TWI457488B - A caudal - type breakwater with a circular arc - Google Patents
A caudal - type breakwater with a circular arc Download PDFInfo
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本發明是有關於一種防波堤結構體,特別是指一種具圓弧面消波艙之沉箱式防波堤。The invention relates to a breakwater structure, in particular to a caisson type breakwater with a circular arc elimination chamber.
目前台灣地區水深10m以內的防波堤或海堤,絕大多數採用拋石堤型式之結構,必須拋放大量的塊石及混凝土消波塊,然而,此種作法對海岸景觀及民眾之親水權產生負面影響,故常遭環保人士詬病。由於台灣本島塊石開採及運輸之困難度及費用愈來愈高,目前大部分港灣工程之塊石大多數由中國大陸進口,但是,隨著油價不斷上漲,海運費用節節高升,加上大陸地區經濟不斷成長與環保意識逐漸抬頭,未來對塊石開採及出口的管制將愈來愈嚴格,導致塊石出口單價勢必愈來愈高,故台灣港灣工程界必須針對此點及早提出因應對策。而在較深海域之防波堤目前絕大多數採用傳統式沉箱複合堤之結構,其中,沉箱由底板、四周封閉式之直立外壁以及內隔艙壁所形成,沉箱拖放至定點後打開進水閥門進水,然後逐漸下沉到海床座底,再於沉箱內部回填砂石,並澆鑄封頂混凝土,接著,再施作堤面及胸牆。沉箱複合堤通常藉由其本身的重量及底板的摩擦力來抵抗波浪以避免發生傾覆及滑動破壞的情形。但是,強烈的颱風波浪依然會對該沉箱的垂直外壁造成極大的衝擊波壓,同時造成堤趾之沖刷流失,因此沉箱的尺寸必須大到足以抵抗颱風波浪,且當水深較淺時,該 沉箱複合堤的造價相對於拋石堤來得高。At present, most of the breakwaters or seawalls within 10m of the water depth in Taiwan use the structure of the riprap type, and the enlarged blocks and concrete dampers must be thrown. However, this method produces the water rights of the coastal landscape and the people. The negative impact is often criticized by environmentalists. Due to the difficulty and cost of the mining and transportation of the stone in the island of Taiwan, most of the current block stones in the harbor project are imported from mainland China. However, with the rising oil prices, the shipping costs are rising, plus the mainland. The regional economy continues to grow and environmental awareness is gradually rising. In the future, the control of block stone mining and export will become more and more strict, which will lead to the increasing monotony of block stone export. Therefore, the Taiwan harbor engineering community must propose countermeasures against this point. Most of the breakwaters in the deeper seas use the traditional caisson composite levee structure. The caisson is formed by the bottom plate, the closed upright outer wall and the inner bulkhead. The caisson is dragged and lowered to the fixed point and the inlet valve is opened. Into the water, and then gradually sink to the bottom of the seabed, then backfill the sand and gravel inside the caisson, and cast the capped concrete, and then apply to the embankment and the chest wall. The caisson composite embankment usually resists the waves by its own weight and the friction of the bottom plate to avoid the occurrence of overturning and sliding damage. However, the strong typhoon wave will still cause great shock wave pressure on the vertical outer wall of the caisson, and at the same time cause the erosion of the embankment to be lost. Therefore, the size of the caisson must be large enough to resist the typhoon wave, and when the water depth is shallow, The cost of the caisson composite levee is higher than that of the riprap.
雖然,港灣工程無論就設計條件(波浪、潮位、海流、地質、地震等等)或施工條件(施工材料之取得、施工機具設備、施工技術等等)均有明顯的地域性,但現有防波堤為了確保能夠承受颱風等突發狀況的強烈波浪作用力及維持較長的使用壽命,通常需要設置大尺寸的沉箱並搭配使用消波塊以減少波能,但如此將使用大量鋼筋與混凝土而會增加工程費用,而消波塊的使用則有礙景觀美感,因此,目前仍有開發其他型式的防波堤的需求。Although the harbor project has obvious regional characteristics regardless of design conditions (waves, tides, currents, geology, earthquakes, etc.) or construction conditions (obtainment of construction materials, construction equipment, construction technology, etc.), the existing breakwaters are To ensure that it can withstand the strong wave forces of sudden events such as typhoons and maintain a long service life, it is usually necessary to set a large caisson and use a wave block to reduce the wave energy, but this will increase the amount of steel and concrete. The cost of the project, and the use of the wave block, hinders the aesthetics of the landscape. Therefore, there is still a need to develop other types of breakwaters.
本發明目的,是在提供一種具有消波艙之沉箱式防波堤,其能夠有效降低波浪反射率,並能消減波能以減低波浪對防波堤的作用力。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a caisson type breakwater having a wave eliminator which is capable of effectively reducing wave reflectivity and reducing wave energy to reduce the force of waves on the breakwater.
本發明適合使用在海岸地區作為海堤及防波堤結構,進而達到保護港口安全的目的,此種具圓弧面消波艙之沉箱式防波堤包含相結合的一朝向海側的消波主體單元,及一朝向陸側的沉箱主體單元。The invention is suitable for use as a seawall and a breakwater structure in a coastal area, thereby achieving the purpose of protecting the port. The sunken-type breakwater with a circular-faced wave-eliminating cabin comprises a combined wave-blocking body unit facing the sea side, and A caisson body unit facing the land side.
該消波主體單元包括相配合界定出一消波艙的一前壁、一與該前壁相間隔的隔艙壁,及二連接在該前壁與該隔艙壁之間的側壁,該前壁具有自一底緣沿一直立方向向上延伸並終止於一第一轉折界線的直立壁部、一自該直立壁部的第一轉折界線朝上並朝向該隔艙壁延伸的圓弧面壁部,及多個相間隔地貫設在該圓弧面壁部並與該消波艙相連通的上開孔,該等上開孔的長度為該圓弧面壁部沿該上下 方向的長度的50%~60%,每一上開孔的寬度介於1.0~1.5公尺之間,且所有上開孔累積的總寬度為該前壁總寬度的50%~60%,其中,該消波主體單元的前壁的圓弧面壁部是終止於一與該隔艙壁相間隔的第二轉折界線,且該前壁還具有一自該第二轉折界線沿該直立方向朝上延伸的胸牆部,該胸牆部與該隔艙壁、該二側壁相配合界定形成一頂部開口。The wave eliminator body unit includes a front wall defining a anechoic chamber, a bulkhead wall spaced from the front wall, and two side walls connected between the front wall and the bulkhead wall, the front The wall has an upstanding wall portion extending upward from the bottom edge in the upright direction and terminating at a first turning boundary line, a circular arc wall portion extending upward from the first turning boundary line of the upright wall portion and facing the partition wall And a plurality of upper openings that are spaced apart from the arcuate surface wall portion and communicate with the anechoic chamber, the length of the upper openings being the arcuate wall portion along the upper and lower sides The length of the direction is 50%~60%, the width of each upper opening is between 1.0 and 1.5 meters, and the total width of all the upper openings is 50%~60% of the total width of the front wall, wherein The arcuate wall portion of the front wall of the wave-eliminating body unit terminates in a second turning boundary line spaced from the partition wall, and the front wall further has a second turning boundary line upward in the upright direction An extended chest wall portion that cooperates with the partition wall and the two side walls to define a top opening.
該沉箱主體單元與該消波主體單元以隔艙壁相結合。The caisson body unit and the wave eliminator body unit are combined by a bulkhead wall.
本發明的有益效果在於:藉由在該消波主體單元中形成之消波艙,並於面海前壁設置該等上開孔,而在該前壁與該隔艙壁之間形成艙室空間,藉此,當波浪抵達該直立壁部及圓弧面壁部時,部分水體會被壁面反射,部分水體則經由該等上開孔進入或往下掉落至消波艙內,導致波浪的波形在該前壁前後產生相位差,並在該消波艙中發生紊流能損效應,因而能有效減少波能、降低波浪反射率,進而減低波力對防波堤的作用,由於此種設計能減少鋼筋及混凝土的用量並能避免使用消波塊,因此,還兼具有能降低原料成本及避免海岸景觀受到破壞的特性。The present invention has the beneficial effects of forming a cabin space between the front wall and the bulkhead wall by providing an evanescent chamber in the wave-eliminating body unit and providing the upper opening in the front wall of the sea surface. Therefore, when the wave reaches the upright wall portion and the arcuate wall portion, part of the water body is reflected by the wall surface, and part of the water body enters or falls down into the anechoic chamber through the upper opening, thereby causing wave wave waveform. A phase difference is generated before and after the front wall, and a turbulent energy loss effect occurs in the anechoic chamber, thereby effectively reducing wave energy, reducing wave reflectivity, and thereby reducing the effect of wave force on the breakwater, since the design can reduce The amount of steel and concrete can be avoided and the use of wave-eliminating blocks can be avoided. Therefore, it also has the characteristics of reducing the cost of raw materials and avoiding damage to the coastal landscape.
有關本發明之前述及其他技術內容、特點與功效,在以下配合參考圖式之一個較佳實施例的詳細說明中,將可清楚的呈現。The above and other technical contents, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments.
參閱圖1、圖2與圖3,本發明具消波艙之防波堤2的一較佳實施例適合在海岸施作以提供削減波能與波壓作用 力的作用,進而達到保護港口安全的目的,該具消波艙之防波堤2包含相結合的一朝向海側的消波主體單元3,及一朝向陸側的沉箱主體單元4。Referring to Figures 1, 2 and 3, a preferred embodiment of the breakwater 2 of the present invention is suitable for use on the shore to provide reduced wave energy and wave pressure. The purpose of the force, which in turn achieves the purpose of protecting the port, comprises a wave-blocking body unit 3 facing the sea side and a caisson body unit 4 facing the land side.
該消波主體單元3包括相配合界定出一消波艙30的一鄰近該海側的前壁31、一與該前壁31相間隔的隔艙壁32、二連接在該前壁31與該隔艙壁32之間的側壁33(在圖1中為便於觀察該消波主體單元3的內部結構,而以另一側的側壁33截取掉的形式呈現該較佳實施例,故圖式中的消波主體單元3只顯示出一側的側壁33)、一與該前壁31、隔艙壁32與該二側壁33相配合界定形成該消波艙30的底板34,及多個位於該消波艙30並沉積在該底板34用於輔助增加該防波堤2整體穩定度的增重塊石35。其中,可視該防波堤2設置地點的波浪、潮位、海流、地質與地震等環境條件與對該防波堤2穩定度的需求,調整該等增重塊石35的設置數量。The wave eliminator body unit 3 includes a front wall 31 adjacent to the sea side that defines a anechoic chamber 30, a bulkhead wall 32 spaced from the front wall 31, and two connected to the front wall 31 and the The side wall 33 between the bulkhead walls 32 (the preferred embodiment is shown in FIG. 1 for facilitating observation of the internal structure of the wave-eliminating body unit 3, and the side wall 33 of the other side is taken away, so in the drawing The wave-eliminating main unit 3 only shows one side wall 33), a bottom plate 34 which cooperates with the front wall 31, the partition wall 32 and the two side walls 33 to define the bottom plate 34 of the anechoic chamber 30, and a plurality of The anechoic chamber 30 is deposited on the bottom plate 34 for assisting in increasing the overall stability of the breakwater 2 by weighting stones 35. The number of the weight increasing stones 35 can be adjusted according to the environmental conditions such as the wave, the tide level, the current, the geological and the earthquake, and the stability of the breakwater 2 at the place where the breakwater 2 is installed.
較佳地,該前壁31具有自一底緣312沿一直立方向Z向上延伸並終止於一第一轉折界線313的直立壁部311、一自該直立壁部311的第一轉折界線313朝上並朝向該隔艙壁32延伸的圓弧面壁部314、多個相間隔地貫設在該圓弧面壁部314並與該消波艙30相連通的上開孔315,及多個相間隔地貫設在該直立壁部311並與該消波艙30相連通的下開孔316。其中,該等增重塊石35置放在該底板34後的高度較佳是不高於該等下開孔316的下端緣,以避免該等下開孔316被阻塞而影響到其功能,並維持預定的消波艙30 空間以便能順利產生紊流能損效應達到削減波能的效果。Preferably, the front wall 31 has an upright wall portion 311 extending from a bottom edge 312 in the upright direction Z and ending at a first turning boundary line 313, and a first turning boundary line 313 from the upright wall portion 311. An arcuate surface wall portion 314 extending upwardly toward the partition wall 32, a plurality of upper openings 315 extending through the arcuate surface wall portion 314 and communicating with the anechoic chamber 30, and a plurality of spaced intervals A lower opening 316 is formed in the upright wall portion 311 and communicates with the anechoic chamber 30. The height of the weight-increasing stone 35 placed on the bottom plate 34 is preferably not higher than the lower end edge of the lower opening 316 to prevent the lower opening 316 from being blocked and affecting its function. And maintaining the predetermined anechoic cabin 30 Space so that the turbulent energy loss effect can be smoothly generated to achieve the effect of reducing wave energy.
此外,該等上開孔315為長條狀開孔,並沿一上下方向I平行設置在該圓弧面壁部314,藉此,當波浪碰及該圓弧面壁部314時,部分水體由壁面反射,部分水體則經由該等長條狀的上開孔315往下掉落,使其波形在該圓弧面壁部314前後發生相位差,並發生紊流能損效應,而有助於減少波能。此外,該等下開孔316亦為長條狀開孔,並沿該直立方向Z平行設置在該直立壁部311。藉由設置該等下開孔316,使經由該等上開孔315進入該消波艙30內的水體能再流出,而可避免水位壅升的情形發生。Further, the upper opening 315 is an elongated opening and is disposed in parallel with the circular arc surface wall portion 314 in an up and down direction I, whereby when the wave hits the circular arc surface portion 314, part of the water body is covered by the wall surface. In the reflection, part of the water body falls down through the elongated upper opening 315, so that the waveform has a phase difference before and after the arc surface wall portion 314, and a turbulent energy loss effect occurs, thereby contributing to the reduction of the wave. can. Further, the lower opening 316 is also an elongated opening and is disposed in parallel with the upright wall portion 311 in the upright direction Z. By providing the lower opening 316, the water body entering the anechoic chamber 30 via the upper opening 315 can be re-flowed, thereby avoiding the occurrence of a water level swell.
為了能獲得較佳的紊流能損效應同時考慮該前壁31的支撐力與結構強度能夠符合工程實務上的安全規格需求,該等上開孔315在該圓弧面壁部314上的開孔率較佳為25%~36%。而該等上開孔315的較佳長度a1為該圓弧面壁部314沿該上下方向I的長度A1的50%~60%,且累積所有上開孔315的寬度b1所獲得的總寬度值(若有n1個上開孔315,則總寬度為n1×b1)較佳為該圓弧面壁部314的寬度B1的50%~60%。在本實施例中,該圓弧面壁部314的上開孔315的設計寬度b1介於1.0~1.5公尺。In order to obtain a better turbulent energy loss effect, and considering that the supporting force and structural strength of the front wall 31 can meet the safety specifications of the engineering practice, the opening of the upper opening 315 in the arc surface wall portion 314 The rate is preferably 25% to 36%. The preferred length a1 of the upper opening 315 is 50% to 60% of the length A1 of the circular arc surface portion 314 along the vertical direction I, and the total width value obtained by accumulating the width b1 of all the upper openings 315 is obtained. (If there are n1 upper openings 315, the total width is n1 × b1) is preferably 50% to 60% of the width B1 of the circular arc surface portion 314. In the present embodiment, the design opening width b1 of the upper opening 315 of the circular arc surface wall portion 314 is between 1.0 and 1.5 meters.
較佳地,為了獲得較佳的紊流能損效應及考量該前壁31的支撐力與結構強度能夠符合工程實務上的安全規格需求,該等下開孔316在該直立壁部311上的開孔率亦為25%~36%,若開孔率超出上下限,則可能無法達到預期的消波效果。而該等下開孔316的長度a2較佳為該直立壁部 311沿該直立方向Z的長度A2的50%~60%,且累積所有下開孔316的寬度b2所獲得的總寬度值(若有n2個下開孔316,則總寬度為n2×b2)較佳為該直立壁部311的寬度B2的50%~60%。該直立壁部311的下開孔316的設計寬度b2亦是介於1.0~1.5公尺。Preferably, in order to obtain a better turbulent energy loss effect and to consider that the supporting force and structural strength of the front wall 31 can meet the safety specifications of the engineering practice, the lower opening 316 is on the upright wall portion 311. The opening ratio is also 25% to 36%. If the opening ratio exceeds the upper and lower limits, the expected wave-eliminating effect may not be achieved. And the length a2 of the lower opening 316 is preferably the upright wall portion 311 is 50% to 60% of the length A2 of the upright direction Z, and accumulates the total width value obtained by the width b2 of all the lower openings 316 (if there are n2 lower openings 316, the total width is n2×b2) It is preferable that the width B2 of the upright wall portion 311 is 50% to 60%. The design opening width b2 of the lower opening 316 of the upright wall portion 311 is also between 1.0 and 1.5 meters.
值得一提的是,該前壁31的圓弧面壁部314是終止於一與該隔艙壁32相間隔的第二轉折界線317,且該前壁31還具有一自該第二轉折界線317沿該直立方向Z朝上延伸的胸牆部318,該胸牆部318與該隔艙壁32、該二側壁33相配合界定形成一頂部開口360。藉由設置該頂部開口360,即使在較大的颱風波浪連續作用下,進入該消波艙30內與原本就存在該消波艙30內的氣體及水體仍然能夠自該頂部開口360釋出,因而可避免氣體及水體累積在該消波艙30內形成較大壓力的情形發生。It is worth mentioning that the arcuate surface wall portion 314 of the front wall 31 terminates in a second turning boundary line 317 spaced from the partition wall 32, and the front wall 31 further has a second turning boundary line 317. A chest wall portion 318 extending upwardly in the upright direction Z, the chest wall portion 318 cooperates with the partition wall 32 and the two side walls 33 to define a top opening 360. By providing the top opening 360, even within the continuous action of the larger typhoon waves, the gas and water bodies entering the anechoic chamber 30 and the interior of the anechoic chamber 30 can still be released from the top opening 360. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the gas and the water body from accumulating to form a large pressure in the anechoic chamber 30.
該沉箱主體單元4是與該消波主體單元3的隔艙壁32相結合,並包括一與該消波主體單元3的隔艙壁32相間隔且與該前壁31反向設置的後壁41,及一充填在該隔艙壁32與該後壁41之間的填充模塊42。其中,該填充模塊42的重量不受限,在本實施例中,是藉由該隔艙壁32與該後壁41之間的空間填滿砂石後形成該填充模塊42,藉此,使該防波堤2具有足夠的重量而能在波浪作用下保持安定。The caisson body unit 4 is combined with the bulkhead wall 32 of the wave-eliminating body unit 3 and includes a rear wall spaced from the bulkhead wall 32 of the wave-eliminating body unit 3 and disposed opposite to the front wall 31. 41, and a filling module 42 filled between the bulkhead wall 32 and the rear wall 41. The weight of the filling module 42 is not limited. In the embodiment, the filling module 42 is formed by filling the space between the partition wall 32 and the rear wall 41, thereby forming the filling module 42. The breakwater 2 has sufficient weight to remain stable under the action of waves.
較佳地,該消波主體單元3的前壁31的直立壁部311與隔艙壁32之間間隔一第一距離D1,該消波主體單元3的前壁31的直立壁部311與該沉箱主體單元4的後壁41之間 間隔一第二距離D2,該第一距離D1是該防波堤2總寬度(即,前壁31之壁厚+D1+隔艙壁32之壁厚+D2+後壁41之壁厚)的35%~45%。前述的結構比例,使用於提供重量的該沉箱主體單元4相對佔有較大的體積,藉此,將能確保該防波堤2整體結構穩定且更能承受強烈的波力作用,進而有助於提供穩定的消波效果。Preferably, the upright wall portion 311 of the front wall 31 of the wave-eliminating body unit 3 is spaced apart from the bulkhead wall 32 by a first distance D1, and the upright wall portion 311 of the front wall 31 of the wave-eliminating body unit 3 is Between the rear wall 41 of the caisson main unit 4 The second distance D2 is a distance of 35% to 45 of the total width of the breakwater 2 (ie, the wall thickness of the front wall 31 + D1 + the wall thickness of the bulkhead wall + the wall thickness of the D2 + rear wall 41). %. The foregoing structural ratio is used to provide a relatively large volume for the caisson body unit 4 for providing weight, thereby ensuring that the entire structure of the breakwater 2 is stable and more resistant to strong wave forces, thereby contributing to stability. Wave clipping effect.
當將該防波堤2設置於海域時,該防波堤2底部設有一拋石基礎部5,並分別在該消波主體單元3的前壁31底部的一前堤趾部319及該沉箱主體單元4的後壁41底部一後堤趾部411前分別舖設多個併接的護基方塊6,再於該等護基方塊6前分別沿該拋石基礎部5表面設置二足夠重量之大塊石覆蓋體7,藉此,使該防波堤2穩固定位在港口或海岸邊。When the breakwater 2 is installed in the sea area, a bottom of the breakwater 2 is provided with a riprap base portion 5, and a front dam portion 319 at the bottom of the front wall 31 of the wave eliminator body unit 3 and the caisson body unit 4 respectively. A plurality of parallel base blocks 6 are respectively laid in front of the bottom of the rear wall 41 and a rear toe 411, and then two large stones of sufficient weight are placed along the surface of the riprap base 5 in front of the base blocks 6. Body 7, whereby the breakwater 2 is securely fixed at the port or coast.
參閱圖4,為根據本發明防波堤2利用FLOW-3D數值模擬波浪入經本發明的防波堤後獲得的結果繪製出的示意圖,由圖4可看出,當波浪100碰及該消波主體單元3的前壁31後,其波形在該前壁31的壁前、壁後發生明顯的相位差,據此說明本發明的結構設計確實能使波浪產生相位差,藉此,使波能減少與降低波浪反射率。需要補充說明的是,上述的FLOW-3D係以流體之三維運動方程式為基礎所發展出的流體動力計算數值模擬系統,係Dr.C.W.Hirt於1985提出,並由美國Flow Science公司發展而成的先進軟體。FLOW-3D配合流體體積(VOF,Volume of Fluid)方法處理自由液面問題,並可利用FAVOR(Fractional Area- Volume Obstacle Representation)技術來描述流體中的結構物,經由許多相關文獻的驗證,已顯示FLOW-3D模擬系統在流體與結構物互制問題的解析上確實具有極佳的精確度及可靠性。因此,透過FLOW-3D模擬的結果足以證實本發明的結構設計確實能引發紊流能損效應。Referring to Figure 4, there is shown a schematic diagram of the results obtained by using the FLOW-3D numerical simulation wave into the breakwater of the present invention according to the breakwater 2 of the present invention. As can be seen from Figure 4, when the wave 100 hits the wave-eliminating body unit 3 After the front wall 31, the waveform has a significant phase difference in front of and behind the wall of the front wall 31. It is thus explained that the structural design of the present invention can make the wave phase difference, thereby reducing the wave energy and reducing the wave. Reflectivity. It should be added that the above FLOW-3D is a fluid dynamic calculation numerical simulation system based on the three-dimensional motion equation of fluid. It was developed by Dr. CW Hirt in 1985 and developed by American Flow Science. Advanced software. FLOW-3D works with the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to deal with free surface problems and can utilize FAVOR (Fractional Area- Volume Obstacle Representation technology to describe structures in fluids, through the validation of many related literatures, has shown that the FLOW-3D simulation system does have excellent accuracy and reliability in the analysis of fluid and structural interaction problems. Therefore, the results of the FLOW-3D simulation are sufficient to confirm that the structural design of the present invention does induce a turbulent energy loss effect.
參閱圖5,為利用FLOW-3D數值模擬波浪入經本發明的防波堤後,波形在前壁之壁前、壁後發生相位差,並發生紊流能損效應的情形(如圖中區塊K1、區塊K2與區塊K3所示,其中,K1、K2與K3皆為紊流較明顯的區塊,且K1的紊流能損最為顯著、K2次之),圖中的箭頭符號則表示水體流動方向,箭頭長短表示水分子流速大小,由圖5的結果同樣能說明本發明的結構設計,能使波浪在入經該防波堤後產生相位差,並引發紊流能損效應,因而有助於減少波能與降低波浪反射率。Referring to FIG. 5, in order to simulate the wave into the breakwater according to the present invention by using the FLOW-3D value, the waveform has a phase difference before and after the wall of the front wall, and a turbulent energy loss effect occurs (block K1 in the figure). Block K2 and block K3 are shown, wherein K1, K2 and K3 are blocks with obvious turbulence, and the turbulent energy loss of K1 is the most significant, K2 is the second), and the arrow symbol in the figure indicates the water body. The flow direction, the length of the arrow indicates the flow velocity of the water molecule, and the result of FIG. 5 can also explain the structural design of the present invention, which can cause the wave to generate a phase difference after entering the breakwater and induce a turbulent energy loss effect, thereby contributing to Reduce wave energy and reduce wave reflectivity.
參閱圖6,為利用FLOW-3D數值模擬波浪入經本發明的防波堤的波浪反射率的變化情形,其中,縱座標表波浪反射率,橫座標為入射波尖銳度,圖中右上角的圖例說明區塊中的B是指自前壁內緣至隔艙壁外緣之消波艙內部的實際寬度,亦即圖2中的D1,在此模擬實驗所用的B值為7.56公尺。L為波長,係由週期與水深推算,在此模擬實驗所用的L值分別為38.99公尺及56.17公尺兩種。而以%表示的數值為該前壁31的開孔率,結果顯示,當將開孔率設定在該本發明所界定的範圍內時,入射波尖銳度越大,波浪反射率越小,據此說明本發明的設計確實可有效降低波 浪反射率,達到削減波能的效果。其中,波浪反射率是指反射波波高與入射波波高之比例,入射波尖銳度是指外海入射波浪高度與波長之比例。Referring to Fig. 6, in order to simulate the variation of the wave reflectivity of the wave into the breakwater according to the present invention by using the FLOW-3D value, wherein the yaw reflectance of the ordinate is the incident wave sharpness, and the legendary area of the upper right corner of the figure is shown. B in the block refers to the actual width inside the anechoic chamber from the inner edge of the front wall to the outer edge of the bulkhead wall, that is, D1 in Fig. 2, and the B value used in the simulation experiment is 7.56 meters. L is the wavelength, which is calculated from the period and the water depth. The L values used in this simulation experiment are 38.99 meters and 56.17 meters, respectively. The value expressed in % is the opening ratio of the front wall 31. The result shows that when the opening ratio is set within the range defined by the present invention, the greater the incident wave sharpness, the smaller the wave reflectance is. This shows that the design of the present invention can effectively reduce the wave The wave reflectance achieves the effect of reducing wave energy. Among them, the wave reflectivity refers to the ratio of the reflected wave height to the incident wave height, and the incident wave sharpness refers to the ratio of the incident wave height to the wavelength in the outer sea.
參閱圖7,為利用FLOW-3D數值分別模擬波浪入經本發明的具消波艙之防波堤,以及另一個不具消波艙之防波堤後,分別在沉箱前壁的直立壁部所承度的波壓強度的變化情形,縱座標為高程,橫座標為作用於該直立壁部的壓力強度,由圖7的結果可看出,本發明具有消波艙的結構設計,可有效降低波浪作用力,使該防波堤較不易損壞並有助於延長其使用壽命。Referring to Fig. 7, in order to simulate the wave pressure of the breakwater wall of the front wall of the caisson, respectively, by using the FLOW-3D value to simulate the wave into the breakwater with the wave-eliminating cabin of the present invention and another breakwater without the wave-eliminating cabin. The change of the intensity, the ordinate is the elevation, and the abscissa is the pressure intensity acting on the upright wall. As can be seen from the results of FIG. 7, the invention has the structural design of the anechoic chamber, which can effectively reduce the wave force and make The breakwater is less susceptible to damage and helps to extend its useful life.
歸納上述,本發明具消波艙之防波堤2,可獲致下述的功效及優點,故能達到本發明的目的:In summary, the present invention has the breakwater 2 of the anechoic cabin, and the following effects and advantages can be obtained, so that the object of the present invention can be achieved:
一、經上述數值模擬結果驗證,作用於本發明具消波艙之防波堤的波力可有效降低,相對於現有防波堤,本發明的設計可以縮減該防波堤的尺寸及重量,而能達到相同的防波效果,藉此,可降低鋼筋及混凝土之使用量,除了能夠降低工程費用外,節省原料用量還有助於減少資源消耗因而能達到節能減炭的功效。1. It is verified by the above numerical simulation results that the wave force acting on the breakwater with the anechoic cabin of the present invention can be effectively reduced. Compared with the existing breakwater, the design of the present invention can reduce the size and weight of the breakwater, and can achieve the same protection. The wave effect, by which, can reduce the amount of steel and concrete used, in addition to reducing the engineering cost, saving the amount of raw materials can also help reduce resource consumption and thus achieve energy saving and carbon reduction.
二、本發明的防波堤2除了可應用在較深海域消減波浪衝擊以提供防護功能外,也能適用在水深10公尺以內之海域,並能取代傳統由大量消波塊形成的拋石堤,除了可有效減少塊石及消波塊的使用量達到資源減量的目的外,還可大幅提高港灣之景觀美感,而且在該防波堤2的頂部開口360後方仍可舖設供觀景及垂釣之休閒遊憩輔助設施( 例如,平台、棧道、及安全保護設施),提供民眾親水遊憩空間,使本發明的防波堤2除了防波功能外,還能美化景觀及提供休憩功能而具有多元化的使用特性。2. The breakwater 2 of the present invention can be applied to the sea area within 10 meters of water depth in addition to the wave damage in the deep sea to provide a protective function, and can replace the traditional stone dyke formed by a large number of wave-eliminating blocks. In addition to effectively reducing the use of stone and wave block to reduce the amount of resources, it can also greatly enhance the beauty of the harbor landscape, and the leisure scenery for viewing and fishing can be laid behind the top opening 360 of the breakwater 2. Auxiliary facilities( For example, the platform, the plank road, and the safety protection facility provide a hydrophilic swimming space for the public, so that the breakwater 2 of the present invention has a diversified use characteristic in addition to the wave prevention function, beautifying the landscape and providing the rest function.
三、該防波堤2面海側的消波主體單元3的消波艙30可作為海洋生物之棲息空間,舖設在該前壁31底部前方的護基方塊6,可採用生態方塊設計,即在該護基方塊6表面設置溝紋、凹凸槽或洞孔等結構,讓海藻及海草容易繁殖,並提供吸附壁體動物生存空間、或蝦蟹貝及小型海洋生物藏匿及繁殖空間,藉此,使本發明的防波堤2具有海洋生態保育之意義。3. The anechoic chamber 30 of the wave-eliminating main unit 3 on the sea side of the breakwater can be used as a habitat for marine life, and the base block 6 is laid in front of the bottom of the front wall 31, and an ecological square design can be adopted. The surface of the base 6 is provided with a groove, a concave groove or a hole to allow the seaweed and seaweed to easily multiply, and to provide a living space for adsorbing wall animals, or a space for hiding and breeding of shrimps, crabs and small marine organisms, thereby The breakwater 2 of the present invention has the meaning of marine ecological conservation.
四、由於本發明防波堤2位於陸側的沉箱主體單元4是在該隔艙壁32與該後壁41之間的空間回填砂石再封頂而形成,藉此,使整個防波堤2的重心偏向陸側,如果在該防波堤2的陸側要回填新生地,此種結構型式與傳統沉箱式的防波堤結構相比更能有效抵抗背填土壓力。4. Since the caisson main body unit 4 on the land side of the breakwater 2 of the present invention is formed by backfilling the sand between the partition wall 32 and the rear wall 41, the center of gravity of the entire breakwater 2 is biased toward the land. On the side, if the new land is to be backfilled on the land side of the breakwater 2, this type of structure is more effective against the backfill pressure than the conventional caisson type breakwater structure.
惟以上所述者,僅為本發明之較佳實施例而已,當不能以此限定本發明實施之範圍,即大凡依本發明申請專利範圍及發明說明內容所作之簡單的等效變化與修飾,皆仍屬本發明專利涵蓋之範圍內。The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the scope of the invention is not limited thereto, that is, the simple equivalent changes and modifications made by the scope of the invention and the description of the invention are All remain within the scope of the invention patent.
2‧‧‧防波堤2‧‧‧ breakwater
4‧‧‧沉箱主體單元4‧‧‧ caisson main unit
3‧‧‧消波主體單元3‧‧‧Balling body unit
41‧‧‧後壁41‧‧‧ Back wall
30‧‧‧消波艙30‧‧‧Destroying cabin
411‧‧‧後堤趾部411‧‧‧After the toe
31‧‧‧前壁31‧‧‧ front wall
42‧‧‧填充模塊42‧‧‧Filling module
311‧‧‧直立壁部311‧‧‧Upright wall
5‧‧‧拋石基礎部5‧‧‧Rocking Foundation
312‧‧‧底緣312‧‧‧ bottom edge
6‧‧‧護基方塊6‧‧‧
313‧‧‧第一轉折界線313‧‧‧ first turning line
7‧‧‧塊石覆蓋體7‧‧‧ stone cover
314‧‧‧圓弧面壁部314‧‧‧Arc wall
100‧‧‧波浪100‧‧‧ waves
315‧‧‧上開孔315‧‧‧Open hole
Z‧‧‧直立方向Z‧‧‧Upright direction
316‧‧‧下開孔Opening at 316‧‧
I‧‧‧上下方向I‧‧‧Up and down direction
317‧‧‧第二轉折界線317‧‧‧ second turning boundary
D1‧‧‧第一距離D1‧‧‧First distance
318‧‧‧胸牆部318‧‧‧Breast wall
D2‧‧‧第二距離D2‧‧‧Second distance
319‧‧‧前堤趾部319‧‧‧ Front toe
a1、A1‧‧‧長度A1, A1‧‧‧ length
32‧‧‧隔艙壁32‧‧‧Chamber
b1、B1‧‧‧寬度B1, B1‧‧‧ width
33‧‧‧側壁33‧‧‧ side wall
a2、A2‧‧‧長度A2, A2‧‧‧ length
34‧‧‧底板34‧‧‧floor
b2、B2‧‧‧寬度B2, B2‧‧‧ width
35‧‧‧增重塊石35‧‧‧weightening stone
k1、k2‧‧‧區塊K1, k2‧‧‧ blocks
360‧‧‧頂部開口360‧‧‧Top opening
圖1是一立體示意圖,說明本發明具消波艙之防波堤的一較佳實施例的其中一側被截取掉的情形;圖2是一側視剖視圖,說明該較佳實施例的一消波主體單元的一前壁具有一圓弧面壁部的情形; 圖3是一前視示意圖,說明該較佳實施例的消波主體單元的一前壁設有多個上開孔與多個下開孔的情形;圖4是一波浪衝擊結果示意圖,說明波浪在該防波堤模型的前壁前、後的波形發生相位差的情形;圖5是一利用FLOW-3D數值模擬波浪作用結果的示意圖,說明波浪波形發生相位差與紊流能損效應的情形;圖6是一利用FLOW-3D數值模擬波浪作用整理而成的關係圖,說明波浪入經防波堤後波浪反射率的變化情形;及圖7是一利用FLOW-3D數值模擬波浪作用整理而成的關係圖,說明具消波艙之防波堤,以及不具消波艙之防波堤所承受的波壓強度的變化情形。BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a perspective view showing a state in which one side of a breakwater having a wave eliminator of the present invention is cut off; and Fig. 2 is a side sectional view showing a wave eliminator of the preferred embodiment a case where a front wall of the main body unit has a circular arc wall portion; 3 is a front elevational view showing a case where a front wall of the wave-eliminating main unit of the preferred embodiment is provided with a plurality of upper openings and a plurality of lower openings; FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a wave impact result, illustrating waves. The phase difference between the waveforms before and after the front wall of the breakwater model; FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the results of the wave action using FLOW-3D numerical simulation, illustrating the phase difference and turbulent energy loss effect of the wave waveform; 6 is a relationship diagram using FLOW-3D numerical simulation wave action to illustrate the change of wave reflectivity after the wave enters the breakwater; and Figure 7 is a relationship diagram using FLOW-3D numerical simulation wave action. , indicating the change of the wave pressure strength of the breakwater with the wave-eliminating cabin and the breakwater without the wave-eliminating cabin.
2‧‧‧防波堤2‧‧‧ breakwater
3‧‧‧消波主體單元3‧‧‧Balling body unit
30‧‧‧消波艙30‧‧‧Destroying cabin
31‧‧‧前壁31‧‧‧ front wall
311‧‧‧直立壁部311‧‧‧Upright wall
312‧‧‧底緣312‧‧‧ bottom edge
313‧‧‧第一轉折界線313‧‧‧ first turning line
314‧‧‧圓弧面壁部314‧‧‧Arc wall
315‧‧‧上開孔315‧‧‧Open hole
316‧‧‧下開孔Opening at 316‧‧
317‧‧‧第二轉折界線317‧‧‧ second turning boundary
318‧‧‧胸牆部318‧‧‧Breast wall
319‧‧‧前堤趾部319‧‧‧ Front toe
32‧‧‧隔艙壁32‧‧‧Chamber
33‧‧‧側壁33‧‧‧ side wall
34‧‧‧底板34‧‧‧floor
35‧‧‧增重塊石35‧‧‧weightening stone
360‧‧‧頂部開口360‧‧‧Top opening
4‧‧‧沉箱主體單元4‧‧‧ caisson main unit
41‧‧‧後壁41‧‧‧ Back wall
411‧‧‧後堤趾部411‧‧‧After the toe
42‧‧‧填充模塊42‧‧‧Filling module
5‧‧‧拋石基礎部5‧‧‧Rocking Foundation
6‧‧‧護基方塊6‧‧‧
7‧‧‧塊石覆蓋體7‧‧‧ stone cover
Z‧‧‧直立方向Z‧‧‧Upright direction
I‧‧‧上下方向I‧‧‧Up and down direction
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CN106592516A (en) * | 2017-01-03 | 2017-04-26 | 广东省航运规划设计院有限公司 | Perforated caisson vertical groyne |
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TWI560340B (en) * | 2015-11-10 | 2016-12-01 | Gyeong-Ja Lee | Breakwater structure |
CN113203545A (en) * | 2021-06-02 | 2021-08-03 | 鲁东大学 | Measuring device for wave energy conversion performance of arc wall comb type open dike |
CN113203547A (en) * | 2021-06-02 | 2021-08-03 | 鲁东大学 | Measuring device for wave dissipation characteristic of comb-type open dike of inner arc wall of test water tank |
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CN200978411Y (en) * | 2006-09-14 | 2007-11-21 | 中交第一航务工程勘察设计院有限公司 | Breakwater with arc surface and grid type structure |
CN201610541U (en) * | 2009-11-26 | 2010-10-20 | 中交第一航务工程勘察设计院有限公司 | Novel composite breakwater of caisson and breast wall with curved surface |
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CN200978411Y (en) * | 2006-09-14 | 2007-11-21 | 中交第一航务工程勘察设计院有限公司 | Breakwater with arc surface and grid type structure |
CN201610541U (en) * | 2009-11-26 | 2010-10-20 | 中交第一航务工程勘察设计院有限公司 | Novel composite breakwater of caisson and breast wall with curved surface |
Cited By (1)
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CN106592516A (en) * | 2017-01-03 | 2017-04-26 | 广东省航运规划设计院有限公司 | Perforated caisson vertical groyne |
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