TWI311708B - A method for identifying a sata bridge device - Google Patents

Description

1311708 IX. Description of the invention: [Technical field to which the invention pertains] The present invention relates to a method for confirming the ___-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The invalid output parameter of the poor news is the identification parameter for the software program to confirm the sata bridge. I [Prior Art] Press, today's computer technology does not advance, driving the current computer keyboard and hard disk drive and CD player standard The _heterogeneous type must be improved step by step to match the computer system with faster and faster computing. Most of the standard interface devices of today's standard interface devices are Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) and advanced. The technology attaches the specification interface (AT Attachment Packet Interface; ΑΤΑΡΙ). The transmission interface specifications of the leg and the input (10) are transmitted in a parallel manner. In theory, the maximum transmission rate is lOOMB/s and 133MB/s. 'With the gradual increase in the execution rate of the central processing unit, the transmission of ATA II ATAPI is gradual and difficult to meet the modern The system needs and requirements. To this end, the Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Specification Working Group (Serial ATA WorkingGm^ studies the lack of standard interface specifications, and then develops Serial Advanced Technology Attachment; SATA) expands the standard interface specification to achieve a theoretical data transfer rate of 15 〇MB/s or more to improve the execution efficiency of computer systems. In conventional computer systems, standard interface devices are coupled to related devices. The relationship is as follows: Computer system t, a host controller is coupled to a SATA bridge, and the SATA bridge is coupled to a 'quasi-interface'. To drive the standard interface device, the system must be input by a software program. A standard command to the standard interface device, the standard command input by the software program will first pass the host control state 'to convert the standard command into an input frame information structure (frrame lnformau〇n 5 1311708

The format of Structure; FIS) is then transferred to sATA. The standard command for entering the frame information structure format is the standard interface; the set-and-convert conversion interface device executes the command. Standard interface "_ = - computer money will go in the mix (4)

Often used, and the way to test the coffee bridge is mostly using the special H ==== Now some of the operators are investing in improving the test efficiency: the body is private and there are always some unauthorized operators to use it. Design it! = Manufacturers who have developed their own software programs have suffered considerable losses in their rights and interests. In the case of bridges, but as described in the art, there are also problems of misappropriation. , the best way to prevent the silk program from executing before the implementation of JATA bridge ^ No Wei difficult support, if the software support is used, the software program stops executing; if you confirm the SATA bridge for 1 person - private use, tilt Cheng Wei Weixing. In this way, the _ _ m is =1 protection is not stolen. _, the sata specification only provides the standard command of the standard "face device, and does not provide the identification of the SATA bridge, the insufficiency of the program can not be in the first _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ fine. The invention is directed to a method for confirming the identity of a bridge. 1311708 [Summary of the Invention] The main object of the present invention is to provide a read-read sequence advanced technical attachment specification in the case of a heat bridged crying identity. (SATA) If the ΪΓ敕 程式 程式 程式 程式 SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA In the conversion output information, the output frame information software program reads the identification parameter, and the invalid round-out parameter is an identification parameter, so that the X-mesh Γ τ^ of the present invention can be used for the purpose of the bridge. Bridge identity method, === Gu order _ Yu _ secret _) Execution parameters, so that sm 卩 之 invalid input parameters for confirming parameters and fixed output capital, and set by 阶 术 接 规格 ( ( The method of the bridge identity is a frame information structure = formula, and then a host controller converts the standard command into a format that can be recognized by an input message, and the device converts the standard command into a standard interface device. Then, after the standard interface type fu, the standard command is transmitted to the standard interface device for the output of the component. Then, after the commander completes the command, an invalid input parameter is generated to set the invalid input. = Parameter is programmed to be sent to the bridge, identify the parameter face, (4) = ^ = Saki (4) 瀬 Read side: =::=::: work _-, TM 7 1311708 [Embodiment] ^ In the standard interface specifications A complete standard command is defined for the standard interface device to be executed. Therefore, the user can input a standard command to the standard interface device for execution by the software program to perform the corresponding standard event. Since the SATA standard interface specification extends to the ATA standard interface specification, the SATA standard commands should conform to the specifications of the ATA standard interface specification. The tea is read in the first figure, which is a block diagram of a standard interface device of the present invention coupled to a computer system related device. As shown, the standard interface device 3〇 and the host controller l〇(H〇stC〇ntr〇Uer) sigh between the SATA bridge 20, and the saTA bridge 20 is used to convert the host controller 1 and ' The format of the command or information transmitted between the kneading devices 30, and the software program 4 can input standard commands to the host controller 1 . Read the second A picture of the buckwheat, which is the straw table of the 28-bit IDLE standard command in the SATA specification. The following is a 28-bit IDlE standard command as an example to illustrate the SATA standard command as shown in the figure, which includes a plurality of input parameters and a katures register parameter, a Sector Count register. Parameters, an LBA Low register parameter, an LBA Mid register parameter, an LBA High register parameter, and a Device register parameter, and further includes a Command register parameter, which is a command for a standard command code. § The user wants to input the 28-bit idle standard command to the standard interface device by the software program to drive the standard interface device to execute. First, the input parameters of the standard command are sequentially set, that is, the Features register parameter is sequentially selected. , a sect〇r Count register parameter, a lba

Low register parameters, an LBA Mld register parameter, — _ register parameters, and —

The Device temporary storage time ' is the input parameter value of the above-mentioned input to the internal register corresponding to the domain control (4). After the setting is completed, the input c_and register parameter (command code) is input to the host. In the controller's command register, it means that the command code of the standard command will be entered into the host (4)! The command of m is temporarily stored [write the command code to the command temporary storage, that is, the standard command has been entered to the standard interface device ^ lion please refer to the third A picture] which is the input frame information structure of the IDLE standard command —n Suture; FIS). In the host control _ out command temporary storage 8 1311708, . --: device has the action of storing Command f memory parameters, immediately convert the IDLE standard command and the corresponding IPLE standard command phase _ person temporary storage (four) value is the map The format of the input frame of the message frame. The step_host controller stores the command code of the temporary storage ^ and the input temporary storage (10) value respectively to the corresponding position of the second A picture, that is, [. Dirty sink register, (4) · scratchpad,

The value of the Count register, the LBA Lqw register, the LBA Mid register, the LBA High register, and the Device register are stored in the second A map - Command block, -Features block, Sector Count field, - LBA Low block, - LBA Mid field, - LBA High block, and a Device field. In addition, a 'Features (exP) block, a Sector Count (exp) block, an LBA Low m (clear) position, an LBA Mid (exP) block, and an LBA High (exp) field are used. The extended input parameters of the 48-bit standard command are written. The standard command of the bit is used to support the Logic Block Addressing (LBA) function as a 48-bit standard interface device. When the software program inputs the standard command of 48 bits to the host controller, when setting the input parameters of the standard command, 'fill the value of the 29th to 48th bits of the input parameter of the 48-bit standard command into the expansion wheel t temporary storage. The address of the benefit 'sends all the input parameters of the 48-bit standard command, and then according to the standard 2 command to the fresh interface device (4), the standard interface device can be controlled to perform the standard life 7 as described above because of the expansion input just described The parameter is used for the standard command of 48 bits, so when the input of the _ 28 bit is used, the extended input parameter can be set to any value and become the invalid rounding parameter. In addition, the remaining intercept host controllers write the corresponding parameters according to the definition of the coffee specification. After the host controller converts the standard command into the format of the input frame information structure, the standard command-based bridge that has been converted into the input frame information structure format is transmitted, and the standard bridge device converts the standard command to the standard interface device. The format of the identification is transmitted to the standard interface device for storage, and the corresponding temporary storage H and the command register are provided for the fresh interface device according to the IDLE command code of the command register and the remaining wheeled registers. Enter the parameters and execute the hall standard commands. After the standard interface device executes the fresh command, it will generate the output information as shown in the second B__, and the output information is sent to the complex input and output device inside the standard interface device for the computer system 1311708 to know the money. The state after the standard interface device executes the command. As shown in the second β diagram, the input contains multiple round-out parameters: an Err〇r register parameter, a Sector Count parameter, a LBALQW register parameter, a LBAMid register parameter, and a LBA High temporary. Save = number, - Device register parameters and - Status register parameters. The quasi-beauty coat will be sent back to the host control section, and the output information will be returned to the bridge for conversion to the format of the output frame information structure shown in Figure 3, ie, the standard interface will be The values of all output registers of the device are stored to the corresponding block of the third β map. Among them, mllJT〇TC〇Unt (6ΧΡ) ^'"^^^^^'--LBAMidCexp)

结_ (Qing smoke position is used to store the value of each expansion output parameter. After the output of the second number 1 material surface device executes the 48-bit fresh command, the 29th of each output parameter to you = straight = stored in the standard interface device The expansion address of each output buffer is stored. Therefore, when the standard device commands the standard command of 28 bits and generates the - (four) message, the output information is recorded and stored in the ride. (4) The address of the memory is filled in the address, and the number is invalid. The standard is fine! The flap is taken by her, to know that the Iqian soil = gamma wheel eight 28-bit standard command to the standard interface device is executed. The process of extracting ^^^ is a new loser_, the invention is connected to the special bridge by means of a soft bridge, and finally, it is transmitted to the host control type, and the bridge is a soft suspension, that is, In the case of the conversion of the 丨 丨 四 四 四 ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ If you can't confirm it, you will interrupt any action to cry, f, and t lose 28 people 70IDLE quasi-command S </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> </ RTI> <RTIgt; =^纲: A diagram of her Ming: After that, step _: input 8 digits 兀 IDLE standard command to the host control, conversion delete = ^ = bridge, which loses eight standard commands, that is, the input rod 5 | will, Delete the π command code for the coffee; then 'Step S13, the SATA input frame information structure format of the muscle E standard command is converted to the standard interface device can identify the L fish Γ fresh command command code ' to learn the software What kind of command is issued by the program, and the input parameters and command codes of the Newton 辟 辟 _ _ command are sent to the corresponding registers. The face is executed, the fresh interface device executes the received idle command. When the second two contains the output information of the invalid array out-of-round parameter, and the output is the same as the output, the output is recorded in the factory, and the return is transmitted; after that, the _, sata_« record input 28 The IDLE standard command of the bit, and then know that the standard interface interface is invalid. The extended output parameter of the parameter, so the sTM bridge mi _ special _ the number of revolutions, meaning that as shown in the fifth figure, there will be no H t ^SeCt〇r C〇Unt(eXP) ' LBA L-(exp) ^ LBA Mld (exp) ^ LBA SAT ^ A charge output parameters are set to (10), coffee, _, _. After the setting is completed, then enter = ^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ format, · 22 / '/^ Bridged stomach transmission output frame containing identification parameters, information structure, storage control ☆ 'At this time, host control 11 will store the output parameters of the output information to the output register corresponding to the host controller. The memory identification 1311708 parameter is also included in the corresponding output register. Finally, step S17 is performed, and the software program reads the identification parameter of the output information, so that the software program can break the parameter and the identity of the SATA bridge. If the _bridge is not a software program=manufactured by the manufacturer, the values of SectGr (clear), traversing Lw (clear), m ice exp) and LBA Hlgh(exp) will not be set to (10), _, _, _ Therefore, when _ SeetoF eQunt(exp) ' L〇w(exp), lm μμ(卿), and m are Glh, G2h, G3h, and G4h, respectively, the sata bridge is supported by vendor 4, and the software program will Continued execution; conversely, if the software program determines that the values of Ρ Ρ ί ί Α χ χ ) 、 L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA SATA The software program is jT to avoid being used by non-licensed vendors. The bridging department's money-seeking support for the eve of the ‘ 准 Ρ Ρ 之 command code, for the SATA bridge and the received command code to learn to set the output information of the invalid output parameters as identification parameters. In addition, the software default standard command is input to the standard interface device, wherein the preset standard information output command code 'such as #鲜interface device back transmission 癸令码' complete secret command code and SATA bridge pre- Let Zn set the invalid rounding parameter as the identification parameter for the software program to confirm the flow chart of each of the drawings of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the difference between the one and the other is that the fourth SATA SATA bridge sets the invalid output parameter as the identification parameter according to the code, and the software program of this embodiment is in sm = Connect 1^ to find the standard command - invalid input parameter is - execution parameter, provide SATA bridge according to the implementation of the spring SATA bridge pre-execution, and the politician parameter is the identification parameter, which is stated in this embodiment As after: the first one is more mixed than the job record. The description of this actual supplement says that the number is good and $ I t ^ S21, the software program sets the plural input of the IDLE standard command, and at least the invalid wheel face is set to the money line parameter. In this pay, the listener _ 1311708 expands the loss. The 4 number is set to G6h, where the LBA_expanded input parameter is the invalid rounding parameter. After that, step (4) 2, (4) to lose the human bile group command step is to enter the command code of the fresh command to the domain control weaving, where the ancestral command

IDLE Seven maps do not enter the frame information, the format of the follow-up, such as the High (Qing) block write

Γ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘

After the parameter is taken with the k scale, it is transmitted to the fresh listener. &quot; • Receiver' proceeds to step S24, the standard interface device executes the received IDLE standard command, and after the execution is completed, generates output information including invalid output parameters, and then transfers the output information to the SATA bridge; then, steps are performed Micro, according to the recording bridge recorded in step s23 = the input, the invalid output parameter of (4) is set as the identification parameter, and the output of the output parameter containing the identification parameter is converted into the format of the output frame information structure shown in the fifth figure; Steps are taken from 6, the bridge receives the round-out information of the output frame information structure format including the identification parameter to the host controller; finally, 'in step S27, the software program reads the identification parameter of the output information, and the program judges the identification parameter to Confirm the identity of the SATA bridge. Because the invalid input parameter is a parameter value that can be arbitrarily set, the sixth embodiment of the embodiment only sets the LBA High expansion input parameter to _, and the value that is easy to occur is set to be the same as the execution parameter. [Cause (4) Bridge Green Recognition Setting Invalid Input The parameter is the parameter. After the software program confirms the identity of the bridge and the software program continues to execute and issues the command, the SATA bridge: the value of the invalid input parameter due to the random number of the software program happens to be the same. Repeatedly setting the invalid output parameter to identify the parameter, thus reducing the performance of the sm bridge, in order to avoid the above situation, the problem can be solved by the implementation of the eighth figure, the method statement ^ first: Step S31 shows that the software program sets the plural input parameters of the standard command and sets the invalid input parameters to the confirmation parameters and the execution parameters, respectively. In this embodiment, the pass bw extended input parameter and the LBA Mid extended input parameter are respectively set to 〇7h and 〇8h as the confirmation parameters; 1311708 sets the LM High extended input parameter to 〇6h as the execution parameter. Then, the 'subsequent step S32' software program inputs a standard command to the host controller, and the host controller converts the input parameter and the command code including the male parameter and the execution parameter into the input frame information structure shown in the ninth figure. The format, for example, fills the m L〇w (clear) shed, the wrist (clear) and the LBA Hlgh (exp) fields with the values _, 嶋, _. After that, the host controller will then switch to the sneak-like structure to send to the bridge suspension; then, in step S33, the SATA bridge converts the received standard commands into standard interface devices and can read them. The format records its execution parameters and confirmation parameters, and then transfers them to the standard interface

Set. In this embodiment, the SATA bridge n is pre-set with a specific comparison value for comparing the parameter disk execution parameters to the calibration parameter, and then performing the step S34 'standard interface device to execute the received standard command, and after executing the command Outputting the output information including the invalid output parameter and transmitting it back to the bridge; then, proceeding to step S35 'According to the confirmation parameter and the execution parameter of the step S33, determining whether the invalid output parameter is the identification parameter, if it is difficult The bridge judges · rotten position, m tender new (4) G7h, _, and the value of LBA High(exp)_ is _ two jujube execution parameters, so the bridge _ invalid reduction, and the output information containing the identification parameters is converted into The fifth figure shows the format of the ΓΓΓ structure; button, step S36, the sata bridge transmits the output information including the cow: w sfl frame format to the host controller; finally, performs 3: takes the identification of the f signal The parameter 'make the software program judge the identification parameter: the identity of the 5-core SATA bridge. Example 11 is a flowchart of still another preferred embodiment of the present invention. The difference between the actual money example in the eighth figure is that “the implementation of the map will be followed by the invalidation of the standard order, and the implementation of the parameters will be confirmed, and this implementation will be solved by the order of the order. Parameters and confirmation parameters. This implementation provides a monthly statement as follows: First, as shown in step S41, the software clock - a description. The plural rounds the parameters, and (4) - 1311708 sets an IDLE standard command to this standard command. In actual operation, the LBA Low expansion input parameter and the LBA Mid expansion input parameter in the idle standard command are respectively set to 〇7h and 〇8h as the confirmation parameters. Next, proceed to step S42. The software program inputs the secondary standard command to the host. The controller, at which point the host controller converts the secondary standard command containing the margin parameters into the format of the input frame information structure. Then the secondary standard command is transmitted to the bridge for the SATA bridge to convert it to The standard interface device can read the format to confirm the included parameters, and transfer the converted secondary standard commands to the standard interface device for execution by the standard interface device. After the device executes the secondary standard command, it will generate the output information containing the invalid output parameter, and the bridge, at this time, the bridge will not set the invalid output parameter for the discriminant = system Ϊ output Wei Lai ride the gambling dragon structure After the money is transmitted to the host ^, the _S43 is touched, and the command of the slave-fresh command is used to count the parameters of the field. In this embodiment, the towel will be assigned another job, which is the L that it contains. Difficult Deng Deng) expansion input ^ ^ = = will immediately convert the standard command containing the execution parameters into the input city record its execution parameters, which is converted to the format that the standard interface device can read, at the same time, remember &lt; It is transmitted to the standard interface device. Invalid ^Face f executes the standard command, after execution, it will generate SATA bridge n according to the SATA bridge H to step S46, the output information I turn to the parameters and execution parameters, Tear A bridge is determined to set this to the round frame information shown in the fifth figure... The identification information of the round-out information conversion connector transmission contains the identification parameters; '' Then' proceed to step S47, SATA bridge program Wei wheel (4) Private last, proceed ㈣8, soft

Confirm the identity of the SATA J5 1311708 bridge. In summary, the method of arranging the identity of the hairpin (simplified) bridge is described in an outline manner. Please refer to the twelfth figure, and the flow technique is accompanied by the rule = step S51, and the input command is County command ride ^^: First, after that, proceed to step S52 to transmit the standard command to the format of the standard jiebei 14; the standard interface device executes the standard command, and generates, does not enter step S53, step S54, SATA bridge setting output Invalid information of the information, the stepping round of the newsletter «1_ 格 々 Finally, enter 彳 _. When it is converted into a bridge, it will continue to execute, if the body = software program can identify the software program suffers Stealing. The _ thing is a little executed, so that the invention can be avoided with the novelty and the progressive feeling. The Prayer and Fishing Bureau will grant patents as soon as possible, but the above-mentioned ones are only the scope of one implementation of the present invention. Therefore, according to the invention, the patents are not limited to the limit == God is equal change and the teacher should The invention is included in the invention:: Nate [simple description of the drawing] f a picture of the standard interface device invented by the forest _ computer system phase set; 弟-A picture is the end of the SaTA IDLE standard command "The second B picture is the standard command output format table. The third discussion is the standard order of the money box Wei's (four) picture is the output frame of the command frame information structure of the four brothers The figure is a flow chart of a preferred embodiment of the present invention; [5] The present invention contains the identification parameters of the output of the british six diagrams of another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the lying format table 16 1311708 Format of the information structure of the incoming frame; the format of the information structure of the incoming frame is the flow chart of the present invention containing the execution parameters. The eighth figure is a flow chart of a preferred embodiment of the present invention; - ninth The figure is a wheel table containing the confirmation record and the execution parameter of the invention; the tenth figure is the A flowchart of a preferred embodiment; a tenth diagram is a format table of an input frame information structure including a confirmation parameter; and a twelfth diagram is a flowchart of an embodiment of the present invention.

[Main component symbol description] 10 Host controller 20 MTA bridge 30 Standard interface device 40 Software program

Claims (1)

1311708 X. Patent application scope: 1. The method of advanced technology attachment specification (SATA) bridge identity includes the following steps: input; ^ quasi-command to a host controller, which converts the standard command into an input Frame Information Structure 'FIS format; conveys the standard command to the -standard interface device; lights the standard command and generates - outputs the f-to-leg bridge, the output information includes the complex array invalid output Parameter; 5 疋 at least - the invalid output parameter is an identification parameter 'and converts the output information into a format of the output frame information structure; and confirms whether the identification parameter corresponds to the SATA bridge to confirm The identity of the SATA bridge. 2_ The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of input parameters of the standard command are set before the standard command is input to the host controller. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the standard command conforms to a specification of a standard interface specification. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the standard command is entered using a software program. The method of claim 1, wherein the standard command is transmitted by the host controller to the SATA bridge to transfer the input frame before transmitting the standard command to the standard interface device. The standard command of the information structure format is a format that can be recognized by the standard interface device. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein when the format of the standard command is converted, the command code of the standard command is recorded, and the invalid rounding parameter is set according to the command code as the identification parameter. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the standard command is executed by the standard interface device. 18 l3ll7〇! The method described in the scope of the patent, wherein the method of inputting the standard 17 of the standard 17 is used, and the method is used to transfer the fresh command to the standard 2 device. Controlling the transfer of the standard command to the relay bridge, = the new command of the changer Na Peng recorded Wei style is the format of the fresh interface device. Shishen: After the patent (4) ή ή 妓 妓 妓 妓 巾 巾 巾 巾 巾 巾 巾 巾 巾 巾 巾 巾 巾 巾 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The R method, wherein the method is performed by the standard interface device:::===where the method of ___^ is described in the method of "a" is invalidated as described in claim 14 of the patent scope The ^ _ 3 Supported SATA Bridge ' can set the invalid software range as described in the 14th section of the patent application scope. And determining whether the identification parameter is that the identification does not continue. ...is discriminating, then the software program 24. The specific value preset in the scented scent as described in claim 14 of the patent application. The identification parameter is used for the SATA bridge. 25. If the application parameter is the execution parameter, the non-confirmation parameter of the standard command is set. - Let the other - the invalid rounding parameters Hungry as the application scope of the scope of the scope of the J4 input parameters for the implementation of the implementation of the county command to set the parameters of the parameters before the steps include the following steps: 7. Hai no 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 20 1311708 Set at least one of the standard commands to be used—converter' to convert to the input frame information structure. E &quot;, put the wheel input parameter as a confirmation parameter Enter the secondary standard command to the host control format; and transmit the secondary standard command to the next-person bridge. 27·If the method described in claim 25 or the 26th torn, +-le Zb item, according to the confirmation parameter “Wei line parameter, the identification parameter of the invalid transmission number is set. δ.=Please The method described in Item 26, wherein the standard command is - 28 bits (10)), and the invalid input parameter such as 'quasi Dp々' is an expansion (information) input parameter. • As described in the patent application 帛 14 item, where the standard command is - 28 bits (bit) 'quasi-decreation order, δ 专 专 invalid input parameter is expansion (eXpande (j) input parameter. 30. The method of claim 14, wherein the standard command is a -28 bit standard command, and the invalid output parameter is an expanded output parameter. twenty one