TWI390167B - 液化天然氣流之方法和裝置 - Google Patents

液化天然氣流之方法和裝置 Download PDF

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TWI390167B
TWI390167B TW095112594A TW95112594A TWI390167B TW I390167 B TWI390167 B TW I390167B TW 095112594 A TW095112594 A TW 095112594A TW 95112594 A TW95112594 A TW 95112594A TW I390167 B TWI390167 B TW I390167B
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pressure
bar
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natural gas
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Cornelis Buijs
Willem Dam
Jong Emilius Carolus Joanes Nicolaas De
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Shell Int Research
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Description

液化天然氣流之方法和裝置
本發明係關於一種液化天然氣流之方法。
已知有幾個液化天然氣流以獲得液化天然氣(LNG)的方法。因為一些理由,有需要液化天然氣流。作為一個實例,天然氣以液體可比處於氣體形式更容易儲存和長距離運送,因為它佔據較小的體積,而且不需要以高壓儲存。
習知液化氣體的方法之實例揭露於如US 6 272 882與DE 102 26 597 A1。
依據DE 102 26 597 A1之圖1,將壓力70-100 bar的天然氣流膨脹(膨脹器X)至40-70 bar的壓力範圍,冷卻(熱交換器E1),並輸入重質烴類(HHC)塔(T1)。將從HHC塔頂部移出的富含C2 餾分進一步冷卻(E2),並輸入另一個塔(D)。將此另一個塔(D)的頂部物流加壓(V)至50-100 bar範圍內的壓力,接著液化之。
依據DE 102 26 597的方法之問題在於其係不必要地複雜。上述方法的另一個問題在於較甲烷重的化合物(特別是丙烷和丁烷)之回收是不足的。
本發明之目的為使上述問題減到最小。
本發明的另一目的為增加較甲烷重的化合物,特別是丙烷之回收。
本發明的又一目的為提供一種液化天然氣流之替代方法。
藉由提供一種液化天然氣流的方法,依據本發明達成以上或其他目的中的一或多者,此方法包括以下步驟:(a)於30-80 bar之壓力下提供含有天然氣之進料流;(b)使步驟(a)之進料流膨脹,以獲得壓力<(低於)35 bar之膨脹進料流;(c)將膨脹進料流供應至氣/液分離器;(d)將氣/液分離器內的膨脹進料流分離成為蒸汽流與液體流,該蒸汽流相對於進料流係富含甲烷,而該液體流相對於進料流係具減少的甲烷;(e)提高步驟(d)中獲得的蒸汽流之壓力到至少70、較佳至少84 bar的壓力;(f)液化步驟(e)中獲得之加壓蒸汽流,以獲得液化天然氣流;其中在步驟(a)提供的進料流之壓力直到在步驟(e)中壓力增加才增加。
吾人意外地發現,使用依據本發明之方法,可獲得較甲烷重的化合物之明顯增加的回收。本發明的一個重要優點在於此可以非常簡單的方式來達成。
本發明的另一個優點在於可使用給定的冷凍動力獲得提高的液化天然氣產量,因此,對於給定的冷凍動力(例如,使用包含一或多個低溫熱交換器、壓縮機等之給定設備),依據本發明之方法提供較習知方法更多的LNG。已發現依據本發明,可獲得高達20%的LNG產物提升,同時維持冷凍動力不變。
天然氣流可為任何欲被液化的適當氣流,但通常是從天然氣或石油儲藏所取得的。作為替代方案,天然氣也可從其他來源取得,也包括合成來源,像是Fischer-Tropsch程序。
通常天然氣流主要包含甲烷。較佳地,進料流包含至少60 mol%的甲烷,更佳為至少80 mol%,最佳地,進料流包含至少90 mol%的甲烷。
視來源而定,天然氣可包含不同量的較甲烷重的烴類,像是乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和戊烷,以及一些芳香族烴類。天然氣流也可含有非烴類,像是H2 O、N2 、CO2 、H2 S及其他硫化合物,以及其同類。
需要的話,可在含天然氣的進料流膨脹並輸入氣/液分離器之前,對其做預處理。此預處理可包含移除不想要的成分,像是CO2 與H2 S,或其他步驟,像是預冷卻、預加壓或其同類。由於這些步驟對於熟悉此項技藝之人士而言是習知的,在此不對其作進一步討論。
氣/液分離器可為任何用以獲得蒸汽流與液體流之適當工具,像是洗滌塔、蒸餾塔等等。需要的話,可存在兩個或更多的氣/液分離器。
熟悉此項技藝之人士將容易地瞭解到,可以各種方式來進行蒸汽流壓力的提升,其限制條件為要獲得至少70、較佳為至少84 bar之壓力。
同樣地,熟悉此項技藝之人士將瞭解到,可以各種方式來進行加壓蒸汽流的液化,例如使用一個或更多的低溫熱交換器。
另外,熟悉此項技藝之人士將容易地瞭解到,在液化之後,需要的話,可進一步處理液化的天然氣。舉例來說,所獲得的LNG可藉由Joule-Thomson閥或藉由低溫渦輪膨脹器來減壓。同樣地,也可在氣/液分離與液化之間進行其他中間的處理步驟。
較佳地,在步驟(e)中,將壓力提高到至少86 bar,較佳為至少90 bar,藉此可增加所獲得LNG產物之量。由於使用相對高壓之結果,蒸汽流可能是超臨界的,視主要的壓力與個別蒸汽流的組成而定。較佳地,蒸汽流是超臨界的,因為這避免在液化程序中的相變化。
另外,較佳的是,在步驟(b)中所獲得之蒸汽流具有低於0.5 mol%之C5 含量,較佳為低於0.1 mol%。這可使在下游液化單元中的操作問題減到最少。以”C5 含量”是指具有五個或更多個碳原子的烴類成分之含量。
依據一個較佳具體實例,在步驟(e)中的壓力是藉由在壓縮機內壓縮蒸汽流來提高,藉以獲得壓縮流。為此目的,可使用一個或更多的壓縮機。
另外,較佳的是將在步驟(e)中獲得的蒸汽流冷卻,例如在室溫熱交換器中進行。此外,較佳的是使壓縮流對在步驟(d)中獲得的蒸汽流作熱交換。
依據本發明方法之特別較佳具體實例,係將在步驟(b)中使進料流膨脹的膨脹器功能性地與壓縮蒸汽流的壓縮機連接。因此,膨脹器所產生的動力係至少部分地用來驅動與其功能性連接之壓縮機。藉此,膨脹器與壓縮機形成了所謂的”壓縮機-膨脹器系統”,因而將整個程序的能量消耗減到最低。熟悉此項技藝之人士將容易地瞭解到”壓縮機-膨脹器系統”所指為何,在此不對其作進一步討論。
在另一方面,本發明係關於以依據本發明之方法所獲得之LNG產物,特別是液化甲烷。
在又一方面,本發明係關於適合實施依據本發明的方法之裝置,此裝置至少包括:於30-80 bar之壓力下提供含天然氣之進料流之工具;膨脹器,用以膨脹該進料流,藉以獲得壓力<35 bar之膨脹進料流;氣/液分離器,用以將膨脹進料流分離成為蒸汽流與液體流,該蒸汽流相對於進料流係富含甲烷,而該液體流相對於進料流係具減少的甲烷;加壓單元,用以將於氣/液分離器獲得之蒸汽流的壓力提高到至少70、較佳為至少84 bar的壓力;以及液化單元,用以液化具有至少70、較佳至少84 bar壓力之蒸汽流,該液化單元包含至少一個低溫熱交換器。
較佳地,加壓單元包含一個壓縮機。
另外,較佳的是,該裝置進一步包含一個熱交換器,以將來自壓縮機之流出物對在氣/液分離器獲得之蒸汽流做熱交換。
同樣地,裝置較佳更包含一個膨脹器,用以膨脹進料流。
依據特別較佳的具體實例,壓縮機與膨脹器係功能性地連接,藉此形成所謂的”壓縮機-膨脹器系統”。
此後,將藉由以下非限制性的圖式來進一步說明本發明。
為了此說明之目的,將會對一管線以及在此管線中攜帶的物流指定單一個參考數字。相同的參考數字是指類似的組成分。
圖1圖示地顯示一個基本負載液化天然氣(LNG)輸出程序及一個用以實施此輸出程序之裝置(一般是以參考數字1來指示)。將含有天然氣的進料流10在膨脹器12中膨脹之後,以特定的入口壓力與入口溫度供應至氣/液分離器31。典型地,進料流10的壓力將會介於30至80 bar之間(較佳為>60 bar且<70 bar),而且溫度將會接近周圍溫度,通常是在5至50℃之間。
需要的話,可在進料流10輸入膨脹器12之前對其作預處理。舉例來說,進料流10可在一個熱交換器(未顯示)內對冷卻劑作預冷卻,或在一系列的熱交換器,例如包含二個或更多個在不同冷卻壓力等級操作的熱交換器中預冷卻。
將膨脹器12中的膨脹選擇為形成部分冷凝的膨脹進料流25。另外,將將膨脹器12中的膨脹選擇為最適化後續分離器31內的分離步驟。
將膨脹流25輸入氣/液分離器31。在那裡,管線25內的進料流會被分成蒸汽頂部流40與液體底部流30。頂部流40相對於膨脹的進料流25係富含甲烷(而且通常還有乙烷)。
底部流30通常是液體的,而且通常含有一些當被帶到甲烷液化的溫度時可凝固的成分。分離器31可為分離器容器或蒸餾塔,像是洗滌塔,視從進料流移除可凝固成分所需的分離而定。典型地,可凝固成分為CO2 、H2 S及具有戊烷或更高分子量的烴類成分。這些可凝固成分也可在進入分離器31之前,至少部分地從進料流中移除。
底部流30也可包含可被分別處理的烴類,以形成液化石油氣(LPG)產物。
通常,底部流30係經過一個或更多的分餾步驟,以收集各種的天然氣液體產物。頂部流40經由壓縮機52壓縮,藉以獲得壓縮流。
壓縮流係於高於70、較佳高於84 bar的壓力下釋放進入管線65中。此壓縮步驟中的壓力增加係選擇為介於30 bar與150 bar之間,視各別的分離壓力與液化壓力之選擇而定。
於此壓縮步驟期間所加入的熱,有部分係從物流65對周遭移除,例如使用空氣冷卻機61或水冷機。之後於一個或更多的外部冷卻階段將所得的周遭冷卻物流75進一步冷卻。這可包含預冷卻階段,此處描述為熱交換器81。也可以使用一系列相繼的熱交換器來取代之。
然後於液化單元5將預冷流90進一步冷卻液化,液化單元5至少包含一個主低溫熱交換器91。任何適當類型的熱交換器都可以使用。這裡所描述的是藉由混合的冷卻劑來操作的低溫熱交換器91,其輕質和重質餾分先在與預冷流(未顯示)平行的管內自動冷卻,之後分別經由入口工具95和96膨脹至殼邊。經由出口97從主低溫熱交換器91的殼邊引出用過的重質與輕質餾分。管線97內用過的冷卻劑可被壓縮並冷卻而形成液體,或是在混合冷卻劑的情況中,則是混合的蒸汽輕質餾分與液體重質餾分。
再回到物流65,將液化壓力選擇為超過至少84 bar,更佳為高於86 bar的壓力。因此,物流65中的蒸汽可能會處於超臨界狀態。
下一個步驟,將經由管線100離開主低溫熱交換器91的液化流進一步於閃蒸步驟中冷卻,其中壓力係經由閥或液體膨脹器101釋放,適當地,膨脹後的壓力約為大氣壓力。從液化流中抽出膨脹熱,使得溫度進一步降低至液化產物在大氣壓力下仍維持液體的溫度。在閃蒸罐111將閃蒸氣體130,典型地包含氮與一些甲烷,從物流110分離出。部分的閃蒸氣體130可用來作為燃料氣體,以提供能量至液化程序。物流110的液體部分從管線120內閃蒸罐111的底部釋放。這可作為LNG來儲存和運輸。
較佳地,壓縮機系列使用至少來自於膨脹器12的膨脹能量。為此目的,將壓縮機系列的至少一個壓縮機功能上 地與膨脹器12連接,藉以形成所謂的”壓縮機-膨脹器系統”。然而,可提供其他的壓縮動力,以達到高於84 bar的壓力。較佳地,將壓縮機52所消耗的其他壓縮馬達動力選擇為接近或等同於冷卻劑壓縮機(未顯示)所需的動力,使得相同的驅動機可用於兩種目的,藉以提供成本與維護上的效益。
不似圖2的具體實例,在圖1的具體實例中並無將熱整合(如圖2中的熱交換器41)應用於屬於頂部流40的冷,使得在將管線65內的壓縮頂部流對約為周遭(在冷卻機61)冷卻之後,其會經由管線75直接送至熱交換器81內的外部冷卻步驟。
表I提供在圖1示範流程中,位於不同部分的物流之壓力與溫度概要。同時也指出甲烷的mol%。圖1進料流10大致包含以下組成:80%甲烷,8%乙烷,5%丙烷,4%丁烷,1%C5 + 及2%N2 。可凝固的成分,像是H2 S、CO2 以及H2 O已於先前移除。
圖2概略描繪依據本發明的方法之另一替代具體實例。
於此具體實例中,將頂部流40導引流經流出物流熱交換器41,在此其被間接對著約周圍溫度的物流(物流70)加熱。之後,將從流出物流熱交換器41釋放的物流50經由壓縮機52或一系列二個或更多的壓縮機壓縮。在高於84 bar的壓力將壓縮流釋放至管線60中,在例如空氣冷卻機61中冷卻,藉以獲得物流70。然後將所得的周遭冷卻物流70導引至流出物流熱交換器41,在此其以冷頂部流40間接熱交換予以冷卻,藉以獲得物流80,物流80再進一步於熱交換器81中冷卻。
表II提供使用依據本發明如圖1中所描述的方法而在丙烷與丁烷回收上增加之指示。作為比較,使用與圖1相同的設備,但是,與本發明相反的,在膨脹器12中發生了膨脹至45 bar。如表II所示,本發明在物流30中產生了增加的丙烷與丁烷回收率(16 %和36 %分別相對於9 %和20 %)。
表III提供使用依據本發明如圖1中所描述的方法而在LNG產物上增加之指示。作為比較,使用與圖1相同的冷凍動力與設備,但是,與本發明相反的,在壓縮機系列中並未發生壓縮;因此,管線65內的壓力與管線40比較是相同的,亦即約30.4 bar。從表III可以看出,LNG產物的增加為約19%。
1‧‧‧實施基本LNG輸出方法之裝置
5‧‧‧液化單元
10‧‧‧進料流
12‧‧‧膨脹器
25...膨脹流
30...液體底部流
31...氣/液分離器
40...蒸汽頂部流
41...流出物流熱交換器
50...物流
52...壓縮機
60...管線
61...空氣冷卻機
65...管線
70...物流
75...管線
80...物流
81...熱交換器
90...預冷流
91...主低溫熱交換器
95...入口工具
96...入口工具
97...出口
100...管線
101...閥或液體膨脹器
110...物流
111...閃蒸罐
120...管線
130...閃蒸氣體
圖1為依據本發明的一個具體實例之程序方案示意圖;以及圖2為依據本發明的另一具體實例之程序方案示意圖。
5...液化單元
10...進料流
12...膨脹器
25...膨脹流
30...液體底部流
31...氣/液分離器
40...蒸汽頂部流
52...壓縮機
61...空氣冷卻機
65...管線
75...管線
81...熱交換器
90...預冷流
91...主低溫熱交換器
95...入口工具
96...入口工具
97...出口
100...管線
101...閥或液體膨脹器
110...物流
111...閃蒸罐
120...管線
130...閃蒸氣體

Claims (18)

  1. 一種液化天然氣流之方法,該方法包括以下步驟:(a)於30-80 bar之壓力下提供含有天然氣之進料流;(b)使步驟(a)之進料流膨脹,以獲得壓力<35 bar之膨脹進料流;(c)將膨脹進料流供應至氣/液分離器;(d)將氣/液分離器內的膨脹進料流分離成為蒸汽流與液體流,該蒸汽流相對於進料流係富含甲烷,而該液體流相對於進料流係具減少的甲烷;(e)提高步驟(d)中獲得的蒸汽流之壓力到至少70 bar的壓力,較佳至少84 bar;(f)液化步驟(e)中獲得之加壓蒸汽流,以獲得液化天然氣流;其中在步驟(a)提供的進料流之壓力直到在步驟(e)中壓力增加才增加。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中在步驟(e),該壓力增加到至少86 bar,較佳為至少90 bar。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之方法,其中在步驟(d)所獲得之蒸汽流具有低於0.5 mol%,較佳為低於0.1 mol%之C5 + 含量。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之方法,其中在步驟(e)中之壓力是藉由壓縮該蒸汽流而提高,藉以獲得壓縮流。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之方法,其中將在步驟(e)中獲得之蒸汽流冷卻。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第4項之方法,其中該壓縮流於其在步驟(f)中被液化之前,係對著在步驟(d)中獲得之蒸汽流做熱交換。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之方法,其中在步驟(b)用以使該進料流膨脹之膨脹器係與用以壓縮該蒸汽流之壓縮機功能性地連接。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之方法,其中在步驟(e)所獲得之該加壓蒸汽流係處於超臨界狀態。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之方法,其中步驟(b)中的膨脹係經選擇以獲得呈部分冷凝形式之膨脹進料流之膨脹進料流。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之方法,其中步驟(a)中的壓力為>60 bar。
  11. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之方法,其中步驟(a)中的壓力為<70 bar。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之方法,其中在步驟(a)中進料流的溫度係接近周圍溫度,在5和50℃之間。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第1或2項之方法,其中在步驟(f)中,在主低溫熱交換器中液化該加壓蒸汽流。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第13項之方法,其進一步包括使該液化天然氣流減壓。
  15. 一種液化天然氣流之裝置(1),該裝置至少包括:於30-80 bar之壓力下提供含有天然氣之進料流(10)之工具;膨脹器(12),用以膨脹該進料流(10),藉以獲得壓力<35 bar之膨脹進料流(25);氣/液分離器(31),用以將膨脹進料流(25)分離成為蒸汽流(40)與液體流(30),該蒸汽流(40)相對於進料流(10)係富含甲烷,而該液體流(30)相對於進料流(10)係具減少的甲烷;壓縮機(52),用以將於氣/液分離器(31)獲得之蒸汽流的壓力提高到至少70 bar的壓力,較佳為至少84 bar;以及液化單元(5),用以液化該具有至少70 bar、較佳至少84 bar壓力之蒸汽流,該液化單元包含至少一個低溫熱交換器(91)。
  16. 如申請專利範圍第15項之裝置(1),其中該裝置進一步包含熱交換器(41),用以將來自壓縮機(52)之流出物對在氣/液分離器(31)獲得之該蒸汽流做熱交換。
  17. 如申請專利範圍第15或16項之裝置(1),其中壓縮機(52)與膨脹器(12)係功能性地連接。
  18. 如申請專利範圍第15或16項之裝置(1),其中在用以於30-80 bar之壓力下提供進料流(10)之工具與壓縮機(52)之間不存在另外的壓縮機(52)。
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US20090064713A1 (en) 2009-03-12
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WO2006108821A1 (en) 2006-10-19
JP5107896B2 (ja) 2012-12-26
EP1869382A1 (en) 2007-12-26
AU2006233914A1 (en) 2006-10-19
US20090064712A1 (en) 2009-03-12
KR101269914B1 (ko) 2013-05-31
MY142263A (en) 2010-11-15
WO2006108820A1 (en) 2006-10-19
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RU2007141716A (ru) 2009-05-20
EP1869383A1 (en) 2007-12-26
EA200702213A1 (ru) 2008-02-28
EA014193B1 (ru) 2010-10-29
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AU2006233914B2 (en) 2009-09-03

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