TWI634217B - Nickel-based alloy and method of producing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a nickel-based alloy and a method of manufacturing the same. The method first provides a nickel-based alloy steel liquid, and adds a magnesium-containing alloy to the nickel-based alloy steel liquid to obtain a nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid. Then, a nickel-based alloy can be obtained by performing a casting process on the nickel-magnesium alloy steel. The nickel-based alloy produced has a high hot process temperature, and in the hot working process, the nickel-based alloy has substantially no defects of forging or rolling.

Description

Nickel base alloy and its manufacturing method

The present invention relates to a nickel-based alloy and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly to a nickel-based alloy having a relatively high heat process temperature and a method of manufacturing the same.

In the steel industry, depending on the composition and process conditions, various steel products are also produced to meet different application needs. If a large amount of nickel is added to the molten steel, the main crystalline phase of the nickel-based alloy can be a Wase field iron phase structure of Face Center Cubic (FCC), and can be applied to a high temperature mechanical environment. . For example: engine components, turbine engine fasteners, high temperature bearings, furnace enclosures or petrochemical plant pipelines.

Generally, the nickel-based alloy castings prepared can be further processed by a hot working process such as forging and rolling to obtain a product that meets the specifications. However, when a nickel-based alloy is subjected to a hot working process, it is limited by the hot process temperature of the nickel-based alloy. The heat-processable temperature as used herein means that when the temperature of the nickel-based alloy is greater than the heat-processable temperature, the stress of the hot-working process causes defects such as cracking or rolling of the nickel-based alloy to lower the surface quality.

Generally, the hot work temperature of a nickel-based alloy is measured by a change in the cross-sectional area change rate and temperature, and the method is as follows. First, a nickel-base alloy was fabricated into a nickel alloy rod, and both ends of the nickel alloy rod were fixed by a jig. Then, the nickel alloy rod is heated to a set temperature. After the set temperature is reached, the ends of the nickel alloy rod are stretched with a jig until the nickel alloy rod is broken, and the cross-sectional area change rate of the nickel alloy rod is calculated by the following formula (I):

In the formula (I), A ₁ represents the cross-sectional area of the nickel alloy rod before heating, and A ₂ represents the cross-sectional area of the fracture position of the nickel alloy rod.

According to the test method of the cross-sectional area change rate, a line graph of the change rate of the cross-sectional area of the nickel-based alloy and the temperature can be obtained, as shown in FIG. 1, wherein the composition of the nickel-based alloy of FIG. 1 is as shown in Comparative Example 1 to be described later. . In general, the highest heat treatable temperature of a nickel-based alloy is defined as the temperature at which the cross-sectional area change rate is about 30%. According to the content shown in Fig. 1, the highest hot-processable temperature of this type of nickel-based alloy is about 1120 °C.

As mentioned above, when the hot work temperature of the nickel-based alloy is higher, the nickel-based alloy can be heated to a higher temperature (not exceeding the highest heat-processable temperature) for the hot working process. However, as the thermal processing process progresses, the temperature of the nickel-based alloy also decreases, and the processing resistance also increases, which reduces the forging efficiency. Therefore, in order to be forged to the required specifications, the nickel-based alloy must be replayed into the furnace again and heated to the heat processable temperature to continue the hot working process. Among them, the temperature at which the nickel-based alloy is to be replayed to the heating furnace is defined as the temperature at which the furnace is returned. Accordingly, if the temperature difference between the highest hot-processable temperature and the reheating temperature (ie, the hot-working process window) is too small, the field operator must repeatedly The nickel-based alloy is played back to the furnace for heating, and the process and time required for the heat treatment process are increased.

In order to increase the aforementioned heat processable window, it is generally achieved by increasing the maximum heat process temperature of the nickel-based alloy. However, at the time of casting, impurities such as titanium, sulfur, phosphorus, and/or antimony in the nickel-based alloy steel liquid first segregate and occupy the grain boundary region between the crystals. Sulfur and/or phosphorus segregated to the grain boundary region combines with iron to form a low melting point compound, so that the low melting point compound melts and liquefies during the hot working process to weaken the grain boundary. Titanium and/or niobium segregated to the grain boundary region tends to form carbides with carbon, and has a hard and brittle mechanical property, so the stress applied by the forging is liable to cause defects in the nickel-based alloy due to cracking or rolling. Therefore, limited to the weakened grain boundary region, the hot process temperature of the nickel-based alloy is difficult to effectively increase, and has poor thermal processing characteristics.

In view of the above, it is not necessary to provide a nickel-based alloy and a method of manufacturing the same to improve the defects of the conventional nickel-based alloy and its manufacturing method.

Therefore, an aspect of the present invention provides a method for producing a nickel-based alloy by adding a magnesium-containing alloy to reduce the segregation impurity concentration in the grain boundary region of the obtained nickel-based alloy, thereby improving the nickel-based alloy. Thermal processing characteristics.

Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a nickel-based alloy which is obtained by the aforementioned method.

According to an aspect of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a nickel-based alloy is proposed. The manufacturing method first provides a nickel-based alloy steel liquid, and adds a magnesium-containing alloy to the nickel-based alloy steel liquid to obtain a nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid. The nickel-based alloy steel liquid contains 15 weight percent to 75 weight percent nickel, 10 weight percent to 30 weight percent chromium, 5 weight percent to 65 weight percent iron, and the balance impurities. Such impurities may include titanium, sulfur, phosphorus, and/or antimony. The nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid contains 0.002% by weight to 0.015% by weight of magnesium.

Then, the aforementioned nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid is subjected to a casting process to obtain a nickel-based alloy. Wherein, the total concentration of segregation of titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and antimony in the grain boundary region of the obtained nickel-based alloy is 0.5 atomic percent to 17.7 atomic percent.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the total concentration of titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and antimony of the nickel-based alloy steel liquid is less than 6.23 weight percent.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the total concentration of titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and antimony of the nickel-based alloy steel liquid is not more than 2.33 weight percent.

According to still another embodiment of the present invention, the impurity of the nickel-based alloy steel liquid may optionally include less than 0.2 weight percent of carbon, less than 16 weight percent of aluminum, less than 12 weight percent of molybdenum, less than 12 weight percent of tungsten, Less than 20 weight percent cobalt, less than 5 weight percent bismuth, and less than 12 weight percent bismuth.

According to still another embodiment of the present invention, the foregoing magnesium-containing alloy comprises 30% by weight to 60% by weight of magnesium.

According to still another embodiment of the present invention, the aforementioned nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid contains 0.002% by weight to 0.008% by weight of magnesium.

According to still another embodiment of the present invention, the manufacturing method selectively performs a thermal processing process on the nickel-based alloy. Among them, the nickel-based alloy is heated to more than 1120 ° C and less than or equal to 1220 ° C, and the reduction rate of the hot working process is 15% to 20%.

According to another aspect of the invention, a nickel based alloy is proposed. This nickel-based alloy is produced by the aforementioned production method. The total concentration of segregation of titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and antimony in the grain boundary region of the nickel-based alloy is 0.5 atomic percent to 17.7 atomic percent.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the heat-processable temperature of the nickel-based alloy is less than or equal to 1220 °C.

Applying the nickel-based alloy of the present invention and a manufacturing method thereof, by adding a magnesium-containing alloy to a nickel-based alloy steel liquid to adjust the composition of the molten steel, and in the casting process, the magnesium element is segregated to occupy the grain boundary region in advance Promoting the solid solution of the impurity element into the parent phase, thereby strengthening the grain boundary region and improving the hot working characteristics of the nickel-based alloy.

100‧‧‧ method

110‧‧‧Provide the steps of providing nickel-based alloy steel

120‧‧‧Steps for adding magnesium-containing alloys to nickel-based alloy steel

130‧‧‧Steps for casting process of nickel-magnesium alloy steel

140‧‧‧Steps for making nickel-based alloys

For a more complete understanding of the embodiments of the invention and the advantages thereof, reference should be made to the description below and the accompanying drawings. It must be emphasized that the various features are not drawn to scale and are for illustrative purposes only. The contents of the related drawings are as follows: [Fig. 1] is a line graph showing the change in the cross-sectional area of a conventional nickel-based alloy with respect to temperature.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing a method of manufacturing a nickel-based alloy according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The making and using of the embodiments of the invention are discussed in detail below. However, it will be appreciated that the embodiments provide many applicable inventive concepts that can be implemented in a wide variety of specific content. The specific embodiments discussed are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Referring to FIG. 2, a flow chart of a method for manufacturing a nickel-based alloy according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. Method 100 provides a nickel-based alloy steel solution as shown in step 110. The nickel-based alloy molten steel contains 15% by weight to 755% by weight of nickel, 10% by weight to 30% by weight of chromium, and 5% by weight to 65% by weight of iron based on 100% by weight of the total weight of the nickel-based alloy steel liquid. The remaining impurities. Among them, the impurities may include titanium, sulfur, phosphorus, and/or antimony. It is foreseeable that the less the content of impurities, the nickel-based alloy subsequently produced by the nickel-based alloy steel liquid also has better hot working characteristics. However, the aforementioned impurities are unavoidable depending on the characteristics of the product or the source of the raw materials. In some embodiments, the total concentration of titanium, sulfur, phosphorus, and antimony in the nickel-based alloy steel liquid is less than 6.23 weight percent. In some embodiments, the total concentration of titanium, sulfur, phosphorus, and antimony in the nickel-based alloy steel is preferably no greater than 2.33 weight percent.

In some embodiments, in addition to the foregoing titanium, sulfur, phosphorus, and antimony, the impurities of the nickel-based alloy steel may optionally comprise less than 0.2 weight percent carbon, less than 16 weight percent aluminum, less than 12 weight percent molybdenum. , Less than 12 weight percent tungsten, less than 20 weight percent cobalt, less than 5 weight percent bismuth, and less than 12 weight percent bismuth. In some embodiments, the impurities of the nickel-based alloy steel liquid may optionally comprise from 0.1 weight percent to 0.5 weight percent vanadium, less than 2 weight percent manganese, and less than 0.01 weight percent boron.

After performing step 110, the magnesium-containing alloy is added to the nickel-based alloy steel liquid to obtain a nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid, as shown in step 120. The magnesium-containing alloy may include, but is not limited to, a nickel-magnesium alloy, an iron-magnesium alloy, a chrome-magnesium alloy, other suitable magnesium-containing alloys, or any mixture of the above-described magnesium-containing alloys. In some embodiments, the magnesium-containing alloy may comprise from 30 weight percent to 60 weight percent magnesium, and preferably from 40 weight percent to 50 weight percent magnesium, based on 100 weight percent of the total weight of the magnesium-containing alloy. Preferably, in order to control the quality of the obtained nickel-based alloy, in addition to the magnesium content, the content of each component in the nickel-magnesium alloy steel is the same or similar to the content of each component corresponding to the nickel-based alloy steel. Therefore, the composition of the foregoing magnesium-containing alloy preferably comprises the composition already existing in the magnesium and nickel-based alloy steel liquid, so as to prevent the obtained nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid from having excessive kinds of impurities and reducing the heat of the obtained nickel-based alloy. Processing characteristics. In some embodiments, to meet product requirements, the composition of the foregoing magnesium-containing alloy is not limited to compositions that already exist only in magnesium and nickel-based alloy steels. If the magnesium content of the magnesium-containing alloy is less than 30% by weight, the addition amount of the magnesium-containing alloy must be relatively increased, and the composition concentration of the nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid and the composition concentration of the nickel-based alloy steel liquid are easily changed, and The quality of the product of the nickel-based alloy produced is affected, or the nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid contains too much impurity type to lower the product quality compared with the impurity type of the nickel-based alloy steel liquid. If the magnesium content of the magnesium alloy is greater than 60 In the case of a percentage, although the addition amount of the magnesium-containing alloy can be reduced, the cost of such a magnesium-containing alloy is relatively high, so it is difficult to meet the cost-effective requirement.

The aforementioned nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid may contain 0.002% by weight to 0.015% by weight of magnesium. In some embodiments, the nickel-magnesium alloy steel may comprise from 0.002 weight percent to 0.008 weight percent magnesium, preferably from 0.004 weight percent to 0.008 weight percent magnesium, and more preferably from 0.006 weight percent to 0.008 weight percent magnesium.

After the foregoing step 120 is performed, a nickel-based alloy can be obtained by performing a casting process on the obtained nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid, as shown in steps 130 and 140. When the foregoing nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid contains 0.002% by weight to 0.015% by weight of magnesium, and the molten steel is cooled to form a cast embryo, part of the magnesium may be segregated to the grain boundary region and occupy the grain boundary region, so that the aforementioned titanium and sulfur are obtained. Impurities such as phosphorus and/or antimony cannot be segregated to the grain boundary region, and then solid-dissolved into the parent phase or segregate in the parent phase. Furthermore, the remainder of the magnesium promotes the formation of smaller impurity elements by other impurities (eg, portions of titanium, sulfur, phosphorus, and antimony, as well as other impurity components described above) and solid solution into the parent phase. Therefore, since impurities such as titanium, sulfur, phosphorus, and/or antimony and other impurities cannot be segregated into the grain boundary region, defects of weakening of the grain boundary region due to impurities can be avoided, and the obtained nickel base can be prevented. The grain boundary region of the alloy can have better high-temperature heat-expanding properties, and thus has better hot-working properties, so that forging defects or rolling defects caused by hot working can be avoided.

If the magnesium content in the nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid is less than 0.002% by weight, during the cooling of the molten steel to form the casting embryo, some impurities such as titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and/or antimony may be segregated to the nickel base due to too little magnesium content. Alloy grain boundary In the region, when the nickel-based alloy is subjected to hot working, the applied stress generates a forging crack or a cracking defect along the grain boundary. On the other hand, if the magnesium content in the nickel-magnesium alloy steel is greater than 0.015 weight percent, impurities such as titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and/or antimony cannot be segregated to the grain boundary region of the nickel-based alloy during the cooling of the molten steel to form the casting embryo. However, when too much magnesium is segregated into the grain boundary region, the grain boundary region is also weakened, and the bonding property of the grain boundary region is lowered, and the high-temperature heat extension property of the nickel-based alloy is lowered, thereby reducing the obtained nickel-based alloy. Quality. In addition, when the nickel-based alloy contains too much magnesium content, the impurity concentration thereof cannot satisfy the specification of the product for the impurity content.

In the grain boundary region of the nickel-based alloy, the total concentration of impurities such as titanium, sulfur, phosphorus, and antimony is 0.5 atomic percent to 17.7 atomic percent. Wherein, if the total concentration of impurities such as titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and antimony in the grain boundary region is less than 0.5 atomic percent, although the grain boundary region contains less titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and/or antimony, it also represents the grain boundary region. It contains more magnesium, which causes the grain boundary to weaken, or the nickel-based alloy produced cannot meet the specifications of the product for impurity content. If the total concentration of impurities such as titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and antimony in the grain boundary region is greater than 17.7 atomic percent, since the grain boundary region contains too much impurities (ie impurities such as titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and/or antimony), the grain boundary The bonding property is poor, and the grain boundary region has poor high-temperature heat-expanding properties, thereby reducing the hot working characteristics of the nickel-based alloy.

In one embodiment, the heat-processable temperature of the aforementioned nickel-based alloy is less than or equal to 1220 °C. In some embodiments, the hot work temperature of the nickel-based alloy is greater than 950 ° C and less than or equal to 1220 ° C. In some embodiments, the hot work temperature of the nickel-based alloy is greater than 1120 ° C and less than Or equal to 1220 ° C. In some embodiments, the nickel-based alloy has a hot process temperature of 1165 ° C to 1215 ° C.

In some embodiments, the nickel-based alloy is subjected to a thermal processing process after the aforementioned nickel-based alloy is produced. In the thermal processing process, the nickel-based alloy is heated to 1120 ° C to 1220 ° C, and the reduction rate of the hot working step is 15% to 20%. In some embodiments, the thermal processing process can include, but is not limited to, a rolling process, a forging process, an extrusion process, a stamping process, other suitable thermal processing processes, or any combination of the foregoing thermal processing processes. Wherein, since impurities such as titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and/or antimony do not segregate into the grain boundary region, the grain boundary region of the nickel-based alloy is not weakened, and may have better high-temperature heat-expanding properties, thereby having better heat. Processing characteristics. Therefore, even if the nickel-based alloy is heated to a higher temperature (1220 ° C), and at a high reduction rate (20%), the nickel-based alloy does not cause forging defects or rolling defects.

Furthermore, as the number of cut passes increases, the nickel-based alloy will cool down and increase the processing resistance of the nickel-base alloy. Therefore, when the temperature of the nickel-based alloy falls to the reheating temperature and the processed nickel-based alloy does not meet the specification (for example, the thickness is still too thick), the nickel-based alloy must be heated again to reduce the processing resistance and continue. Hot processing process. Since the hot-workable temperature of the nickel-based alloy produced by the invention is high (that is, the hot-workable processing window of the nickel-based alloy is large), the nickel-based alloy can be subjected to more passes before the temperature is lowered to the temperature of the furnace. Thermal processing reduces the chances of nickel-based alloys being heated again. In addition, the higher heat processing temperature also allows the hot working process to apply a higher reduction rate to the nickel-based alloy, so the reduction of the hot working process can be correspondingly reduced under the same specifications. Accordingly, when the nickel-based alloy has a higher hot process temperature, The time and process required for the subsequent hot working process can be greatly reduced, and the production efficiency of the hot working process can be improved.

The following examples are used to illustrate the application of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and refinements can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Preparation of nickel-based alloy Example 1 to Example 3 and Comparative Example 1

The nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquids of Examples 1 to 3 are separately prepared according to the composition concentrations set forth in Table 1, and the same casting process is further carried out by processes and parameters well known to those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains. The nickel-based alloys of Examples 1 to 3 were obtained, wherein the bulk of the nickel-based alloy obtained in Examples 1 to 3 was 800 mm thick.

Further, in Comparative Example 1, the alloy steel solution was directly prepared using a conventional nickel-based alloy composition (the composition concentration is as shown in Table 1), but the magnesium-containing alloy was not added. Then, the nickel-based alloy of Comparative Example 1 was produced in the same casting process as in Example 1 to Example 3, and the thickness of the bulk of the nickel-based alloy of Comparative Example 1 was also 800 mm.

The nickel-based alloys prepared in the foregoing Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1 were respectively measured for the concentration of segregated elements in the grain boundary region by an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results obtained are shown in Table 2, respectively.

Thermal processing

First, the highest heat-processable temperature of the nickel-based alloys of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1 was measured by the above-described evaluation method of the cross-sectional area change rate.

Then, the nickel-based alloys of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1 were further subjected to a hot working process to forge the thickness of the bulk of the nickel-based alloy to 100 mm. Among them, the reduction rate per pass is about 15%.

For the thermal processing process, the nickel-based alloy is first heated to the highest hot-process temperature. Then, a high temperature nickel-based alloy is subjected to a hot working process. When the temperature of the nickel-based alloy drops to 950 ° C, the nickel-based alloy is played back into the furnace and reheated to the highest hot process temperature. Wait for it to reheat After the highest hot processing temperature, the thermal processing process is continued until the thickness of the nickel-based alloy block reaches the target thickness (100 mm). The number of times of reheating of the nickel-based alloys of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1 is shown in Table 3.

According to the contents in Table 3, when the nickel-based alloy steel liquid contains magnesium, since the magnesium element can be segregated to the grain boundary region of the nickel-based alloy, the grain boundary region is occupied first, and titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and/or The impurities are solid-dissolved into the matrix phase, which in turn strengthens the combination of the grain boundary regions, thereby increasing the maximum hot-processable temperature of the nickel-based alloy and expanding the heat-processable process window of the nickel-based alloy. Second, nickel-based alloys can withstand higher forging reduction rates as the highest heat processing temperature increases.

Furthermore, when the magnesium content in the alloy steel liquid is from 0.002 weight percent to 0.015 weight percent, the total concentration of impurity elements such as titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and/or antimony segregated to the grain boundary region may be limited to 0.5 atomic percent to 17.7. Atomic percentage, so that the prepared nickel-based alloy can have better heat The processing characteristics, and the number of reheating cycles of the subsequent hot working process can be greatly reduced, and the benefits of the thermal processing process are improved.

According to the method for producing a nickel-based alloy according to the present invention, when the magnesium-containing alloy to be added is cast in a molten steel, the element concentration of impurities such as titanium, sulfur, phosphorus, and/or antimony segregated to the grain boundary region can be effectively suppressed. The combination of the grain boundary regions can be strengthened, thereby improving the hot working characteristics of the obtained nickel-based alloy, so that the defects of the high-temperature forging or rolling can be avoided, and the process and time required for the hot working process can be reduced.

The present invention has been disclosed in the above embodiments, and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains can make various changes without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The scope of protection of the present invention is therefore defined by the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (10)

A method for producing a nickel-based alloy, comprising: providing a nickel-based alloy steel liquid, wherein the nickel-based alloy steel liquid comprises: 15 weight percent to 75 weight percent nickel; 10 weight percent to 30 weight percent chromium; 5 weight percent to 65 wt% of iron; and a plurality of impurities, and the impurities comprise titanium, sulfur, phosphorus and/or antimony; adding a magnesium-containing alloy to the nickel-based alloy steel liquid to obtain a nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid, wherein The nickel-magnesium alloy steel solution comprises 0.002 weight percent to 0.015 weight percent magnesium; and the nickel-magnesium alloy steel liquid is subjected to a casting process to obtain the nickel-based alloy, wherein the titanium is in a grain boundary region of the nickel-based alloy, The total concentration of segregation of one of the sulfur, the phosphorus and the ruthenium is from 0.5 atomic percent to 17.7 atomic percent. The method for producing a nickel-based alloy according to claim 1, wherein the total concentration of the titanium, the sulfur, the phosphorus and the niobium in the nickel-based alloy steel liquid is less than 6.23 weight percent. The method for producing a nickel-based alloy according to claim 1, wherein the total concentration of the titanium, the sulfur, the phosphorus and the cerium of the nickel-based alloy steel liquid is not more than 2.33 weight percent. The method for producing a nickel-based alloy according to claim 1, wherein the impurities of the nickel-based alloy steel further comprise: less than 0.2% by weight of carbon; less than 16% by weight of aluminum; less than 12% by weight Molybdenum; less than 12 weight percent tungsten; less than 20 weight percent cobalt; less than 5 weight percent bismuth; and less than 12 weight percent bismuth. The method for producing a nickel-based alloy according to claim 1, wherein the magnesium-containing alloy comprises a nickel-magnesium alloy, an iron-magnesium alloy, and/or a chrome-magnesium alloy. The method for producing a nickel-based alloy according to claim 1, wherein the magnesium-containing alloy comprises 30% by weight to 60% by weight of magnesium. The method for producing a nickel-based alloy according to claim 1, wherein the nickel-magnesium alloy steel solution contains 0.002% by weight to 0.008% by weight of magnesium. The method for manufacturing a nickel-based alloy according to claim 1, further comprising: The nickel-based alloy is subjected to a thermal processing process, wherein the nickel-based alloy is heated to greater than 1120 ° C and less than or equal to 1220 ° C, and the thermal processing process has a reduction ratio of 15% to 20%. A nickel-based alloy obtained by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the titanium, the sulfur, the phosphorus and the germanium in a grain boundary region of the nickel-based alloy One of the total segregation concentrations is from 0.5 atomic percent to 17.7 atomic percent. The nickel-based alloy according to claim 9, wherein one of the nickel-based alloys has a hot workable temperature of less than or equal to 1,220 °C.