TWI521708B - A transistor device with portions of its strained layer disposed in its insulating recesses - Google Patents
A transistor device with portions of its strained layer disposed in its insulating recesses Download PDFInfo
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Description
本發明是有關於一種電晶體裝置。 The present invention relates to an electro-optical device.
近年來,在金氧半場效電晶體(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor,MOSFET)的尺寸持續微縮之下,電晶體本身的性能,雖然可因此有效地提升,但也會遭遇到氧化層厚度較薄與通道變短所導致的漏電流等問題。然而每一世代的元件微縮所需投入設備金額相當龐大,因此讓許多公司與專家學者不時在尋求其他方法來增加元件性能。 In recent years, under the continuous shrinkage of the Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET), the performance of the transistor itself can be effectively improved, but the oxide layer is also encountered. Problems such as thinner thickness and shorter leakage current caused by the channel. However, the amount of equipment required for each component's miniaturization is quite large, so many companies and experts and scholars are looking for other ways to increase component performance from time to time.
電晶體之電路的操作時間可以公式(1)表示:
若要提升電晶體的電流,可藉由電流飽合公式(2)
來了解:
本發明之一態樣提供一種電晶體裝置,包含至少一電晶體與一應變層。電晶體包含基底、閘極介電層、與閘極。基底具有二絕緣溝槽,且基底包含摻雜井區、源極、汲極與通道。源極與汲極分別位於摻雜井區上,且分開設置。源極與汲極皆位於二絕緣溝槽之間,二絕緣溝槽其中一者毗鄰源極設置,且二絕緣溝槽另一者毗鄰汲極設置。通道置於源極與汲極之間。閘極介電層置於基底上,且至少覆蓋通道。閘極置於閘極介電層上,且置於通道上方。其特徵在於應變層至少覆蓋電晶體之閘極、部分之源極與 部分之汲極,並且至少部份置於二絕緣溝槽中。 One aspect of the present invention provides an optoelectronic device comprising at least one transistor and a strained layer. The transistor includes a substrate, a gate dielectric layer, and a gate. The substrate has two insulating trenches, and the substrate includes a doped well region, a source, a drain, and a channel. The source and the drain are respectively located on the doped well region and are disposed separately. The source and the drain are both located between the two insulating trenches, one of the two insulating trenches is adjacent to the source, and the other of the two insulating trenches is adjacent to the drain. The channel is placed between the source and the drain. A gate dielectric layer is placed over the substrate and covers at least the via. The gate is placed on the gate dielectric layer and placed over the channel. Characterized in that the strain layer covers at least the gate of the transistor, the source of the portion, and Part of the bungee, and at least partially placed in the two insulating trenches.
在一或多個實施方式中,應變層為接觸蝕刻停止層(Contact Etching Stop layer,CESL)。 In one or more embodiments, the strained layer is a Contact Etching Stop layer (CESL).
在一或多個實施方式中,電晶體為N型(亦N通道)電晶體,且應變層為拉伸應變層。 In one or more embodiments, the transistor is an N-type (also N-channel) transistor and the strained layer is a tensile strained layer.
在一或多個實施方式中,電晶體為P型(亦P通道)電晶體,且應變層為壓縮應變層。 In one or more embodiments, the transistor is a P-type (also P-channel) transistor and the strained layer is a compressive strain layer.
在一或多個實施方式中,電晶體裝置更包含至少一絕緣部,置於絕緣構槽其中一者中,且置於應變層下。 In one or more embodiments, the transistor device further includes at least one insulating portion disposed in one of the insulating grooves and placed under the strained layer.
在一或多個實施方式中,電晶體的數量為二個,且分別為P型(通道)電晶體與N型(通道)電晶體。P型(通道)電晶體與N型(通道)電晶體毗鄰設置。應變層包含壓縮應變層與拉伸應變層。壓縮應變層至少覆蓋P型(通道)電晶體之至少一部份。拉伸應變層至少覆蓋N型(通道)電晶體之至少一部份。 In one or more embodiments, the number of transistors is two and is a P-type (channel) transistor and an N-type (channel) transistor, respectively. A P-type (channel) transistor is placed adjacent to the N-type (channel) transistor. The strained layer comprises a compressive strained layer and a tensile strained layer. The compressive strain layer covers at least a portion of the P-type (channel) transistor. The tensile strained layer covers at least a portion of the N-type (channel) transistor.
在一或多個實施方式中,P型(通道)電晶體之二絕緣溝槽其中一者,與N型(通道)電晶體之二絕緣溝槽其中一者共同形成中間絕緣溝槽,且P型(通道)電晶體之二絕緣溝槽另一者,與N型(通道)電晶體之二絕緣溝槽另一者皆為邊緣絕緣溝槽。部份之壓縮應變層分別置於中間絕緣溝槽與P型(通道)電晶體之邊緣絕緣溝槽,且部份之拉伸應變層置於N型(通道)電晶體之邊緣絕緣溝槽。 In one or more embodiments, one of the two insulating trenches of the P-type (channel) transistor forms an intermediate insulating trench together with one of the two insulating trenches of the N-type (channel) transistor, and P The other one of the two types of insulating trenches of the type (channel) transistor, and the other two of the insulating trenches of the N-type (channel) transistor are edge insulating trenches. Part of the compressive strain layer is respectively placed in the intermediate insulating trench and the edge insulating trench of the P-type (channel) transistor, and part of the tensile strain layer is placed in the edge insulating trench of the N-type (channel) transistor.
在一或多個實施方式中,部份之拉伸應變層分別置於中間絕緣溝槽與N型(通道)電晶體之邊緣絕緣溝槽,且 部份之壓縮應變層置於P型(通道)電晶體之邊緣絕緣溝槽。 In one or more embodiments, a portion of the tensile strained layer is respectively disposed in an intermediate insulating trench and an edge insulating trench of the N-type (channel) transistor, and A portion of the compressive strain layer is placed in the edge insulating trench of the P-type (channel) transistor.
在一或多個實施方式中,部份之壓縮應變層分別置於中間絕緣溝槽與P型(通道)電晶體之邊緣絕緣溝槽,且部份之拉伸應變層分別置於中間絕緣溝槽與N型(通道)電晶體之邊緣絕緣溝槽。 In one or more embodiments, a portion of the compressive strain layer is respectively disposed at an edge insulating trench of the intermediate insulating trench and the P-type (channel) transistor, and a portion of the tensile strain layer is respectively disposed in the intermediate insulating trench The trench is insulated from the edge of the N-type (channel) transistor.
在一或多個實施方式中,電晶體的數量為複數個,且分別為P型(通道)電晶體與N型(通道)電晶體。P型(通道)電晶體與N型(通道)電晶體交替設置。應變層包含複數個壓縮應變層與複數個拉伸應變層。壓縮應變層分別至少覆蓋P型(通道)電晶體之至少一部份。拉伸應變層分別至少覆蓋N型(通道)電晶體之至少一部份。 In one or more embodiments, the number of transistors is plural and is a P-type (channel) transistor and an N-type (channel) transistor, respectively. A P-type (channel) transistor is alternately arranged with an N-type (channel) transistor. The strained layer comprises a plurality of compressive strain layers and a plurality of tensile strain layers. The compressive strain layer covers at least a portion of the P-type (channel) transistor, respectively. The tensile strained layer covers at least a portion of the N-type (channel) transistor, respectively.
上述之應變層因本身材質與製程的關係,係能夠產生變形。藉由應變層整體之變形,置於二絕緣溝槽中的部份應變層可對電晶體施以正向應力,藉此改變通道的應力而增加其載子遷移率。 The strain layer described above can be deformed due to the relationship between its own material and the process. By deforming the strained layer as a whole, a portion of the strained layer placed in the two insulating trenches can apply a positive stress to the transistor, thereby changing the stress of the channel to increase its carrier mobility.
100‧‧‧電晶體 100‧‧‧Optoelectronics
100p‧‧‧P型(通道)電晶體 100p‧‧‧P type (channel) transistor
100n‧‧‧N型(通道)電晶體 100n‧‧‧N type (channel) transistor
102‧‧‧基材 102‧‧‧Substrate
110‧‧‧基底 110‧‧‧Base
112‧‧‧中間絕緣溝槽 112‧‧‧Intermediate insulation trench
114、116、114n、114p、116n、116p、118、119n、119p‧‧‧絕緣溝槽 114, 116, 114n, 114p, 116n, 116p, 118, 119n, 119p‧‧‧ insulated trenches
122‧‧‧摻雜井區 122‧‧‧Doped well area
124‧‧‧源極 124‧‧‧ source
126‧‧‧汲極 126‧‧‧汲polar
128、128n、128p‧‧‧通道 128, 128n, 128p‧‧‧ channels
134‧‧‧源極延伸部 134‧‧‧Source extension
136‧‧‧汲極延伸部 136‧‧‧Bungee Extension
140‧‧‧閘極介電層 140‧‧‧ gate dielectric layer
150‧‧‧閘極 150‧‧‧ gate
160、170‧‧‧阻擋層 160, 170‧‧‧ barrier
160、170‧‧‧蝕刻停止層 160, 170‧‧ ‧ etch stop layer
180、190‧‧‧間隔子 180, 190‧‧ ‧ spacer
200‧‧‧應變層 200‧‧‧ strain layer
210‧‧‧壓縮應變層 210‧‧‧Compressed strain layer
220‧‧‧拉伸應變層 220‧‧‧ tensile strain layer
310、340‧‧‧犠牲氧化層 310, 340‧‧‧ sacrificial oxide layer
320‧‧‧氮化物層 320‧‧‧ nitride layer
330‧‧‧未摻雜矽玻璃層 330‧‧‧Undoped glass layer
332、334‧‧‧未摻雜矽玻璃部 332, 334‧‧‧ undoped glass
350‧‧‧圖案化光阻層 350‧‧‧ patterned photoresist layer
第1圖為本發明第一實施方式之電晶體裝置的剖面圖。 Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a crystal device according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
第2A圖至第2K圖繪示第1圖之電晶體裝置的製程剖面流程圖。 2A to 2K are flow charts showing a process section of the transistor device of Fig. 1.
第3圖繪示本發明第二實施方式之電晶體裝置的剖面圖。 Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a transistor device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
第4圖繪示本發明第三實施方式之電晶體裝置的剖面 圖。 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a transistor device according to a third embodiment of the present invention. Figure.
第5圖繪示本發明第四實施方式之電晶體裝置的剖面圖。 Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing a transistor device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
第6圖繪示本發明第五實施方式之電晶體裝置的剖面圖。 Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a transistor device according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
第7圖繪示本發明第六實施方式之電晶體裝置的剖面圖。 Fig. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing a crystal device according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
以下將以圖式揭露本發明的複數個實施方式,為容易說明起見,許多實務上的細節將扼要加以說明。然而,應瞭解到,這些實務上的細節不應用以限制本發明。也就是說,在本發明部分實施方式中,這些實務上的細節是非必要的。此外,為簡化圖式起見,一些習知慣用的結構與元件在圖式中將以簡單示意的方式繪示之。 The various embodiments of the present invention are disclosed in the following drawings, and many of the However, it should be understood that these practical details are not intended to limit the invention. That is, in some embodiments of the invention, these practical details are not necessary. In addition, some of the conventional structures and elements are shown in the drawings in a simplified schematic manner in order to simplify the drawings.
第1圖為本發明第一實施方式之電晶體裝置的剖面圖。電晶體裝置包含至少一電晶體100與一應變層(Strained Layer)200。電晶體100包含基底110、閘極介電層140與閘極150。基底110具有二絕緣溝槽114與116,且基底110包含摻雜井區122、源極124、汲極126與通道128。源極124與汲極126分別位於摻雜井區122上,且分開設置。源極124與汲極126皆位於絕緣溝槽114與116之間。絕緣溝槽114毗鄰源極124設置,且絕緣溝槽116毗鄰汲極126設置。通道128置於源極124與汲極126之 間。閘極介電層140置於基底110上,且至少覆蓋通道128。閘極150置於閘極介電層140上,且置於通道128上方。應變層200至少覆蓋電晶體100之閘極150、部分之源極124與部分之汲極126,並且至少部份置於絕緣溝槽114與116中。例如在第1圖中,部份之應變層200填滿絕緣溝槽114與116。 Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a crystal device according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The transistor device includes at least one transistor 100 and a strained layer 200. The transistor 100 includes a substrate 110, a gate dielectric layer 140, and a gate 150. The substrate 110 has two insulating trenches 114 and 116, and the substrate 110 includes a doped well region 122, a source 124, a drain 126, and a channel 128. Source 124 and drain 126 are respectively located on doped well region 122 and are disposed separately. Source 124 and drain 126 are both located between insulating trenches 114 and 116. The insulating trench 114 is disposed adjacent to the source 124, and the insulating trench 116 is disposed adjacent to the drain 126. Channel 128 is placed between source 124 and drain 126 between. A gate dielectric layer 140 is placed over the substrate 110 and at least covers the channel 128. Gate 150 is placed over gate dielectric layer 140 and placed over channel 128. The strained layer 200 covers at least the gate 150 of the transistor 100, a portion of the source 124 and a portion of the drain 126, and is at least partially disposed in the insulating trenches 114 and 116. For example, in FIG. 1, a portion of the strained layer 200 fills the insulating trenches 114 and 116.
在本實施方式中,應變層200因本身材質與製程技術的關係,係能夠產生變形。藉由應變層200整體之變形,置於絕緣溝槽114與116中的部份應變層200可分別對電晶體100施以正向應力(即分別自源極124與汲極126外側對電晶體100施力),藉此改變通道128之應力而增加其載子遷移率。因置於絕緣溝槽114與116中的部份應變層200主要施以電晶體100正向應力,因此通道128不論為長通道或短通道,皆可有效感受到應變層200所施加的應力。雖然在實際應用中,外部導電插塞(contact)可穿過應變層200而分別與源極124以及汲極126電性連接(未繪示於圖中),然而即使與外部導電插塞接觸之部份應變層200可能會產生不規則變形,置於絕緣溝槽114與116中的部份應變層200亦不會受到太大的影響,因此也能夠大幅增加電晶體100的載子遷移率。 In the present embodiment, the strain layer 200 can be deformed due to the relationship between its own material and the process technology. By straining the strained layer 200 as a whole, the partial strain layers 200 placed in the insulating trenches 114 and 116 can respectively apply positive stress to the transistor 100 (ie, from the source 124 and the drain 126 to the outside of the transistor, respectively). 100 applies force), thereby changing the stress of the channel 128 to increase its carrier mobility. Since the portion of the strained layer 200 disposed in the insulating trenches 114 and 116 is mainly subjected to the forward stress of the transistor 100, the channel 128 can effectively sense the stress applied by the strained layer 200 regardless of whether it is a long channel or a short channel. Although in practical applications, an external conductive plug can pass through the strained layer 200 and is electrically connected to the source 124 and the drain 126, respectively (not shown), even if it is in contact with the external conductive plug. The portion of the strained layer 200 may be deformed irregularly, and the portion of the strained layer 200 placed in the insulating trenches 114 and 116 is not greatly affected, so that the carrier mobility of the transistor 100 can also be greatly increased.
在本實施方式中,應變層200可為接觸蝕刻停止層(Contact Etching Stop layer,CESL)。舉例而言,接觸蝕刻停止層的材質可為氮化矽(SiNx)。藉由調控氮與矽之間的比例及製程條件,接觸蝕刻停止層可具有拉伸變形能力或者 壓縮變形能力,以配合電晶體100本身所需的應力。然而應注意的是,接觸蝕刻停止層的材質僅為例示,並非用以限制本發明。本發明所屬技術領域者,應視實際需要,彈性選擇接觸蝕刻停止層的材質。 In the present embodiment, the strained layer 200 may be a contact etch stop layer (CESL). For example, the material of the contact etch stop layer may be tantalum nitride (SiN x ). By controlling the ratio between the nitrogen and the ruthenium and the process conditions, the contact etch stop layer may have tensile deformation ability or compressive deformation ability to match the stress required for the transistor 100 itself. It should be noted, however, that the material of the contact etch stop layer is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit the invention. In the technical field of the present invention, the material of the contact etch stop layer should be elastically selected according to actual needs.
在一實施方式中,電晶體100可為N型(通道)電晶體,且應變層200為拉伸應變層。其中N型(通道)電晶體指的是源極124與汲極126皆為N型摻雜的半導體。如第1圖所示,在此情況下,置於絕緣溝槽114與116中之部份拉伸應變層可對電晶體100施以拉伸正向應力,使得源極124與汲極126分別往絕緣溝槽114與116的方向變形,藉此使得通道128產生拉伸變形,以增加其之電子遷移率。 In an embodiment, the transistor 100 can be an N-type (channel) transistor and the strained layer 200 is a tensile strained layer. The N-type (channel) transistor refers to a semiconductor in which the source 124 and the drain 126 are both N-type doped. As shown in FIG. 1, in this case, a portion of the tensile strain layer placed in the insulating trenches 114 and 116 can apply a tensile forward stress to the transistor 100 such that the source 124 and the drain 126 are respectively The direction of the insulating trenches 114 and 116 is deformed, thereby causing the channel 128 to undergo tensile deformation to increase its electron mobility.
在其他實施方式中,電晶體100可為P型(通道)電晶體,且應變層200為壓縮應變層。其中P型(通道)電晶體指的是源極124與汲極126皆為P型摻雜的電晶體。在此情況下,置於絕緣溝槽114與116中之部份壓縮應變層可對電晶體100施以壓縮正向應力,使得源極124與汲極126分別往通道128的方向變形,藉此使得通道128產生壓縮變形,以增加其之電洞遷移率。 In other embodiments, the transistor 100 can be a P-type (channel) transistor and the strained layer 200 is a compressive strain layer. The P-type (channel) transistor refers to a transistor in which the source 124 and the drain 126 are both P-type doped. In this case, a portion of the compressive strain layer disposed in the insulating trenches 114 and 116 can apply a compressive forward stress to the transistor 100 such that the source 124 and the drain 126 are respectively deformed in the direction of the channel 128, thereby The channel 128 is caused to undergo compression deformation to increase its hole mobility.
在本實施方式中,電晶體100可更包含二阻擋層160與170,分別置於絕緣溝槽114與116中,且分別置於應變層200與基底110之間。詳細而言,當完成絕緣溝槽114與116的製程後,基底110的一部份會被暴露出來。為了使基底110免於於後續製程中受到雜質入侵而受到污染,可在絕緣溝槽114與116的邊緣覆上阻擋層160與170, 藉此保護基底110。另外,在本實施方式中,電晶體100可更包含蝕刻停止層165與175,分別置於絕緣構槽114與116中,且分別置於應變層200以及阻擋層160與170之間。 In the present embodiment, the transistor 100 may further include two barrier layers 160 and 170 respectively disposed in the insulating trenches 114 and 116 and disposed between the strained layer 200 and the substrate 110, respectively. In detail, after the process of insulating trenches 114 and 116 is completed, a portion of the substrate 110 is exposed. In order to protect the substrate 110 from contamination by intrusion of impurities in subsequent processes, barrier layers 160 and 170 may be applied to the edges of the insulating trenches 114 and 116, Thereby the substrate 110 is protected. In addition, in the present embodiment, the transistor 100 may further include etch stop layers 165 and 175 disposed in the insulating trenches 114 and 116, respectively, and placed between the strained layer 200 and the barrier layers 160 and 170, respectively.
在本實施方式中,電晶體100可更包含二間隔子180與190,分別置於閘極150之相對二側。基底110可更包含源極延伸部134與汲極延伸部136。源極延伸部134置於源極124與通道128之間,且源極延伸部134置於間隔子180與閘極介電層140的下方。汲極延伸部136置於汲極126與通道128之間,且汲極延伸部136置於間隔子190與閘極介電層140的下方。在本實施方式中,源極延伸部134與汲極延伸部136可使用低摻雜汲極(Lightly Doped Drain,LDD)佈值技術以形成,其能夠降低或避免因熱載子(Hot Carrier)太大而使閘極介電層140劣化。 In this embodiment, the transistor 100 may further include two spacers 180 and 190 respectively disposed on opposite sides of the gate 150. The substrate 110 can further include a source extension 134 and a drain extension 136. The source extension 134 is disposed between the source 124 and the channel 128, and the source extension 134 is disposed below the spacer 180 and the gate dielectric layer 140. The drain extension 136 is disposed between the drain 126 and the channel 128, and the drain extension 136 is disposed below the spacer 190 and the gate dielectric layer 140. In the present embodiment, the source extension 134 and the drain extension 136 can be formed using a Lightly Doped Drain (LDD) layout technique, which can reduce or avoid the hot carrier. Too large to deteriorate the gate dielectric layer 140.
上述的內容皆是針對電晶體裝置的結構作說明,接下來將進一步介紹電晶體裝置的製程方法。然而應注意的是,下列所介紹的製程方法僅為例示,並非用以限制本發明,其重點在示範如何使應變層200至少覆蓋電晶體100之閘極150、部分之源極124與部分之汲極126,並且至少部分置於二絕緣溝槽114、116中,其餘皆為習知的製程。請參照第2A圖至第2K圖,其繪示第1圖之電晶體裝置的製程剖面流程圖。 The above contents are all for the structure of the transistor device, and the method of manufacturing the transistor device will be further described next. It should be noted, however, that the process methods described below are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the invention, and are focused on demonstrating how the strain layer 200 covers at least the gate 150 of the transistor 100, the portion of the source 124, and portions thereof. The drain 126 is at least partially disposed in the two insulating trenches 114, 116, the remainder of which are conventional processes. Referring to FIGS. 2A-2K, a flow chart of a process section of the transistor device of FIG. 1 is shown.
請先參照第2A圖。製造者可先提供一基材102,其材質例如為矽。接著製造者可依序在基材102上形成犠 牲氧化層310與氮化物層320。其中犠牲氧化層310與氮化物層320的形成方法例如為低壓化學氣相沉積法。氮化物層320的材質可為氮化矽。 Please refer to Figure 2A first. The manufacturer may first provide a substrate 102 of a material such as ruthenium. The manufacturer can then form a crucible on the substrate 102 in sequence. The oxide layer 310 and the nitride layer 320 are formed. The method for forming the sacrificial oxide layer 310 and the nitride layer 320 is, for example, a low pressure chemical vapor deposition method. The material of the nitride layer 320 may be tantalum nitride.
接著請參照第2B圖。製造者接著可在基材102形成絕緣溝槽114與116。舉例而言,製造者可依序圖案化氮化物層320與介電層310(如第2A圖所繪示),以暴露出二部份之基材102。之後再接著蝕刻基材102,以分別形成絕緣溝槽114與116。而為了防止被暴露之部份基材102於後續製程中被污染,此時可再分別形成阻擋層160與170於絕緣溝槽114與116中,其中阻擋層160與170之材質可為氧化物。絕緣溝槽114與116即為電晶體之間得以互相絕緣之結構。 Please refer to Figure 2B. The manufacturer can then form insulating trenches 114 and 116 in substrate 102. For example, the manufacturer can sequentially pattern the nitride layer 320 and the dielectric layer 310 (as shown in FIG. 2A) to expose the two portions of the substrate 102. Substrate 102 is then etched to form insulating trenches 114 and 116, respectively. In order to prevent the exposed portion of the substrate 102 from being contaminated in the subsequent process, the barrier layers 160 and 170 may be separately formed in the insulating trenches 114 and 116, wherein the barrier layers 160 and 170 may be made of an oxide. . The insulating trenches 114 and 116 are structures in which the transistors are insulated from each other.
接著請參照第2C圖。此時製造者可先於絕緣溝槽114與116中分別形成一層蝕刻停止層165與175,其中蝕刻停止層165與175之材質可為氮化矽。之後製造者可形成未摻雜矽玻璃(Undoped Silicate Glass,USG)層330於基材102上,以形成淺溝槽絕緣(Shallow Trench Isolation,STI)。其中未摻雜矽玻璃層330至少填滿絕緣構槽114與116。 Please refer to Figure 2C. At this time, the manufacturer may form an etch stop layer 165 and 175 respectively in the insulating trenches 114 and 116, wherein the material of the etch stop layers 165 and 175 may be tantalum nitride. The manufacturer can then form an Undoped Silicate Glass (USG) layer 330 on the substrate 102 to form Shallow Trench Isolation (STI). The undoped bismuth glass layer 330 fills at least the insulating trenches 114 and 116.
接著請參照第2D圖。此時製造者可去除部份之未摻雜矽玻璃層330、氮化物層320與犠牲氧化層310(皆如第2C圖所繪示),以暴露出下方之基材102,並於絕緣構槽114與116中分別形成未摻雜矽玻璃部332與334。而在此步驟中,部份之阻擋層160、170與部份之蝕刻停止層165、 175亦被去除。 Please refer to the 2D figure. At this point, the manufacturer can remove portions of the undoped bismuth glass layer 330, the nitride layer 320, and the sacrificial oxide layer 310 (as shown in FIG. 2C) to expose the underlying substrate 102 and in the insulating structure. Undoped glass portions 332 and 334 are formed in the grooves 114 and 116, respectively. In this step, a portion of the barrier layers 160, 170 and a portion of the etch stop layer 165, 175 was also removed.
接著請參照第2E圖。之後製造者可形成包含摻雜井區122的基底110。例如製造者可先形成另一犠牲氧化層340,犠牲氧化層340覆蓋基材102(如第2D圖所示)、未摻雜矽玻璃部332與334。接者可對基材102進行摻雜佈植製程,對於P型(通道)電晶體而言,摻雜井區122應為N型井(N-well),而對於N型(通道)電晶體而言,摻雜井區122應為P型井(P-well)。另外,對於N型井而言,可先使用磷(P)離子進行摻雜佈植,之後再進行退火,以增加摻雜井區122的摻雜深度。而對於P型井而言,可先使用硼(B)離子進行摻雜佈植後再加以退火。 Please refer to Figure 2E. The manufacturer can then form a substrate 110 comprising a doped well region 122. For example, the manufacturer may first form another embedding oxide layer 340 that covers the substrate 102 (as shown in FIG. 2D), undoped glass portions 332 and 334. The substrate 102 can be doped and implanted. For a P-type (channel) transistor, the doped well region 122 should be an N-well (N-well), and for an N-type (channel) transistor. For example, the doped well region 122 should be a P-well. In addition, for N-type wells, doping implantation may be performed first using phosphorus (P) ions, followed by annealing to increase the doping depth of the doped well region 122. For P-type wells, boron (B) ions can be used for doping and then annealed.
接著請參照第2F圖。製造者可於摻雜井區122中形成通道128,例如可對摻雜井區122之上部進行摻雜佈植製程,對於P型摻雜之通道128而言,可使用硼(B)離子進行摻雜佈植,而對於N型摻雜之通道128而言,可使用磷(P)離子進行摻雜佈植。然而應注意的是,此步驟所摻雜之材料可與摻雜井區122所摻雜之材料相同或相異,但與摻雜井區122所摻雜之材料有不同之濃度,以控制電晶體之臨界電壓。又實務上摻雜井區122與通道128皆可進行二次以上的摻雜,本發明不以此為限。 Please refer to Figure 2F. The manufacturer may form the channel 128 in the doped well region 122, for example, a doping implant process may be performed on the upper portion of the doped well region 122, and for the P-doped channel 128, boron (B) ions may be used. Doping is implanted, and for N-doped channels 128, phosphorus (P) ions can be used for doping. It should be noted, however, that the material doped in this step may be the same or different from the material doped by the doped well region 122, but at a different concentration than the material doped by the doped well region 122 to control the electricity. The critical voltage of the crystal. In practice, the doping well region 122 and the channel 128 can be doped twice or more, and the invention is not limited thereto.
接著請參照第2G圖。製造者可依序於基底110上形成閘極介電層140與閘極150。舉例而言,首先製造者可先將犠牲氧化層340(如第2F圖所繪示)去除,接著依序形成閘極介電層140、一多晶矽層與一光阻層於基底110上。 之後製造者可依序圖案化光阻層與多晶矽層,以將多晶矽層圖案化為閘極150。其中閘極介電層140與多晶矽層的形成方法例如可為低壓化學氣相沉積法,光阻層的形成方法例如可為旋轉塗佈法,而圖案化的方法例如為微影蝕刻法。 Please refer to the 2G chart. The manufacturer can form the gate dielectric layer 140 and the gate 150 sequentially on the substrate 110. For example, first, the manufacturer may first remove the oxide layer 340 (as shown in FIG. 2F), and then sequentially form a gate dielectric layer 140, a polysilicon layer, and a photoresist layer on the substrate 110. The manufacturer can then sequentially pattern the photoresist layer and the polysilicon layer to pattern the polysilicon layer into the gate 150. The method for forming the gate dielectric layer 140 and the polysilicon layer may be, for example, a low pressure chemical vapor deposition method, and the method for forming the photoresist layer may be, for example, a spin coating method, and the patterning method is, for example, a photolithography method.
接著請參照第2H圖。製造者可接著在基底110中形成源極延伸部134與汲極延伸部136。舉例而言,製造者可先形成圖案化光阻層350,使其遮敝未摻雜矽玻璃部332與334,並暴露出閘極介電層140與閘極150。之後製造者即可以閘極150為罩幕,對基底110以低摻雜汲極(LDD)佈值技術進行摻雜。其中對於P型(通道)電晶體而言,可使用二氟化硼(BF2 +)離子進行摻雜佈值,而對於N型(通道)電晶體而言,可使用砷(As)離子進行摻雜佈值。 Please refer to Figure 2H. The manufacturer can then form a source extension 134 and a drain extension 136 in the substrate 110. For example, the manufacturer may first form the patterned photoresist layer 350 to conceal the undoped glass portions 332 and 334 and expose the gate dielectric layer 140 and the gate 150. The manufacturer can then use the gate 150 as a mask to dope the substrate 110 with a low doped drain (LDD) layout technique. For P-type (channel) transistors, boron difluoride (BF 2 + ) ions can be used for doping values, while for N-type (channel) transistors, arsenic (As) ions can be used. Doped fabric value.
接著請參照第2I圖。製造者可接著形成源極124與汲極126。舉例而言,製造者可在閘極150之相對兩側形成間隔子180與190,之後再以閘極150、間隔子180與190為罩幕,對基底110進行摻雜。其中相對於上述之低摻雜汲極佈值技術,本步驟所進行的是重度摻雜技術,其摻雜製程所供應的電流較低摻雜汲極佈值技術為高。對於P型(通道)摻雜之源極124與汲極126而言,可使用硼(B)離子進行摻雜,而對於N型(通道)摻雜之源極124與汲極126而言,可使用磷(P)離子進行摻雜。接著,去除部分之閘極介電層140,並進行源極124、汲極126與閘極150的金屬化製程(未繪示於圖中)。 Please refer to Figure 2I. The manufacturer can then form source 124 and drain 126. For example, the manufacturer may form spacers 180 and 190 on opposite sides of the gate 150, and then doping the substrate 110 with the gate 150 and the spacers 180 and 190 as masks. Compared with the above-mentioned low-doped bungee cloth value technology, this step is performed by a heavily doping technique, and the current supplied by the doping process is lower than that of the doped bungee plate value technique. For the P-type (channel) doped source 124 and the drain 126, boron (B) ions may be used for doping, and for the N-type (channel) doped source 124 and the drain 126, Doping can be performed using phosphorus (P) ions. Then, a portion of the gate dielectric layer 140 is removed, and a metallization process (not shown) of the source 124, the drain 126, and the gate 150 is performed.
接著請參照第2J圖。製造者此時可將光阻層350(如 第2I圖所繪示)去除,然後再重新全面覆上另一層光阻層。再用第2B圖之步驟,重新微影蝕刻絕緣溝槽114與116至蝕刻停止層165與175。之後再去除光阻層後即可得到第2J圖之剖面圖。 Please refer to the 2J picture. The manufacturer can now place the photoresist layer 350 (eg It is removed in Figure 2I) and then completely overlaid with another layer of photoresist. Using the steps of FIG. 2B, the insulating trenches 114 and 116 are etched back to the etch stop layers 165 and 175. After removing the photoresist layer, a cross-sectional view of FIG. 2J can be obtained.
接著請參照第2K圖。接著製造者可在基底110上方形成應變層200,部份之應變層200填滿絕緣溝槽114與116,且另一部份之應變層200覆蓋閘極150、部分之源極124、部分之汲極126與間隔子180與190。如此一來,電晶體裝置的製程即完成。至於積體電路(IC)後端的接線製程可與習知相同。 Please refer to Figure 2K. Then, the manufacturer can form a strained layer 200 over the substrate 110, a portion of the strained layer 200 fills the insulating trenches 114 and 116, and another portion of the strained layer 200 covers the gate 150, a portion of the source 124, and a portion thereof. The drain 126 is separated from the spacers 180 and 190. In this way, the process of the transistor device is completed. The wiring process at the back end of the integrated circuit (IC) can be the same as in the prior art.
在其他的實施方式中,為了方便製程,在完成第2B圖的步驟後,製造者可省去製作未摻雜矽玻璃部332與334的步驟,因此也就不需要形成蝕刻停止層165與175,然而本發明不以此為限。 In other embodiments, in order to facilitate the process, after completing the step of FIG. 2B, the manufacturer may omit the steps of fabricating the undoped germanium glass portions 332 and 334, thus eliminating the need to form the etch stop layers 165 and 175. However, the invention is not limited thereto.
接著請參照第3圖,其繪示本發明第二實施方式之電晶體裝置的剖面圖。第二實施方式與第一實施方式的不同處在於未摻雜矽玻璃部332與334的存在。在本實施方式中,電晶體裝置更包含至少一絕緣部,置於絕緣構槽114與116其中一者中,且置於應變層200下。以第3圖為例,絕緣部可為未摻雜矽玻璃部332與334,分別置於絕緣構槽114與116中,且分別置於應變層200下。在本實施方式中,因部份之應變層200亦分別置於絕緣構槽114與116中,因此應變層200亦能夠藉由變形而增加通道層128的載子遷移率。至於本實施方式之其他細節因與第一實施方式相 同,因此便不再贅述。 Next, please refer to FIG. 3, which is a cross-sectional view showing a transistor device according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in the presence of undoped bismuth glass portions 332 and 334. In the present embodiment, the transistor device further includes at least one insulating portion disposed in one of the insulating trenches 114 and 116 and placed under the strained layer 200. For example, in FIG. 3 , the insulating portions may be undoped glass portions 332 and 334 respectively disposed in the insulating trenches 114 and 116 and placed under the strain layer 200, respectively. In the present embodiment, since the strained layers 200 are also placed in the insulating trenches 114 and 116, respectively, the strained layer 200 can also increase the carrier mobility of the channel layer 128 by deformation. As for the other details of the embodiment, as compared with the first embodiment The same, therefore will not repeat them.
接著請參照第4圖,其繪示本發明第三實施方式之電晶體裝置的剖面圖。第三實施方式與第一實施方式的不同處在於電晶體的數量。在本實施方式中,電晶體的數量為二個,且分別為P型(通道)電晶體100p與N型(通道)電晶體100n。P型(通道)電晶體100p與N型(通道)電晶體100n毗鄰設置,例如可形成一互補式金屬氧化物半導體(Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor,CMOS)。應變層200包含壓縮應變層210與拉伸應變層220。壓縮應變層210至少覆蓋P型(通道)電晶體100p之至少一部份。拉伸應變層220至少覆蓋N型電晶體100n之至少一部份。換言之,壓縮應變層210可用以使得P型(通道)電晶體100p之通道128p產生壓縮變形,以增加其之電洞遷移率;而拉伸應變層220則可用以使得N型電晶體100n之通道128n產生拉伸變形,以增加其之電子遷移率。 Next, please refer to FIG. 4, which is a cross-sectional view showing a transistor device according to a third embodiment of the present invention. The third embodiment differs from the first embodiment in the number of transistors. In the present embodiment, the number of transistors is two, and is a P-type (channel) transistor 100p and an N-type (channel) transistor 100n, respectively. The P-type (channel) transistor 100p is disposed adjacent to the N-type (channel) transistor 100n, for example, a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) can be formed. The strained layer 200 includes a compressive strain layer 210 and a tensile strained layer 220. The compressive strain layer 210 covers at least a portion of the P-type (channel) transistor 100p. The tensile strained layer 220 covers at least a portion of the N-type transistor 100n. In other words, the compressive strain layer 210 can be used to cause the channel 128p of the P-type (channel) transistor 100p to undergo compression deformation to increase its hole mobility; and the tensile strain layer 220 can be used to make the channel of the N-type transistor 100n. 128n produces tensile deformation to increase its electron mobility.
詳細而言,P型(通道)電晶體100p之絕緣溝槽116p與N型電晶體100n之絕緣溝槽114n共同形成中間絕緣溝槽112,且P型(通道)電晶體100p之絕緣溝槽114p與N型電晶體100n之絕緣溝槽116n皆為邊緣絕緣溝槽。部份之壓縮應變層210分別置於且填滿中間絕緣溝槽112與P型(通道)電晶體100p之邊緣絕緣溝槽,且部份之拉伸應變層220置於且填滿N型電晶體100n之邊緣絕緣溝槽。應注意的是,因在本實施方式中,電晶體裝置以一個P型(通道)電晶體100p與一個N型(通道)電晶體100n作為說明,因 此絕緣溝槽114p與116n皆為邊緣絕緣溝槽。然而在其他的實施方式中,若電晶體裝置包含三個以上互相毗鄰之電晶體,則絕緣溝槽114p與116n亦有可能分別與其他絕緣溝槽合併成中間絕緣溝槽112,端視實際結構而定。 In detail, the insulating trench 116p of the P-type (channel) transistor 100p and the insulating trench 114n of the N-type transistor 100n together form the intermediate insulating trench 112, and the insulating trench 114p of the P-type (channel) transistor 100p The insulating trenches 116n of the N-type transistor 100n are both edge insulating trenches. A portion of the compressive strain layer 210 is placed and filled with the edge insulating trenches of the intermediate insulating trenches 112 and the P-type (channel) transistors 100p, and a portion of the tensile strained layer 220 is placed and filled with N-type electricity. The edge of the crystal 100n is insulated. It should be noted that, in the present embodiment, the transistor device is described by a P-type (channel) transistor 100p and an N-type (channel) transistor 100n. The insulating trenches 114p and 116n are both edge insulating trenches. However, in other embodiments, if the transistor device includes three or more transistors adjacent to each other, the insulating trenches 114p and 116n may also merge with other insulating trenches to form intermediate insulating trenches 112, respectively, depending on the actual structure. And set.
如第4圖所示,對於P型(通道)電晶體100p而言,在中間絕緣溝槽112中之部份壓縮應變層210施以P型(通道)電晶體100p向左之正向應力,同時在P型(通道)電晶體100p之邊緣絕緣溝槽中之部分壓縮應變層210施以P型(通道)電晶體100p向右之正向應力,使得P型(通道)電晶體100p之通道128p產生壓縮變形。另一方面,對於N型(通道)電晶體100n而言,在中間絕緣溝槽112中之部份壓縮應變層210施以N型(通道)電晶體100n向左之正向應力,同時在N型(通道)電晶體100n之邊緣絕緣溝槽中之部分拉伸應變層220施以N型(通道)電晶體100n向右之正向應力,使得N型(通道)電晶體100n之通道128n產生拉伸變形。因此本實施方式之應變層200的結構可同時達到增加通道層128p與128n之載子遷移率的目的。至於本實施方式之其他細節因與第一實施方式相同,因此便不再贅述。 As shown in FIG. 4, for the P-type (channel) transistor 100p, a portion of the compressive strain layer 210 in the intermediate insulating trench 112 is subjected to a forward stress of the P-type (channel) transistor 100p to the left, At the same time, part of the compressive strain layer 210 in the edge insulating trench of the P-type (channel) transistor 100p is applied with a rightward positive stress of the P-type (channel) transistor 100p, so that the P-type (channel) transistor 100p is channeled. 128p produces compression deformation. On the other hand, for the N-type (channel) transistor 100n, a portion of the compressive strain layer 210 in the intermediate insulating trench 112 is subjected to a positive stress toward the left of the N-type (channel) transistor 100n, while at the same time A portion of the tensile strain layer 220 in the edge insulating trench of the type (channel) transistor 100n is applied with a rightward positive stress of the N-type (channel) transistor 100n, so that the channel 128n of the N-type (channel) transistor 100n is generated. Stretch deformation. Therefore, the structure of the strain layer 200 of the present embodiment can simultaneously achieve the purpose of increasing the carrier mobility of the channel layers 128p and 128n. Other details of the present embodiment are the same as those of the first embodiment, and thus will not be described again.
接著請參照第5圖,其繪示本發明第四實施方式之電晶體裝置的剖面圖。第四實施方式與第三實施方式的不同處在於應變層200的分佈。在本實施方式中,部份之拉伸應變層220分別置於且填滿中間絕緣溝槽112與N型(通道)電晶體100n之邊緣絕緣溝槽,且部份之壓縮應變層210置於且填滿P型(通道)電晶體100p之邊緣絕緣溝槽。換言 之,在本實施方式中,中間絕緣溝槽112中存在的為拉伸應變層220。然而因拉伸應變層220整體所呈現之應力分佈,使得位於中間絕緣溝槽112之部份拉伸應變層220亦施以向左之正向應力,因此仍然可達到與第三實施方式相同的效果。至於本實施方式之其他細節因與第三實施方式相同,因此便不再贅述。 Next, please refer to FIG. 5, which is a cross-sectional view showing a transistor device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. The fourth embodiment differs from the third embodiment in the distribution of the strained layer 200. In the present embodiment, a portion of the tensile strain layer 220 is placed and filled with the edge insulating trenches of the intermediate insulating trenches 112 and the N-type (channel) transistors 100n, and a portion of the compressive strain layer 210 is placed. And filling the edge insulating trench of the P-type (channel) transistor 100p. In other words In the present embodiment, the tensile strain layer 220 is present in the intermediate insulating trench 112. However, due to the stress distribution exhibited by the tensile strain layer 220 as a whole, the portion of the tensile strain layer 220 located in the intermediate insulating trench 112 is also subjected to the leftward positive stress, so that the same as the third embodiment can be achieved. effect. Other details of the present embodiment are the same as those of the third embodiment, and thus will not be described again.
接著請參照第6圖,其繪示本發明第五實施方式之電晶體裝置的剖面圖。第五實施方式與第三實施方式的不同處在於應變層200的分佈。在本實施方式中,部份之壓縮應變層210分別置於中間絕緣溝槽112與P型(通道)電晶體100p之邊緣絕緣溝槽,且部份之拉伸應變層220分別置於中間絕緣溝槽112與N型(通道)電晶體100n之邊緣絕緣溝槽。換言之,在本實施方式中,中間絕緣溝槽112中同時存在壓縮應變層210與拉伸應變層220。而因壓縮應變層210整體所呈現之應力分佈,使得位於中間絕緣溝槽112之部份壓縮應變層210施以P型(通道)電晶體100p向左之正向應力,且拉伸應變層220整體所呈現之應力分佈,使得位於中間絕緣溝槽112之部份拉伸應變層220亦施以N型(通道)電晶體100n向左之正向應力,因此仍然可達到與第三實施方式相同的效果。至於本實施方式之其他細節因與第三實施方式相同,因此便不再贅述。 Next, please refer to FIG. 6, which is a cross-sectional view showing a transistor device according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. The fifth embodiment differs from the third embodiment in the distribution of the strained layer 200. In this embodiment, a portion of the compressive strain layer 210 is respectively disposed on the edge insulating trenches of the intermediate insulating trench 112 and the P-type (channel) transistor 100p, and a portion of the tensile strain layer 220 is respectively placed in the intermediate insulating layer. The trench 112 is insulated from the edge of the N-type (channel) transistor 100n. In other words, in the present embodiment, the compressive strain layer 210 and the tensile strain layer 220 are simultaneously present in the intermediate insulating trench 112. Due to the stress distribution exhibited by the compressive strain layer 210 as a whole, a portion of the compressive strain layer 210 located in the intermediate insulating trench 112 is subjected to a forward stress of the P-type (channel) transistor 100p to the left, and the tensile strain layer 220 is applied. The stress distribution exhibited as a whole causes the tensile strain layer 220 located in the intermediate insulating trench 112 to also apply the forward stress of the N-type (channel) transistor 100n to the left, so that the same as the third embodiment can still be achieved. Effect. Other details of the present embodiment are the same as those of the third embodiment, and thus will not be described again.
接著請參照第7圖,其繪示本發明第六實施方式之電晶體裝置的剖面圖。第六實施方式與第一實施方式的不同處在於電晶體的數量。在本實施方式中,電晶體的數量 為複數個,且分別為P型(通道)電晶體100p與N型(通道)電晶體100n。P型(通道)電晶體100p與N型(通道)電晶體100n交替設置,例如可形成一互補式金屬氧化物半導體。應變層200包含複數個壓縮應變層210與複數個拉伸應變層220。壓縮應變層210分別至少覆蓋P型(通道)電晶體100p之至少一部份。拉伸應變層220分別至少覆蓋N型(通道)電晶體100n之至少一部份。詳細而言,兩相鄰之P型(通道)電晶體100p之絕緣溝槽118與N型(通道)電晶體100n之絕緣溝槽118皆共同形成中間絕緣溝槽112,且P型(通道)電晶體100p之絕緣溝槽119p與N型(通道)電晶體100n之絕緣溝槽119n皆為邊緣絕緣溝槽。部份之壓縮應變層210置於絕緣溝槽119p,且可更置於至少部份之中間絕緣溝槽112中,另外部份之拉伸應變層220置於絕緣溝槽119n,且可更置於至少部份之中間絕緣溝槽112中。實際上,各中間絕緣溝槽112之應變層200的分佈可與第4圖、第5圖或第6圖相同,端視實際情況設計,本發明不以此為限。至於本實施方式之其他細節因與第一實施方式相同,因此便不再贅述。 Next, please refer to FIG. 7, which is a cross-sectional view showing a transistor device according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention. The sixth embodiment differs from the first embodiment in the number of transistors. In the present embodiment, the number of transistors There are a plurality of P-type (channel) transistor 100p and N-type (channel) transistor 100n, respectively. The P-type (channel) transistor 100p is alternately arranged with the N-type (channel) transistor 100n, for example, a complementary metal oxide semiconductor can be formed. The strained layer 200 includes a plurality of compressive strain layers 210 and a plurality of tensile strain layers 220. The compressive strain layer 210 covers at least a portion of the P-type (channel) transistor 100p, respectively. The tensile strained layer 220 covers at least a portion of the N-type (channel) transistor 100n, respectively. In detail, the insulating trenches 118 of the two adjacent P-type (channel) transistors 100p and the insulating trenches 118 of the N-type (channel) transistor 100n together form the intermediate insulating trenches 112, and the P-type (channel) The insulating trenches 119p of the transistor 100p and the insulating trenches 119n of the N-type (channel) transistor 100n are edge insulating trenches. A portion of the compressive strain layer 210 is disposed in the insulating trench 119p, and may be further disposed in at least a portion of the intermediate insulating trench 112, and another portion of the tensile strained layer 220 is disposed in the insulating trench 119n, and may be further disposed In at least a portion of the intermediate insulating trenches 112. In fact, the distribution of the strain layer 200 of each of the intermediate insulating trenches 112 can be the same as that of FIG. 4, FIG. 5 or FIG. 6, and the design is not limited thereto. Other details of the present embodiment are the same as those of the first embodiment, and thus will not be described again.
雖然本發明已以實施方式揭露如上,然其並非用以限定本發明,任何熟習此技藝者,在不脫離本發明之精神和範圍內,當可作各種之更動與潤飾,因此本發明之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。 Although the present invention has been disclosed in the above embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention, and the present invention can be modified and modified without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The scope is subject to the definition of the scope of the patent application attached.
100‧‧‧電晶體 100‧‧‧Optoelectronics
110‧‧‧基底 110‧‧‧Base
114、116‧‧‧絕緣溝槽 114, 116‧‧‧Insulation trench
122‧‧‧摻雜井區 122‧‧‧Doped well area
124‧‧‧源極 124‧‧‧ source
126‧‧‧汲極 126‧‧‧汲polar
128‧‧‧通道 128‧‧‧ channel
134‧‧‧源極延伸部 134‧‧‧Source extension
136‧‧‧汲極延伸部 136‧‧‧Bungee Extension
140‧‧‧閘極介電層 140‧‧‧ gate dielectric layer
150‧‧‧閘極 150‧‧‧ gate
160、170‧‧‧阻擋層 160, 170‧‧‧ barrier
165、175‧‧‧蝕刻停止層 165, 175‧‧ ‧ etch stop layer
180、190‧‧‧間隔子 180, 190‧‧ ‧ spacer
200‧‧‧應變層 200‧‧‧ strain layer
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