organic fertilizer, like other types, which require their introduction into the soil in large quantities - 20...60 tons per hectare. With existing technologies, when sapropel is delivered from a shore base to the consumer in the form of crushed crumb, which has a small bulk weight, they are even more poorly concentrated. dv Hence, transport costs, carried out by expensive motor vehicles, turn out to be high. Along with the high cost of extraction, drying and grinding, transportation costs are one of the reasons for limited use

F) sapropel with existing technologies. Therefore, short transportation distances in the extensive version of sapropel mining play a positive role, although not to the same extent as in known methods. This is explained by the fact that in the proposed method, sapropel is supplied to the consumer not in the form of crumbs, but in the form of dry blocks with the shape of a parallelepiped, which ensures a high concentration of mass in the volume of the block and compact loading during transportation. The block shape is advantageous for loading and unloading operations, and the parallelepiped shape provides economical storage. This creates favorable conditions for transporting sapropel in large volumes over long distances by cheaper and more economical modes of transport - rail and water. Due to this, conditions are also created for arranging large mechanized warehouses, including covered ones, with 65 storage of significant stocks of sapropels for a long time. The mechanization of warehouses consists in equipping them with lifting mechanisms in the form of a bridge crane or a gantry crane, which provide, in order to increase their capacity, a high height of storage by floor transport, and crushing equipment with a complex of auxiliary mechanisms and devices. Such a warehouse can serve as a central base for the supply of organic and mineral fertilizers to the surrounding region and is a component, along with a stationary large-scale mining base and the use of cheap means of transportation, of an intensive mining option that ensures the maximum reduction in the cost of sapropels.

A factor in reducing the cost of sapropels is also the grinding of sapropels after drying, not at the shore base, as in known methods, but directly at the consumer. Dried sapropel, especially with an intact colloidal structure, as in some of the known methods, has high strength, and its grinding requires a large amount of energy and labor. In the known methods, crushing and loading of sapropels is carried out by a set of auto-tractor equipment, which is expensive in terms of price and operation, at a shore base. In the proposed method of grinding, transportation, storage, and loading are carried out immediately before use in stationary conditions of storage bases on specialized equipment using a cheap electric drive.

Grinding complexes of varying degrees of perfection, depending on the processed volumes, are equipped /5 at centralized warehouses or directly at the consumer.

Complex equipment, taking into account their specialization, can also be the object of centralized manufacturing, which reduces its cost.

Thus, the claimed method, which covers all the problems of extraction and use of sapropels as fertilizer, fully solves the task of expanding the economic use of 2o sapropels on a wide scale.

In addition, the expansion of their use creates a basis for conducting research on the application of high-value, practically unused, with unlimited reserves of raw natural resources, in connection with their recovery, and in other numerous economic areas - construction industry, fodder production, peloid therapy, pharmacology, heat energy etc. high school

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Claims (11)

The formula of the invention 1. The method of development of sapropels, in which the mining complex is moved with the help of transport vehicles along the deposit, the sapropels of the surface consistency of the deposit are taken by the intake unit, fed by the pump and lifting unit along the lifting path to the board of the cargo vessel, after filling which is transported to the shore base, placed on the equipped sites and dried by natural drying, after which they are crushed into crumbs before use as fertilizers, while in order to speed up the drying process, coagulants are added to the sapropel mass, which ensure the sedimentation of the colloidal structure of sapropels, which is distinguished by the fact that sapropels of a thick viscous consistency are taken from the placed under the surface layer of the buried layer with tracking of the profile of the deposit surface by the intake unit, they are lifted on board / o the cargo vessel by an autonomous pumping and lifting unit with a drive placed on the intake unit and forming with the last intake and lifting block, the collected mass is dispersed t in it by bubbling compressed air bubbles with coagulants introduced into them, the mass is loaded into containers of a special shape and design placed on board the cargo vessel, which ensures accelerated dehydration of the blocks of sapropel mass formed by them and easy destruction after drying, the containers are transported to /5 shore base , where they are placed on the pre-drying platform, after which the blocks of mass are overloaded by turning the containers onto lattice pallets, placed in rows in nests of racks with gaps on all sides, dried by natural drying, after which the blocks are transported and stored at warehouse bases, and crushed at a specialized stationary equipment at bases or at consumers before use. 2. The method according to claim 1, which differs in that a specialized central storage base is created for long-term storage of large stocks of sapropels and for servicing adjacent regions. C. The method according to claim 1, which is distinguished by the fact that to ensure any productivity, transportability and mobility of mining complexes, a modular layout of their constituent parts is used from standard-size modifications with simplification of the design of devices and working schemes of technological processes in case of reduction of production volumes . 4. The method according to claim 1, which differs in that to carry out transport operations in the reservoir, i) a closed ropeway is used or wind energy is used, as well as existing currents. 5. The method according to claim 1, which is distinguished by the fact that tiered placement of containers or blocks of sapropel mass is used in all operations: during extraction, transportation, drying and drying, storage. about zo 6. The method according to claim 1, which differs in that strong electrolytes are used as coagulants. 7. The method according to claim 1, which differs in that the intake and lifting of the sapropel mass from the deposit is carried out - using the height pressure of the water column above the deposit and the hydrodynamic pressure that occurs during the movement of the intake block along the deposit, provided that the receiving cargo capacity is placed below the level water in the reservoir, taking into account pressure losses in the supply tract. at 8. The method according to claims 1 or 3, which is distinguished by the fact that in the case of a large-scale mining option, the coastal base is equipped with a pier, pre-drying, drying and intermediate accumulative storage sites for sapropel blocks, which are equipped with mechanized lifting and transportation means. 9. The method according to claim 3, which differs in that it uses the centralization of the production of technological means, using the dimensional and modular principles of their composition, as well as the assembly and disassembly principle for "single component parts of the complex of means." in the village 10. The method according to claim 4, which is distinguished by the fact that reversible and two-speed ropeways are used. with a slowed production speed and accelerated transportation, the drive station is placed on the shore or on a watercraft, and the rotary station is placed on pontoons, in addition, for small volumes of production, simplified open cable routes are used, and wind energy is used using sails or the sails of watercraft. 11. The method according to claim 6, which is distinguished by the fact that as strong electrolytes, salts used -And as mineral fertilizers are used, which simultaneously produces organo-mineral fertilizers with an increase in the effectiveness of both components. (95) Ge» Official Bulletin "Industrial Property". Book 1 "Inventions, useful models, topographies of integrated 5o Microcircuits", 2005, M 8, 15.08.2005. State Department of Intellectual Property of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. (42) F) name) 60 b5