TWI795490B - 防彈之成形物件及用於製造其之方法 - Google Patents
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- TWI795490B TWI795490B TW107145486A TW107145486A TWI795490B TW I795490 B TWI795490 B TW I795490B TW 107145486 A TW107145486 A TW 107145486A TW 107145486 A TW107145486 A TW 107145486A TW I795490 B TWI795490 B TW I795490B
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Abstract
本發明提供一種用以製造防彈之成形物件的方法,其中該成形物件包含:i)複數層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層;及ii)複數層黏著層;及該方法包含:a)提供複數片前驅物薄片,其中該等前驅物薄片每片皆包含i)至少一層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層,及ii)至少一層黏著層;b)堆疊該等前驅物薄片以形成一堆疊,其中在該堆疊中的黏著劑總量係5.0至12.0重量%,以該堆疊之總重量為基準;c)在溫度低於該聚烯烴纖維的熔點1至30℃及壓力至少8MPa下加壓該在步驟b)中所製造之堆疊;及d)將該在步驟c)中所製造之經加壓的堆疊冷卻至低於該聚烯烴纖維的熔點至少50℃,同時維持壓力。
Description
發明領域
本發明係關於一種用以製造防彈之成形物件的方法,其中該物件包含複數層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層及複數層黏著層。本發明進一步關於一種可藉由該方法獲得的防彈成形物件,及一種合適於使用在該方法中的前驅物薄片。
發明背景
在技藝中已知曉藉由將一單向排列的纖維層堆疊加壓埋入一基質中來製造一防彈之成形物件。在技藝中亦教導最小化所存在的黏合基質比例來改良在所提供的面密度下之防彈性能。為此所提出的原理闡述為雖然需要某些基質來對成形物件提供機械完整性,但黏合基質不會促成彈頭遏止(projectile stopping)能力,因此,應該最小化或甚至避免其存在。
WO 2009/056286描述出一種不存在有基質之單向排列的聚乙烯纖維之材料薄片,而是該等纖維係藉
由對繞著一板捲繞之纖維施加熱及壓力而融合在一起。繞著一板相繼地捲繞數層垂直層,擠壓該捲繞有纖維層的板,然後,自該板移出所產生的二片固結層薄片。
WO 2010/1222099描述出在缺乏黏合基質下固結成硬面板的編織纖維層之具體實例。在WO 2012/080274中進一步描述出於沒有黏合基質存在下,讓單向排列的纖維接受熱及壓力來製造帶。使用該等帶沒有加入黏合基質來製造一單層的固結堆疊。
WO 2013/131996描述出一種自熱塑性聚合物帶,例如,超高分子量聚乙烯纖維及塑料作為黏著劑來製造的複合面板。藉由加壓自該等帶所形成的薄片來製造一防彈之成形物件。
進一步在技藝中知曉當經加壓的堆疊層密度增加時,其彈道性能(特定吸收能量)增加。WO 1997/00766描述出加壓一浸透黏合基質之超高分子量聚乙烯堆疊層來達成讓該經擠壓的堆疊密度係高如理論最大密度的99.5%。但是,當加壓的壓力增加時,該堆疊之密度會以減少的比率增加。因此,已建議出有益的加壓壓力上限。
在先述技藝中所描述出之材料可具有令人滿意的防彈性能,但是,其性能可被改良。
發明概要
因此,本發明的目標為提供一種防彈之成形物件,其
在所提供的面密度下具有改良的防彈性能。進一步目標為一種經改良用以製造具有改良的彈道性能之防彈成形物件的方法。
本發明家已發現藉由在具體指定的壓力及溫度條件下,加壓複數層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層與複數層黏著層能夠產生一具有改良的彈道性能之成形物件,其中該黏著劑的總量係5.0至12.0重量%,以該成形物件之總重量為基準。
此外,本發明提供一種用以製造防彈之成形物件的方法,其中該成形物件包含:i)複數層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層;及ii)複數層黏著層;及該方法包含:a)提供複數片前驅物薄片,該等前驅物薄片每片皆包含:i)至少一層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層,及ii)至少一層黏著層;b)堆疊該等前驅物薄片以形成一堆疊;c)在溫度低於該聚烯烴纖維的熔點1至30℃及壓力至少8MPa下,加壓該在步驟b)中所製造的堆疊;及d)將該在步驟c)中所製造之經加壓的堆疊冷卻至低於該聚烯烴纖維的熔點至少50℃,同時維持壓力。
再者,本發明提供一種可藉由上述方法獲得的防彈之成形物件。
又進一步,本發明提供一種防彈之成形物
件,其包含:i)複數層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層;及ii)複數層黏著層,其中所存在的黏著劑總量係5.0至12.0重量%,以該防彈之成形物件的總重量為基準。
本發明進一步提供一種包含至少二層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層及至少二層黏著層的前驅物薄片,其中該單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層每層係由一層黏著層分開,其特徵為所存在的黏著劑量係5.0至12.0重量%,以該前驅物薄片之總重量為基準。
如於本文中所使用,用語「複數」意謂著大於1的整數。
如於本文中所使用,用語「單向排列」意謂著在層中的纖維係於由該層所界定的平面中被定向成實質上彼此平行。
如於本文中所使用,用語「實質上缺乏黏合基質」意謂著該纖維層可包括微量的黏合基質,其限制條件為該微量係物質上不明顯。實質上缺乏黏合基質典型意謂著該層包含至多1.0重量%的黏合基質。換句話說,該層基本上無黏合基質。較佳的是,實質上缺乏意謂著缺乏。
如於本文中所使用,用語「缺乏黏合基質」意謂著包括0.0重量%的黏合基質,以該層之重量為基準。此外,該包含單向排列的聚烯烴纖維之層較佳為無黏合基質,換句話說,完全缺乏黏合基質。該黏著層可與單向排
列之拉長的聚烯烴纖維層有區別。該包含單向排列的聚烯烴纖維之層可包含機械融合的單向排列聚烯烴纖維。
如於本文中所使用,用語「黏合基質」指為除了纖維其自身外的物質,其作用為將纖維黏合在一起。
如於本文中所使用,用語「前驅物薄片」指為合適於形成該防彈之成形物件的中間多層材料薄片。
如於本文中所使用,「熔點」指為該纖維之示差掃描卡計(DSC)的二次加熱曲線(以10℃/分鐘之加熱速率進行)在發生主波峰時之溫度。
在本申請案的上下文中,纖維係一具有長度尺寸更大於其寬度及厚度之拉伸主體。因此,用語「纖維」包括單絲、多絲紗、緞帶、長條或帶及其類似物。可對該包含長條或帶的層進行毗連或重疊。該纖維可具有任何截面形狀。該截面可沿著纖維長度而變化。典型來說,該纖維係單絲。典型來說,該纖維具有截面的縱深比率少於5:1,較佳為至多3:1;更佳為少於2:1,其係定義為在視野計上於纖維截面之二點間的最大尺寸與在相同視野計上於二點間之最小尺寸的比率。
當該聚烯烴纖維係聚乙烯纖維時可獲得好的結果。特別是,合適的聚烯烴係乙烯與丙烯之同元聚合物及共聚物,其亦可包括小量的一或多種其它聚合物,特別是其它烯烴-1-聚合物。較佳的聚乙烯纖維有高及超高分子量聚乙烯([U]HMWPE)纖維。
聚乙烯纖維可藉由在技藝中已知的任何技
術製造,較佳為藉由熔融或凝膠紡絲法。最佳的纖維係凝膠紡絲UHMWPE纖維,例如,由DSM Dyneema,Heerlen,Netherlands,以Dyneema®之名稱出售的那些。若使用熔融紡絲方法時,使用來製造其之聚乙烯起始材料較佳為具有重量平均分子量在20,000至600,000克/莫耳間,更佳為在60,000至200,000克/莫耳間。熔融紡絲方法的實施例係揭示在EP 1,350,868中,其以參考之方式併入本文。若使用凝膠紡絲方法來製造該纖維時,較佳為使用具有本質黏度(IV,如根據ASTM 1601決定及較佳為如關於實施例所描述般,以在十氫萘中的溶液,於135℃下)較佳為至少3分升/克的UHMWPE,更佳為至少4分升/克,最佳為至少5分升/克。較佳的是,該IV係至多40分升/克,更佳為至多25分升/克,更佳為至多15分升/克。較佳的是,該UHMWPE具有每100個C原子少於1條側鏈,更佳為每300個C原子少於1條側鏈。較佳的是,該UHMWPE纖維係根據如在許多公告中所描述的凝膠紡絲方法製造,包括EP 0205960 A、EP 0213208 A1、US 4413110、GB 2042414 A、GB-A-2051667、EP 0200547 B1、EP 0472114 B1、WO 01/73173 A1、EP 1,699,954;及在「Advanced Fiber Spinning Technology」,Ed.T.Nakajima,Woodhead Publ.Ltd(1994),ISBN 185573 182 7中。
較佳的是,在合適溫度下拉長來自這些聚烯烴的纖維進行高度定向而獲得一經拉長的聚烯烴纖維。該拉長典型在低於纖維熔點之高溫下進行。該聚烯烴纖維較
佳為一經拉長的聚烯烴纖維。
該聚烯烴纖維的抗拉強度較佳為至少1.2GPa,更佳為至少2.5GPa,最佳為至少3.5GPa。該聚烯烴纖維的拉伸模數較佳為至少5GPa,更佳為至少15GPa,最佳為至少25GPa。當該聚烯烴纖維係具有抗拉強度至少2GPa,更佳為至少3GPa,及拉伸模數較佳為至少50GPa,更佳為至少90GPa,最佳為至少120GPa之UHMWPE纖維時,獲得最好的結果。
該實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層典型係自纖維之融合形成。該融合較佳為在實質上不產生熔融黏合之壓力、溫度及時間組合下達成。較佳的是,無可偵測的熔融黏合,如藉由DSC偵測(10℃/分鐘)。無可偵測的熔融黏合意謂著當以一式三份分析該樣品時,無偵測到可看見的與纖維部分熔融再結晶一致之吸熱效應。較佳的是,該融合係機械融合。機械融合已認為係由纖維變形發生,此導致平行纖維的機械聯鎖增加及在纖維間之凡得瓦爾交互作用增加。此外,在層內的纖維典型經融合。因此,該層可沒有任何黏合基質或黏著劑存在而具有好的結構穩定性。再者,其可沒有任何纖維熔融而具有好的結構穩定性。
該實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向定向的聚烯烴纖維層可藉由讓細絲的平行陣列接受高溫及壓力而形成。該用以施加壓力的工具可係軋光機、平滑化單位、雙帶式加壓機或交替式加壓機。較佳的施加壓力方式係將該
單向定向纖維的陣列引進至軋光機之夾子,實質上如在WO 2012/080274 A1中所描述般。
較佳的是,該包含單向排列的聚烯烴纖維之層厚度係各別聚烯烴纖維厚度的至少1.0倍,更佳為至少1.3,最佳為至少1.5倍。若使用具有不同厚度的聚烯烴纖維時,各別纖維之厚度於此了解為所使用的纖維之平均厚度。較佳的是,該層的最大厚度不超過各別聚烯烴纖維的厚度20倍,更佳為不超過10,甚至更佳為不超過5及最佳為不超過3倍。
本發明之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層之機械性質典型類似於使用來製造其的纖維之機械性質。該單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層之抗拉強度較佳為至少1GPa,更佳為至少2GPa,最佳為至少3GPa。該單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層之拉伸模數較佳為至少40GPa,更佳為至少80GPa,更佳為至少100GPa。
典型來說,該單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層具有厚度10至200微米。較佳的是,該厚度係25至120微米,更佳厚度係35至100微米。該層的厚度可例如使用顯微鏡,採用三次測量的平均來度量。
自一些前驅物薄片形成一堆疊。該堆疊可僅包含相同的前驅物薄片,或可包含不同前驅物薄片的混合物。該堆疊典型在習知用以製造防彈之成形物件的加壓機中進行加壓。較佳的是,該步驟c)的壓力係至少10MPa。更佳的是,該步驟c)的壓力係至少12MPa,更佳為至少15
MPa。雖然理論壓力上限可較高,實務上,該步驟c)之壓力係至多30MPa。在步驟c)中,該溫度較佳為低於該聚烯烴的熔點至少3℃,更佳為低於該聚烯烴纖維的熔點至少5℃,最佳為低於該聚烯烴纖維的熔點至少10℃。該聚烯烴纖維的熔點係如於本文中所描述般藉由DSC決定。
較佳的是,所存在的黏著劑總量係6.0至11.0重量%,以該堆疊之總重量為基準。更佳的是,所存在的黏著劑總量係7.0至10.5重量%,更佳為7.5至10.0重量%,最佳為8.0至9.5重量%,以該堆疊之總重量為基準。
在步驟d)中,該經加壓的堆疊係在壓力下冷卻。維持該壓力直到該經加壓的堆疊冷卻,以保證該單向排列聚烯烴纖維層良好地黏附。特別是,其防止該些層當壓力減低時鬆弛。較佳的是,在壓力下進行冷卻至低於80℃。較佳的是,在步驟d)中維持於步驟c)中所施加的壓力。任擇地,可施加較低的壓力。
用語「黏著劑」指為將毗連的單向排列纖維層黏附在一起之材料。該黏著劑對本發明之前驅物薄片提供結構剛度。其亦作用為改良在本發明的成形物件中之毗連的單向排列纖維層間之層間黏合。在本發明的成形物件中,該黏著劑在毗連的單向排列纖維層間形成一層。該黏著劑可完全覆蓋毗連的單向排列纖維層之表面或可僅部分覆蓋該表面。該黏著劑可以多種形式及方法施加,例如,呈膜、呈橫向黏合長條或橫向纖維(關於該單向纖維呈橫向);或藉由例如以聚合物熔融物或聚合物材料在液體中的
溶液或分散液來塗佈該單向排列纖維層。較佳的是,該黏著劑均勻地分佈在該層之整體表面上,然而可局部施加黏合長條或黏合纖維。
合適的黏著劑包括熱固性聚合物、或熱塑性聚合物、或二種之混合物。該熱固性聚合物包括乙烯基酯、不飽和聚酯、環氧化合物或酚樹脂。該熱塑性聚合物包括聚胺基甲酸酯、聚乙烯基類、聚丙烯酸類、聚烯烴、聚對酞酸伸丁酯(PBT);或熱塑性彈性體嵌段共聚物,諸如聚苯乙烯-聚丁烯-聚苯乙烯、或聚苯乙烯-聚異戊二烯-聚苯乙烯嵌段共聚物。來自乙烯基酯、不飽和聚酯、環氧化合物或酚樹脂的熱固性聚合物之群較佳。
較佳的熱塑性聚合物包含乙烯的共聚物,其可包括一或多種具有2至12個C原子的烯烴作為共單體,特別是乙烯、丙烯、異丁烯、1-丁烯、1-己烯、4-甲基-1-戊烯、1-辛烯、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸及醋酸乙烯酯。在缺乏共單體的聚合物樹脂中,可存在有廣泛多種聚乙烯,例如,線性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)、非常低密度聚乙烯(VLDPE)、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)或其摻合物。但是,高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)較佳。
特別佳的熱塑性聚合物包含乙烯與丙烯酸的共聚物(乙烯丙烯酸共聚物);或乙烯與甲基丙烯酸的共聚物(乙烯甲基丙烯酸共聚物)。較佳的是,該黏著劑係以水性懸浮液施用。
另一種特別佳的熱塑性聚合物為塑料,其中
該塑料係一種乙烯或丙烯與一或多種C2至C12 α-烯烴共單體之無規共聚物。更佳的是,該熱塑性聚合物係乙烯及/或丙烯的同元聚合物或共聚物。
該黏著劑的熔點係低於該聚烯烴纖維。典型來說,該黏著劑具有熔點低於155℃。較佳的是,其係115℃至150℃。
較佳的是,所存在的黏著劑總量係6.0至11.0重量%,以該防彈之成形物件的總重量為基準。更佳的是,所存在的黏著劑總量係7.0至10.5重量%,更佳為7.5至10.0重量%,最佳為8.0至9.5重量%,以該防彈之成形物件的總重量為基準。
該黏著劑典型實質上不滲透進該單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層中。較佳的是,該黏著劑根本不滲透進該單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層中。此外,該黏著劑不作用為在單層的單向排列纖維內之纖維間的黏合劑。較佳的是,該防彈之成形物件包含複數層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層與複數層黏著層。
在本發明的防彈物件中,該黏著層可包含一完整層,例如,膜;一連續的部分層,例如,膜片;或一分散的部分層,例如,黏著劑點或島。
較佳的是,在步驟b)中,相對於毗連的單向排列聚烯烴纖維層之單向排列聚烯烴纖維的定向,每層單向排列聚烯烴纖維層係定向成呈角度45°至135°。較佳角度為75°至105°,例如,約90°。較佳的是,在步驟b)中,
每層單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層係藉由黏著層與毗連的單向排列聚烯烴纖維層分開。
本發明的前驅物薄片包含至少一層聚烯烴纖維層及至少一層黏著層。典型來說,該前驅物薄片包含相等數目的實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層與黏著層。典型來說,該前驅物薄片包含2至8層之單向定向的聚烯烴纖維,較佳為2或4層。典型來說,該前驅物薄片包含2至8層黏著層,較佳為2或4層。典型來說,該前驅物薄片僅包含實質上缺乏黏合劑之單向定向的聚烯烴纖維層與黏著層。較佳的是,相對於毗連的聚烯烴纖維層之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維之定向,每層單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層係定向成呈角度45°至135°。較佳角度為75°至105°,例如,約90°。較佳的是,每層單向排列聚烯烴纖維層係藉由黏著層與毗連的單向排列聚烯烴纖維層分開。
典型來說,該方法進一步在步驟a)前包含一步驟a’):藉由將一黏著層施加至一實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層來製造一前驅物薄片,該前驅物薄片包含:i)至少一層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層;及ii)至少一層黏著層。
較佳的是,在步驟a’)中,將5.0至12.0重量%的黏著劑施加至該實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層,以該層及黏著劑之總重量為基準。較佳的是,
所存在的黏著劑總量係6.0至11.0重量%,以該前驅物薄片之總重量為基準。更佳的是,所存在的黏著劑總量係7.0至10.5重量%,更佳為7.5至10.0重量%,最佳為8.0至9.5重量%,以該前驅物薄片之總重量為基準。
該具有多於一層單向排列聚烯烴纖維層及/或多於一層黏著層之前驅物薄片可藉由製造出每片皆包含下列的多片前驅物薄片來製造:i)一層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層,及ii)一層黏著層,例如,如在步驟a’)中般;接著堆疊一數量的該前驅物薄片;及在高溫及壓力下固結該前驅物薄片。可對所施加的溫度及壓力進行選擇以便在毗連的薄片間造成黏附力。該溫度必需低於該聚烯烴纖維之熔點。
較佳的是,該步驟a’)進一步包含固結二層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層及一層黏著層,其中該單向排列聚烯烴纖維層係由該黏著層分開。更佳的是,在步驟a’)中,該二層單向排列的纖維係定向成彼此呈45°至135°。較佳角度為75°至105°,例如,約90°。
典型來說,該包含一層聚烯烴纖維及一層黏著劑的前驅物薄片具有25至150克/平方公尺之面密度,較佳為35至100克/平方公尺,更佳為45至75克/平方公尺。典型來說,該包含二層聚烯烴纖維層及二層黏著層的前驅物薄片具有50至300克/平方公尺之面密度,較佳為70至200克/平方公尺,更佳為90至150克/平方公尺。
典型來說,本發明之成形物件包含20至480
層的單向定向聚烯烴纖維層。較佳的是,其包含60至360層,更佳為100至240層。所需要的層數依應用及欲防禦對抗的彈道威脅而定。
該防彈之成形物件的面密度將依層數目及所選擇的層之面密度而定。該防彈之成形物件的面密度典型為1至100公斤/平方公尺。較佳的是,本發明之成形物件具有5至50公斤/平方公尺之面密度。更佳的是,其具有7至20之面密度,最佳為8至15公斤/平方公尺。
根據本發明的防彈成形物件可平坦。此成形物件係藉由在平板間加壓而製造。但是,該防彈之成形物件可任擇地係彎曲的成形物件。其可在一個方向上或在二個方向上彎曲。此曲率可藉由在習知加壓機中以彎曲模具加壓而達成,其中該模具界定出欲製造的成形物件之形狀。圓頂係在二個方向上彎曲的形狀之實施例。
本發明之或藉由本發明之方法所製造的防彈成形物件係呈硬質彈道材料形式。其係合適於以嵌件使用在防彈織物中、或作為用於個人保護的頭盔殼體、或用於車輛保護的盔甲。其亦可合適作為防彈頭盔的組件,例如,擋板或下顎。典型來說,在彈道織物中的嵌件係於一或二個方向上彎曲。例如,胸板嵌件可在二個方向上稍微彎曲。車輛盔甲可在一或二個方向上彎曲或可呈平坦。頭盔殼體係在二個方向上大程度彎曲。
已經發現當在該加壓步驟期間所施加的壓力增加時,根據本發明的成形物件之特定能量吸收(Eabs或
SEA)增加。在WO 1997/00766中對彈道性能增加提出一種機制,藉由驅逐被捕捉的氣體以移除在材料中之空洞將導致材料密度增加。但是,在本發明中驚人地發現,本材料被減少的厚度量遠低於先述技藝之材料。藉由驅逐氣體來減少空洞的機制無法解釋在本發明之防彈物件中所觀察到的低厚度減少效應。
本發明的防彈成形物件之此增加的尺寸穩定性效應之優點為不管在成形期間所施加的壓力,其厚度實質上相同。換句話說,在用以加壓該材料之模具組件間的間隙變化驚人地低。尺寸穩定性增加能夠更準確地設計出該成形物件。甚至當在多種不同加壓設備上於不同條件下製造時,此可以對產物規格具高容忍程度來製造該成形物件。
尺寸穩定性增加在加壓高彎曲成形物件例如高彎曲形狀之車輛盔甲或頭盔時具有特別的優點。在此應用中,於傳統加壓機中加壓會僅在一個軸上施加壓力,此意謂著對此軸施加的橫向壓力僅有此力量之分量。例如,在傳統加壓機中加壓頭盔殼體時,將對該頭盔殼體的冠施加比對其外周還高的壓力。正確預測出在頭盔模具的外周處之必需模具間隙的能力可保證在橫向方向中施加適當壓力,此將導致在外周處有較高的性能。
在技藝中已知使用二階段加壓方法來減輕此問題之效應。在第一階段中,於第一模具中以相對低壓來固結材料層以形成一具有成品的大概形狀之經部分加壓
的物體。在第二階段中,於第二模具中以高壓加壓該經部分加壓的物件以製造出成品。該第一壓力可係2MPa;及該第二壓力可係16.5MPa。因為本發明的材料之高尺寸穩定性,即,其具有低固結參數,140T16.5-2(以%表示出),不需要第一部分的加壓步驟。因此,該製造高彎曲成形物件的方法可自二步驟加壓方法簡化成一步驟加壓方法。
此外,本發明較佳為提供一種防彈之成形物件,其中該防彈之成形物件具有小於7%之固結參數(140T16.5-2),其中140T16.5-2係當在140℃下遭受16.5MPa的壓力時,該複數層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的聚烯烴纖維層與複數層黏著層之厚度減少%,以當在140℃下遭受2MPa的壓力時之厚度為基準。
較佳的是,該防彈之成形物件具有小於5%之固結參數(140T16.5-2)。更佳的是,140T16.5-2係小於4%、小於3%或甚至小於2%。
本發明的成形物件可在一或二面處包含一膜。此膜具有保護表面不被刮傷或磨損的性質。合適的膜包括厚度例如少於20,少於15或甚至少於10微米之自熱塑性聚合物製得的薄膜,例如,聚烯烴,例如,聚乙烯、聚丙烯或其共聚物;聚四氟乙烯、聚酯、聚醯胺或聚胺基甲酸酯,包括該等聚合物的熱塑性彈性體版本。但是,典型來說,該防彈的成形物件僅包含實質上缺乏黏合劑之單向定向的聚烯烴纖維層與黏著層。
本發明之防彈成形物件可具有改良的特定
能量吸收(Eabs或SEA)、背襯變形、或層離、或其組合。特別是,已經發現該成形物件對來福槍威脅,例如,7.62x39毫米MSC(AK47)或SS109之特定能量吸收(Eabs或SEA)特別好。
較佳的是,本發明的防彈成形物件具有至多11公斤/平方公尺之面密度,及該成形物件對抗7.62x39毫米MSC(AK47)符合NIJ程度III+性能。更佳的是,本發明的防彈成形物件具有至多10公斤/平方公尺或甚至至多9公斤/平方公尺之面密度,及該成形物件對抗7.62x39毫米MSC(AK47)符合NIJ程度III+性能。
根據本發明的防彈成形物件對抗7.62x39毫米MSC(AK47)典型具有Eabs至少205焦耳公斤-1平方公尺。但是,可製造出對抗7.62x39毫米MSC(AK47)具有Eabs至少240焦耳公斤-1平方公尺之防彈成形物件,更佳為至少280,至少300或甚至至少330。該Eabs典型在9.8公斤/平方公尺下決定。
根據本發明的防彈成形物件對9毫米FMJ RN(Remmington),開洞式(spaced),所測量的背襯凹陷深度(back face signature)(BFS)典型少於5毫米,以6.8公斤/平方公尺之面密度為基準。較佳的是,其係少於4毫米,更佳為少於3毫米,或甚至少於2毫米。
如於本文中所描述的防彈成形物件可與一或多種進一步防彈材料層結合。此進一步防彈材料包括聚合物防彈材料或無機防彈材料。聚合物防彈材料典型包含
高強度纖維,例如,對-芳族聚醯胺或超高分子量聚乙烯纖維。典型來說,若存在有聚合物防彈材料時,其係放置在遠離該防彈之成形物件的衝擊面處。
進一步防彈材料層可任擇地係選自於由下列所組成之群的無機材料薄片:陶瓷、金屬、金屬合金、玻璃、石墨或其組合。特別佳為金屬,例如,鋁、鎂、鈦、銅、鎳、鉻、鈹、鐵及銅,包括其合金。該無機薄片的厚度可在廣泛範圍內變化及較佳為在1毫米至50毫米間,更佳為在2毫米至30毫米間。典型來說,若存在有無機防彈材料時,其係置於該防彈成形物件的衝擊面處。
該進一步防彈材料可黏附至該防彈之成形物件或可分開。該黏附可藉由加壓達成,含或不含進一步黏著劑存在。此黏著劑可包含環氧樹脂、聚酯樹脂、聚胺基甲酸酯樹脂或乙烯基酯樹脂。在另一個較佳的具體實例中,該黏合層可進一步包含無機纖維之編織或不織層,例如,玻璃纖維或碳纖維。
如在本申請案中所指出的測試方法係如下:
‧IV:本質黏度係根據ASTM D1601方法,在135℃下,於十氫萘中,溶解時間為16小時,且作為抗氧化劑的DBPC係呈2克/升溶液之量,藉由對如在不同濃度下所測量的黏度外插至零濃度而決定;
‧拉力性質(在25℃下測量):抗拉強度(或強度)及拉伸模數(或模數)係如於ASTM D885M中所定義,及在具體指定的多絲紗線上,使用標稱隔距長度500毫米的纖維,
夾頭速率(crosshead speed)50%/分鐘來決定。以所測量的應力-應變曲線為基礎,該模數係決定為在0.3至1%應變間之梯度。為了計算該模數及強度,將所測量的拉力除以如藉由稱重10公尺纖維,假設密度0.97克/立方公分所決定之纖度來計算以Gpa計的值。根據ISO 1184(H)來測量薄膜之拉力性質。
‧成形物件之彈道性能係藉由將面板鉗夾在除了空氣外無背襯材料的框架中,於400毫米x400毫米的樣品上,以展開樣式(spread pattern)在每個樣品處射擊六發來計算V50值而決定。V50係自4個樣品來計算。所使用的彈藥係7.62x39毫米MSC(AK47)。
‧V50係採用最低的二個貫穿及最高的二個非貫穿速度之平均值來測量,如在Lightweight Ballistic Composites,Military and Law Enforcement Applications,Bhatnagar,2006,Woodhead Publishing Limited.Page 29中所定義。
‧背襯凹陷深度(BFS)係藉由下列決定:使用四個Team Wendy Zorbium墊,每個角落一個,將400毫米乘以400毫米之6.8公斤/平方公尺樣品與羅馬黏土(roma clay)背襯間隔開大約20毫米。在墊間及離該成形物件的邊緣至少5公分,以均勻間隔開的樣式射擊該成形物件四次。測試四個成形物件。以卡尺測量在每次射擊的黏土中之凹痕;及以16次射擊的平均來計算BFS。所使用的彈藥係9毫米FMJ-RN(Remmington)。
較佳實施例之詳細說明
實施例
實施例1
自40條Dyneema® SK76 1760分德士(dtex)紗線製造一前驅物薄片,其中該紗線可自DSM Dyneema,Heerlen,Netherlands獲得。在張力經控制的紗架上,將紗線自紗管去捲繞及讓其通過鋼筘。隨後,藉由在展紗單元上進料該等紗線,將紗線展開以形成一具有寬度320毫米的細絲低間隙床(gap-less bed)。然後,將展開的紗線進料至軋光機中。該軋光機的輥具有直徑400毫米及所施加的線壓力係2000牛頓/公分。該線係以線速度8公尺/分鐘及在輥表面溫度154℃下操作。於該軋光機中將該紗線融合成纖維帶。藉由第一輥架將該帶自該軋光機移除。在該軋光機與第一輥架間放置一粉末散佈單元,其將7重量%可自Borealis,Vienna,Austria獲得的Queo 1007粉末施加至該帶的上表面。在高溫下軋光該含有粉末的帶及將其捲繞到輥架上。
獲得一具有寬度320毫米及厚度46微米之纖維帶。該纖維帶具有韌性35.4釐牛頓/分德士及模數1387釐牛頓/分德士。
平行及毗連排列五條該帶以形成一1600毫米寬的薄片。在該第一薄片頂上形成相同的五條帶第二薄片,且二片薄片的黏著層面向上,但是其纖維呈垂直排列。產生一具有95克/平方公尺面密度之二層正交層疊的薄片。
將此薄片切割成400毫米x400毫米的方形前驅物薄片。以保證維持該等帶層係呈交替的0°/90°方向之方式來堆疊多片方形前驅物薄片。將該前驅物薄片堆疊加工成9.8公斤/平方公尺的成形物件。該成形物件包括206層的單向排列帶。在2MPa及145℃下40分鐘將該薄片堆疊加壓成一成形物件,接著為在2MPa下20分鐘的冷卻時期。
以7.62x39毫米MSC(AK47)子彈來射擊該成形物件以決定V50。結果係列在下列表1中。
實施例2
根據實施例1製造一成形物件,除了施加8MPa的壓力外。
實施例3
根據實施例1製造一成形物件,除了施加16MPa的壓力外。
比較用實驗A
對可自DSM Dyneema,Heerlen,Netherlands獲得如為HB210之400毫米x400毫米的單向排列纖維層薄片進行堆疊,以形成一具有13.0公斤/平方公尺之面密度的組合。該等薄片各者皆包含4層,每層皆包含埋入17%的聚胺基甲酸酯樹脂基質中之單向排列的UHMWPE纖維,並以纖維方向0°/90°/0°/90°之組態進行積層。總共使用96片薄片,且遍及該堆疊將毗連層維持交替的0°/90°方向。在2MPa及125℃下40分鐘加壓該薄片組合,接著為在2MPa下20分鐘的冷卻時期。產生一具有
13.0公斤/平方公尺之面密度的成形物件。使用7.62x39毫米MSC(AK47)子彈來射擊該成形物件以決定V50。結果係列在下列表1中。
比較用實驗B
根據比較用實驗A製造一成形物件,除了施加8MPa的壓力外。
比較用實驗C
根據比較用實驗C製造一成形物件,除了施加16.5MPa的壓力外。
這些結果顯示出,對由根據本發明之材料組成的防彈成形物件來說,可藉由僅施加8MPa的壓力達成超過200之Eabs;然而,對根據先述技藝之成形物件來說,需要16.5MPa的壓力來達成超過200的Eabs。再者,將所施加的壓力自壓力2MPa增加至16.5MPa來達成此性能時,僅在本發明之材料中導致厚度自10.4減少至10.1毫米,
然而在比較例中觀察到厚度自14.3減少至13.0。
比較用實驗D
重覆實施例1,但是使用4重量%的Queo 1007粉末且反而僅堆疊足以製造出具有6.8公斤/平方公尺的面密度之400毫米乘以400毫米成形物件的前驅物薄片。以9毫米(Remington)彈藥來射擊該成形物件以決定背襯凹陷深度(BFS)。結果係提供在下列表2中。
實施例4
重覆比較用實驗D,但是使用7重量%的Queo 1007粉末。
實施例5
重覆比較用實驗D,但是使用10重量%的Queo 1007粉末。
這些結果顯示出與具有較高重量%的黏著劑且黏著劑浸透進該纖維層中的成形物件(比較用實驗D)比較,在根據本發明之實施例4及5中的背襯變形驚人地減少。再者,在實施例4與實施例5間之差異未指示出加入10%基質而非7%基質在BFS上有產生任何改良。
Claims (15)
- 一種用以製造防彈之成形物件的方法,其中該成形物件包含:i)複數層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層;及ii)複數層在毗連的單向排列的經融合纖維層間的黏著層;及該方法包括以下步驟:a)提供複數片前驅物薄片,其中該等前驅物薄片每片皆包含:i)至少一層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層;及ii)至少一層黏著層;b)堆疊該等前驅物薄片以形成一堆疊,其中在該堆疊中的黏著劑總量係5.0至12.0重量%,以該堆疊之總重量為基準;c)在比該聚烯烴纖維的熔點低1至30℃之溫度及至少8MPa之壓力下加壓在步驟b)中所製造的該堆疊;及d)將在步驟c)中所製造之經加壓的堆疊冷卻至比該聚烯烴纖維的熔點至少低50℃,同時維持壓力。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中步驟c)的壓力係至少10MPa。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中所存在的黏著劑總量係6.0至11.0重量%,以該堆疊之總重量為基準。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中在步驟b)中,相對 於實質上缺乏黏合基質之一毗連的聚烯烴纖維層之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維的定向,每層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層係定向成呈角度45°至135°。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中每層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層係藉由一黏著層與實質上缺乏黏合基質之毗連的單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層分開。
- 如請求項1之方法,更在該步驟a)前包含一步驟a’):藉由對實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層施加一黏著層來製造一前驅物薄片,其中該前驅物薄片包含:i)至少一層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層;及ii)至少一層黏著層。
- 如請求項6之方法,其中在該步驟a’)中將5.0至12.0重量%的黏著劑施加至該實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層,以該層與黏著劑之總重量為基準。
- 如請求項7之方法,其中該步驟a’)進一步包含固結二層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層與一黏著層,其中該等單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層係由該黏著層分開。
- 如請求項8之方法,其中在該步驟a’)中, 該二層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層係彼此定向成呈45°至135°。
- 一種防彈之成形物件,其可藉由如請求項1至9之任一項的方法獲得。
- 一種防彈之成形物件,其包含:i)複數層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層;及ii)複數層在毗連的單向排列的經融合纖維層間的黏著層;其中所存在的黏著劑總量係5.0至12.0重量%,以該防彈之成形物件的總重量為基準。
- 如請求項11的防彈之成形物件,其中該防彈物件包含6.0至11.0重量%的黏著劑,以該防彈之成形物件的總重量為基準。
- 如請求項11或12的防彈成形物件,其中該防彈成形物件具有小於7%之固結參數(140T16.5-2),其中140T16.5-2係當在140℃下遭受16.5MPa的壓力時,該複數層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層與複數層黏著層之厚度減少,以當在140℃下遭受2MPa的壓力時之厚度為基準。
- 如請求項13的防彈成形物件,其中該防彈成形物件具有至多11公斤/平方公尺之面密度,及該防彈之成形物件對抗7.62x39毫米MSC(AK47)符合NIJ程度III+性能。
- 一種前驅物薄片,其包含:i)至少二層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層;及ii)至少二層黏著層;其中每層實質上缺乏黏合基質之單向排列的經融合聚烯烴纖維層係由一黏著層分開,其中所存在的黏著劑量係5.0至12.0重量%,以該前驅物薄片之總重量為基準。
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CA3084393A1 (en) | 2019-06-27 |
US20230046517A1 (en) | 2023-02-16 |
EP3727834A1 (en) | 2020-10-28 |
BR112020011950A2 (pt) | 2020-11-17 |
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