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Τ〇1 ^07~^~Ϊ6 9#jl#44W 九、發明說明： 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係一種含導電加熱裝置之導電混凝土，尤直是 一種利用導以凝土及導電加熱裝置以化除冰及雪在道路 及人行道上累積的除冰系統。 【先前技術】 由於混凝土具有優良的物理力學性能因此在世界各國 =了廣泛的U ’例如在公路、城市道路和機場就大量 犯凝土路面。這些基礎設施的建設和營運，對國民 經濟的整體發展有著不可輕忽的作用。 曰的調查和研究顯不’路面狀況的好壞是影響道路交 通的重要因音》^ 、 年四季的更替，天候條件的變化，影響 =面狀況、道路通行能力和行車安全。特別是在寒冷的 诵1混凝土路面因降雪而積雪結冰時，常給道路的暢 通和仃車安全帶來嚴重 閉，认客眢靜“ 成道路和機場關 ^輸帶來不便，因而造成了巨大的經濟損失。 因此’為了保障道路暢诵知 击— * 車女全’並提高道路和機場 S 抓取快速有效清除路面冰雪的措施，便成為 各國在寒冷地區冬季道路保養上的一項重大工作。成為 、生降1《H ’冬季除冰雪的方法歸納起來可有兩大類： 法兩種；而融化法包二和機械清除 化法是採用加熱的方法熱融化法。其中熱融 '吏冰雪融化，如地熱管法、電熱絲 熱液法、紅外線燈照加熱法等，#而熱融化法普遍具 4 1379818 卜年 07 月 有效率低、操作費用高且不能滿足橋面強度需要等缺點， 僅在一些試驗研究路面和橋樑中使用。 • 目則實際應用於除冰化雪的方法主要包括人工清除 法、機械清除法和化學融化法： 、 人工清除法：即通過人工的方法來清除積雪雖然此方 法對積雪清錄徹底，但其效率低、費用高、影響車輛通 盯及仃車安全、且不能長時間作業，故此方法主要適用於 小雪及困難路段的積雪清除。 • 機械清除法：即利用機械清除路面冰雪，此方法雖缺效 率南且適用於大面積的清除作業，但當氣溫較低時，由於 冰與路面之間的黏結力較大，若單獨使用機械除雪則效果 並不好，且對路面清除較不徹底，另外，除雪機械受季節 影響甚大，使用頻率低，經濟效益較差，而且有時還會導 致交通中斷。 化子融化法.即藉著在路面上喷灌化學藥劑使冰雪融 化，目前世界各國主要通過撒帛【如氯化納（Nacl)、氯化舞 • (caC:2)等】來融雪化冰。此方法利用鹽降低水的冰點，使 積雪融化由於此方法具有材料來源廣泛、價格便宜化 V冰雪效果好等特點，因而得到了廣泛地應用。然而，此種 .撒鹽的方法會給混凝土路面結構和環境帶來甚多負面效 應包括使鋼肋或鋼纖維鏽韻、使路面剥姓破壞和使環境 污染等問題’因此，除冰鹽的使用已在全世界造成嚴重龙 害並帶來巨大經濟損失。 美國#國、加拿大等較早修建高速公路、橋樑和城市 5 1379818 立交的國家，在寒冷的冬季為了保證交通暢通，大量使用 氣鹽來融化路面及橋上的冰雪，已造成道路、橋梁的嚴重 •破壞，目前正花費巨額費用進行修復，其經濟損失十分巨 大。例如.在1998年，美國60萬座鋼筋混凝土橋中，被 .列入修復計劃的費用約為2000億美元，是當初建橋費用的 四倍；於1 972年’在英國20公里長的高速公路段上建了 11座橋樑，這些橋樑皆因撒鹽而使混凝土沿著鋼筋開裂， 15年的修復費已達原建橋費的’ 6倍，預計到2〇〇4年累 φ 計修復費可達原建橋費的6倍。 、 上述每一種使用於道路橋面板及鋪面的化除冰雪方法 雖有效益但亦有相當多之缺陷，因此目前極需要研發一種 既可解決與上述方法相關之問題，又可均句加熱鋪面表層 且方便實用及符合經濟效益之化除冰雪系統。 【發明内容】 本發明人有鑑於目前化除冰雪方法效率低、費用言， 甚至傷害路面及橋體結構等問題，因此經過長時間的研* _ 以及不斷的試驗，終於發明出此導電混凝土除冰系統。 本發明係關於一種導電混凝土混合物，其由水泥、骨 材、水和金屬導電材料混合而成。其中導電材料係包含金 屬纖維和金屬顆粒；而且將一些電極埋設在導電混凝土混 ' 合物中之分散位置。每個電極包括並聯板和中間段，而所 述的並聯板和所述的中間段保留一個孔隙讓導電混凝土混 合物能穿過流動。 本發明又關於一種製造導電混凝土的方法，其係包括 6 1379818 ~ϊ〇1年〇7月16日修頁 輸送粗骨材至運送裝置上，以及輸送金屬顆粒至所述的運 送裝置上’然後將金屬纖維放至所述的運送裝置上，其中 »該運送裝置上的材料之後全部倒入有水泥及水的容器中， 再於容器内與所述的粗骨材、金屬顆粒、金屬纖維及水泥 拌和。 本發明也關於一種導電混凝土結構的加熱系統，其係 包括：一個光電電池及一個能量貯存裝置，兩者間係以光 電電池電氣連結。導電混凝土結構，至少需成為所製成橋 •面板的一部份，且電力上需與所述的能量貯存裝置相連 結。其中所述的導電混凝土結構包含一含有導電材料之導 電混凝土混合物，且該導電材料係包含金屬纖維及金屬顆 粒，而且將一些電極埋設在所述的導電混凝土混合物中， 並連結至所述的能量貯存裝置。每個所述的電極係由並聯 板和中間段所組成，所述的並聯板和所述的中間段之間保 留一個孔隙使所述的導電混凝土混合物能穿過流動。 本發明尚關於一種橋面板加熱系統，其係包含多數導 鲁電混凝土結構在空間上相連佈設，每個導電混凝土結構係 包含H、第二層以及電極。其中所述的第二 混凝土混合物所製成，且位在所述的第一層之上^;所述 的第二層之導電混凝幻昆合物是由水泥混合物與金屬顆粒 .和金屬纖維混合製成；該電極係埋設在所述的第二層中， 各所述的電極是由並聯板和一個中間段所組成，所述的並 聯板和中間段之間保留—個孔隙讓所述的導電混凝土混合 物可以穿過流動，以提供電流至所述的電極。 7 1379818 "lbi 年 07 月 16 日修 本發明還關於一種導電混凝土結構的加熱系統，其係 包含第一層、第二層與熱隔離層。所述的第二層係由導電 .犯凝土混合物所組成，且位於所述的第一層上方，並包含 埋設在所述的第二層中之電極。各所述的電極是由並聯板 和中間段所組成，所述的並聯板和所述的中間段之間保留 一個孔隙好所述的導電混凝土混合物可以穿過流動，以提 供電流至所述的電極。所述的熱隔離層係鋪設在所述的第 一層和所述的第二層之間。 籲 纟發明亦關於一種使導電混凝土融化表層積雪的方 法。其係包括使用一個鋪設於既有路面上方的導電材料 1’其中該導電材料層係由金屬纖維、金屬顆粒與水泥複 _勿拌和製成，且包含埋設在所述的導電材料層内的電 極各所述的電極係由並聯板和中間段組成，所述的並聯 板和所述的中間段之間保留一個孔隙讓所述的材料可以穿 過流動’以提供電流至所述的電極。 因此藉由將本發明之導電混凝土除冰系統舖設在路面 t方’即可在路面有結冰積雪的情況下，提供電流至導電 把凝土，將導電混凝土加熱，藉以快速有效地溶解路面上 .的結冰和積雪，非常經濟實用，而且不會破壞路、橋結構， 並可延長寒冷地區路、橋的使用壽命。 【實施方式】 本發明之除冰系統係包含（一）導電混凝土、（二）導電材 ;(―)電極（四）電力來源、（五）控制系統等五部份，茲 分迷如下：Τ〇1 ^07~^~Ϊ6 9#jl#44W IX. Description of the invention: [Technical field of invention] The present invention is an electrically conductive concrete containing a conductive heating device, which is particularly a kind of concrete and conductive heating The device uses a de-icing system that de-icing and snow accumulate on roads and sidewalks. [Prior Art] Due to the excellent physical and mechanical properties of concrete, a large number of U's, such as roads, urban roads, and airports, have made a large number of concrete pavements in countries around the world. The construction and operation of these infrastructures have an indispensable effect on the overall development of the national economy.曰 调查 调查 调查 ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ Especially in the cold 诵1 concrete pavement, when snow and ice are frozen due to snowfall, the road is unblocked and the safety of the brakes is severely closed, and the passengers are quiet and “inconvenient to the road and the airport.” Huge economic losses. Therefore, in order to protect the roads and to know the roads, and to improve the roads and airports, the measures to quickly and effectively remove roads and snows have become a major factor in the maintenance of winter roads in cold regions. Work. Become, live down 1 "H' winter snow removal method can be summarized into two categories: two methods; and the melting method package two and mechanical cleaning method is a heating method using thermal melting method. Ice and snow melt, such as geothermal tube method, electric heating wire hydrothermal method, infrared lamp illumination heating method, etc., and the thermal melting method generally has 4 1379818. The year of July is low in efficiency, high in operating cost, and can not meet the needs of bridge deck strength. It is only used in some experimental research roads and bridges. • The methods used in deicing snow mainly include manual removal, mechanical removal and chemical melting: Manual removal method: manual method to remove snow. Although this method is thorough for snow removal, it has low efficiency, high cost, affects vehicle traffic and safety, and can not be operated for a long time. Therefore, this method is mainly applicable to Xiaoxue. And the removal of snow from difficult road sections. • Mechanical removal method: the use of machinery to remove road ice and snow. This method is not efficient enough for large-scale removal operations, but when the temperature is low, due to the adhesion between ice and road surface. Larger, if the mechanical snow removal alone is used, the effect is not good, and the road surface removal is less thorough. In addition, the snow removal machine is greatly affected by the season, the frequency of use is low, the economic benefit is poor, and sometimes the traffic is interrupted. Melting method, that is, by melting the chemical on the road surface to melt the snow and ice, the world is currently melting ice by spraying [such as sodium chloride (Nacl), chlorination dance (caC: 2), etc.] Using salt to lower the freezing point of water, so that the snow melts. Because this method has the characteristics of wide material source, low price and good effect of V snow and ice, it has been obtained. Widely applied. However, this method of salting can bring many negative effects to the concrete pavement structure and environment, including the problem of rusting the steel ribs or steel fibers, causing the pavement to be stripped and causing environmental pollution. The use of de-icing salt has caused serious damage and huge economic losses in the world. The United States, Canada, and other countries that built highways, bridges, and cities 5 1379818 in early winter, in order to ensure smooth traffic in the cold winter, The extensive use of gas and salt to melt the road and the snow and ice on the bridge has caused serious damage to the roads and bridges. At present, it is costly to repair and the economic losses are enormous. For example, in 1998, 600,000 reinforced concrete bridges in the United States. The cost of being included in the restoration program was about 200 billion U.S. dollars, four times the cost of the original bridge; in 1972, 11 bridges were built on the 20 km long section of the UK. These bridges were all caused by The salt causes the concrete to crack along the steel bars. The repair cost of 15 years has reached 6 times of the original bridge cost. It is estimated that the repair cost of the φ meter can reach 6 times of the original bridge fee. . Each of the above methods for de-icing and snow-removing road decks and pavements is beneficial but has considerable defects. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to develop a problem that can solve the problems associated with the above methods, and can also heat the surface of the pavement. And convenient and practical and economical de-icing system. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present inventors have invented the conductive concrete in addition to the problems of low efficiency, low cost, and even damage to the road surface and the structure of the bridge body, etc., after a long period of research and continuous testing. Ice system. The present invention relates to a conductive concrete mixture which is a mixture of cement, aggregate, water and a metallic conductive material. The conductive material contains metal fibers and metal particles; and some electrodes are buried in the dispersed position in the conductive concrete mixture. Each electrode includes a parallel plate and an intermediate section, and the parallel plate and the intermediate section retain a void to allow the conductive concrete mixture to pass through the flow. The invention further relates to a method of manufacturing electrically conductive concrete, comprising 6 1379818 ~ ϊ〇 1 year, July 16th, refining the conveyed coarse aggregate to the transport device, and transporting the metal particles onto the transport device' then Putting metal fibers onto the transport device, wherein the material on the transport device is then poured into a container of cement and water, and the coarse aggregate, metal particles, metal fibers and the container are Cement mixing. The invention also relates to a heating system for a conductive concrete structure comprising: a photovoltaic cell and an energy storage device electrically connected by a photovoltaic cell. The electrically conductive concrete structure must at least be part of the bridge or panel to be fabricated and electrically connected to the energy storage device. The conductive concrete structure comprises a conductive concrete mixture containing a conductive material, and the conductive material comprises metal fibers and metal particles, and some electrodes are embedded in the conductive concrete mixture and coupled to the energy. Storage device. Each of said electrodes is comprised of a parallel plate and an intermediate section, and an aperture is maintained between said parallel plate and said intermediate section to enable said conductive concrete mixture to pass through the flow. The present invention is also directed to a deck heating system that includes a plurality of electrically conductive concrete structures that are spatially connected, each electrically conductive concrete structure comprising H, a second layer, and an electrode. Wherein the second concrete mixture is formed and located above the first layer; the second layer of conductive coagulation is composed of cement mixture and metal particles and metal fibers Mixed; the electrodes are embedded in the second layer, each of the electrodes is composed of a parallel plate and an intermediate section, and a gap is left between the parallel plate and the intermediate section to allow the The conductive concrete mixture can flow through to provide electrical current to the electrodes. 7 1379818 "lbi january 16th rev. The invention also relates to a heating system for a conductive concrete structure comprising a first layer, a second layer and a thermal barrier layer. The second layer is comprised of a conductive, eutectic mixture and is positioned over the first layer and includes electrodes embedded in the second layer. Each of the electrodes is composed of a parallel plate and an intermediate section, and a gap is maintained between the parallel plate and the intermediate section. The conductive concrete mixture can pass through the flow to provide current to the electrode. The thermal insulation layer is laid between the first layer and the second layer. The invention also relates to a method of melting conductive concrete to melt the surface layer. The method comprises the use of a conductive material 1' laid over an existing road surface, wherein the conductive material layer is made of metal fiber, metal particles and cement, and comprises an electrode embedded in the conductive material layer. Each of said electrodes is comprised of a parallel plate and an intermediate section, and a gap is left between said parallel plate and said intermediate section to allow said material to pass through the flow to provide electrical current to said electrode. Therefore, by laying the conductive concrete deicing system of the present invention on the road surface t, it is possible to provide current to the conductive concrete in the case of ice and snow on the road surface, and heat the conductive concrete to quickly and effectively dissolve the road surface. The icing and snow accumulation are very economical and practical, and will not damage the road and bridge structure, and extend the service life of roads and bridges in cold regions. [Embodiment] The deicing system of the present invention comprises (1) conductive concrete, (2) conductive material, (-) electrode (4) power source, and (5) control system, etc., which are as follows:
S 1.379818 LH 年07 月 mggggg] (一）、導電混凝土 本發明的導電混凝土係由水泥、骨材、水和導電材料 .混合而成，該導電混凝土較佳的是使用第一型或第三型水 泥，且其體積佔全部體積的】2〜彳6%(除非特別指定否則 百分比指的是導電混凝土總體積的百分比），而最佳的是水 泥佔導電混凝土總體積的14~16%。骨材較佳的是使用 10〜25%細骨材及1〇〜25%粗骨封，而最佳#是細骨材及粗 骨材分別使用13〜18%及17〜2〇%，細骨材包含砂及碎石， •較佳的是選擇與那布拉斯加編號47B同等材料。而水灰比 (拌和水量與水泥用量的重量比值）需在〇3〜〇4之間。該導 電材料包含金屬纖維及金屬顆粒，較佳的是分別占總體積 的 1〜3%、1〇〜30% 〇 本發明較適用於已内含電極的預鑄混凝土板製品，雖 然現地澆置也是一個可選擇的方式，但對於現存的混凝土 路面來說，預鑄會比較具有成本效益。 具體來說，導電混凝土被用來當作覆蓋層，因此導電 ♦混凝土僅需施作於道路表面或橋面板之舖面表層。 凊參看第二圖所示，其係該導電混凝土結構的第一實 ，她例’其包含第一層（32)、第二層（34)以及隔熱層（36卜 該第一層（32)為混凝土板，其係由傳統混凝土所構成， 且包括複數個Μ設在該第一層（32)内冑以增加強度的鋼桿 件（33)，該第一層（32)的較佳厚度為152 4~2〇3 2厘米（_) 或6〜8英吋（inch)。 該第二層（34)係由導電混凝土所製成，其中導電混凝土 9S 1.379818 LH July 2007 mggggg] (I) Conductive Concrete The conductive concrete of the present invention is a mixture of cement, aggregate, water and conductive material. The conductive concrete preferably uses the first type or the third type. Cement, and its volume accounts for 2~彳6% of the total volume (unless otherwise specified, the percentage refers to the percentage of the total volume of conductive concrete), and the best is that cement accounts for 14-16% of the total volume of conductive concrete. Preferably, the bone material is 10~25% fine bone material and 1〇~25% coarse bone seal, and the best # is fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, respectively, 13~18% and 17~2〇%, fine The aggregate contains sand and gravel, • It is preferred to choose the same material as the Nebraska number 47B. The water-cement ratio (weight ratio of mixing water to cement) needs to be between 〇3 and 〇4. The conductive material comprises metal fibers and metal particles, preferably 1 to 3% of the total volume, and 1 to 30%, respectively. The invention is more suitable for the concrete slab products having the electrodes, although the present invention is placed on the ground. It is also an alternative, but for existing concrete pavements, helium is more cost effective. Specifically, conductive concrete is used as a cover layer, so conductive concrete ♦ concrete only needs to be applied to the pavement surface of the road surface or bridge deck. Referring to the second figure, which is the first embodiment of the conductive concrete structure, it includes a first layer (32), a second layer (34), and a heat insulating layer (36). Is a concrete slab composed of conventional concrete and comprising a plurality of steel members (33) disposed in the first layer (32) for increasing strength, preferably the first layer (32) The thickness is 152 4~2〇32 cm(_) or 6~8 inches (inch). The second layer (34) is made of conductive concrete, of which conductive concrete 9
101年07月16日修正替換頁I 之外露表層（40)為該第二層（34)的上表面，該第二層（34)之 較佳厚度係保持在8~1 01.6厘米或2~4英叫，該第二層 (34)具有一對埋設在該第二層（34)内的電極（24,26)，其位置 係刀別罪近該第二層（34)側邊的水平邊緣，該電極（24,26) 係藉著金屬連結器連接至電源（38)。 該隔熱層（36)是設置在該第一層（32)和該第二層（34)之 間，其較佳的厚度約為12 7厘米或〇 5英吋，該隔熱層（36) 將該第二層（34)之下表面與第一層（32)的上表面隔絕，藉以 阻止因傳導而造成之熱損失，該隔熱層（36)的體積配比包含 50〜99〇/〇的水泥漿和卜5〇%的鋸木屑，較佳的配比組合為隔 熱層（36)含50〇/〇的水泥漿和5〇%的鋸木屑，此配比提供較 充分的隔熱效果及使得以其製作的路面具有較足夠的強度 來抵抗汽機車行走時所造成的應力。 操作時，主要是利用該導電混凝土的天然電阻來使得 電流穿過該導電混凝土時產生熱能，雖然可將此系統與新 建橋面板、人行道及其它鋪面表層一起建造，但較佳的係 使用該導電混凝土作為一覆蓋層，使用於既有鋪面表層上= 凊參看第二圖所示，其係本發明之導電混凝土結構的 第二實施例，其具有第一層（42)和第二層（44)，該第一層（42) 為由一般混凝土所製成，該第二層（44)為導電混凝土所製 成，其中導電混凝土之外露表層（45)為第二層（44)的上表 面’第-及第二層（42,44)的較佳厚度如上述實施例所述， 提供輻射頻/微波能量給第二層（42)的電源（46)係連結至該 第二層（42)，當不使用此輻射頻/微波能量系統時，則可在 1379818 年07月16日修正替換頁 該第一層（42)及該第二層（44)之間加設一隔熱層，該隔熱層 可增加整體系統的加熱效率》 (2)材料配比： 本發明尚能將數種可採取的摻料加入上述導電混凝土 之混合物内，這些材料包含C等級飛灰、矽灰、強塑劑【減 水劑、高比例減水劑（HRWR)】和輪氣劑。較佳的導電混凝 土為包含Μ .5%的鋼纖維，2〇%的鋼潰，，5%的水泥，2 5% 的飛灰’ 1%的矽灰’ 18%的細骨材，2〇%的粗骨材，8%的Modified on page 16 of 101, 101, the exposed surface layer (40) is the upper surface of the second layer (34), and the preferred thickness of the second layer (34) is maintained at 8~1 01.6 cm or 2~ 4 ying, the second layer (34) has a pair of electrodes (24, 26) embedded in the second layer (34), the position of which is sinful to the level of the side of the second layer (34) At the edge, the electrode (24, 26) is connected to the power source (38) by a metal connector. The insulating layer (36) is disposed between the first layer (32) and the second layer (34), preferably having a thickness of about 12 7 cm or 〇 5 inches, and the insulating layer (36) The surface of the second layer (34) is isolated from the upper surface of the first layer (32) to prevent heat loss due to conduction, and the volume ratio of the heat insulating layer (36) is 50 to 99 〇. /〇 水泥 水泥 卜 卜 卜 卜 卜 卜 , , , , , , , , , , , , 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳 较佳The heat insulation effect and the road surface made thereof have sufficient strength to resist the stress caused by the steam locomotive walking. In operation, the natural resistance of the conductive concrete is mainly used to generate heat when the current passes through the conductive concrete. Although the system can be constructed together with new bridge decks, sidewalks and other surfacing surfaces, it is preferred to use the conductive Concrete as a cover layer for use on an existing surfacing surface = 凊 see second embodiment, which is a second embodiment of the electrically conductive concrete structure of the present invention having a first layer (42) and a second layer (44) The first layer (42) is made of general concrete, and the second layer (44) is made of conductive concrete, wherein the conductive concrete exposed surface layer (45) is the upper surface of the second layer (44) The preferred thickness of the 'first and second layers (42, 44) is as described in the above embodiment, and the power source (46) providing the radiation/microwave energy to the second layer (42) is coupled to the second layer (42). When the radiant frequency/microwave energy system is not used, a thermal insulation layer may be added between the first layer (42) and the second layer (44) on the modified replacement page of July 16, 1391818. The insulation layer can increase the heating efficiency of the overall system. (2) Material distribution : The present invention can also incorporate several kinds of additives which can be added into the above mixture of conductive concrete, which materials include C grade fly ash, ash ash, strong plasticizer [water reducing agent, high proportion water reducing agent (HRWR)] and wheel gas Agent. The preferred conductive concrete is steel fiber containing 5%.5%, steel smashed by 2%, 5% cement, 25% fly ash '1% ash ash' 18% fine aggregate, 2〇 % of coarse aggregate, 8%
爾虱削及強塑則Cutting and strengthening
ν υ·外间&水重。如果以 減水劑當作強塑劑使用，則水泥使用4盎司/iQc^;如果 改採HRWR，則水泥使用16盘司/⑽碎；輸氣劑和強塑劑 雖然不會增加導電性’但可以改善導電混凝土的工作性以 及耐久性❶ t 巾添加鋼纖維和鋼顆粒之導電混凝土的 製作方式，可改採鐵礦砂和礦 電性大W導電月材。由於銅的導 大力為鐵的6倍，故含銅骨 可減少為了雜&必 月何孕乂佳。使用導電性骨材 為了維持穩定導電性 量。 J而之鋼顆粒和鋼纖維的用 月材中可添加化學摻料來槎古 使用化學摻料還可減少為了維：’，而且 和鋼纖維的用量。 疋導電诠所需之鋼顆粒 (3)材料拌合· 請參看第四圖所示，其材料拌合 驟製作： 〇的方式係分為四個步 11 1379818ν υ·outside & water weight. If the water reducing agent is used as a strong plasticizer, the cement is used at 4 oz/iQc^; if the HRWR is changed, the cement is used at 16 plates/(10); the gas carrier and the strong plastic agent do not increase the conductivity' It can improve the workability and durability of conductive concrete. The production method of conductive concrete with steel fiber and steel particles can be changed, and iron ore and ferroelectric large W conductive moon can be changed. Since the lead of copper is 6 times that of iron, the copper-containing bone can be reduced for the sake of miscellaneous & Conductive aggregates are used in order to maintain a stable conductivity. J. Steel pellets and steel fibers can be added to the lunar material to add chemical admixtures. The use of chemical admixtures can also reduce the amount used for dimensions: and, and steel fibers.钢Conducting steel particles required for electrical conductivity (3) Material mixing · Please refer to the fourth figure, the material mixing process is made: The way of 〇 is divided into four steps 11 1379818
f 101年07月16曰修正替換頁I 步驟一，將全部細材料（如水泥、飛灰、細骨材（砂及礫 石）以及強塑劑）與水袢和在一容器（48)内，該容器（48)較佳 •的是水泥運送車，但任何可拌和混凝土之容器均可使用。 鋼顆粒先送至第-大容器（5〇M如送料斗）中，而粗骨材則送 至第一大容器（52)中，然後再將矽灰添加入粗骨材中。 步驟二，將粗骨材/矽灰混合物及鋼顆粒由第一及第二 大容器（50,52)之容器中送至輸送裝置（54)上，該輸送裝置 (54)可為輸送帶，但任何輸送裝置均可使用。該輸送裝置 _係將上述各材料輸送至具有細材料的容器（48)中。 步驟三，將鋼纖維（56)放置在粗骨材之上方，矽灰及鋼 顆粒則放在料裝置（54)±，隸可制其它方法來使鋼纖 維（56)達到近似均勻分佈，但鋼纖維（56)亦可直接用手放 置。 步驟四，將該輸送裝置（54)的材料完全送入容器 並在其内拌和。 當上述方法被用來拌和導電混凝土的各組成成分時， 擊鋼顆粒和鋼纖維可在水泥及骨材混合為濕或乾的情況下加 拌和在拌和過程中，鋼顆粒和鋼纖維必須維持均勻八 和時必須遵守混凝土學會(ACC)所訂定之結構建築； 靶ACI 544之鋼纖維拌和規定。 (二）、導電材料 電阻率的範圍 心部份組成， 為 傳統混凝土不具有導電性，常重混凝土的 6. 54〜11 kQm，水化混凝土由孔隙溶液及實 12 ^79818 包含骨材、水化物和未水化水 阻垄％ A 水泥漿内孔隙溶液的電 阻旱約為0.25〜0.35Ωιη,大部份佶田—π也 (^ ^ . 在 '凝土之普通骨材 (例如.石灰）之電阻約為3⑽i•㈣3〇m，其為無導電性。 本發明之導電材料包含金屬纖維以及金屬顆粒，此種 =、准及顆粒最好為鋼製產品。低碳鋼纖維的百分比最好在 =和53之間’纖維的形狀最佳為矩形，且其表面為不規則 次波浪狀，以確保其能與混凝土有良好黏結，合適的纖 維可從 Fibercon lnternationai N〇vac〇n 等公司中獲得。 金屬顆粒最好使用鋼渣’鋼渣是來自鋼製作時所產生 的工業廢料，為具有隨機形狀的小顆粒（其特性請參看第 五圖所示），因此，鋼逢的顆粒包含不同的直徑。本發明 嘗試利用四種不同尺寸配比來試驗決定使用在導電混凝土 中之鋼潰顆粒尺寸及其所佔之相對比例，這些嘗試結果顯 示於圖中，其可明顯地看出顆粒中佔最大比例的粒徑為直 徑在1.18mm〜2_36_之間者，其係佔全部鋼潰體積之 40〜50〇/〇 ，另一個在2 36_〜4 75_之間或 0.85mm〜1.1 8麵之間者佔3〇〜45%，以比例的粒徑為大 於4.75mm和小於〇.85mm。在鋼潰拌入混凝土之前，表面 上之油垢或油/査必須先清除乾淨，表面的污染會明顯降低 混凝土的導電性及力學強度。 鋼纖維以及鋼渣在混凝土中的體積配比已經過最佳化 來提供所需要的導電性及適當的抗壓強度，欲達到最佳的 力學強度以及均勻穩定的加熱效果，比較理想的添加比例 .為鋼渣體積在5~40%以及鋼纖維體積在^3%，而更好的添 13 ^/9818 101年〇7月16曰修正替換頁 加比例為鋼渣及鋼纖维的體積分別佔10~30%及1〜2% ,最 好的拌和比例為20%的鋼渔及1.5%的鋼纖維，依照這些比 例拌和將可獲得良好的導電性、較高的力學強度以及平順 的道路表面。鋼渣及鋼纖維拌和的數量如果小於這些比 例’將無法有效的傳導電流且無法有效率加熱路面；若鋼 渣及鋼纖維拌和的數量大於這些比例，則將會產生粗輪的 道路表®，使得經過的車子輪胎受損；#果按照上述理想 的比例拌和，則其工作性及表面平滑度將與一般混凝土近 似。試驗結果指出依照這種配比所產生的混凝土抗壓強度 在3卜62MPa(4500〜90〇〇psi)之間，導電性在5〜1〇Ωηι之 間。 (三）、電極 請參看第六至八圖所示，其係顯示本發明的電極之三 種電位體’每個電位體皆包含了兩塊並聯板(74,76)，其係 由單-板組成(如第六圖所示），或由兩個個別板組成(如第 七及八圖所示）。該並聯板(74,76)最佳的是由鋼鐵製成，且 該並聯板（74,76)是藉由中間段⑽)相互連接，中間段⑽) 最佳的是鋼鐵製，且與並聯板（74,76)相連結，並連接於並 聯金屬。在兩個中間段（80)間最少要有175英吋的間距。 在這種配置上，並聯板（74,76)和中間段（8〇)需保留—個孔 隙（82)或裂縫以令導電混凝土能穿過流動。 請參看第九及十圖所示，本發明之電極係埋設在導電 混凝土β，在♦電混凝土混合物養護及硬固之前，將電極 14 Γ379818 I 101年67月16日修正替 (24,26)置人混凝土模子裡，電極（24 26)的位置最佳的是靠 近混凝土，水平方向的邊緣，且保持大約4〜6英叹的間距。 電極之間若距離較大則需要增加電壓去加熱導電混凝土。 在並聯板（74,76)鑽—個孔洞（78)，藉以栓上螺栓（圖中未 不）。當將電極（24,26)埋設在混凝土内時，螺栓可在混凝土 間牢固電極（24,26)。電極（24,26)與混凝土間必須完全的牢 固藉以確保其能發揮最大的導電能力。 如上所述，本發明的電極有三種電位體。在第六圖所 _不之第一種電位體中，兩個並聯板（74,76)及中間段（82)是 由一單一金屬板所形成，最佳的是在孔隙（82)頂部與並聯板 (74,76)外部邊緣之間至少留有〇·5英吋之距離，且在孔隙 (82)間也要有1.75英吋之距離。在第七圖所示第二種電位 體中，並聯板（74,76)和中間段（80)並非由單一金屬板成 形，而是由兩個個別體形成，最佳的是每個並聯板（74,76) 的寬度至少為0.5英吋，中間段（80)形成加長型桿結構間之 距離最好為1.75英吋。第八圖所示第三種電位體板與第二 •個電位體大致相同，其不同之處在於並聯板（74,76)是由浪 形板所形成，而非平滑金屬體。 請參看第十圖所示，其係金屬線連接器（28,30)分別以 一般熟知的技巧與電極（24,26)之一端牢固地連結，該金屬 線連結器（28,30)的另一端則延伸至混凝土板（22)外面且連 接至電源。金屬線連結器（28,30)連結電源時，需使得混凝 土板内之正電極位在相鄰混凝土板内之負電極旁邊。 15 1379818 • 「101年07月16日修正替 (四）、電源 本發明對於導電混凝土之加熱已做過數種不同電源之 探纣及。式驗，其中加熱導電混凝土最簡單的電源為使用 DC(直流）電源’而當AC(交流）電經過規則化之電力供應時 可依據試體電阻轉換成需要的電壓及電流，故AC電源較具 經濟性，且可使混凝土中之鹼反應減至最小，故最佳的電 源是使用AC電源、。 另個^^供電源給導電混凝土鋪面層的替代方案為使 _用光電（PV)發電機（即以日光電池將太陽光直接轉換成電 力），特別是在偏僻地區使用Q Pv電池是用矽製造，且於 1 950年中期研發出來。pv系統為網柵連結或者單獨站立， 網柵連結系統為連接至局部公用線路且需要整流器來使交 流電轉換成直流電；單獨站立系統並不連接至電力網柵， 且一般使用12,24或48V的交流電。 請參看第十一圖所示，其係描繪出光電發電機系統， PV電池（58)係吸收太陽光且將其轉換成交流電，然後將電 儲存在能量貯存裝置（60)内，較理想的是此能量貯存裝置 (60)為一個或多個電池組合體，然後將電流直接傳送到所顯 不之混凝土板（22)内的電極（24,26)，或直接送到整流器（62) 中該整、器也將DC電源轉換為AC電源，再提供到電極 (24,26)前，將AC透過變壓器（64)進行升壓。在偏僻地區， 本發明的較佳電源為包含整流器（62)及變壓器（64)的光電 發電系統，在相同情況下，AC電源為較佳的電源。 另一種可替代的電源方式為使用無線電頻率（RF)和微 16 Γ379818 101年07月16日修正替換頁 波加熱來防止冰雪在橋面上形成，在直接電力加熱方面， DC或AC電源被用在橋面的導電混凝土舖面層上，藉以產 生熱能來融化冰雪。RF電源可用來直接將熱量集中在形成 的冰雪上。導電混凝土表面層和橋侧邊與表面上之冰雪及 水一起形成RF共振器。利用足夠的混凝土傳導性及導電層 的適當安排，RF激發效應將可產生足夠的熱能給形成之冰 雪直接吸收》 另一個提供導電混凝土樓板熱量的替代方案為採用燃 •料電池，該燃料電池與一般電池近似，兩者皆是利用電氣 化學過程來產生直接電流。然而燃料電池不會釋放電池中 儲存的斯•里，當旎置用完時也不會耗損。換言之，它們從 多重氫燃料轉換能量（如天然瓦斯、煤氣瓦斯、甲醇和垃圾 瓦斯）直接成為電力。燃料電池若提供足夠的燃料將重複使 用’不過就像一般電池一樣亦需要周期性的汰換。 (五）、電力控制系統 •冑參看第十二圖所示，電力控制系統可加在本發明的 導電混凝土加熱系統上，使其在偏僻地區亦能使加熱系統 順暢運作’供應導電混凝土（22)電力的電源（66)係由一控制 單元（68)所控制，電源（66)提供電力給上述埋設在橋面板系 統（2〇)中之導電混凝土（22)内的電極（24,26)，控制單元（68) 和電源連結的方式為於所屬領域具有通常知識者所熟知’ 故在此不贅述°感應器（7〇,72)係附加於控制單元（68)上， 該感應H (7G，72)至少包含—個溫度感應器及至少—個濕氣 17 P^~y〇7月16日修正 或屋度感應。最好是至少附著兩個溫度感應器，一個用 來感應空氣溫度，卜個用來感應導電混凝土的表面溫 度’該感應器（7G，72)和將此種感應器附著在控制單元的方 式為於所屬領域具有通常知識者所熟知，故在此不贅述。 在操作上，感應器（7〇,72)感應特殊溫度及渔度等級， 並將此資訊傳送至控制單元（68)。_單元（68)反應這些資 料來控制電源（6 6)輸出電流大小以加熱導電混凝土。當冰及 雪的累積已經減少或是消除’則控制單元（68)將反應溫度變 化及溼度等級，藉此來關閉電源（66)。 【圖式簡單說明】 第一圖係目前各種除冰雪方法的分類方塊圖。 第二圖係本發明導電混凝土之第一實施例的立體圖。 第三圖係本發明導電混凝土之第二實施例的立體圖。 第四圖係本發明材料拌合所利用之裝置示意圖。 第五圖係本發明導電混凝土中之鋼渣顆粒尺寸及其所 佔之相對比例的曲線圖。 第六圖係本發明電極之電位體一實施例的側試圖。 第七圖係本發明電極之電位體另一實施例的側試圖。 第八圖係本發明電極之電位體又一實施例的側試圖。 第九圖係本發明電極埋設於導電混凝土内的示意圖。 第十圖係本發明電極埋設於導電混凝土内且與電源連 接的不意圖。 第十一圖係本發明光電發電機系統的示意圖。 第十二圖係本發明電力系統的示意圖。 18 Γ379818 101年07月16曰修正替換頁 【主要元件符號說明】 (22)混凝土板 (24)(26)電極 (28)(30)金屬線連接器（32)(42)第一層 (33)鋼桿件 (34)(44)第二層 (36)隔熱層 (38)(46)電源 (40)(45)外露表層 (48)容器 (50)第一大容器 (52)第二大容器 (54)輸送裝置 (56)鋼纖維 (58)PV電池 (60)能量貯存裝置 (62)整流器 (64)變壓器 (66)電源 (68)控制單元 (70)(72)感應器 (74)(76)並聯板 (78)孔洞 (80)中間段 (82)孔隙f 101年07月16曰修正Replacement page I Step 1, all fine materials (such as cement, fly ash, fine aggregate (sand and gravel) and strong plasticizer) and leeches in a container (48), The container (48) is preferably a cement truck, but any container that can mix concrete can be used. The steel granules are first sent to the first large container (5 〇M such as a hopper), and the coarse aggregate is sent to the first large container (52), and then the ash is added to the coarse aggregate. In step two, the coarse aggregate/ash mixture and the steel particles are sent from the containers of the first and second large containers (50, 52) to the conveying device (54), which may be a conveyor belt. But any conveyor can be used. The conveying device transports each of the above materials into a container (48) having a fine material. In step three, the steel fiber (56) is placed above the coarse aggregate, and the ash and steel particles are placed in the material device (54) ±, and other methods can be used to achieve an approximately uniform distribution of the steel fiber (56), but Steel fiber (56) can also be placed directly by hand. In step four, the material of the conveying device (54) is completely fed into the container and mixed therein. When the above method is used to mix the components of the conductive concrete, the steel granules and the steel fibers can be mixed in the case where the cement and the aggregate are wet or dry, and the steel granules and the steel fibers must be maintained evenly during the mixing process. Bahehe must comply with the structural construction of the Concrete Society (ACC); the steel fiber blending regulations for the target ACI 544. (2) The range of the electrical resistivity of the conductive material is composed of the core part of the concrete. The concrete is not conductive. The constant gravity concrete is 6. 54~11 kQm. The hydrated concrete consists of the pore solution and the solid 12 ^79818. Compound and unhydrated water ridges % A The resistance of the pore solution in the cement slurry is about 0.25~0.35Ωιη, most of the 佶田-π也(^ ^. in the 'concrete common aggregate (such as lime) The electric resistance is about 3 (10) i • (four) 3 〇 m, which is non-conductive. The conductive material of the present invention comprises metal fibers and metal particles, and the =, quasi-and particles are preferably steel products. The percentage of low carbon steel fibers is best. Between = and 53 'The shape of the fiber is preferably rectangular and its surface is irregularly wavy to ensure that it has good adhesion to concrete. Suitable fibers are available from companies such as Fibercon lnternationai N〇vac〇n. The metal granules are preferably made of steel slag. The steel slag is industrial waste generated from the production of steel. It is a small particle with a random shape (the characteristics of which are shown in the fifth figure). Therefore, the steel granules contain different diameters. . The present invention attempts to use four different size ratios to test the size of the steel collapsed particles used in the conductive concrete and the relative proportions thereof. The results of these attempts are shown in the figure, which clearly shows the largest proportion of the particles. The particle size is between 1.18mm and 2_36_, which accounts for 40~50〇/〇 of all steel collapse volume, and the other is between 2 36_~4 75_ or 0.85mm~1.1 8 The proportion of the particle size is greater than 4.75mm and less than 〇.85mm. Before the steel is mixed into the concrete, the grease or oil on the surface must be cleaned first, and the surface contamination will be significantly reduced. Conductivity and mechanical strength of concrete. The volume ratio of steel fiber and steel slag in concrete has been optimized to provide the required electrical conductivity and appropriate compressive strength for optimum mechanical strength and uniform and stable heating. The effect is the ideal addition ratio. The volume of steel slag is 5~40% and the volume of steel fiber is ^3%, and the better is added 13 ^/9818 101 〇 July 16 曰 modified replacement page plus proportion of steel slag and steel The volume of fiber accounts for 10~30% and 1~2%, the best mixing ratio is 20% steel fishing and 1.5% steel fiber. Mixing according to these ratios will obtain good electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength and smooth road surface. Steel slag and steel fiber If the amount of mixing is less than these ratios, it will not be able to conduct current efficiently and cannot heat the road efficiently; if the amount of steel slag and steel fiber is more than these ratios, a coarse wheel road meter will be produced, so that the passing car tires will be affected. Loss; #果 According to the above ideal ratio of mixing, its workability and surface smoothness will be similar to general concrete. The test results indicate that the compressive strength of concrete produced according to this ratio is 3 b 62 MPa (4500~90〇〇) Between psi), the conductivity is between 5~1〇Ωηι. (C), the electrode, please refer to the sixth to eighth figures, which shows the three potential bodies of the electrode of the present invention. Each potential body comprises two parallel plates (74, 76), which are single-plate Composition (as shown in Figure 6), or consisting of two individual panels (as shown in Figures 7 and 8). The parallel plates (74, 76) are preferably made of steel, and the parallel plates (74, 76) are interconnected by an intermediate section (10), and the intermediate section (10) is preferably made of steel and connected in parallel. The plates (74, 76) are joined and connected to the parallel metal. There must be a minimum of 175 inches between the two intermediate sections (80). In this configuration, the parallel plates (74, 76) and the intermediate section (8 〇) need to retain a hole (82) or crack to allow the conductive concrete to pass through the flow. Referring to Figures 9 and 10, the electrode of the present invention is embedded in conductive concrete β. Before the curing and hardening of the electrical concrete mixture, the electrode 14 Γ 379818 I was revised on July 16, 2011 (24, 26) In the concrete mold, the position of the electrode (24 26) is preferably close to the concrete, the horizontal edge, and maintain a spacing of about 4 to 6 inches. If the distance between the electrodes is large, it is necessary to increase the voltage to heat the conductive concrete. Drill a hole (78) in the parallel plate (74, 76) to bolt the bolt (not shown). When the electrodes (24, 26) are embedded in the concrete, the bolts secure the electrodes (24, 26) between the concrete. The electrodes (24, 26) must be completely secured to the concrete to ensure maximum electrical conductivity. As described above, the electrode of the present invention has three potential bodies. In the first type of potential body of the sixth figure, the two parallel plates (74, 76) and the intermediate section (82) are formed by a single metal plate, preferably at the top of the aperture (82). The parallel plates (74, 76) have a distance of at least 5 inches between the outer edges and a distance of 1.75 inches between the holes (82). In the second potential body shown in the seventh figure, the parallel plates (74, 76) and the intermediate portion (80) are not formed by a single metal plate, but are formed by two individual bodies, and most preferably each parallel plate The width of (74,76) is at least 0.5 inches, and the distance between the intermediate sections (80) forming the elongated rod structure is preferably 1.75 inches. The third potential body plate shown in the eighth figure is substantially the same as the second one, except that the parallel plates (74, 76) are formed by the wave plates instead of the smooth metal body. Referring to the tenth figure, the metal wire connectors (28, 30) are firmly coupled to one end of the electrodes (24, 26) by a generally well-known technique, and the wire connectors (28, 30) are additionally One end extends outside the concrete slab (22) and is connected to a power source. When the wire bonder (28, 30) is connected to the power source, the positive electrode in the concrete panel is placed beside the negative electrode in the adjacent concrete slab. 15 1379818 • "Revised on July 16, 2011 (4), power supply The invention has been developed for the heating of conductive concrete. Several simple power sources have been tested. The simplest power source for heating conductive concrete is DC ( DC) power supply and when AC (alternating current) power is supplied to the required voltage and current according to the test body resistance, the AC power supply is more economical and minimizes the alkali reaction in the concrete. Therefore, the best power source is to use AC power. Another alternative to supplying power to the conductive concrete surfacing layer is to use a photovoltaic (PV) generator (that is, to convert sunlight directly into electricity by a solar cell). In particular, the use of Q Pv batteries in remote areas was made with enamel and was developed in the mid-1920s. The pv system is either grid-connected or stand alone, and the grid-connected system is connected to a local utility line and requires a rectifier to convert the AC. DC power; stand-alone system is not connected to the power grid, and generally uses 12, 24 or 48V AC. See Figure 11 for the photo-electricity In the motor system, the PV cell (58) absorbs sunlight and converts it into alternating current, and then stores the electricity in the energy storage device (60). Preferably, the energy storage device (60) is one or more battery combinations. Body, then directly transfer the current to the electrodes (24, 26) in the displayed concrete slab (22), or directly to the rectifier (62), which also converts the DC power to AC power, and then provides Before the electrodes (24, 26), the AC is boosted through the transformer (64). In a remote area, the preferred power source of the present invention is a photovoltaic power generation system including a rectifier (62) and a transformer (64), under the same conditions. The AC power supply is the preferred power source. Another alternative power supply method is to use radio frequency (RF) and micro 16 Γ 379818 to replace the page wave heating on July 16, 2011 to prevent ice and snow from forming on the bridge surface, in direct power In terms of heating, DC or AC power is used on the conductive concrete surfacing of the deck to generate heat to melt the ice and snow. RF power can be used to directly concentrate heat on the formed ice and snow. Conductive concrete surface layer and bridge side and table The ice and snow together form an RF resonator. With sufficient concrete conductivity and proper arrangement of the conductive layer, the RF excitation effect will generate enough heat to directly absorb the formed ice and snow. Another alternative to provide heat for conductive concrete floors. In order to use a fuel cell, the fuel cell is similar to a general battery, both of which utilize an electrochemical process to generate a direct current. However, the fuel cell does not release the squirrel stored in the battery, and does not flow when the device is used up. It will wear out. In other words, they convert electricity directly from multiple hydrogen fuels (such as natural gas, gas, methanol, and garbage gas). Fuel cells that are supplied with enough fuel will be reused 'but just like a normal battery, it needs periodicity. Replacement. (5) Power Control System • Referring to Figure 12, the power control system can be added to the conductive concrete heating system of the present invention to enable the heating system to operate smoothly in remote areas. The power source (66) is controlled by a control unit (68) that supplies power to the electrodes (24, 26) embedded in the conductive concrete (22) embedded in the deck system (2). The manner in which the control unit (68) and the power supply are connected is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, the sensor (7〇, 72) is attached to the control unit (68), which is inductive H ( 7G, 72) Contains at least one temperature sensor and at least one moisture 17 P^~y〇 July 16 correction or house sensitivity. Preferably, at least two temperature sensors are attached, one for sensing the temperature of the air, and one for sensing the surface temperature of the conductive concrete. The sensor (7G, 72) and the manner in which the sensor is attached to the control unit are It is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and will not be described here. In operation, the sensors (7〇, 72) sense special temperature and fishing levels and transmit this information to the control unit (68). The unit (68) reacts with these materials to control the output current of the power source (6 6) to heat the conductive concrete. When the accumulation of ice and snow has been reduced or eliminated, the control unit (68) changes the reaction temperature and humidity level, thereby turning off the power (66). [Simple description of the figure] The first picture is a classification block diagram of various current methods for removing ice and snow. The second drawing is a perspective view of a first embodiment of the conductive concrete of the present invention. The third figure is a perspective view of a second embodiment of the conductive concrete of the present invention. The fourth figure is a schematic view of the apparatus used for the mixing of the materials of the present invention. Fig. 5 is a graph showing the size of the steel slag particles in the conductive concrete of the present invention and the relative proportion thereof. The sixth drawing is a side view of an embodiment of the potential body of the electrode of the present invention. The seventh drawing is a side view of another embodiment of the potential body of the electrode of the present invention. The eighth figure is a side view of yet another embodiment of the potential body of the electrode of the present invention. The ninth drawing is a schematic view of the electrode of the present invention embedded in a conductive concrete. The tenth drawing is a schematic view in which the electrode of the present invention is embedded in a conductive concrete and connected to a power source. The eleventh drawing is a schematic view of the photovoltaic generator system of the present invention. Figure 12 is a schematic illustration of the power system of the present invention. 18 Γ 379818 July, 2011, 曰 16 曰 revised replacement page [main component symbol description] (22) concrete slab (24) (26) electrode (28) (30) metal wire connector (32) (42) first layer (33 Steel rod (34) (44) second layer (36) insulation layer (38) (46) power supply (40) (45) exposed surface layer (48) container (50) first large container (52) second Large container (54) Conveying device (56) Steel fiber (58) PV battery (60) Energy storage device (62) Rectifier (64) Transformer (66) Power supply (68) Control unit (70) (72) Sensor (74) (76) Parallel plate (78) hole (80) intermediate section (82) pore