TWI507226B - Electronic apparatus for providing stimulation to a user and related non-therapeutic methods - Google Patents

Description

Electronic device for providing stimulation to a user and related non-therapeutic methods Field of invention

This specification relates to devices and related methods for providing electrical stimulation of nerves.

Background of the invention

Touch screen displays are well known in the field of consumer electronics.

Summary of invention

The present specification provides a device comprising a light transmissive electrode configured to provide transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to a user contacting an outer surface of the device proximate to a portion of the light transmissive electrode.

The present specification also provides an apparatus comprising a substrate, a two-dimensional array electrode supported on the substrate, and a stimulation circuit configured to selectively provide a nerve stimulation potential to one or more of the electrodes .

The present specification also provides a method comprising providing transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to a user contacting one of the outer surfaces of the device adjacent to the light transmissive electrode using a light transmissive electrode.

The present specification also provides a method of operating a two-dimensional array of electrodes supported on a substrate, comprising selectively providing a nerve stimulation potential to one or more of the electrodes.

The present specification also provides a method comprising providing a first substrate layer, forming a plurality of recessed regions in the first substrate layer, forming a first plurality of conductive paths on the first substrate layer, and providing a second in the recessed regions a substrate layer, a second plurality of conductive paths formed on the second substrate layer, and a third substrate layer disposed on the second substrate layer and the second plurality of conductive paths.

The present specification also provides a method comprising providing a mold having a plurality of protrusions formed thereon, forming a first plurality of conductive paths on the mold, and providing a first substrate layer over a region between the protrusions of the mold, Forming a second plurality of conductive paths on the first substrate layer, providing a second substrate layer on the first substrate layer and the second plurality of conductive paths, removing the mold, and removing a volume vacated in the mold A third substrate layer is provided inside.

Simple illustration

1A is a plan view of an electronic device; FIG. 1B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the electronic device of FIG. 1A; FIG. 1C is a schematic cross-sectional view of the electronic device according to another embodiment 1A; 2 is a simplified schematic plan view of a component of the electronic device of FIG. 1; FIG. 3A is an enlarged view of a region of the component of FIG. 2; FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of the region shown in FIG. 3A; FIG. 3C Is a cross-sectional view of the area shown in Figure 3A of another alternative embodiment; Figure 4A is a plan view of the first sub-layer of the region of the assembly shown in Figure 3A; and Figure 4B is the assembly shown in Figure 3A. A plan view of the first and second sub-layers of the region; FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view of a portion of the assembly of FIG. 2; and FIG. 6 is a circuit for controlling a portion of the electrode of FIG. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 7 is a flow chart for describing a method of manufacturing the assembly of Fig. 2; and Fig. 8 is a flow chart for describing another method of selecting the assembly of Fig. 2; Fig. 9 is a schematic view of a medical device.

Detailed description of the preferred embodiment

In the drawings, the same numerals represent the same elements.

FIG. 1A is a plan view of an electronic device 10, which in this example is a mobile phone. The mobile phone 10 includes a display 102, a speaker 104, a microphone 106, and a housing 108. Display 102 is a touch sensitive display. In this figure, display 2 displays a dial-up user interface containing a number of selectable options, including number 110, a call function 112, and a cancel function 114. To select an option, the user touches an outer surface 116 of the display 102 at a location corresponding to the desired option (see Figure 1B).

FIG. 1B is a schematic cross-sectional view through the mobile phone 10 at line A in FIG. 1A. The housing 108 surrounds the side surface 118 and the rear surface 120 of the display. The inner surface 122 of the housing 108 and the rear surface 120 of the display 102 define an inner volume 124 of the mobile phone 10. The inner volume 124 encloses a battery 126 and a processor 128. Battery 126 provides power to processor 128 and display 102. The processor 128 is adapted to control the operation of the display 102.

The display 102 includes a display panel 130 and a touch-sensitive tactile feedback (TSTF) layer 132.

Display panel 130 includes an LCD display panel, the operation and construction of which are well known in the art. However, it should be understood that other types of display panels may be used instead.

The TSTF layer 132 is on an upper surface 134 of the display panel 130. The TSTF 132 layer is operable to detect a tactile sensation that is input by a user's finger touching an outer surface 116 of the TSTF layer 132. The TSTF layer 132 is also operative to provide tactile feedback to a user's finger touching the outer surface 116 of the TSTF layer 132.

1C is a schematic cross-sectional view through the mobile device 10 in accordance with an alternative embodiment. In this embodiment, the TSTF layer 132 is provided on a surface of the device 10 opposite the surface on which the display panel 130 is located. The TSTF layer is operable to detect a tactile sensation that is input by a user's finger contacting an outer surface 116 of the TSTF layer 132 (the lower surface in FIG. 1C). The TSTF layer 132 is also operative to provide tactile feedback to a user's finger touching the outer surface 116 of the TSTF layer 132.

It will be appreciated that the TSTF layer 132 can be provided in or on any of the outer surfaces of the mobile device 10. For example, the TSTF layer can be placed on the side of a device instead of a tracker wheel. Again, it will be understood that the mobile device 10 can include more than one TSTF layer 132. For example, one TSTF layer can be placed on top of the display of the device and the other can be placed behind device 10.

A user of the FIG. 1C device can provide a touch input by touching an area of the TSTF layer 132 corresponding to a selectable option displayed on an area of the display panel 130.

FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic plan view of the TSTF layer 132. The TSTF layer 132 includes a plurality of electrode arrays 136 arranged in a grid. Each of the electrodes 136 can be individually operated to detect a tactile input by touching a surface 116 of the TSTF layer 132 by a user's finger. Each of the electrodes can also be individually operated to provide tactile feedback to a user's finger touching the outer surface 116 of the TSTF layer 132.

The TSTF layer 132 is light transmissive. Therefore, visible light is transmitted through the TSTF layer 132 with little or no diffusion. An image displayed by display panel 130 under TSTF layer 132 is clearly visible to the user. It will be appreciated that because the TSTF layer 132 is entirely light transmissive, its components are also light transmissive. Therefore, the electrode 136 is light transmissive. It will be appreciated that a TSTF layer 132 that is not located above display panel 130, such as shown in FIG. 1C, may instead be non-transparent or translucent.

FIG. 3A is a diagram showing a region in which the TSTF layer 132 is represented as B in FIG. Fig. 3B is a cross-sectional view of the line B of the TSTF layer 132 taken along line 3A as C. Each of the plurality of electrodes 136 is composed of a first electrode element 138 and a second electrode element 140. The first electrode member 138 has a conductive region 142 surrounding a void region 144. Conduction zone 142 is annular. The second electrode member 140 is located at the center of the empty region 144 of the first electrode member 138. The second electrode member 140 is square. The centers of the first and second electrode members 138, 140 are almost at the same point.

Each of the first electrode elements 138 of each electrode 136 is connected by a first connection element 146 to a first electrode element 138 of two adjacent electrodes 136. In this way, the rows 148 of the first electrode elements 138 are connected in series. These rows 148 of connected first electrode elements 138 extend across the entire length of the TSTF layer 132. It will be understood that the first electrode element 138 at either end of each row 148 is connected to only one other first electrode element 138.

Each row 148 of the first electrode member 138 is connected at both ends to a first power source (not shown). The first power source is operable to individually provide a potential to each of the rows of first electrode elements 138. The first power source provides power from the battery 126. It will be appreciated that in a device having an alternate power source, the first power source can provide power from the alternate power source. An alternate power source can be, for example, a converted main power source that can be received by a charging input.

Each of the first electrode elements 138 and each of the first connecting elements 146 is in a first plane and is clearly visible from FIG. 3B. In Figure 3A, the first plane is parallel to the page plane, and in Figure 3B, the first plane is perpendicular to the page plane.

Each of the second electrode elements 140 of each of the electrodes 136 is connected by a second connecting element 150 to a second electrode element 140 of two adjacent electrodes 136. In this way, the columns 150 of the second electrode elements 140 are connected in series. The columns 152 of the connected second electrode elements 140 extend across the entire width of the TSTF layer 132. It will be understood that the second electrode element 140 at either end of each column 148 is connected to only one other second electrode element 140.

Each of the second connecting members 150 includes a planar portion 154 and two intermediate portions 156. The second electrode member 140 is in a different plane from the planar portion 154 of the second connecting member 150. The second electrode element 140 is substantially in a first plane. This is the plane in which the first electrode member 138 is located. It will be understood that the first and second components are alternatively not in the same plane. The planar portion 154 of the second connecting member 150 is located in a second plane that is substantially parallel to the first plane. The second plane is further from the outer surface 116 of the TSTF layer 132 than the first plane. Thus, the second connecting element 150 passes under the first electrode element 138.

Each of the two intermediate portions 156 of each of the second connecting members 150 connects the planar portion 154 of the second connecting member with a second electrode member. The intermediate portion 156 extends between the first plane and the second plane.

Each row 148 of first electrode elements 138 is connected at both ends to a first power source (not shown). Each column 152 of the second electrode member 140 is connected at both ends to a second power source (not shown). The first power source is operable to individually provide a potential to each of the rows of first electrode elements 138. The second power source is operable to individually provide a potential to each of the columns of second electrode elements 140. The first and second power sources provide power from the battery 126. It will be appreciated that in an apparatus having an alternate power source, the first and second power sources provide power from the alternate power source. An alternate power source can be, for example, a switching power supply.

Row 148 of first electrode element 138 and column 152 of second electrode element 140 are substantially perpendicular to each other. However, they can be arranged non-vertically.

Electrodes 136 can be individually operated to provide electrical stimulation to nerves in a user's fingertips. It will be appreciated that the electrodes can also be individually manipulated to provide electrical stimulation to a user's skin, such as, but not limited to, at any location above the wrist or wrist.

The distance D2 between the electrodes 136 can range from the next millimeter to the millimeter. The distance D2 may be, for example, in the range of 0.1 mm to 5 mm. Advantageously, the distance D2 can for example be in the range from 0.1 mm to 1 mm. The distance D2 may be, for example, in the range of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The density of receptors in a fingertip allows for a user to detect electrical stimulation from two different electrodes 136. At this interval D2 between the electrodes 136, the radius D3 of the annular first electrode member 138 may be in a region slightly smaller than D2/4, for example 100 μm, and the width D4 of the second electrode member may be slightly smaller than D2/8, for example Within a 50 μm area.

The TSTF layer 132 includes three sub-layers: a first sub-layer 158, a second sub-layer 160, and a third sub-layer 162.

The first sub-layer 158 includes a base 164 having a uniform thickness. The bottom surface 166 of the base 164 is formed or forms the bottom surface 166 of the TSTF layer 132. Extending from an upper surface 168 of the base 164 is a plurality of ridges 168 having a substantially trapezoidal cross-section. It will be appreciated that the plurality of ridges 168 may also have another cross-sectional shape such as, but not limited to, a hemisphere. It will be appreciated that as long as the columns 152 of second electrode elements 140 can be provided on the upper surface of the ridges 168, the exact shape of the ridges 168 can be insignificant.

A second electrode element can be provided on the non-elongate protrusion to be provided on the ridge 168 of the first sub-layer 158 instead of the second electrode element 140. For example, the protrusions can be a three-dimensional trapezoid extending from the base 164 of the first sub-layer 158, or a truncated square pyramid. Thus, in this embodiment, the first sub-layer 158 can include a flat base 164 having a two-dimensional array of protrusions for receiving the second electrode member 140. The second sub-layer 160 can be provided on a region of the base 164 that protrudes around the two-dimensional array. The second sub-layer 160 can extend to a height close to the protrusions. The protrusions may be spaced periodically or non-periodically.

The ridges 168 are equidistant from each other. It will be understood, however, that the spacing between the ridges 168 can be changed to be non-uniform and variable. For example, the ridges 168 can be provided such that the first sub-layer 158 includes a plurality of periodic or non-periodic spaced sets of ridges 168. In this manner, the sets of periodically or non-periodically spaced electrodes 136 can be provided. Ridge 168 extends across the entire length of first sub-layer 158.

Columns 152 of second electrode elements 140 are provided on the upper surface of first sub-layer 158. Columns 152 of second electrode member 140 are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of ridge 168. The planar portion of the second connecting member 150 is placed on the upper surface 168 of the base 164 in the region between the ridges 168. The intermediate portion 156 is placed on the oblique side 170 of the ridge 168. The second electrode member 140 is placed on the upper surface 172 of the ridge 168. FIG. 4A is a plan view showing the first sub-layer 158 on which the columns 152 of the second electrode member 140 are connected. The columns 152 of the second electrode member 140 are equidistant from each other. However, it will be understood that the spacing between columns 152 may vary rather than be uniform. For example, columns 152 can be provided in columns 168 of a plurality of periodic or non-periodic spacing groups. In this manner, sets of periodic or non-periodic spaced electrodes 136 can be provided.

The second sub-layer 160 is provided in the region between the ridges 168 of the first sub-layer 158. The second sub-layer 160 extends from the base 164 of the first sub-layer 158 to a height near the top 172 of the ridge 168 of the first sub-layer 158. Thus, the second sub-layer 160 includes separate distinct regions 160a, 160b, 160c, 160d between the ridges 168. The separation zones 160a, 160b, 160c, 160d of the second subset 160 have a substantially trapezoidal profile as can be seen in Figure 3B. It will be appreciated that the plurality of ridges 168 may instead have another cross-sectional shape such as, but not limited to, a hemisphere. FIG. 4B illustrates a plan view of the first and second sub-layers 158, 160, and the second electrode member 140 disposed thereon.

Rows 148 of first electrode elements 138 (not shown in FIG. 4B) are provided over upper surface 172 of second sub-layer 160 in a direction perpendicular to columns 152 that connect second electrode elements 140. However, it will be appreciated that the columns 152 and the rows 148 may instead be non-perpendicular to each other, but may be provided at a different angle from each other.

A third sub-layer 162 is provided on top of the second sub-layer 160, and rows 148 connecting the first electrode elements 138 are provided thereon. The third sub-layer 162 has a flat upper surface that forms the outer surface 116 of the TSTF layer 132.

Rows 148 connecting first electrode elements 138 comprise an electrically conductive material. The columns 152 connecting the second electrode elements 140 comprise an electrically conductive material. The rows 148 connecting the first electrode members 138 and the columns 152 connecting the second electrode members 140 comprise a light transmissive material. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, carbon nanotube networks (CNTNs), indium titanium oxide (ITO) films, wide band gap oxides such as zinc oxide, provided in thin transparent layers, and thin gold or silver layers. It will be appreciated that on a microscopic scale, such materials may not be light transmissive. However, on a macroscopic scale of interest, such materials are sufficiently transparent to allow the user to clearly see the image displayed on display panel 130 through TSTF layer 132. The thickness D1 (see Fig. 3B) connecting the first and second electrode members 136, 140 may be in the range of nanometers to micrometers. For example, the thickness D1 may be in the range of 20 nm to 100 nm. It will be appreciated that other values of D1 may also be suitable.

The three sub-layers 158, 160, 162 of the TSTF layer 132 are light transmissive. The first and second sub-layers 158, 160 comprise an electrically insulating, dielectric material. Suitable materials for the first and second sub-layers 158, 160 include, but are not limited to, polyoxymethylene, polyimine, poly(methyl methacrylate) (acrylic glass), polystyrene, polycarbonate, acid B. Diester, or polyethylene terephthalate.

The material of the sub-layers can be selected to provide an effective index of refraction (RI) that matches between the TSTF layer 132 and the display panel 130. The materials of the sub-layers can also be selected to provide an effective refractive index (RI) that matches between the sub-layers themselves. This optimizes the transmission of light through the TSTF layer 132. It may be advantageous to utilize the same data for different sub-layers if possible. Suitable materials are intended to have a refractive index close to 1.5 to match the RI of the optical glass typically used for display panels (RI of polyfluorene between 1.38 and 1.6, RI of PMMA = 1.59).

The third sub-layer 162 is electrically insulating. This ensures that the electrodes are electrically insulated from the user's fingers. In this way, the device is reduced due to the operational impact of a user with a wet or dirty finger. The third sub-layer 162 has the property of protecting the electrode 136 from the external environment. Such properties may include, but are not limited to, any one or more of hydrophobic (no or only a little hydrophilic), self-cleaning, scratch-resistant, and oil-repellent/anti-lipid (oleophobic). A self-assembled monolayer coating can be placed on the outer surface 116 of the third sub-layer 162. The third sub-layer 162 can exhibit hydrophobicity and/or oleophobicity. This establishes and maintains a dry contact between the fingertip and the outer surface 116. Alternatively or additionally, the outer surface 116 may be rough on the micro or nano view. This can reduce the contact area of contaminants or foreign objects on the outer surface 116. Alternatively, the third sub-layer 162 can be made to perform photocatalyst and hydrophilic processing. This can be done in any suitable way. The third sub-layer 162 can be, for example, polyfluorene oxide, polyimine, poly(methyl methacrylate) (acrylic glass), polystyrene, polycarbonate, ethylene glycol, or polyethylene terephthalate. Diester composition.

The total thickness D5 of the TSTF layer 132 can range from micrometers to millimeters. For example, the total thickness D5 of the TSTF layer 132 may range from 50 μm to 300 μm. The combined thickness D6 of the first and second sub-layers 158, 160 may be slightly less than the thickness D5. However, it will be understood that D6 must be less than D5. The third sub-layer 162 can have a thickness D7 in the sub-micron to micro-range. The thickness D7 of the third sub-layer 162 is limited by the high capacitance requirements coupled to the skin of the user. The value of D7 can range from 500 nm to 2 μm. It will be appreciated that other thicknesses may also be suitable when providing the desired effect of the TSTF layer's light transmittance, the ability to detect touch input, and the ability to provide tactile feedback to the user.

By encapsulating the electrodes 136 between the first and third sub-layers 158, 162, the electrodes can be protected from corrosion, wear, erosion, and the like.

Figure 3C is a cross-sectional view through the area shown in Figure 3A, in accordance with an alternative embodiment. In FIG. 3C, the TSTF layer additionally includes a guard electrode 173. The other components of the figure are the same as those shown in Fig. 3B, although the reference numerals are ignored. The guard electrode 173 can enhance the performance of the input detection function of the TSTF layer 132 by countering the parasitic capacitance coupled between the first and second connection elements.

The protective or ground electrode 173 is placed between a first plane in which the first and second electrode members 148, 140 are substantially located, and a plane in which the second connecting member 150 is located. In such embodiments, the second sub-layer 160 can be provided in two segments. The first segment can extend from the first sub-layer 158 to a half height of the ridge 168 or protrusion. A guard electrode 173 may be provided on top of the first segment of the second sub-layer 160. A second segment of the second sub-layer 160 can be provided atop the guard electrode 173. The guard electrode 173 is electrically insulated from the rows of first and second electrode elements by the second sub-layer 160 and the rows. The guard electrode 173 is placed in the region of the TSTF layer 132 between the plurality of ridges 168. The guard electrode 173 can be grounded.

In embodiments including a plurality of protrusions instead of ridges 168, guard electrode 173 is placed in the region of TSTF layer 132 between the protrusions. In such embodiments, the guard electrode 173 may be formed from a single layer of conductive material that is provided to traverse the entire area of the TSTF layer 132, but with voids surrounding the protrusions. The voids may be formed in accordance with the shape of the protrusions. The guard electrode 173 can be grounded.

According to an alternative embodiment, the guard electrode can be subdivided. In such embodiments, the guard electrodes can be provided to have a compensation potential that can be dynamically controlled.

The TSTF layer 132 is operable to detect a touch input generated by capacitive coupling between the electrode 136 and a user's fingertip. Referring again to FIG. 3B, it can be seen that the first electrode member 138 is separated from their respective second electrode members 140 by a region of dielectric material. It will be understood that when a potential difference is applied through the first and second electrode elements 138, 140, a high efficiency capacitor having a detectable capacitance is formed. When a fingertip is applied to the outer surface 116 of the TSTF layer 132, the fingertip is separated from the first and second electrode members 138, 140 by a region of dielectric material (third sub-layer 162). Therefore, because the fingertip has a potential different from at least one of the electrode elements 138, 140, a capacitor is formed between at least one of the electrode elements 138, 140 and the fingertip. It will be understood that the fingertip can be coupled to a plurality of electrode capacitors simultaneously. The capacitance between the electrode 136 and the fingertip causes a change in the capacitance value between the first and second electrode elements 138, 140, and thus causes a change in the capacitance value between the corresponding column 152 and row 148. One or more transistor circuits (not shown) are switchably coupled to each column and each row. These circuits are operable to detect changes in capacitance experienced at a particular column and row combination. The transistor circuits (not shown) are coupled to a processor 128 that is configured to perform calculations in accordance with the transistor circuits to determine a combination of columns and rows that experience a fingertip contact.

It will be appreciated that a system that does not include a transistor can be used to detect a change in capacitance at one or more electrodes.

In this manner, processor 128 is operative to identify at least one electrode 136 that experiences a change in capacitance. In this manner, the processor is operative to detect a touch input on the surface of the TSTF layer 132 and determine the input location based at least on the location of the (e) electrode experiencing a changed capacitance.

The touch sensing function of the TSTF layer 132 also allows the device to provide fingerprint scanning functionality. The fingertip consists of a unified pattern of ridges and depressions. Thus, when a fingertip is in contact with the outer surface 116 of the TSTF layer 132, only the ridge of the fingertip is in contact with the surface 116, and the depression is separated by a small distance. Electrode 136 under one of the ridges of the fingertip will experience a different capacitance change than a depressed lower electrode. Thus, if the separation of the electrodes 136 in the TSTF layer 132 is less than the distance between the ridges and the fingertips, which may be close to 0.5 mm, the TSTF layer 132 allows detection of a user's fingertips. An electrode separation D2 of about 150 μm is suitable for the device to perform a fingerprint scan. It will be appreciated that providing a fingerprint scanning function in a device, such as a mobile phone, enables greatly improved security performance. Such security features may include features such as fingerprint locking and unlocking of mobile devices, fingerprint locking and unlocking of private files stored on the device. Such security features may also include features such as a security image application, which may be an image displayed on a display panel, and may represent a selection that may be selected/executed only after an input of a recognized and/or authorized fingerprint. Option. Likewise, the fingerprint scanning function incorporated into the mobile device via the TSTF layer 132 eliminates the need to provide an additional fingerprint scanner. This reduces the overall cost and bill of materials associated with the manufacture of a mobile device that includes a fingerprint scanning function.

The TSTF layer 132 is also operable to provide tactile feedback to users of the mobile phone 10. The haptic feedback is provided to the user by capacitive coupling between an electrode 136 and the fingertip. As described above, in relation to the direction of the touch input, when a fingertip is applied to the outer surface 116 of the TSTF layer 132, the fingertip is capacitively coupled to an electrode/electrodes located under the fingertip. This capacitive coupling causes a charge to be induced at the nerve endings of the user's fingertips. This charge induced at the nerve endings is dependent on the potential difference between the first and second electrodes 138, 140. If large enough, the charge induced at the nerve endings provides a tactile sensation to the user. A potential difference suitable to provide a sufficiently large charge at the nerve endings of the user is about or slightly less than 10V. This is called transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Transdermal, or transdermal, irritations occur on the skin or through the skin. A user can calibrate the intensity of the tactile stimulus by increasing or decreasing the stimulus potential difference until an optimal tactile stimulus is perceived. This can be accomplished by a calibration function that can be used, for example, through a menu system of mobile devices.

This nerve stimulation can be utilized in many different ways. It can be used to provide feedback to a user. Following the direction of a touch input via TSTF layer 132, TSTF layer 132 is controlled by processor 128 to activate electrode 136, which is received at electrode 136 to provide nerve stimulation in the user's fingertip. Therefore, the user begins to feel the touch input recorded by the device 10.

The haptic feedback provided by the TSTF layer 132 is highly localized only in the sense that the associated electrode 131 is controlled to provide tactile stimuli. This results in reduced power consumption compared to mechanisms that do not provide localized haptic feedback. Likewise, the TSTF layer 132 is more energy efficient than devices that use piezoelectric or electromagnetic actuators to provide monolithic mechanical vibration of the device. Additionally, devices that utilize mechanical vibration of the device to provide tactile feedback require two separate systems to detect touch inputs and provide tactile feedback to the user. The TSTF layer 132 is capable of providing these two functions through the same hardware. Therefore, the bill of materials can be reduced.

The tactile stimulus can also be used to deliver tactile information to the user based on the image displayed on display panel 130. For example, if a selectable option, such as a soft key, is displayed on the display panel 130, the electrode 136 in the TSTF layer 132 corresponding to the location of the selectable display on the display panel 130 can be activated. In this manner, when the user's finger contacts a region of the surface of the TSTF layer 132 that corresponds to the selectable option, the neural receptor in the fingertip will be stimulated by the activated electrode 136, thereby indicating to the user that the fingertip is in a pair. The location of the option can be selected. Other locations are not activated, so the fingertips on one other area are not stimulated.

A selectable option can be displayed on display panel 130 as a particular color, brightness or pattern area bordering a different color, brightness or pattern area. Alternatively, in the case of a link to an internet browser, for example, there may be a different type of visible definition between the option and the surrounding area. A link can be displayed on a display as, for example, a word, a phrase, a sentence, or a URL. The text of the link can be a specific color and the background is a different color. Alternatively or additionally, the text of the link may be underlined. It will be understood that if a touch input is applied to the TSTF layer 132 in an area corresponding to this, the link will be selected. However, there may also be a background area surrounding a small area of the link that also causes the link to be tracked if there is a touch input selection. In any case, regardless of whether the boundary between a selectable option is clearly visible to the user, the processor controlling the display panel 130 and the TSTF layer 132 still defines a boundary, the region within the boundary corresponding to a selectable option, and The outside area does not correspond to a selectable option.

The electrode 136 of the corresponding display panel 130 of the TSTF layer 132 within the boundaries of the selectable options can be activated to indicate to the user that their finger is in contact with the TSTF layer in an area corresponding to a selectable option on the display screen. In this manner, the boundary determines which electrode of the TSTF layer 132 is activated. It will be appreciated that more than one selectable option can be displayed on display panel 130 at the same time. In this case, the complex boundary defines the activation electrode 136 of the complex region.

An object displayed on the display panel may not indicate a selectable option. It may mean another object. For example, the object can be an image, a sub-image, or the like. In this case, the haptic feedback can indicate to the user that they are positioning the object, for example, such that they know that they can drag the item to a different location on the display.

The above functions can also be implemented in a dynamic situation, such as the case where a moving image is displayed on the display panel 130. For example, if a moving image of a ripple is being displayed by display panel 130, the electrode corresponding to the peak position of the surface tension wave of the corrugation at any given time may be activated to provide stimulation of the fingertip receptor. Therefore, the receptor in a user's fingertip is stimulated because the peak of the surface tension wave of the corrugation appears to "undercut" the fingertip, thereby providing a "touch illusion." In order to maximize energy efficiency, only the position of the peak of the surface tension wave corresponding to the corrugation, and the electrode detected below the fingertip of the user can be activated.

In the dynamic case, a boundary is also defined. The boundary may not define a selectable region, but may instead define an object, such as the surface tension wave described above. In the case of surface tension waves, two boundaries, an inner boundary, and an outer boundary may define the region of activation. As the object moves around the display panel 130, the position at which the electrodes are activated changes due to the (equal) boundary movement.

It will be appreciated that the activation level of the electrode 136 defined by the (equal) boundary may not be uniform. For example, electrodes corresponding to peaks of surface tension wave values may have a higher activation level, while electrodes near the boundaries may have a lower activation level. In either case, it will be understood that the electrodes 136 outside of the activation zone defined by the (equal) boundary are not activated, and that the electrodes within the activation zone defined by the (equal) boundary are activated.

TENS can be used to induce any desired haptic effect, such as friction, roughness, contour steps, and the like. The tactile stimulation pattern can thus be optimized to convey to the user an overall illusion of a physical key or button having a feature that is convex relative to the remaining surface. For example, a raised button can be modeled using a TSTF layer by activating the electrode to simulate a different region of increased surface roughness around a region of lower surface roughness. When a finger passes through such areas, the perceived effect can be similar to the effect of a user moving over a raised button.

The electrode 136 corresponding to a selectable option (or a moving image on the display panel 130) may not necessarily be the electrode directly above the pixel on the display panel 130 representing the selectable option. Rather, these electrodes can be slightly offset from the image of the selectable option. This can compensate for the fact that the user may not be viewing the display 102 from directly above, but may be viewed from an angle that is less than 90 degrees from the plane of the display 102. The processor 128 is operable to compensate for this offset by activating the electrode in the region of the TSTF layer 132 that the user is aware of directly above the image of the selectable option, rather than starting the electrode that is actually above it. It will be appreciated that there may be considerable overlap between the user's awareness of the area directly above the image of the selectable option and the area actually above the selectable option.

Highly pixelated tactile stimuli such as provided by the TSTF layer 132 can be used to provide a wide range of meaningful information for assisting a user in operating the display 102 with a finger. This leads to improved user-device interaction and improved user satisfaction. Information can be delivered to a user in a number of ways via the TSTF layer 132. For example, an electrical tactile stimulation language can be provided. For example, the combination of short-term and long-term stimuli can each have different, predetermined meanings, such as individual characteristics.

Alternatively, the electrical tactile stimulation language may utilize one or more of the various parameters available to it to deliver other messages to a user. Such parameters may include, but are not limited to, stimulation frequency, pulse structure, pulse train pattern, signal amplitude modulation, and signal density.

The different types of selectable options displayed on the display panel can have different electrode activation patterns associated therewith. For example, an electrode 136 corresponding to a "delete" or "reset factory" option that enables an irreversible action to be performed when executed may have an associated launch that is designed to alert the user to the serious consequences of the option. pattern. Such a pattern may include, for example, a very strong start-up period that is periodically separated by a short period of inactivity. Important options that are less likely, such as a link on a web page, may have a weaker and continuous electrode activation pattern associated with it.

Some suitable startup patterns will now be discussed. A first pattern may comprise alternate start and zero start or substantially equal duration of a certain intensity, similar to a square wave. The change in the first pattern includes square waves of different frequencies. A second pattern may include a selective start of a certain intensity and a zero start of a different duration, similar to a square wave having a non-uniform mark-to-space ratio. The change in the second pattern includes different frequencies and/or different mark-to-space ratios. A third pattern can include a gradual transition between full start and zero start. These gradual transitions can ramp up and/or ramp down. Such gradual transitions may include oblique curves, such as sinusoidal curves. The change in the second pattern includes different frequencies and/or different gradients and/or different oblique curves at the rising and falling edges.

Instead of the electrode activation pattern being associated with a possible strength of a selectable option, the same activation pattern can be associated with the same type of option without the option of selecting the option. For example, a "Yes" option may have the same associated electrode activation pattern, and an unselected selection will cause the phone memory to be deleted or will cause a call to begin. In this way, in time, a user can learn to associate a particular launch pattern with a particular option.

The operability of the TSTF layer 132 to provide localized haptic feedback to a user will now be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a portion of the TSTF layer 132 including a 10×6 electrode array 136. The electrode array includes six columns 152 of connected second electrode elements 140, and ten rows 148 of connected first electrode elements 138. In the figure, each row is assigned an x coordinate, the left hand (first) row x = 1, and the right hand (tenth) row x = 10. Each column is assigned a y coordinate, the lowest (first) column y=1 in Figure 5, and the upper (sixth) column y=6. In this way, it is possible to identify each of the electrodes 136 based on the columns and rows of the first and second electrode elements 138, 140 of their composition. An electrode 136 of a first electrode element 138 at row x=7 and its electrode element 140 at column y=3 can be identified as an electrode (7, 3). In general, an electrode at any point in the array can be identified as an electrode (x, y).

To activate a particular one of the electrodes 136, such as an electrode (x = i, y = j), a potential difference -V (associated with an intermediate potential difference in the device 10) is applied to the connected first electrode element in row x = i 138, and a potential difference +V (correlated with an intermediate potential difference in device 10) is applied to the connected second electrode element 140 in column y=j. Therefore, the potential difference between the first and second electrode elements 138, 140 constituting the electrode (x = i, y = j) is 2 × V. Each of the electrodes (x=i, y≠j) having a first electrode element 138 in row x=i and a second electrode element in column y≠j is in their first and second electrode elements 138, There is a potential difference +V between 140. Each of the electrodes (x≠i, y=j) having a first electrode element 138 in row x≠i and a second electrode element 140 in column y=j is at their first and second electrode elements 138 There is a potential difference -V between 140 and 140.

A potential difference of 2 x V provides an electrical stimulus above the threshold _Vth to the user's fingertip for nerve stimulation. However, a potential difference +/- V provides an electrical stimulus below the threshold. Thus, the activation electrode (x = i, y = j) causes stimulation of the receptor in the user's finger, while all unactivated electrodes do not. _Vth can be in the range of 1-10 volts. The magnitude V of the potential difference supplied to each of the electrode elements can be adjusted by the user of the device. In this way, the user can adjust the potential difference between the electrode elements of a starter electrode based on their individual threshold value _{Vth of} nerve stimulation.

It will be appreciated that any number of electrodes 136 can be activated at any one time using the methods described above.

Generally, in order to be able to individually activate an N x N electrode array, each electrode would require a connection to a power source. Therefore, a connection of N ² groups is required. However, by using the individual starter electrode methods described above, only 2N sets of connections are required. If we consider a display having a square visible surface with a side length of 10 cm and a TSTF layer 132 with an electrode spacing of 0.5 mm, then N = 200. Therefore, N ² =40000 and 2N=400. Therefore, by using a system according to the above embodiment, the required connection group is 100 times less (i.e., 1/100 of the number). This results in a circuit of substantially simpler nature.

It will be appreciated that the electrodes 136 may be completely electrically independent of one another. The electrodes thus arranged can be individually activated using an active matrix addressing technique. In such embodiments, each electrode is provided with a dedicated first and second connector instead of sharing the connector with other electrodes. These embodiments have an increased number of connectors for a given number of electrodes.

The above method for starting a specific electrode is described with reference to a DC potential. However, it may be advantageous to use an AC potential.

The electrode addressing method described above also works in an AC case, but the AC condition allows the peak density experienced by the activated electrode to be varied by changing the relative phase of the waveforms applied to the columns 152 and 148 of the (etc.) starter electrode. Modulation. In addition, the tactile sensitivity in a neuroreceptor is a function of the frequency of the applied stimulus. Therefore, the frequency response of the system can be adjusted to produce the best tactile sensation. The optimum frequency can be in the range of 100-300 Hz. This frequency can also be in the range of 100 to 500 Hz. The appropriate frequency can be in the range of 10 Hz to 3 kHz. This frequency can be defined by the user. In this way, the frequency can be optimized based on user to tactile sensitivity.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the operation of a portion of the TSTF layer 132. Figure 6 illustrates a portion of the TSTF layer comprising a 4 x 4 electrode array 136, although it will be understood to be exemplary only.

Each row 148 connecting the first electrode elements 138 is coupled to a respective detection sub-circuit 180 and a respective stimulation sub-circuit 182. Each column 152 connecting the second electrode elements 140 is coupled to a respective detection sub-circuit 180 and a respective stimulation sub-circuit 182.

Each of the detector circuits 180 associated with a row 148 of first electrode elements 138 is coupled to a first sense MUX 188. Each of the detector circuits 180 associated with a column 152 of second electrode elements 140 is coupled to a second sense MUX 190.

Each stimulation sub-circuit 182 associated with a row 148 of first electrode elements 138 is coupled to a first stimulation MUX 192. Each of the stimulation sub-circuits 182 associated with a column 152 of second electrode elements 140 is coupled to a second stimulation MUX 194.

First and second detection MUXs 188, 190 and first and second stimulation MUXs 192, 194 are coupled to the processor. The processor controls the stimulation MUX and indirectly controls the stimulation circuitry, such as the desired potential to provide a stimulation potential at the desired time. The processor controls the MUX to determine the electrode that is near the user's fingertip.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing a method of fabricating an exemplary embodiment of the TSTF layer 132 described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 5.

At step S1, a blank for forming the first sub-layer 158 is provided. The blank comprises a stack of sheets having a major surface that is substantially sized to correspond to the dimensions of the display panel 130, and the TSTF layer 132 is intended to be used with the display panel 130. The thickness of the blank (i.e., the distance from the bottommost surface of the first sub-layer 158 to the upper surface 172 of the plurality of ridges 168 in the finished sub-layer) may range from microns to millimeters. The blank may comprise, for example, a transparent polymer such as polyfluorene oxide, polyimine, poly(methyl methacrylate) (acrylic glass), polystyrene, polycarbonate, ethylene glycol, or a pair of polymers. Ethylene phthalate.

At step S2, a ridge 168 is formed in the blank to create a first sub-layer 158. These ridge decouplings are provided on the surface of the blank to create a recessed area. The recessed areas are provided at regular intervals through the surface of the blank. Each of the recessed regions extends across the entire length of the surface of the blank. Ridge 168 is the area of the blank between the newly created recessed areas.

The recessed areas can be created by thermoplastic nano-embossing lithography (thermal embossing), photon embossing, electro-negative compression molding, or any suitable nano-molding method.

In step S3, the columns 152 connected to the second electrode member 140 are provided on the upper surface of the first sub-layer 158. The columns 152 are connected to the second electrode member 140 at regular intervals to traverse the upper surface of the first sub-layer 158. The columns 152 are connected to the second electrode member 140 to extend over an entire length of the upper surface of the first sub-layer 158. The longitudinal length of the columns 152 connecting the second electrode members 140 is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal length of the ridges 168. Instead they can be non-vertical.

The columns 152 connected to the second electrode member 140 may be provided on the surface by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) in combination with a suitably shaped mask. Alternatively, any other suitable technique can be used. Suitable techniques may include, but are not limited to, physical vapor deposition (PVD), sputtering, spraying, evaporation, aerosol deposition via a shutter, other types of liquid deposition processes, such as spin coating of a nanocomposite or solution liquid. Follow the lithography or direct writing pattern, or the squeegee method.

In step S4, a second sub-layer 160 is provided on the upper surface of the first sub-layer 158 in the recessed region between the ridges 168. The second sub-layer 160 extends to a height that is substantially aligned with the upper surface 172 of the ridge 168. The second sub-layer 160 encloses the second connection element 150 connecting the adjacent second electrode elements 140. Techniques that may be suitable for providing the second sub-layer 160 include, but are not limited to, PVD deposition, CVD deposition, sputtering, spraying, evaporation, a liquid deposition process such as spin coating or doctor blade, and thermal lamination. The second sub-layer may be composed, for example, of transparent polyfluorene or another suitable material, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), polyimine, polystyrene, polycarbonate, ethylene glycol, or poly(p-phenylene). Ethylene formate.

In step S5, the connected first electrode members 138 of the rows 148 are provided on the upper surface of the second sub-layer 160. These are substantially perpendicular to the second electrode elements 140 of the columns 152. Otherwise they may not be vertical.

The connected first electrode member 138 of the rows 148 includes a light transmissive material. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, carbon nanotube networks (CNTNs), indium titanium oxide (ITO) films, wide band gap oxides such as zinc oxide, provided in thin transparent layers, and thin gold or silver layers.

The connection of the first electrode elements 138 of the rows 148 can be provided using the same techniques as the second electrode elements 140 utilized to provide the columns 152.

At step S6, a third sub-layer 162 is provided. The third sub-layer covers the upper surfaces of the electrode elements 138, 140 and the second sub-layer 160. The third sub-layer 162 is composed of polyfluorene or another suitable material such as poly(methyl methacrylate), polyimide, polystyrene, polycarbonate, ethylene glycol, or polyterephthalic acid. Ethylene glycol ester.

FIG. 8 illustrates an alternative method of fabricating an exemplary embodiment of the TSTF layer 132 described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 5. This method is similar to that described with reference to Figure 7, with the main difference being that the first sub-layer 158 is provided in a different manner. At step T1, a mold having a ridge and corresponding to the desired composition of the first sub-layer 158 is provided.

At step T2, the connected second electrode members 140 of the columns 152 are provided on the surface of the mold. This can be achieved by the same method as step S3 of the above method. At step T3, a second sub-layer 160 is provided. At step T4, the connected first electrode elements 138 of the rows 148 are provided. At step T5, a third sublayer is provided.

At step T6, the mold is removed. At step T7, the first sub-layer 158 is provided by filling the area vacated by the removal mold.

Although the foregoing description has been described with reference to a mobile telephone, it will be appreciated that a TSTF layer 132 can be included in any device that requires touch screen functionality. Such devices include, but are not limited to, PDAs, media players, tablets, laptops, GPS navigation devices, and electronic readers/books.

The nature and dimensions of the materials that make up the TSTF layer 132 are selected to allow the TSTF layer 132 to be flexible. Thus, the TSTF layer 132 is suitable for use with flexible display panels such as flexible OLED displays, bi-stable displays, electrophoretic and electrowetting displays.

Suitable materials for the electrode elements are nanoparticle, nanowires, and nanowire materials, solutions, and composites. For example, the electrode elements can comprise any shape/morphology of nanomaterial, molten gel material, or any other flexible, transparent material that exhibits conductive properties. Examples include carbon nanotube networks (CNTNs), indium titanium oxide (ITO) films, wide band gap oxides such as zinc oxide, provided in thin transparent layers, and thin gold or silver layers.

The sub-layers may comprise any suitable composite material comprised of a flexible, transparent host material, such as a transparent flexible polymer.

It will be appreciated that variations in the above components and combinations may also be suitable. For example, each of the first electrode members 138 may include another shape such as, but not limited to, a square, a rectangle or a hexagon, having an inner region in which the second electrode member 140 is located. Similarly, the second electrode member 140 can have a different shape.

As an alternative to the first electrode element 138 surrounding the second electrode element 140, the first and second electrodes 138, 140 may be adjacent to each other only. In this example, the rows 148 connecting the first electrode elements 138 can comprise a plurality of sections of light transmissive material having a uniform width that extend across the surface of the second sub-layer 160.

It will be appreciated that if the third sub-layer 162 is not included, the electrode 136 is still operable to provide transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and to detect touch input. In this embodiment, a user's fingertip will be in direct contact with electrode 136.

It will be appreciated that the touch sensing functionality of the device may be provided by display panel 132 instead of being provided by TSTF layer 132, or may also be provided in conjunction with TSTF layer 132. Display panels capable of providing this functionality include, but are not limited to, capacitive touch sensitive display panels and resistive touch sensitive display panels.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of a medical device 200. The biomedical device includes a TSTF layer 132, a stimulus pattern generator (SPG) 202, a processor 204, a memory 206, a wireless transceiver 208, and a power source 210.

The biomedical device 200 is operable to provide electromagnetic field therapy (EFT) to a region of the body that is in contact with the TSTF layer 132. EFT can be helpful in, for example, but not limited to, wound care, muscle strength training, pain and inflammation relief, and bone growth and repair.

The biomedical device 200 is also operable to sense nerves, muscles, and other biomedical activities.

The TSTF layer 132 includes a two-dimensional array of electrodes 136. The TSTF layer 132 can be described with reference to FIGS. 2 to 5. Whether the TSTF layer 132 is light transmissive, non-transparent or translucent may not be important.

The electrodes 136 of the TSTF layer 132 are alternatively fully electrically independent of one another. The electrodes thus arranged can be individually activated using an active matrix addressing technique. In such embodiments, each electrode is provided with a dedicated first and second connector instead of sharing the connector with other electrodes.

Due to the advantages of an insulating layer (not shown) at the top of the TSTF layer 132, the biomedical device 200 is operable to provide a capacitive coupling EFT to the area in contact with the body and the TSTF layer 132. Alternatively, there is no such insulating layer and there is a direct electrical coupling between the electrode and a user.

Electrode 136 of TSTF layer 132 can be electrically coupled to SPG 202. The SPG 202 receives power from the power source 210. The SPG is operable to generate an electrical stimulation pattern for controlling the electrode 136 of the TSTF layer 132. The SPG 202 can include an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (not shown) for generating the stimulation pattern. The SPG 200 can also include a stimulation circuit (not shown) that is adapted to activate the electrode 136 based on the generated stimulation pattern. The stimulation circuit can be the same as described with reference to FIG.

SPG 200 may also include detection circuitry (not shown) that is adapted to detect signals received by electrodes 136 of TSTF layer 132. The detection circuit can be the same as described with reference to FIG.

The processor 204 is operative to control the operation of the SPG 202. It will be appreciated that the processor 204 can be combined with the SPG 202. The signals detected from the TSTF layer 132 via the SPG 202 can be stored in the memory 206 for later transmission to another device. Alternatively or additionally, the received signal may be transmitted to other devices (not shown) via wireless transceiver 208 immediately after detection.

Wireless transceiver 208 is also operative to receive signals from another device. The received signals may include signals for controlling the operation of SPG 202 and/or processor 204. The received signals can be stored in memory for later execution by processor 204 and SPG 202. Alternatively, they are implemented by SPG 202 instead of first storing them in memory. Wireless transceiver 208 can be, for example, but not limited to, a Bluetooth transceiver, another type of RF transceiver, or an infrared transceiver. Alternatively or additionally, the device is operable to receive or transmit signals to another device via a wired connection with other devices.

The power source can be a battery, such as a small light battery, such as a paper battery or a watch battery. Alternatively, the power source can be connected to a main power distribution system.

The TSTF layer 132 can have a thin adhesive layer on the outer surface 116 of the third sub-layer 162 for attaching the TSTF layer to a patient's skin. Alternatively, the TSTF layer 132 can be held in contact with a user's skin in another manner, such as with a medical tape applied to the back surface 166 of the first sub-layer 158.

Electrical components and circuits, such as SPG 202, processor 204, memory 206, wireless transceiver 208, and power source 210, may be provided on rear surface 166 of first sub-layer 158. In this way, the biomedical device can be an unobtrusive and self-contained full set.

The TSTF layer can comprise the same materials discussed above in this specification. Therefore, the TSTF layer can be flexible. Thus, the TSTF layer 132 can conform to the shape of the body portion of the user to which it is attached.

The biomedical device 200 can be attached to a user's skin on an area of the body in need of treatment or monitoring. For example, a patient who requires a CCFET on his neck can wear the biomedical device to reduce pain without requiring the user to be physically attached to the non-removable device. The biomedical device 200 is operable to provide a CCFET in response to the detected biomedical activity, such as the detected muscle spasm. Likewise, when the muscle spasm is detected only in the muscle below one of the electrodes 132 of the TSTF layer 132, the biomedical device is operable to activate only a portion of the electrodes. Electrode 136 can be activated in the manner shown in Figure 5.

It should be appreciated that the above-described embodiments are not to be construed as limiting. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art after reading this application. In addition, the disclosure of the present application should be understood to include any novel features, or any specific novel combination, or any of the novel combinations disclosed herein, or any of the present invention. During the course of the application, the scope of the new patent application may be defined to cover any such features and/or combinations of such features.

10. . . Electronic device

102. . . monitor

104. . . speaker

106. . . microphone

108. . . case

110. . . digital

112. . . Call function

114. . . cancel

116. . . Outer surface of 102

118. . . Side surface of 108

120. . . After 108 surface

122. . . Inner surface of 108

124. . . Internal volume

126. . . battery

128, 204. . . processor

130. . . Display panel

132. . . Touch-sensitive tactile feedback (TSTF) layer

134. . . Top surface 130

136. . . electrode

138. . . First electrode element

140. . . Second electrode element

142. . . Conduction zone

144. . . Empty area

146. . . First connecting element

148. . . Row

150. . . Second connecting element

152. . . Column

154. . . Plane part

156. . . Middle part

158. . . First sublayer

160. . . Second sublayer

160a~160d. . . 160 separation zone

162. . . Third sublayer

164. . . Base

166. . . Underside of 132

168. . . ridge

170. . . Slant side of 168

172. . . Above surface 160

173. . . Protective electrode

180, 184, D. . . Detection subcircuit

182, 186, S. . . Stimulus circuit

188. . . First detection MUX

190. . . Second detection MUX

192. . . First stimulus MUX

194. . . Second stimulus MUX

200. . . Biomedical device

202. . . Stimulus pattern generator (SPG)

206. . . Memory

208. . . Wireless transceiver

210. . . power supply

A, B, C. . . line

D1. . . Thickness of connections 136, 140

D2. . . Distance between 136

D3. . . Radius of 138

D4. . . Width of 140

D5. . . Total thickness of 132

D6. . . Combination thickness of 158,160

D7. . . Thickness of 162

S1~S6, T1~T7. . . step

Figure 1A is a plan view of an electronic device;

1B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the electronic device of FIG. 1A;

1C is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electronic device according to another embodiment 1A;

Figure 2 is a simplified schematic plan view of a component of the electronic device of Figure 1;

Figure 3A is an enlarged view of a region of the assembly of Figure 2;

Figure 3B is a cross-sectional view of the area shown in Figure 3A;

Figure 3C is a cross-sectional view of the area shown in Figure 3A in accordance with another alternative embodiment;

Figure 4A is a plan view of the first sub-layer of the region of the assembly shown in Figure 3A;

Figure 4B is a plan view of the first and second sub-layers of the region of the assembly shown in Figure 3A;

Figure 5 is a schematic plan view of a portion of the assembly of Figure 2;

Figure 6 is a schematic view of a circuit for controlling a portion of the electrodes of Figure 2;

Figure 7 is a flow chart depicting a method of manufacturing the assembly of Figure 2;

Figure 8 is a flow chart depicting another method of selecting the assembly of Figure 2;

Figure 9 is a schematic illustration of a medical device.

108‧‧‧Shell

116‧‧‧ Exterior surface of the display

Side surface of 118‧‧‧108

Surface after 120‧‧‧10

Inner surface of 122‧‧‧108

124‧‧‧ internal volume

126‧‧‧Battery

128‧‧‧ processor

130‧‧‧ display panel

132‧‧‧Touch Inductive Tactile Feedback (TSTF) layer

Surface above 134‧‧‧130

Claims (15)

An electronic device comprising: a visual display; at least one electrode; and an electrically insulating layer forming a portion of an outer surface of the device proximate the at least one electrode; wherein the electronic device is a mobile device and the The mobile device is configured to embed the visual display, the at least one electrode, and the electrically insulating layer therein; wherein the combination of the at least one electrode and the electrically insulating layer is combined to be in contact with the electrode The electrically insulating layer between the users of the portion of the outer surface of the device provides stimulation to the user by capacitive coupling, wherein the electrode includes a first electrode component and a second electrode electrically insulated from each other element. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the electronic device is configured to provide a time varying potential difference between the first electrode element and the second electrode element. The electronic device of claim 2, wherein the potential difference is in the range of 1 to 10 volts. The electronic device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electrode is translucent. The electronic device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the outer surface is hydrophobic and/or oleophobic. The electronic device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the insulating layer has a thickness in a range of from 500 nm to 2 μm. The electronic device of any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising a plurality of individually controlled electrodes separated by a distance in the range of 0.1 to 5 mm. The electronic device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electrode constitutes a part of a two-dimensional transparent electrode array. The electronic device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electronic device is flexible. The electronic device of any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising a detection circuit configured to detect a user contacting and/or accessing the portion of the outer surface of the device. The electronic device of claim 8, comprising a stimulation circuit configured to respond to a detection circuit detecting that a user contacting the outer surface of the device is adjacent to the portion of the electrode, the electrode is provided at the electrode A nerve stimulation potential. The electronic device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first electrode element is a first planar electrode element substantially disposed in a first plane and extending across the first plane, Wherein the second electrode element is a second planar electrode element disposed substantially in a second plane and extending across the second plane. The electronic device of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the device is a handheld device. A non-therapeutic method for controlling feedback to a user, wherein the user controls a user device, the method comprising: providing a visual display; Controlling actuation of at least one of the electrodes to provide to the user by capacitive coupling between the electrode and a user contacting a portion of the outer insulating layer of the device proximal to the electrode a tactile stimulus, wherein the device is a mobile device, and the mobile device is configured to receive the visual display, the at least one electrode, and the electrically insulating layer; wherein the electrode comprises one of the first electrode elements electrically insulated from each other And a second electrode element. The non-therapeutic method of claim 14, further comprising detecting when the user contacts and/or accesses the portion of the outer surface of the device prior to the controlling step.