TWI301257B - Improved passive matrix electrophoretic display driving scheme - Google Patents

Description

1301257 发明, DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION: TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to electrophoretic displays. More specifically, the present invention discloses an improved driving mechanism for a passive matrix electrophoretic display. [Prior Art] An electrophoretic display (EPD) is a non-emissive device based on electrophoresis of charged pigment particles suspended in a solvent. The first time was raised in 1 969. The display typically includes two plates with electrodes and facing each other, the two being separated by a separator. One of the electrodes is typically transparent. A suspension of a colored solvent and a plurality of charged pigment particles is sealed between the two plates. When a voltage difference is applied between the two boards, the pigment particles migrate to one side, and then the color of the pigment or the color of the solvent can be seen depending on the polarity of the voltage difference. There are several different types of EPD. In the split type EPD (see article published by Hopper and V. Novotny in IEEE Trans. Electr. Dev., ed. 26, No. 8, pp. 1148-1152 (1979)), in these two There will be a plurality of divisions between the plates to divide the space into a plurality of small units to avoid unnecessary movement of particles, such as precipitation. The microencapsulated EPD (as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,961,8, 4 and U.S. Patent No. 5,539,026) has substantially two-dimensional microencapsulated arrays. The composition consists of a dielectric fluid and a suspension comprising a plurality of charged pigment particles (visually in contrast to the dielectric solvent). Another type of EPD (see U.S. Patent No. 3,612,758) will have an electrophoresis unit consisting of a plurality of parallel lines 1301257 storage. The channel-like electrophoretic cells are covered by and in electrical contact with the transparent conductor. Above the transparent conductors there is a layer of transparent glass, which is viewed from the side of the transparent glass. In the following application in the review, an improved epd technique is disclosed. 'This article refers to all of them in the manner cited: the patent number of the application filed on March 3, the number of the application number G9/5i8, 488 No. 〇9/6〇M54, filed in the U.S. Patent Application Serial No. (10)/759,212, filed Jun. 28, 2000, filed on Jan. _ The US patent application filed on February 15th of the year is No. G9/784,972. The improved EpD comprises a closed unit which is composed of a well-defined microcup having a shape, size and pore size and filled with charged pigment particles suspended in a dielectric solvent. A passive matrix system can be used to drive the Qing. In the case of a typical passive matrix system, there are row electrodes on the top (viewing surface) of the display and column electrodes at the bottom of the cells (or both arrangements can be inverted). The column electrodes and the row electrodes are perpendicular to each other. However, in the case of an EPD driven by a passive matrix system, there are two related known problems: crosstalk and cross bias. Crosstalk occurs when the electric field of adjacent cells of a cell provides a bias to the particles in the cell. Figure 丨 is an example. The bias voltage of cell A drives the positively charged particles toward the bottom of the cell. Since the single 兀B does not have any bias voltage, the positively charged particles in unit B should originally be expected to stay at the top of the unit, but the front electrode voltage of unit 3 is such that horse units 8 and 8 are very close to each other. (30V) and the bottom electrode voltage (〇v) of unit A will generate a crosstalk 1301257 electric field, which will make i Baibo s Ώ丄曰, and move some of the particles in the early 7G 向下 down. Relaxing the distance between adjacent units may eliminate this problem; however, this distance may also reduce the resolution of the display. If there is a single 亓, and if there is a non-hanging threshold voltage, then (4) string questions. The critical electric energy in the context of the present invention can be applied to the maximum partial voltage of a single 7L, but does not cause the particles to move between the two electrodes on the opposite side of the unit. If the units are very high The threshold voltage can reduce the crosstalk effect without sacrificing the resolution of the display. It is also a well-known problem for passive matrix displays. The voltage on the electrode is not only provided for scanning. The driver's bias voltage on the cell will also affect the bias of the non-scanning single S on the same row. This non-pre-four voltage may force the non-scanning cells to migrate to the opposite electrode. Expected particle migration causes visible optical density changes, and 1

Reduce the contrast of the display. E; the name of the EPD that solves the problems of crosstalk, crossover and bias, etc., is described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 0/322,635, filed on Sep. 12, 2009. "__ Improved electrophoretic display with gated % pole (An Impr〇Ved)

Electrophoretic Display with Gating Electrodes), based on the purpose of which it is incorporated herein by reference. However, even one shows. . The unit used in the application presents the boundary effect described in the application referenced in the previous paragraph. However, if the passive matrix driving mechanism is used incorrectly, it may still have poor image quality and/or poor display performance. Question 1301257. This is because of the critical effect (that is, even in the case of cross-bias conditions, there is still no significant particle migration in the non-scanning column, as long as the intersection does not exceed the critical value) Image quality may be poor due to bias and bias under certain conditions. For example, the specific conditions are the direct current (DC) voltage below the nominal threshold voltage of the unit, or the unit. The initial state is a voltage applied below the nominal threshold voltage when an unexpected special migration occurs under an alternating bias condition below the nominal threshold voltage. Again, the true threshold voltage of a particular instance or special group of conditions depends not only on the structure and material of the unit, but also on the additional factors below. • The length of the application of the voltage and the initial state of the unit. . A unit may exhibit a first critical value vth=A for the voltage applied in the second period = τ, and a lower second value for the voltage applied in another double period (2T). Vth=B. So 'we need a passive matrix drive mechanism, which must solve the problem of the parent and the partiality. It will also consider the critical conditions that the EpD unit will present after the special conditions that will be affected by the drive mechanism. Various variables of voltage Vth. Another problem associated with EPD driven by passive matrix is reverse bias. For example, when the bias voltage on a particular cell changes rapidly or decreases due to the stored charge in the inherent capacitance of the material and structure of the EpD dielectric layer, a reverse bias occurs. Pressure. For example, in the microcup EpD described in the above application, the sealing and adhesive layer, the electrophoretic dispersant, the microcup, and any other insulating layer or 10 1301257 material each have an inherent capacitance associated therewith. (and resistance). When a bias voltage is applied to a cell (e.g., to drive it to a different display center), the name of the valley is charged and a reverse bias occurs when the bias voltage changes. Under certain circumstances, this reverse bias affects display quality by allowing the charged pigment particles in the ρ θ unit to migrate away from their driven position. Figure 2 shows a typical EpD unit 2, which comprises a large amount of electro-ice dispersant, and a plurality of charged pigment particles 204 dispersed in a #色 dielectric solvent 2〇6. The dispersant is contained in a top edge of the rim material layer 208 and a bottom insulating material layer 21 (). In these embodiments, the insulating material may comprise a non-conductive polymer. In the unit of the above-mentioned patent application under review, the insulating layer may comprise a sealing and/or layer or the microcup structure. The dispersant and associated adhesive material are located between an upper electrode 212 and a lower electrode 214. "Three points are shown in FIG. 2A, which are labeled as "A", %, and "C", and point A is located in the insulating layer. At the top of 2〇8, point b is at the bottom of insulating layer 208(5) (i.e., at the top of the dispersant), and the point is at the bottom of insulating layer 21〇. Fig. 2β shows the equivalent circuit of the portion between the point A and the point C in the unit 00 of Fig. 2a. In Fig. 2B, the capacitor C1 and the lightning resistance R 7 are ± ϋ R1 representing the inherent capacitance and resistance of the insulating layer 208 above. Similarly, the capacitor C2 and the resistor scale 2 represent the intrinsic lightning cross of the insulating layer 2 1 下方 below the @. And resistance. Dispersant 202 will also have its associated capacitance and electrical resistance. ^ 1301257 As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, if the driving voltage Vd is applied to the upper electrode 212 and the lower electrode 214 is fixed at the ground potential, the voltage applied across the dispersing agent itself will initially be very close to Vd, but 'As capacitors C1 and C2 are charged, this voltage will drop slightly. Figure 3 shows the drop in voltage applied across the dispersant as capacitors C1 and C2 are charged, and if the voltage applied across the cell 200 suddenly changes by one (e.g., from drive voltage Vd) k to zero volts can occur to induce a reverse bias effect. At point a, the applied voltage may be a square waveform that will initially rise to Vd, remain at that level, and then quickly fall and stay at zero (shown by the dashed line in Figure 3) . However, when the voltage drop applied at point a is zero, the dispersant is actually affected by an induced reverse bias, and capacitors C1 and C2 will discharge at this time, causing at least transient mode (see figure). The point labeled "Reverse Bias" in 3) applies a negative power % to the dispersant. Once the capacitors are discharged, the voltage applied to the dispersant (i.e., at point B) is set back to zero. Depending on these conditions and the design of the unit, the transient induced reverse bias may cause poor image quality, for example by allowing the charged pigment particles to migrate away from their driven position to display the desired image. As described above, when the bias voltage below the threshold voltage of the cell is applied for a long time without being interrupted, a similar problem occurs. This uninterrupted power C is also known as the "DC" voltage or component. Under these conditions, even if the bias voltage is lower than the threshold voltage, the charged particles may migrate to an unintended position because the effective threshold voltage is lower for the bias voltage applied for a long time. relationship. 12 1301257, so we need a driving mechanism for the passive matrix EPD to alleviate the problems of reverse bias and unintended DC bias voltage effects. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a system and method for mitigating the induced inverse: bias effect in a passive matrix electrophoretic display. Performing the intermediate bias phase prior to the drive cycle 'selecting the bias conditions of the intermediate bias phase, such that the process from the bias condition before the drive cycle to the bias condition used during the drive cycle can be divided into At least two steps. The invention feeds a sink after the drive phase of each scanned column and before the drive phase of the next column to be scanned; #"" again. The present invention discloses the addition of a pre-drive phase prior to scanning to reduce (4) the reverse bias effect. The in-line resistor is added between the __(4) device and the electrode associated with the driver. The present invention also discloses displaying an image in an electrophoretic display by the following method: t first driving the electrophoretic cell array to a white display state, and driving the background region to the background display state. Furthermore, the present invention also discloses inserting an equilibration phase ' after scanning each column to restore the display elements in the non-scan columns to the same initial state. [Embodiment] It should be understood that the present invention can be implemented in various ways, including a method, a device, a system, or a computer readable medium such as a computer readable storage medium, or a computer Network, where < transmits program instructions over an optical or electronic communication link. It should be noted that the steps of the method disclosed herein may be altered within the scope of the invention. 13 1% 1301257

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION One or more preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail by way of example with reference to the drawings. While the invention has been described in connection with the embodiments, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to any embodiment. On the contrary, the scope of the invention is limited only by the scope of the claims, and the invention is intended to cover various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents. In the following description, various specific details are set forth in order to provide a clear understanding of the invention. The invention may be practiced according to the scope of the patent application without any such express details. For the sake of clarity, the technical contents well-known in the technical fields related to the present invention will not be described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention. & Derivation of the voltage applied to the scan column, the non-scan column, and the row electrode to solve the cross-bias problem. The term "threshold voltage (vth)" in the context of this disclosure is defined as not causing a The particles in the cell produce a moving maximum bias voltage. The term "drive voltage (Vd)" in the context of this disclosure is defined to change a single

= color state (e.g., by applying the particles in the cell from the -electrode [, near the initial position of the crucible to the end position at or near the opposite electrode): the applied bias voltage. The driving voltage vd 某 used in a particular application is sufficient to cause the color and the change of the unit within the necessary performance parameters of the application, including those measured by the parameters (such as the time taken for the state transition to complete). . The "Scan" column in the passive matrix display is a column currently being updated or renewed in the display. The "Non-Scan" column is a column that is not currently updated or renewed. The "positive bias" in the context of the present disclosure is defined as the bias of 14 1301257 which tends to cause the positively charged particles & μ u,, k to migrate upward (i.e., the potential of the lower electrode is higher than the upper electrode). Therefore, U, the positive bias tends to drive the surface of the positively charged particles, for example to be used. This is done as early as 70 switching to white or "on" state == negative eccentricity is defined as the tendency to let positive particles: move downwards (that is, the potential of the lower electrode is lower than the upper electrode) Two: Type: For the skin matrix, the column electrodes may be located at the top. The μ electrode may be located at the bottom and perpendicular to the invertible arrangement. Figure and heart to (4) shown in the series -2χ2 ^ ^ ^ P# 〇 @ 4Α ^ ^ ^ # ^ ^ f 谰HI.仏固丄 towel~zxz passive matrix

Excuse, voltage A drives the non-scanning column at the top, while voltage B drives the scanning column at the bottom. At the beginning of the electric U, as shown in Figs. 4B" to 4B_4, the cells in the cell and Z are located at the bottom of the cells that are in the vicinity of the nightmare. Assuming that the system to be adjusted here scans the column, the particles of the second are moved to the bottom electrode, while the particles in the cell are held at the top electrode position of the target. Of course, even if there is a cross-cutting > £ condition, the particles of the 7° early in the non-scanning column should (4) be maintained at the “initial position—w at the top electrode and X at the bottom electrode. The W and X systems are located in the non-scanning column, so the target is that the yoke bias condition affects the column, and it is also ensured that the particle granules are at the current electrode position. In the middle, the critical voltage of the unit is a very important factor. Unless the critical value is greater than or equal to the crossover voltage that may occur, otherwise, when the intersection occurs and the bias is 15 1301257, the unit The particles will move and the contrast will be reduced. A driving voltage vd must be applied in order to drive the particles in the cell γ from the top electrode to the bottom electrode ' during a specific time period. The driving power used in a particular application may depend on several factors, including but not necessarily limited to cell geometry, cell design, array design and placement, and materials and solvents used. The particles do not affect the particles in the single 兀W, x and Ζ, the intensity of the driving voltage Vd applied to change the state of the unit 以及 and the manner in which the application must be biased by the remaining units Greater than the threshold voltage Vth of the cells. To determine the minimum threshold voltage required to avoid unintentional state changes in the basic passive matrix shown in Figures 4A through 4B-4 under these conditions, the following inequality must be satisfied. : A-C<Vth D-A<Vth B-C>Vd B-D<Vth Adding three inequalities including Vth to solve this equation's paying inequality (AC)+( DA) + (BD) <Vth+Vth+Vth, which becomes simplification and becomes B-C<3 Vth or 3 Vth> BC. Combining this inequality with the remaining inequality BC>Vd gives 3Vth>B- The result of C>Vd is 3Vth>Vd or Vth>l/3Vd. For the passive matrix shown in Figures 4A to 4B.4, the threshold voltage of the cells must be greater than or equal to three-thirds of the driving voltage to be applied to change the state of the cells, so that the expected The state changes to avoid the change caused by the cross-biasing of the single 16 1301257 yuan, resulting in an unexpected state change. Further McCaw charts 4A to 4B-4, if the driving voltage Vd is applied to the scanning column B's activity, then the above inequality will be pointed out that it is necessary to ensure that the following conditions apply the driving bias voltage to the unit to be clamped and that no voltage higher than the threshold voltage is applied to the other unit (ie, the sweep) The non-redformed and non-scanned cells in the field column are applied to the non-scanning column and the voltage applied to the non-scanning column should be equal to l/3Vd, applied to and intended to be programmed (ie, changed display) The voltage of the row electrode (eg, row electrode C) associated with one of the scan columns of the state column should be 〇V, applied to and not programmed (ie, remain in the initial or reset state) The voltage of the row electrode associated with one of the cells in the scan column should be equal to 2/3 vd. For example, in the embodiment - the drive voltage required to achieve acceptable performance is 30 V. If shown in Figures 4A through 4B_4 If the driving voltage Vd=3〇v in the passive matrix display is shown, then if the driving voltage of 30V is applied to the cell γ to maintain the initial state of the cells w, χ, and z and simultaneously change the state of the cell γ. The minimum threshold voltage required is Vth = 10 V. Assuming B = 30 V, then the solutions of the above equation are a = i 〇 v , O 0 V and D = 2 〇 V. Referring to Figures 4A to 4β·4, it can be seen that under these conditions, the bias applied to each of the cells w, x and ζ is actually less than or equal to the minimum threshold voltage Vth = 1 〇 v. It is shown from the figure that this solution can be used for passive matrices of any size and is not limited to the 2X2 array shown in Figure 4A. In a consistent embodiment, a passive matrix electrophoretic display includes a display medium made using a roll-to-roll (iv) i-to-roU process. The display element containing the display 17 1301257 medium includes the micro-cup EPD single-mode patent application described in the above-mentioned patent application. The micro-cups 70 can be individually densely-occupied in one embodiment. Cutting the entire or full-volume display medium into any, and thinking about it - in the embodiment, it can be provided - the connector / the adapter: the column electrodes and / or row electrodes connected to the - drive / Road, such as the driver integrated circuit (1C). For example, in LCD technology*, the "fan-out" and/or "fan-in" method can be used to connect the row electrode and/or the electrode to the width of the connector IC (the contact point of the drive IC). Less than & not visible $ width ° ® 4C is used in the row electrode d" mode. The far row electrode 440 includes a straight portion 442 that is above the array. The row electrodes further enclose 446, which enables the row electrodes 44A to be electrically connected to the driver integrated circuit (1C) 448. In the LCD technology, the manner shown in Fig. 4C can be realized by forming an electrode fan-in/fan-out portion on the glass substrate of the display. The above fan-in/fan-out mode can be used for a passive matrix EpD. However, the shape of the display must be known in advance so that the fan-in or fan-out portions of the electrodes can be formed on the substrate. An alternative to that shown in Figure 4D is the provision of a connector/condulator for enabling an arbitrary shape display to be coupled to a driver 1C. In the illustrated example shown in FIG. 4D, a four-column multiplication has been cut from a full-piece or full-volume EPD display having only straight columns or rows (ie, without any fan-in or fan-out portions). A four-row section 460. The row electrodes 462 are electrically connected to the row driver ic 466 through a connector/switch 464 by way of a partial correlation with the connector/transformer in 18 1301257 468. 466 associated with a plurality of viscous contact points. In a straightforward example, the row driver IC4_ can be connected to the connector/tweezer 464 using a conductive adhesive (eg, = or a silver paste). The structure of the 5H connector/switch 464 is very similar to the fan-in portion 446 of the figure. Similarly, the column electrodes are electrically connected to the column driver Ic 476 through the connector/transfer 474. By providing a variety of sized "fans / fan-out connectors / adapters", the connection of any shape display that is cut from the entire roll or the entire display medium is supported, but does not have to be changed or customized. The process can achieve maximum flexibility in the use of roll-to-roll private EPD media without increasing the complexity and inelasticity of the process. I join the intermediate stage, the precipitation stage, and/or the pre-drive stage to mitigate the reverse dust effect. The passive matrix drive technique described in this section assumes that a passive matrix electrophoretic display comprising an array of electrophoretic cells contains a An electrophoretic dispensing agent comprising positively charged pigment particles dispersed in a colored dielectric solvent. In one embodiment, the charged pigment particles are white and the dielectric solvent is black or a particular other contrasting color suitable as the background color. In the example described herein, the cell threshold voltage Vth is assumed to be 丨〇v, and the cell driving voltage Vd is assumed to be 30V. In the example t described herein, the EPD is assumed to include a row of electrode arrays in the upper layer of the display (on the EPD cell array) on the viewing surface side of the EPD, and in the display and the viewing surface The lower layer of the display 19 1301257 (located under the EPD cell array) on the opposite side includes a column of electrode arrays. The scented towels of the examples will drive the white pigment particles in the unit associated with the pixel to the viewing surface for displaying the white color in the pixel, and may instead The bottom of the cell is driven (or remains unchanged) to display a black color (or other background color) in the pixel (and in certain embodiments, if necessary, may be partially driven to the The top or bottom surface is used to display a grayscale color in the pixel). Those skilled in the art will recognize that the techniques described herein can also be used with other types of units, different electrophoretic dispersants (without any limitation 'we can also have negatively charged pigment particles), different colors, different electrode arrangements, etc. Other passive moment P-car EPDs, if necessary, can easily calculate the polarity change and/or intensity variation of the voltages described herein to achieve the results described herein. Figure 5 shows the configuration and conditions used in the graphical examples described in this section. What is not shown in the figure is a 3χ3 passive matrix EpD array 5〇〇 (which may be part of a larger array, for example). In Fig. 5, the array 500 includes a plurality of column electrodes 5〇2, 5〇4, and 5〇6, which are also labeled R1, R2, and R3, respectively. The array 5 further includes a plurality of set electrodes 508, 510, and 512, which are also labeled C1, C2, and C3, respectively. Each intersection of a column of electrodes and a row of electrodes has an electrophoretic element associated with it, such as element 514 at the intersection of the first column 5〇2 and the first row 5〇8. In the following discussion, a set of Cartesian coordinates can be used to confirm the corresponding column number and row number to represent a display element (element 20 1301257 514), for example element 514 can be represented as (R1, C1) because it is located Column R1 and row C1. The state of the 3x3 array 500 shown in Figure 5 is assumed to be as follows: all nine display elements in the array have been reset to a black/background state in which white charged pigment particles have been driven to the display elements. Bottom (non-viewing side); and for this purpose, the elements considered here (R1, ci) and (R3, Cl) are switched after successive scans of columns R1, R2 and R3. In a white state (charged pigment particles are driven to the top, that is, viewing the surface), while elements (R2, will maintain their initial, black state (particles at the bottom). The following paragraphs illustrate various driving mechanisms , which can be used to drive the elements of the first row (C1) from the initial state in which the cells are reset to all black to the final state shown in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows a basic passive matrix EpD Driving mechanism. For one: the passive matrix EPD, 'the pixels in the scan column to be switched are long; the same driving energy, the driving energy is proportional to the product of the driving voltage and the punch width. The scan In the column Such non-switched pixels and the pixels in the 2 scan columns are typically subjected to a three-point maximum drive energy (see discussion in Section A above). Therefore, as long as the EPD unit containing 乂 pixels has a critical effect greater than the maximum drive One-third of the energy, then the cross-bias effect will theoretically not refer to Figure 6 for image quality. The area labeled 602 includes a reset cycle in which the single 70 of the 2 is driven to the initial Black/background state, in the initial complaint, the charged pigment particles are at the bottom of the unit. As shown in Fig. 6 of 21 1301257, all three columns in the first interval are set at 3 volts. And the row electrodes (row C1) are fixed at the squat; followed by a substantially equal second interval, the column electrodes being solidified at 0 volts during the second interval And the row electrodes are set at 30 volts; followed by the first interval and the second interval. In one embodiment, the final interval (in the interval, the row electrodes) (located at the top, that is, the display The viewing surface of the device will be driven to 3 volts, and the column electrodes S will be fixed at the undulations) causing the positively charged pigment particles to be driven away from the row electrodes and close to the column electrodes The position (i.e., driven to the bottom of the cells). As noted above, the voltages described in this example and other examples described herein are for illustrative purposes only, and the polarity of the voltage used is The size will vary with the particular design. Further referring to Figure 6, the first column R1 will be scanned during the first column scan interval 604, and the second column R2 will be scanned during the second column scan interval 6〇6, and The third column R3 is scanned during the three-column scanning interval 608. As shown in Fig. 6, when a column of s is being scanned, it is set at the driving voltage Vd=3〇V and all other columns are set. At l/3Vd=10V. The voltages shown by ® 6 are applied to the electrodes C1 during the driving of columns R1 to R3 to achieve the final grievance of the row c1 units as shown in FIG. Single 7L (Rl, C1) and (R3, C1) are driven to a white state (charged particles are driven to the top). In this regard, during the scanning periods (intervals 604 and 608) of the columns R1 and R3, the row electrode C1 is fixed at 〇v, resulting in the units (R1, C1) and (R3, C1). The magnitude of the potential drop between the top end and the bottom of the cells will be complete Vd = 3 〇 v 22 1301257, causing charged particles in the cells to be driven close to the display during scanning of their individual columns. The top position on the surface side (ie, the row) The new position of the electrode (note that the terms top and bottom are arbitrarily specified. As used herein, "top" refers to the viewing surface of the display. 'In some designs, it may be the "bottom" of the display element, as in the microcup design, where the "bottom" of the microcups will constitute the viewing surface, and the micro The seal "top" of the cup will form the opposite surface to the viewing surface). Conversely, the cell (R2, ci) maintains its original, black/background state. In this regard, during the scanning of the column R2, the row electrode C1 is set to 2 〇 v, so that the potential difference across the cells (R2, C1) is only 1 〇 v (that is, m of the driving voltage Vd), and is equal to (ie, no greater than) the nominal threshold voltage Vth, the result of which is that the charged particles will remain in the initial state +, which is in a state of being reset during the reset cycle 602. Although the passive matrix driving mechanism shown in FIG. 6 should be theoretically effective, since it will consider the arithmetic derivation relationship between the critical electric power i Vth and the driving voltage Vd as described in the above section A, FIG. 6 The mechanism does not solve the problem of reverse bias in non-switching pixels. The system-passive matrix EPD driving mechanism shown in Fig. 7 in which an intermediate P white I has been added to reduce the reverse bias in the non-switching pixels. The mechanism shown in Figure 7 begins with the same reset cycle 6〇2 shown in Figure 6. After the reset cycle % and before the drive cycle j裒7〇4, the intermediate phase 2 has been added, wherein the β drive cycle is the same as the interval 6〇4-6〇8 of FIG. During the period of 戸白丰和702, the row electrodes (e.g., row electrodes ci) are driven to 23 1301257 20V, and the column electrodes are driven to 1 〇v. By adding this intermediate stage, the process of converting the reset cycle to the drive cycle can be divided into two steps, thereby reducing the reverse bias effect. For example, we can compare the electrodes applied to the pixels (R2, C1) under the individual mechanisms shown in Figures 6 and 7. Under the mechanism of Figure 6, (R2, C1) will be subjected to a 30V negative bias during the final interval of the reset cycle (the line C1 voltage is 30V higher than the column R2 voltage), and then subjected to a 10V positive bias ( During interval 604, the voltage at R2 = iov, the voltage at ci = 〇v). The net conversion is 40ν. In contrast, under the mechanism of Figure 7, this conversion is divided into two steps, the first-person 20V transition from the final interval of the reset cycle to the intermediate phase 702 (from the end of the reset cycle) R2-C1=-30V becomes R2-C1=-10V in the intermediate stage; the second 20V transition enters the first part of the drive cycle 704 from the intermediate stage 702, which corresponds to Figure 6 The interval 604 (from R2_cl=_1〇v in the intermediate stage to R2_C1 = 10Vp at the initial portion of the drive cycle) divides the transition into two smaller steps to mitigate the reverse bias effect. The passive matrix EPD driving mechanism shown in the figure can further improve the mechanism shown in Figure 7. The mechanism shown in Figure 8 begins with the intermediate stage 702 of Figure 7, and assumes that two have been completed before the intermediate stage 7〇2: The reset cycle (eg, reset cycle 602, which is not shown in Figure 8). In the drive cycle following the intermediate phase 702, the "precipitation" phase has been added after the sweep and before the scan-column. The first column R1 scan interval 802 is followed by the precipitation stage 8〇4, at this stage All of the column and row electrodes are set to 0 volts to allow the particles to be deposited and brought together, and the inherent capacitance of the EPD cell structures is discharged before scanning. The second column R2 scan interval 806 is followed by a precipitation phase 808, and the third column R3 scan interval 8 1 〇 is followed by a precipitation phase 812. This inversion can be mitigated by discharging the inherent capacitance before scanning the following. In addition, the introduction of a precipitation stage can decompose the DC component applied to the cells, which is advantageous because, as described above, even if a DC component less than or equal to the nominal critical turtle pressure Vth is applied for a long period of time Uninterrupted may have a negative impact on image quality. Finally, in one embodiment, due to the physics between the particles and/or between the particles and the dielectric solvent and/or the EPD structure and materials Relationship between chemical, and/or electrical interactions, which allows the charged particles to be more closely packed together, making the units more complete and strong The passive-element EPd driving mechanism shown in Figure 9A is presented in a violent manner, and an additional intermediate stage has been added before and after scanning each column in the mechanism shown in Figure 8. An initial intermediate stage 902 of the first type is then applied. As shown in Figure 9A, in one embodiment, the first type intermediate stage 9〇2 is the same as the intermediate stage 702 of Figure 7 (i.e., there are multiple lines in 2) 〇v and plural are listed at 10V. In the mechanism shown in Fig. 9A, the first type intermediate stage 902 is followed by the first column ri scanning stage 904, squatting, followed by the second type intermediate Stage 906 (in one embodiment, as shown in Figure 9A, which includes setting the column electrodes to 1 〇v and setting the row electrodes to 0V), followed by a precipitation stage 908, at which stage The column electrodes and row electrodes of the 25 1301257 are set to 0V. The four phase cycles (stages 9〇2 to 9〇8) described above for the first column R1 can then be repeated for the second column R2 (stages 910 to 916) and the third column R3 (stages 918 to 924). In one of the embodiments, the introduction of the additional intermediate stages in the mechanism illustrated in Figure 9A causes each pixel to be subjected to a negative bias voltage (intermediate phase of the first type) and then to an equal magnitude. Negative bias voltages of opposite polarity (intermediate phase 2 of the second type) act in a staggered manner to reduce particle migration caused by long-term application of the same cross-bias voltage without interruption. As shown in the mechanism of Figure 8, the precipitation stage allows the particles to precipitate and build together. In addition, the addition of the second type of intermediate stages after scanning can reduce the bias in a mechanism (such as the mechanism shown in Figure 8, that is, the mechanism of adding a precipitation stage after scanning). The phenomenon that the voltage is lowered, thereby further reducing the induced reverse bias effect. The passive matrix EPE driving mechanism shown in Fig. 9B has been modified in the driving cycle shown in Fig. 6 (interval 6 〇 6 〇 8) so as to include a pre-drive pulse in scanning each column. If the data associated with the pixel is to apply the drive bias voltage to change the display state of the electrode, then a drive is used in the drive waveform shown in Figure 9B and a more complete description below. A pulse (referred to herein as a pre-driver pulse) drives the particles of the plurality of pixels in the scan column prior to the direction of the electrode, the direction being opposite to the direction in which the particles in the scan column are driven during scanning . After the pre-drive pulse has charged the pixel and inverted its polarity 26 to drive the particles to 1301257, then the forward drive pulse is applied to the designated electrode. In the exemplary drive waveform shown in Figure 9B, there is one such pre-driver pulse before each scan cycle. In the example of Fig. 9β, we assume that the pixels contain positively charged white particles suspended in a black dielectric solvent whose reset state is a black display state in which the charged particles have been driven to The position at or near the column (bottom) electrode, and the data to be written is that the pixels in the columns R1 and R3 in the row C1 are written in a white display state (at or near the row (top) electrode C1) The particles in column R2 will remain in the black display state. When a column (eg, R1) is addressed, the pixels in the scan column are first reset to a black display state during the pre-drive phase 942, during which the next column to be scanned (ie, R1) will be set to 〇V, while the non-scan columns R2 and R3 and the row electrodes (eg row electrode ci) will be set to 3〇v, resulting in a reverse drive (ie reset) bias condition being applied. The pixels to column R1, but without any bias, are applied to the pixels in the non-scanning column. Column R1 is then set to 30V during column R1 scan phase 944. During column R1 scan phase 944, row electrode C1 is set to 〇V, causing the associated pixel in row C1 column R1 to be driven to a white display state in accordance with the display data associated with that pixel. During the column R1 scan phase 944, the non-scan columns R2 and R3 are set to 10V to prevent the display state of the pixels in these non-scan columns from changing due to the biased relationship. Scan column R1 is followed by a pre-drive phase 946 of column R2, in which column R2 is set to 〇v, while columns R1 and R3 and row electrodes (e.g., C1) are

27 1301257 will be set to 30V so that a reverse drive bias condition is applied to the pixels of column R2, driving it to the black display state, while a zero bias is applied to the pixels in the non-scan column. During the column R2 scanning phase 948, the column electrode R2 will be set to 30V, the column electrodes R1 and R3 will be set to 10 V 'to maintain the display state of the pixels in the non-scan columns, and the row electrode C1 will be Set to 20V so that the pixels associated with column R2 and row C1 will maintain their black display state (as per the above). Column R3 pre-driver stage 950 and scan stage 952 are identical to stages 942 and 944 corresponding to column R1 and cause the pixels associated with column r3 and row C1 to be driven to a white display state. The phase shown in Fig. 9C utilizes an induced reverse bias that can be achieved by including the pre-drive phase shown in Figure 9B. The solid line shows the driving voltage (bias) applied to one pixel during the pre-drive phase 96 〇 and the drive segment 962, and the effective bias on the charged particles of the pixel as indicated by the dashed line. The reverse bias effect during the transition is reduced by two factors: first, the reverse charge on the pixel cancels out some of the reverse bias. Second, the voltage during the conversion is high (the bias voltage during the pre-drive phase is _3 〇 ν and will swing to +30 V during the drive), so the particles will be driven and assembled more tightly, making these Particles are less affected by this reverse bias effect. ^ By driving the background area to the background color to display the effect of the female effect on the specific passive matrix EPD _, driving charged particles from the bottom of the (four) unit to the top (viewing side) of the units may be better than In the reverse direction (that is, it takes a long time to drive the particles such as 28 1301257 from the top 锉 * 们 们 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 Microcup electrophoresis, in the EPD of the unit, in a particular embodiment, the time for driving the π-electro-pigment particles to the non-viewing side of the microcups may be less than the charged pigment particles in the following reasons The non-viewing side is driven to the daytime waiting space required for the viewing side, and the reasons include, but are not limited to, the shape of the microcups; the characteristics of the 'I-electrolyte and/or charged pigment particles and/or the power between them Characteristics; and/or materials used to form one or more of the features associated with the microcups are shown in FIGS. 1A and 10B for use in a passive matrix spring EPD to display an expected image Way of use The charged particles are driven away from the viewing surface faster than they are driven from the non-viewing side to the viewing surface. Figure 10A shows a passive matrix electrophoretic display that is intended for its upper circular image. The dotted line 1002 at the center of the display 1 defines an image area 1〇〇4 inside the dotted line 1〇〇2, and a background area 1006 outside the circle, for example, according to being provided to the display 1〇〇〇 Image data and/or associated circuitry and/or processing components. The typical way to display this image is to first reset all pixels to a black/background state (with the ® particles driven to the non-viewing side of the unit) And then driving the charged particles in the unit to the viewing surface to drive the cells in the image area (e.g., image area 10〇4 of circle 10A) to a white state. The starting point of the display does not drive all pixels to the black/background color state. Instead, all pixels have been driven to an initial state in which the charged pigment particles are Viewing the surface (sometimes referred to as the "on" state). From this state, starting at 29 1301257, by driving the charged pigment particles in the cells away from the viewing surface, the cells in the background region 1006 Will be driven to the black/background state, leaving a circular white image defined by the dashed line 1〇〇2 in the image area 1〇〇4, as shown in Figure 〇B. Although Figures 10A and 10B The illustrated graphical examples illustrate white charged pigment particles and a solvent having a black or other background color, however, pigment particles and/or solvents used in different and/or multiple colors (eg, to provide a color display). The same technique can be used in the display. Rather, the advantage of this technique is that it takes less time to charge the particles for "downward" driving (ie, driving to the non-viewing surface of the display). Any Epd that drives up (ie, from the bottom or non-viewing surface to the top or viewing surface) the time it takes to charge the particles. I use a common line resistor and / or short pulse width to reduce the induced reverse bias effect. The passive matrix EPD driving mechanism described in Section B above reduces the induced reverse bias by dividing the large voltage conversion into two steps. The effect; and/or by including a precipitation stage, the capacitance causing the induced reverse bias effect can be discharged during this phase. We have found that, if appropriate, the in-line (series) resistor can be added to the upper or lower insulating structure (i.e., before the valleys and resistors associated with the structures) to further reduce the induced reverse bias. The voltage effect does not have to cause the capacitor associated with the cell to become fully charged before the next voltage transition. The system shown in Figure UA has been added to the equivalent circuit 11 of the EPD unit of the same line resistor. Comparing Fig. 11A with Fig. 2B, the equivalent circuits of the two are the same, but in the 1301257' UA, a line resistor 丨丨(10) has been added before the capacitance and resistance associated with the upper insulating structure of the EPD unit. In one embodiment, each column electrode, each row electrode, or both electrodes are permeable: a line-of-line resistor is coupled to the associated drive circuit. In one embodiment, the in-line resistor has a discrete portion located on the EpD electrode substrate, above the connector/switch, or on the second driver 1C board. In one embodiment, the in-line resistor can be implemented in driver 1C, for example as a thick film resistor or a thin film resistor. The array shown in Figure 11B is a 4 χ 4 array (or part of an array) in which in-line resistors have been added between the column electrodes and the row electrodes and their individual drivers. The array 111A includes a plurality of row electrodes HP and a plurality of column electrodes 1114. Each of the plurality of row electrodes 1112 is coupled to its associated row driver (not shown) through a corresponding one of the plurality of row electrode in-line resistors 丨丨丨6. Similarly, each of the plurality of column electrodes 1114 is coupled to its associated column driver through one of a plurality of column electrode in-line resistors 1118 (p is not shown) In an alternative embodiment, only the column electrodes or the row electrodes may be connected to their individual drivers through a common line resistor. Figure HC shows an alternative used in one embodiment. Arranging, in the alternative arrangement, a switch is provided to enable removal of the in-line resistor from the circuit between the drivers. Figure nc shows an array 114〇 comprising column electrodes 1142, 1144, 1146 And 1148. The in-line resistor 1152 and a switch 1154 associated with the column electrode 1142. and the column 31 1301257

The electrode 1144 is associated with a line-of-line resistor U56 and a switch 1158. Associated with column electrode 1146 is a line-of-line resistor 1160 and a switch 1162. Associated with column electrode 1148 is a line-of-line resistor 1164 and a switch 1166. Each of the switches 1154, 1158, 1162, and 1166 has two positions in which the associated in-line resistor is included in the path of the driver to the electrode; in the second position The same line resistor is bypassed. The switches n54, n62 and 1166 in the figure are in the first position; the switch n58 in the figure is in the second position. In one embodiment, the switch associated with a column of electrodes is in a second (bypass) position during actuation of the associated column such that the in-line resistor is not included in the path of the driver to the electrode, Therefore, the resistor does not appear to have a negative influence on the bias voltage applied across the electrophoretic dispersant (ie, the bias voltage is reduced); that is, by including the same in the circuit A line resistor that causes a voltage drop across the same-line resistor. In one embodiment, when a special column scan is completed, the switch associated with the column is changed from the second position to the first position, thereby reinserting the in-line resistor to the driver to 5 The electrode is in the road shuttle. This configuration can take advantage of the same-line resistors to reduce the reverse bias, but does not cause a drop in performance when the associated electrode is driven due to the inclusion of the same-line resistor. Of course, depending on the design of the particular passive matrix EPD, this configuration can also be used with row electrodes (or with row electrodes instead).

Figure 12 is a graph of voltage versus time for point A and point B in Figure 11A, corresponding to point A 32 1301257 and point B in the EPD unit shown in Figure 2A. Comparing Fig. 12 with Fig. 3, we can find that increasing the same line resistance benefit 1102 will slow down the charging speeds of the capacitances ci and C2 of the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. ha, thus producing a reduced reverse bias. effect. However, because of the addition of the same-line resistor, the effective bias voltage on the electrophoretic dispersant is also reduced as a result of the voltage drop across the in-line resistor. Therefore, the selection of the value of the in-line resistor must be optimized such that the value is high enough to reduce the reverse bias; but low enough to maintain the off-duty bias to an acceptable level. The resistance value of the in-line resistor depends on the pixel size of the detector and the number of pixels in the same column or in the same row. The electrical characteristics of the dispersant and the insulating layers also affect the selection of the resistance of the in-line resistor. In one of the embodiments, the values fall within the range of one million ohms. Another measure that can be taken by preventing the inherent capacitance of the EPD cell structures from being fully charged to reduce the reverse bias effect is to reduce the pulse width used to drive. Figure 13 shows a pattern of reduced reverse bias that is achieved with a short pulse width. The voltage time relationship above is shown in Fig. 1302 as a regenerative map of the relationship diagram shown in Fig. 3. The voltage vs. relationship below is plotted in Figure 1304 using a shorter pulse width effect. The far shorter pulse width is to reduce the reverse bias effect, but it does not allow the cell structure to be associated before the next voltage conversion. The capacitance (e.g., the valleys C1 and C2 of Figure 11A) is fully charged. In one embodiment, it may be necessary to use a greater number of such shorter cycles in order to drive the EPD units to be switched to a new state in accordance with the image data. The pulse width must be long enough for at least The particles are induced to move in the direction of the expected 33 1301257, but must also be short enough to reduce the reverse bias. Therefore, in one of the embodiments, the optimum value of the pulse width is related to the following factors: the mobility of the particles and the electrical characteristics of the EPD. 1 adding an equilibration phase for restoring cells in the non-scanning column to the same initial state of scanning as described above, under one set of established conditions, one of the factors that can affect the actual threshold voltage of an EPD cell is The initial state of the EPD unit, especially the state of the charged pigment particles within the unit. For example, if the charged pigment particles have been sufficiently precipitated and densely packed at the bottom of the unit to expose the color of the dielectric solvent, the actual threshold voltage will be greater than the charged pigment particles are not sufficient. Precipitating and densely set the critical voltage. Under the latter conditions, the voltage required to move at least some of the charged particles toward the upper (viewing) surface may be lower than the voltage required in the former case. The cross-bias effect can cause some of the cells in the column to transition to an initial state different from other cells in the same column before scanning a column. As described above, when scanning other columns, a voltage can be applied to the selected row electrodes to change or maintain the state of the individual columns in the scan associated with the selected row electrodes, depending on the design. Even if the voltage applied to the cells is at or below the nominal threshold voltage of the cell, the voltages can cause some of the cells in the non-scanning columns that are in the same row to change their initial state to some extent. That is, even if the bias voltage is less than the nominal threshold voltage, the cells subjected to the cross-bias voltage may still partially change their initial state. For example, in an embodiment where all single = weights 34 1301257 are placed in a black/background state (charged pigment particles are located on the bottom or non-viewing side of the cells) prior to scanning, the non-scanning columns are subject to The agglomeration of the charged pigment particles in the biasing unit may be less tight and there may be some particles that begin to move toward the viewing surface. During subsequent scans, changes in these initial states may cause unintended changes in response to the drive voltage applied during the scan, which may result in an image of the uneven sentence. The present invention discloses the use of a balancing phase to restore cells in a non-scanning column to the same initial state. Figure 14A shows a schematic diagram of a passive matrix EpD for scanning a first column R1 comprising a 3x3 array of EPD cells (or pixels comprising one or more EpD cells). In the example shown in FIG. 14A, by applying 2〇v to the row electrodes of ci and Q, and simultaneously applying the scan voltage Vd==3〇v to the column R1, the first unit and the first unit of the column can be made. (That is, the cells (Rl, C1) and (R1, C2)) are maintained in the initial black/background state (assuming all cells in this example are reset to this initial state before being scanned). The third cell (cell (ri, c3)) in column R1 can be driven to a white state by fixing the row electrode of 仃C3 to (^ such that the driving voltage vd=30v applied across the cell during scanning. During the scanning of column R1 as shown in FIG. 14A, the cells in the third row C3 of the non-scanning columns (that is, the cells (R2, C3) and (R3, C3)) are subjected to a positive 1〇v. Cross-dust (the lower column electrode voltage is 1〇v higher than the upper row electrode voltage). As mentioned above, this crossover bias (I assume that it is lower than the nominal threshold voltage of these cells) may be sufficient. Some of the 兀 # # # 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少 至少It is subjected to a negative bias of 10V and a bias voltage (the upper/set electrode voltage is 10V higher than the lower/column voltage), and it is not necessary to use the balance phase described below to offset the cross bias because it tends to The particles are maintained at the bottom of the EPD unit where they have been reset. Shown is the balancing phase used in one of the embodiments to restore the cells in the non-scanning column to the same initial scanning state. In the balancing phase shown in Figure 14B, the scanning column ri is applied. A negative bias voltage is applied to the quadrature and biased cells. As shown in Figure 14B, in one embodiment, by non-scanning columns during the scan column R1 (i.e., columns R2 and R3) ) is set to ον, and 1 〇 γ is applied to the row set to 0 V during the scan column R1 (that is, the row associated with the cell in which the black/background is switched to white during the scan column R1 in the column ri) This can be achieved by the row electrode '. The row unrelated to the cell that was turned on during scan column R 1 (in this case, rows C1 and C2) will be set to 〇v, and the result will not be applied. The bias voltage is given to the cells in columns R2 and R3 that are not affected by a positive crossover bias during scanning of the scale, that is, cells (R2, Cl), (R2, C2), (R3, Cl), and (R3, C2). The previously scanned column R1 will be set to 10V to ensure that no negative cross bias is applied. The units 'to ensure that the cells in the column that are turned on during the scan remain fully open (ie, 'the particles are at the viewing surface) to maintain image quality. The unswitched cells are applied to column R1 The generated positive bias of v is less than or equal to the threshold voltage Vth, and the applied 36 1301257 day guard is not too long to negatively affect the image quality. In one embodiment, the next scan is performed. During the reset cycle before the cycle, the sheets 70 will be completely reset to the black/background state along with all other cells. The diagram shown in Figure 14C scans the pattern of the second column R2. In the example, by applying ov to the relevant row C1 while applying the driving voltage Vd=30V to the column R2, the first cell (R2, ei) in the column can be switched to a white state. The remaining cells of column R2 can be maintained in the black/background state by applying 2 〇 v to rows C2 and C3. During the scan cycle of column r2 shown in Figure ,, the first cell in column R3 (i.e., cell (R3, Cl)) is subjected to the positive cross bias of lov. Figure 14D shows the balancing phase used in one of the embodiments to counteract the quadrature and biasing effects on the cells in the non-scanning column R3. As shown in FIG. 14B, the non-scanning column R3 is set to ον, and the row associated with the cell subjected to the positive cross-biasing during the scanning of the column R2 (in this case, the row C1) is set as the request, The remaining (four) seams are set to 0V. This causes a negative bias to be applied to the unit (R3, C1), thereby resetting the unit to the same initial state as the unit (1, c2) 2 (R3, C3) before scanning column R3. In one of the examples, the positive parent fork bias effect on the previously scanned column (e.g., column R1) is not offset by the balancing phase shown in Figure 14D because the column has been After scanning and the cells in the column will be reset to the common initial state during the reset cycle, as long as all the columns have been known and the money is ready, the next image data frame can be displayed. This action will occur. In one of the embodiments, as shown in Fig. 14D: all the previously scanned arrays are wooed, and the upper J 丨 is considered to be 10 ν to ensure that the cells of the 37 1301257 in the columns are maintained at 0 V bias. At or a positive bias of 10V, image quality is maintained by avoiding the migration of charged particles in the cells previously switched to the white or "on" state away from the viewing surface during the balancing phase. For the purpose of achieving a clear understanding, although the present invention has been specifically described in detail above, it will be appreciated that certain changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the patent application. It should be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and apparatus of the present invention. Accordingly, the present invention is to be construed as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not limited to the details disclosed herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be more readily understood from the following detailed description of the drawings, wherein the same reference numerals represent the same structural elements, and wherein: Crosstalk phenomenon. Figure 2A shows a typical electrophoretic display unit 2 (9). 2B is an equivalent circuit of a portion between the point a and the point c in the unit 2A of FIG. 2A. The system shown in 3 induces a reverse bias effect. 4A and 4 are the passive matrix of 2χ2 shown in your 4th. Figure 4C shows the "fan-in" method used for row electrodes. The connector/connector, which is not shown in Figure 4D, is configured to be connected to a driver integrated circuit for any shape display. 38 1301257 Figure 5 is a diagram showing the configuration and situation of the passive matrix drive mechanism used in one of the embodiments. Figure 1 shows the driving mechanism of a basic passive matrix electrophoretic display. Figure 7 shows a passive matrix electrophoretic display driving mechanism in which an intermediate stage has been added to mitigate the reverse bias in non-switching pixels. Fig. 8 shows a passive matrix electrophoretic display driving mechanism which can further improve the mechanism shown in Fig. 7. Figure 9A shows a passive matrix electrophoretic display drive mechanism in which a plurality of intermediate stages have been added before and after scanning each column in the mechanism of Figure 8. Figure 9B shows an exemplary drive waveform in which the pre-drive pulse is located in front of each scan cycle. The reverse bias voltage can be achieved by using the pre-drive pulse shown in Fig. 9B as shown in Fig. 9C. Figure 10A shows a passive matrix electrophoretic display 1000 on which a circular image is to be displayed. The unit shown in Fig. 10B is being driven. Background area to black/background state The system shown in Fig. 11A has been added to the equivalent circuit 1100 of the unit. The electrophoretic display between the same line resistors is shown in Figure 1 1B. One of the lines has been added to the same line resistor. 4X4 array (which is part of an array) pole and row electrodes and its individual drivers 39 1301257 Figure 11C is an alternative arrangement used in one of the embodiments, in which an alternative arrangement would be provided A switch is provided to be able to remove the in-line resistor from the circuit during driving. FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the relationship between voltage A and point B in FIG. 11A in FIG. 11A. FIG. 2 corresponds to the point A and the point B in the electrophoretic display unit shown in FIG. 2A. A pattern of reduced reverse bias that can be achieved with a shorter pulse width. 14A is a diagram of an exemplary passive matrix electrophoretic display when scanning the column R1. The exemplary passive matrix electrophoretic display includes a 3×3 array of electrophoretic display units (or one or more electrophoretic display units). Pixel). θ 14B is an equilibrium phase used in one of the embodiments to restore cells in the non-sweep (four) to the same initial state of scanning. The diagram shown in Fig. 14C scans the pattern of the second column Han-2. Figure 14D is a phase of the balance used in one of the embodiments to counteract the non-scanning sequence of the positive cross-bias effect on the early 由3 by tm_. (2) Component Representation Symbol 200 Electrophoretic Display Unit 202 Dispersant 204 Charged Particles 206 Colored Dielectric Solvent 208 Insulation Material Layer 210 Insulation Material Layer 1301257 212 Upper Electrode 214 Lower Electrode Cl Capacitor C2 Capacitor R1 Resistor R2 Resistor 440 Row Electrode 442 straight portion 444 column electrode 446 fan-in portion 448 driver integrated circuit 460 segment 462 row electrode 464 connector/conductor 466 row driver integrated circuit 468 overlap region 472 column electrode 474 connector/conduit 476 column driver integrated circuit 500 passive matrix electrophoretic display array 502 column electrode 5 04 column electrode 506 column electrode 508 row electrode 41 1301257 510 row electrode 512 row electrode 514 electrophoretic display element 1000 passive matrix electrophoretic display 1004 image area 1006 background area 1100 electrophoresis Display unit 1102 Same-line resistor 1110 Array 1112 Row electrode 1114 Column electrode 1116 Same-line resistor 1118 Same-line resistor 1140 Array 1142 Column electrode 1144 Column electrode 1146 Column electrode 1148 Column electrode 1152 Resistor 1154 Switch 1156 Resistor 1158 Switch 1160 Resistor 1162 Switch 42 1301257 1164 Resistor 1166 Switch

43

Claims (1)

1301257 Pickup, Patent Application Range: 1 A method for mitigating the induced reverse bias effect in a passive matrix electrophoretic display, comprising performing an intermediate bias phase prior to driving the cycle, selecting the bias voltages of the intermediate bias phase The condition causes the process of converting the bias condition before the drive cycle to the bias condition used during the drive cycle to be divided into at least two steps. 2. A method of mitigating an induced reverse bias effect in a passive matrix electrophoretic display comprising an array of electrophoretic display elements, the method comprising: applying an electrophoretic display by applying a reset bias voltage across the display elements Resetting the element to a first stable state; applying an intermediate bias voltage across the display elements; and applying a drive bias voltage across the at least one selected display element to drive the at least one selected display element to the second stable state. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein: "the result of the step of applying a driving bias voltage across at least one selected display element causes the unsteady to be driven to the second stable grievance At least one of the display elements is subjected to a bias and a bias; and a value of the intermediate bias voltage is between the reset bias voltage and the cross bias voltage; thereby by which the bias will be applied The process of pressing is divided into at least two steps of the bias effect to be driven to the second stable state. The bias voltage is switched to apply the crossover to mitigate the induced reversal of the unselected at least one display element. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the reset bias voltage 44 1301257 comprises a final step in a reset cycle comprising applying a series of polarity staggered bias voltages to the electrophoretic display element Array, thereby setting the electrophoretic display elements to a first stable state. 5 · A method for displaying images on a passive matrix electrophoretic display, including a plurality of electrophoretic display elements in the sequence, and configured to scan the plurality of electrophoretic display elements in a column-by-column manner to display an image, the method comprising: after each of the scanned columns of the driving phase and the next column to be scanned Inserting a precipitation stage prior to the driving stage, the precipitation stage includes subjecting the plurality of electrophoretic display elements to a bias of about zero. 6. A method of displaying an image on a passive matrix electrophoretic display, the display comprising An array of electrophoretic display elements arranged in a plurality of columns, the method comprising: resetting the plurality of electrophoretic display elements to a first stable state; and setting the selected electrophoretic display elements of the plurality of electrophoretic display elements to a second stable state, wherein the step of setting the selected electrophoretic display elements of the plurality of electrophoretic display elements to the second stable state comprises scanning the plurality of electrophoretic display elements in a column-by-column manner, the scanning comprising applying one The driving voltage is given to the electrode associated with the column being scanned; and the % plus selected column Pressing the electrode associated with the column being scanned, the application interval is after each column is scanned and before scanning the next column to be scanned to ensure that the electrophoretic display element associated with the electrode is applied to the precipitate During the period of the phase voltage, it will not be subjected to any positive or negative bias voltage. 7. For the method of applying for the patent, the voltage of the sinking stage is zero volt. 8. If the patent application scope is 帛6 The method further includes applying a first intermediate phase after the scanning phase and before the precipitation phase, the first intermediate phase comprising: applying a first intermediate bias voltage to the array of electrophoretic display elements; wherein the first intermediate bias The voltage and the driving voltage have the same polarity, and the intensity thereof is less than the driving voltage and greater than zero; thereby dividing the process of converting the driving voltage into the precipitation stage into at least two steps. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising applying a second intermediate phase after the sinking phase and before scanning the next column to be scanned, the second intermediate phase comprising: applying a second intermediate bias voltage Giving the electrophoretic display element array; wherein the second intermediate bias voltage and the first intermediate bias voltage have opposite polarities. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the second intermediate bias voltage and the first intermediate bias voltage have the same intensity but opposite polarities. 11. A method of mitigating induced reverse bias effects in a passive matrix electrophoretic display, comprising: performing a pre-drive bias phase for each scan train prior to a drive bias P segment, during which: Applying a pre-drive bias voltage for changing the display state of the selected pixels from the first display state to the second display state, the polarity of the pre-drive bias voltage and the scan column The polarity of the drive bias voltage applied to the selected pixels of the scan column during the drive bias phase is reversed. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the pre-drive bias voltage and the drive bias voltage have the same intensity but opposite polarities. 13. The method of claim π, further comprising applying a voltage to a column electrode associated with the non-scanning column during a pre-drive bias phase of one of the scan columns other than the non-scanning column, such that zero is applied The pixels are biased to the non-scanned columns. 14. A passive matrix electrophoretic display system, comprising: an array of electrophoretic display elements; and a driver circuit configured to: reset the electrophoretic display elements by applying a reset bias voltage across the display elements a first stable state; applying an intermediate bias voltage across the display elements; and applying a drive bias voltage across the at least one selected display element to drive the at least one selected display element to a second stable state. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the result of applying the drive bias voltage across at least one selected display element causes the unselected at least one display element to be driven to the second stable state Receiving a bias and a bias voltage; and the value of the intermediate bias voltage is between the reset bias voltage and the cross bias voltage; 47 1301257 thereby, by applying the reset bias voltage The process of applying the cross bias is divided into at least two steps to mitigate the induced backpressure effect of the at least one display element that is not selected to be driven to the second stable state. a passive matrix electrophoretic display system comprising: an array of electrophoretic display elements between a first electrode layer comprising a plurality of row electrodes and a second electrode layer comprising a plurality of column electrodes; and driving The circuit is configured to: reset the plurality of electrophoretic display elements to a first stable state; and set the selected electrophoretic display elements of the plurality of electrophoretic display elements to be the same by the following method a second steady state, the method comprising: scanning the plurality of electrophoretic display elements in a column-by-column manner; and applying a selected precipitation phase voltage to the column electrodes and the row electrodes, the _ application interval is after each column is scanned and Before scanning the next column to be scanned, it is ensured that the electrophoresis cell array is not subjected to any positive or negative bias during the period during which the voltage of the deposition phase is applied. A passive matrix electrophoretic display system, comprising: an array of electrically permanent display elements, disposed between a first electrode layer comprising a first plurality of electrodes and a second electrode layer comprising a second plurality of electrodes; And a driving circuit 'for each electrode of the first electrode layer, comprising: a driver configured to apply a driving voltage to the electrode; 48 1301257 and a series resistor between the driver and the electrode . 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the electrodes of the first electrode layer comprise column electrodes. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the electrodes of the first electrode layer comprise row electrodes. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the first electrode layer comprises a plurality of column electrodes, the second electrode layer comprises a plurality of row electrodes, and wherein each of the drive circuits is for each of the second electrode layers #Include: ^ and a driver configured to apply a driving voltage to the electrode; a footrest resistor located between the driver and the electrode. 21. The system of claim 17, wherein each of the electrical indicating elements has a display element resistance and - and a phase thereof Display: ..., and at least in part based on the display element resistance dream element capacitance to select the resistance of the series resistor. 22. The system of claim 17, wherein the first electrode layer comprises a plurality of column electrodes; the electrophoretic display is configured to be a & gentleman, + a ^ by one method Image 'The method includes: scanning the electrophoretic display column by column, and applying a driving voltage to the associated column electrode during the driving interval to select the selected electrophoretic display element in the electrophoretic display element Driving from the first stable core to the second stable state; 49 1301257 During the process of applying the driving voltage to the voltage applied after the driving interval during the driving interval, the electrophoretic display elements may be subjected to An effect of inducing a reverse bias effect; and the occurrence of the series resistor mitigates the induced reverse bias effect by preventing the display element capacitance from being fully charged during the drive interval. The system of claim 17, wherein each of the electrodes of the first electrode layer includes a switch configured to bypass the series during the first interval in which the driving voltage is applied to the electrode The resistor, and the series resistor are not bypassed during a second interval in which the voltage other than the drive voltage is applied to the electrode. 24. A passive matrix electrophoretic display system comprising: an array of electrophoretic display elements; The driving circuit 'is configured to apply a driving bias voltage across the at least one selected display element for driving the at least one remote display element from the first stable state to the second stable state by a method, The method includes applying a driving voltage to an electrode associated with the at least one selected display element, the driving interval of which corresponds to a driving pulse width; wherein each of the electrophoretic display elements has an associated display The elemental capacitance is not selected, and the drive pulse width is selected to ensure that the display element capacitance is not fully charged during the drive interval; thereby mitigating the induced reverse bias effect. 25. A passive matrix electrophoretic display system comprising: an array of electrophoretic display elements arranged in a plurality of columns; and a driver circuit configured to: 50 1301257 by applying a driving voltage and being scanned Aligning the associated electrodes 'to scan the array of electrophoretic display elements column by column; and applying a balancing phase to at least one non-known trace after scanning through the scan column, the balancing phase comprising and at least one non-scanning The column associated electrophoretic display element is subjected to a balanced bias voltage, wherein the balanced bias voltage tends to maintain the electrophoretic display elements associated with the at least one non-scan column prior to scanning the already scanned column It is in the state of its existence. 26. A passive matrix electrophoretic display system comprising: - an array of electrophoretic display elements arranged in a plurality of columns; and a drive circuit configured to: apply a reset bias having a first polarity The voltage resets the electrophoretic display elements to a first stable state; and by applying a driving voltage to the electrodes associated with the column being scanned for scanning the array of electrophoretic display elements column by column, thereby applying a driving bias voltage having a second polarity opposite to the first polarity and associated with the column being scanned to be driven to the second stable state; wherein the non-scanning column At least one display element is subjected to a cross bias having a second polarity during scanning of a scan column, the cross bias tending to maintain at least a portion of the at least one display element in a non-scanned column at a first stable state Among the states other than the state; and wherein the driver circuit is further configured to apply after scanning each column and before scanning the next column to be scanned In an equilibration phase, the balancing 51 1301257 phase includes applying a balanced phase bias having a first polarity to the at least one display element in a non-scanning column that is subjected to cross-biasing, the intensity of the balancing phase bias being equal to or greater than the Cross-biasing; thereby, the at least one display element in the non-scanning column that is subjected to the cross-biasing effect is reset to be the same as the display element in the same column that is not biased by the second polarity status. 27. A system as claimed in claim 26, wherein the balancing phase is only applied to columns that have not been scanned. 28. The system of claim 26, further comprising logic elements configured to determine which non-scanned display elements are subjected to a cross-bias with a second polarity and to balance the phase A bias voltage is applied to the display elements in the non-scanning column that is biased by the second polarity. 29. A method of displaying an image on a passive matrix electrophoretic display, the display comprising an array of electrophoretic display elements arranged in a plurality of columns, the method comprising: Driving the voltage to the electrode associated with the column being scanned; and - balancing the phase to at least balancing the bias voltage to apply a non-scanning column after scanning a column that has been scanned. The balancing phase includes applying a flat offset to the non-scanning Scanning at least one of the display elements has a cross-bias effect on the display element. The method includes: ? 3〇. A method for displaying an image on a passive matrix electrophoretic display, the display comprising an electrophoretic display & prime array arranged in a plurality of columns, the square 52 1301257 Resetting the element to a first stable state; scanning the array of electrophoretic display elements column by column, the scanning comprising setting a plurality of selected display elements in the already scanned column to a second stable state; and after scanning each column and scanning Applying a balancing phase prior to the next column to be scanned, wherein a balancing bias voltage is applied during the balancing phase to counteract the cross-biasing effect on at least one of the display elements of the non-scanning column that is biased and biased, The cross-bias tends to drive the display element to a state other than the first stable state; thereby, the at least one display element in the non-scanning column that is subjected to the cross-biasing effect can be restored to the first stable state. 31. A method for displaying an image on a passive matrix electrophoretic display, the display comprising a plurality of display elements, each display element having a viewing surface side and a non-viewing surface side, and each display element comprises a plurality of electrophoresis elements a dispersing agent comprising a plurality of charged pigment particles dispersed in a colored dielectric solvent, the method comprising: driving the plurality of display elements to a first stable state, wherein each display element The charged pigment particles are located on or near the viewing surface side of the display element; and driving the display element in the portion of the display where no image is displayed to the second stable state 'the second stable state a state in which the charged pigment particles in each display element driven to the second stable state are located on or near the non-viewing surface side of the display element; thereby, the display elements are still present in the display Keeping the image in the first stable 53!3〇1257 疋 state, 'display the image with the color of the charged pigment particles' and The display in the background color of the display of such a color contrasting elements have been driven to the second part in the steady state. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the display requires that the time required to drive from the first stable state to the second stable state is less than driving the display element from the second stable state to the The time required for the first steady state. 33. A passive matrix electrophoretic display system, comprising: a plurality of display elements, each display element having a viewing surface side and a non-viewing surface side, and each display element comprises a plurality of electrophoretic dispersing agents, the electrophoresis The dispersing agent comprises a plurality of charged pigment particles dispersed in a colored dielectric solvent; and a driving circuit configured to: drive the plurality of display elements to a first stable state, in the sorrow, each The charged pigment particles of the display elements are located on or near the viewing surface side of the display element; and the display elements in the portion of the display where no image is displayed are driven to a second stable state, the second The state of the steady state is such that the charged pigment particles in each of the display elements driven to the second stable state are located on or near the non-viewing surface side of the display element; thereby enabling the display in the display The element has been maintained in the first stable state, the image is displayed in the color of the charged pigment particles, and the display is displayed The background color in which the display elements have been driven to the second stable state displays a color contrast. 1301257. The system of claim 33, wherein the display requires the display element to be driven from the first stable state to the second stable state less than driving the display element from the second stable state to the first The time required for a steady state. Pick up, schema: such as the next page. 55