>5629 A7 B7 五、發明說明（1 ) 發明背景 本發明係關於一種液晶顯示元件，特別是反射型液晶 顯示元件，此元件顯示影像藉由接受光投影自一光源的光 液晶顯示模式，此模式特別地被使用以液晶投影器之 反射型液晶顯示元件，有垂直配向列模式（Vertically Aligned Nematic )及混合場效應模式（Hybrid Field Effect) ο 垂直配向列模式是一系統，其中使用一具有負的電介 質異方性之液晶材質，及一傾斜於同一歸線的定向（ a slanting homeotropic orientation )，其中使用的液晶是被 定向在一方向稍微傾斜於基體的垂直方向上。作爲一用於 液晶顯示器之液晶定向的方法，一摩擦法一般被廣迻地使 用，但摩擦法並不實際用於實現此傾斜於同一歸線的定向 ，因爲假如摩擦法被使用的話，在傾斜角的變化被產生在 其平面中，且導致在臨界電壓（threshoLd voltage )上的變 化。因此，作爲一個用於實現此傾斜於同一歸線的定向之 穩定的方法，採用一矽氧化物的斜方蒸著法（slanting vapor deposition ) ° 然而，雖然矽氧化物的斜方蒸著法可以在平面中相當 一致地控制傾斜角，此方法作爲一處理並不穩定。摩擦法 的優越性是被淸楚地指出以一種趨勢：矽氧化物的斜方蒸 著法，此方法被起初應用到一般液晶顯示器，已經被轉換 到摩擦法。 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） ------------- (請先閲讀背面之注意事項本頁) r----訂---------線 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 -4· 5629 A7 ___ B7 五、發明說明¢2 ) --------丨—丨！i I (請先閲讀背面之注意事項本頁) 一些反射型液晶顯示模式使用扭曲向列（twisted nematic)定向被揭露，此種定向是可以被定向藉由摩擦法 。作爲液晶材質，使用一材質具有負的電介質異方性（P 型液晶材質）。這些模式可以被粗略地分成兩類，即一常 態黑色型（normal black)及一常態白色型（normal white)。 常態黑色型是一顯示方法；其中黑色是被顯示藉由一 低電壓，反射性是被增加根據電壓的增加，且最大反射性 可以在=低.電壓被獲得。相反地，常態白色型是一顯示方 法；其中白色是被顯示藉由一低電壓，反射性是被減少根 據電壓的增加，且最大反射性可以在一高電壓被獲得。 混合場效應的常態黑色型液晶顯示模式之一例子是被 詳細揭露在 Opt · Eng · 14，p · 217 ( 線. 經濟部智慧財產局貝工消费合作社印製 1 9 7 5 )中。此模式之缺點是在色彩的大電壓依附性， 特別是，當一灰色尺度被顯示時，它視覺上被看成彩色的 ，而且不同的色彩彼此視其層次而定。且必須將液晶材質 或晶穴間隙最佳化對於R G B的每一色？那就是，對於 RGB的每一色，不同的液晶顯示元件彼此是必要的。考 慮到量產時這是一項缺點。 根據反射型顯示模式，必須變成複曲折（birefringence )顯示模式，且在一遲滯（retardation)之絕對量的改變 顯著地影響在亮度上的變化。特別是，影響是顯著的在黑 暗顯示或立即層次顯示，且顯示特性被不利地影響當降低 對比率（contrast ratio )或亮度變化時。 此處提到的遲滯意思是液晶顯示層的厚度乘以液晶材 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） ： -5- 495629 A7 B7 五、發明說明（3 ) 質的反射率異方性之積，且它是一物理量產生一在極化光 的相位中之相對延遲（relative delay )。 當P型液晶材質被使用時，晶穴之遲滯在電壓 Ο V r m s是最大的，且有效的遲滯變得較小藉由施加電 壓。亦即，在遲滯中的變化隨溫度或晶穴間隙之變化在較 低的電壓端是較大於較高的電壓端，且於是在亮度的變化 在低電壓端是較大的。 因此，..當P.型液晶材質被使用時，爲了獲得顯示特性 穩定對抗在溫度或晶穴間隙中之變化，常態黑色，其中黑 色是被顯示在較低電壓端，是不令人滿意的，但是常態白 色，其中黑色是被顯示在較高電壓端，是令人滿意的。 液晶層之必需遲滯是如大約0·54微米般大。這數 値意味著，當一狹窄的晶穴間隙例如是3微米或更少時， 嘗試著被使用爲了實現一液晶之快速反應，需要一液晶材 質具有一極大折射率異方性（△ η > 0 · 1 8 );但它是 不實際的。那就是，液晶之遲滯用於快速反應是不適當的 〇 在下文中，說明快速反應的重要性。在顯示中的快速 反應是如下文所述的重要因素之一。例如，在個人電腦中 的影像信號一般是由每秒至少超過6 0個圖框的影像信號 所組成的。 於是，當一個移動的影像被顯示在個人電腦的顯示器 中時，液晶必須反應到影像信號在一短於相應於一圖框時 間的時間，亦即1 / 6 0秒=1 6 · 7毫秒，爲了使被顯 冢紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐）~' ： -6- -------------.¾ (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 丨！ l·! — 訂·！ . 經濟部智慧財產局員工消费合作社印數 495629 A7 B7 五、發明說明ο ) (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再«(寫本頁) 示的影像確實地遵循影像信號。假如液晶之反應時間變成 大於相應於一圖框之時間的話，則藉由影像信號從欲被產 生的影像產生不同的影像之可能性可能會產生。 不同於真實的影像信號之影像是被辨識爲一殘餘影像 ，此影像原來是看不見的，在一移動影像之移動方向的後 部。殘餘影像顯著地降低影像的品質。於是，爲了實現液 晶顯示器具有一較佳的影像'品質，必須選擇一個能夠快速 反應的液晶、顯示模式。 另一方面，作爲常態白色之反射型扭曲向列液晶顯示 模式，ΤΝ— ECB ( Twisted Nematic-Electrically Controlled Birefringence )扭曲向列電控制複曲折模式， MTN(Mixed Twisted Nematic)混合扭曲向列模式，及 SCTN(Self-Compensated Twisted Nematic )自償扭曲向列模 式被揭露。SCTN模式是被揭露在J P — A — 1 〇-09 0 731 (1998) °TN — ECB 模式是被揭露 在 Japan Display ’89, page 192 (1989)。MTN模式是被揭露 在 Appl. Phys. Lett. 68，page 1455 (1996)。 經濟部智慧財產局貝工消费合作社印製 發明槪述· 本發明之目的是要提供一反射型液晶顯示元件具有一 色彩之小電壓依附性，此元件能夠以一相當小的電壓驅動 ，在快速反應上較優良，及提供一使用此元件之液晶顯示 1Hz 裝置。 根據本發明的液晶顯示裝置 實施例，被由一透明 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 x 297公釐） 495629 A7 ____ B7 五、發明說明负) 電極與反射電極所固持的液晶層之扭曲角是9 〇度，且液 晶定向角是在0度到3 0度，或9 0度到1 2 0度的範圍 中〇 實際上，本發明是下列元件及下列裝置。 一液晶顯示元件包含一液晶層被由一透明電極與一反 射電極所固持，多數圖素電路（.pixel circuit)用於驅動液 晶層，及周圍電路用於驅動個別的圖素電路，其中液晶層 之扭曲角是1 0度，且液晶定向角是在0度到3 0度，或 90度到120度的範圍中。 最好液晶定向角是在1 0度到2 0度，或1 0 0度到 1 1 0度的範圍中。 而且，一液晶顯示元件包含一液晶層由一透明電極與 一反射電極所固持的，多數圖素電路用於驅動液晶潘，及 周圍電路用於驅動個別的圖素電路，其中液晶層之扭曲角 是90度，且液晶定向角是在10度到20度，或100 度到1 1 0度的範圍中。液晶層的波長標準化遲滯（ wavelength normalized retardation )是在 0 · 4 5 到 0 · 5 5的範圍中。 一液晶顯示裝置包含液晶顯示元件；其中入射光是被 在相位中調變，反射，且輸出如影像；液晶顯示元件包含 一液晶層被由一透明電極與一反射電極所固持，多數圖素 電路用於驅動液晶層，及周圍電路用於驅動個別的圖素電 路，其中液晶層之扭曲角是被設定在7 3度到1 0 0度的 範圍中，且液晶之反應時間是被製成等於或小於1 6 . 7 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再 · 11 本頁) 訂---------線- 經濟部智慧財產局貝工消费合作社印製 -8- 495629 A7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消费合作社印製 ___B7___五、發明說明Φ ) 毫秒，藉由設定液晶層之波長標準化遲滯在0 · 4 4到 0 · 6的範圍之中，液晶層的厚度等於或小於2 · 4微米 ，且液晶材質之折射率異方性至少是0 . 1。 而且，一種藉由液晶顯示元件顯示影像之方法，包含 一液晶層由一透明電極與一反射電極所固持，多數圖素電 路用於驅動液晶層，及周圍電路用於驅動個別的圖素電路 ，其中液晶層之扭曲角是被設定在7 3度到1 0 0度的範 圍中，且影像被顯不藉由驅動電路在3 — 6 V r m s的範 圍中。 圖示簡單說明 本發明之這些及其他的目的、特色及優點將被瞭解得 更淸楚從下列參考附圖的詳細說明，其中： 圖1是一槪略圖解，用於說明在關於在本發明之實施 例的的液晶顯示元件之個別光元件的光軸中間之相對關係 » . 圖2是一圖形，指出一在扭曲角與波長標準化遲滯之 間的關係； - 圖3是一圖形，指出一在扭曲角與液晶定向角之間的 關係； 圖4是一圖形，指出一色彩在扭曲角上的依附性； 圖5是一圖形.，指出一驅動電壓在扭曲角上的依附性 t 圖6是一圖形，指出一光利用效率在扭曲角上的依附 先 閱 讀 背 面 之 注 意 事 項> 5629 A7 B7 V. Description of the invention (1) Background of the invention The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display element, particularly a reflective liquid crystal display element. This element displays a light liquid crystal display mode in which an image is projected from a light source by receiving light. Modes are particularly used for reflective liquid crystal display elements of liquid crystal projectors. There are vertical aligned column mode (Vertically Aligned Nematic) and hybrid field effect mode (Hybrid Field Effect). Vertical aligned column mode is a system in which a A dielectric anisotropic liquid crystal material, and a slanting homeotropic orientation, in which the liquid crystal used is oriented in a direction slightly inclined to the vertical direction of the substrate. As a method for liquid crystal alignment of liquid crystal displays, a rubbing method is generally used widely, but the rubbing method is not actually used to achieve this orientation inclined to the same line of return, because if the rubbing method is used, it is tilted. The change in angle is generated in its plane and results in a change in threshold voltage (threshoLd voltage). Therefore, as a method for stabilizing the orientation inclined to the same homing line, a slanting vapor deposition method of silicon oxide is used. However, although the Controlling the tilt angle fairly uniformly in the plane, this method is not stable as a process. The superiority of the friction method is clearly pointed out in a trend: the orthorhombic evaporation method of silicon oxide, which was originally applied to ordinary liquid crystal displays and has been switched to the friction method. This paper size applies to China National Standard (CNS) A4 (210 X 297 mm) ------------- (Please read the precautions on the back page first) r ---- Order- -------- Printed by the Consumer Cooperative of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs-4 · 5629 A7 ___ B7 V. Description of Invention ¢ 2) -------- 丨 —— 丨! i I (Please read the note on the back page first) Some reflective LCD display modes are revealed using twisted nematic orientation. This orientation can be orientated by rubbing. As the liquid crystal material, a material having a negative dielectric anisotropy (P-type liquid crystal material) is used. These modes can be roughly divided into two categories, a normal black type and a normal white type. The normal black type is a display method; where black is displayed by a low voltage, the reflectivity is increased according to the increase in voltage, and the maximum reflectivity can be obtained at = low. Voltage. In contrast, the normal white type is a display method; in which white is displayed by a low voltage, reflectivity is reduced according to an increase in voltage, and maximum reflectivity can be obtained at a high voltage. An example of a normal black liquid crystal display mode with mixed field effects is disclosed in detail in Opt · Eng · 14, p · 217 (line. Printed by Shelley Consumer Cooperative, Intellectual Property Bureau, Ministry of Economic Affairs, 1915). The disadvantage of this mode is the large voltage dependence on color. In particular, when a gray scale is displayed, it is visually seen as colored, and the different colors depend on their levels. And must optimize the liquid crystal material or cell gap for each color of R G B? That is, for each color of RGB, different liquid crystal display elements are necessary for each other. This is a disadvantage when considering mass production. According to the reflection type display mode, it is necessary to change to a birefringence display mode, and the change in the absolute amount of a retardation significantly affects the change in brightness. In particular, the influence is significant in a dark display or an immediate gradation display, and the display characteristics are adversely affected when the contrast ratio is decreased or the brightness is changed. The hysteresis mentioned here means that the thickness of the liquid crystal display layer is multiplied by the liquid crystal material. The paper size applies to the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm): -5- 495629 A7 B7 V. Description of the invention (3) The product of qualitative reflectivity anisotropy, and it is a physical quantity that produces a relative delay in the phase of polarized light. When the P-type liquid crystal material is used, the hysteresis of the cavities at the voltage of 0 V r m s is the largest, and the effective hysteresis becomes smaller by applying a voltage. That is, the change in hysteresis with temperature or cavity gap is larger at the lower voltage terminal than at the higher voltage terminal, and thus the change in brightness is larger at the low voltage terminal. Therefore, when the P. type liquid crystal material is used, in order to obtain stable display characteristics against changes in temperature or cavity gap, normal black, where black is displayed at the lower voltage end, is not satisfactory. However, normal white, where black is displayed at the higher voltage end, is satisfactory. The required hysteresis of the liquid crystal layer is as large as about 0.54 μm. This means that when a narrow cell gap is, for example, 3 microns or less, it is attempted to be used. In order to achieve a fast response of a liquid crystal, a liquid crystal material with a large refractive index anisotropy (△ η & gt 0 · 1 8); But it is not practical. That is, the hysteresis of the liquid crystal is not appropriate for fast response. In the following, the importance of fast response is explained. Quick response in the display is one of the important factors as described below. For example, the video signal in a personal computer is generally composed of video signals with at least 60 frames per second. Therefore, when a moving image is displayed on the display of the personal computer, the liquid crystal must reflect the image signal for a time shorter than the time corresponding to a frame time, that is, 1/60 seconds = 16 · 7 milliseconds, In order to make the size of the paper to be displayed applicable to the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 (210 X 297 mm) ~ ': -6- -------------. ¾ (Please read the Please fill in this page for attention) 丨! l ·! — Ordered! . Intellectual Property Bureau, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Employee Consumption Cooperative Co., Ltd. 495629 A7 B7 V. Invention Description) (Please read the precautions on the back before the image shown on «(write this page) strictly follows the image signal. If the response time of the liquid crystal becomes If it is longer than the time corresponding to a frame, the possibility of generating a different image from the image to be generated by the image signal may be generated. An image different from the real image signal is identified as a residual image. This image It was originally invisible, at the rear of a moving image. The residual image significantly reduces the quality of the image. Therefore, in order to achieve a better image quality of the liquid crystal display, it is necessary to choose a liquid crystal, display that can respond quickly. On the other hand, as a normally white reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal display mode, TN-ECB (Twisted Nematic-Electrically Controlled Birefringence) twisted nematic electrically controlled complex twist mode, and MTN (Mixed Twisted Nematic) mixed twisted nematic mode , And SCTN (Self-Compensated Twisted Nematic) Revealed. The SCTN mode is disclosed in JP — A — 1 〇-09 0 731 (1998) ° TN — ECB mode is disclosed in Japan Display '89, page 192 (1989). The MTN mode is disclosed in Appl. Phys Lett. 68, page 1455 (1996). Description of invention printed by Shelley Consumer Cooperative of Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs. The purpose of the present invention is to provide a reflective liquid crystal display element with a small voltage dependence on color. It can be driven with a relatively small voltage, is superior in fast response, and provides a 1 Hz device for liquid crystal display using this element. According to the embodiment of the liquid crystal display device of the present invention, the Chinese paper standard is applied to a transparent paper scale ( CNS) A4 specification (210 x 297 mm) 495629 A7 ____ B7 V. Negative invention) The twist angle of the liquid crystal layer held by the electrode and the reflective electrode is 90 °, and the orientation angle of the liquid crystal is between 0 ° and 30 ° In the range of 90 degrees to 120 degrees, in fact, the present invention is the following elements and the following devices. A liquid crystal display element includes a liquid crystal layer held by a transparent electrode and a reflective electrode. Most pixel circuits are used to drive the liquid crystal layer, and peripheral circuits are used to drive individual pixel circuits. The liquid crystal layer The twist angle is 10 degrees, and the orientation angle of the liquid crystal is in the range of 0 degrees to 30 degrees, or 90 degrees to 120 degrees. Preferably, the orientation angle of the liquid crystal is in a range of 10 degrees to 20 degrees, or 100 degrees to 110 degrees. Moreover, a liquid crystal display element includes a liquid crystal layer held by a transparent electrode and a reflective electrode. Most pixel circuits are used to drive a liquid crystal panel, and peripheral circuits are used to drive individual pixel circuits. The twist angle of the liquid crystal layer is It is 90 degrees, and the orientation angle of the liquid crystal is in a range of 10 degrees to 20 degrees, or 100 degrees to 110 degrees. The wavelength normalized retardation of the liquid crystal layer is in a range of 0.45 to 0.55. A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal display element. The incident light is modulated in phase, reflected, and output as an image. The liquid crystal display element includes a liquid crystal layer held by a transparent electrode and a reflective electrode. Most pixel circuits It is used to drive the liquid crystal layer, and the surrounding circuits are used to drive individual pixel circuits. The twist angle of the liquid crystal layer is set in the range of 73 degrees to 100 degrees, and the response time of the liquid crystal is made equal to Or less than 16.7. This paper size is applicable to the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm) (Please read the precautions on the back before this page · 11 pages) Order --------- line -Printed by the Shellfish Consumer Cooperative of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs-8- 495629 A7 In the range of 44 to 0.6, the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is equal to or less than 2.4 microns, and the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal material is at least 0.1. Moreover, a method for displaying an image by a liquid crystal display element includes a liquid crystal layer held by a transparent electrode and a reflective electrode. Most pixel circuits are used to drive the liquid crystal layer, and peripheral circuits are used to drive individual pixel circuits. The twist angle of the liquid crystal layer is set in the range of 73 degrees to 100 degrees, and the image is displayed in the range of 3-6 V rms by the driving circuit. These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be better understood from the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram for explaining The relative relationship between the optical axes of the individual optical elements of the liquid crystal display element of the embodiment ». Figure 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the twist angle and the wavelength normalized hysteresis;-Figure 3 is a graph showing the The relationship between the twist angle and the orientation angle of the liquid crystal; Figure 4 is a graph indicating the dependency of a color on the twist angle; Figure 5 is a graph indicating the dependency of a driving voltage on the twist angle t Figure 6 It is a figure indicating the dependence of light utilization efficiency on the twist angle. Read the precautions on the back first.
Η 頁I 訂 線 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） 9- 495629 A7 ___ B7 五、發明說明（7 ) 性； 圖7是一圖形，指出以個別的外施電壓在液晶定向角 上反射性的依附性； 圖8是一圖形，指出以個別的驅動電壓在液晶定向角 上對比率的依附性； 圖9是一槪略圖解，指出一關於本發明之實施例的液 晶顯示元件之剖面組成；’ 圖J 0..是一槪略圖解，指出一液晶投影器之組成，此 投影器是一使用本發明的液晶顯示元件的投影型液晶顯示 裝置； 圖1 1是一圖形，用於說明色彩變化量之定義，且 圖1 2是一圖形，指出波長標準化遲滯之區域，及在 液晶層的厚度上，液晶反應時間的依附性。 主要元件對照表 10 1 反射器、 10 2 液晶層 10 3 極化光線分光器 10 4 入射光 10 5 返回光 10 7 水平分量 10 8 較上邊 10 9 較下邊 11 0 扭曲角 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） (請先閲讀背面之注意事項再«(寫本頁) ill· — — — 訂·！ !!-線· 經濟部智慧財產局員工消费合作社印製 •10· 495629 A7 _______Ε7^ 五、發明說明（8 ) 定向角 黏著邊界 玻璃基體 液晶層 主動矩陣基體 η型基體 ' Ρ型池 Μ〇S電晶體 保留電容 反射電極 透明電極 保護膜 光線屏蔽層 白光源 極化光線分光器 分光鏡. 3 0 5 Β液晶光球 投影透鏡 區域 液晶層 111 112 12 0 12 1 12 2 12 3 12 4 12 5-、 12 6 12 7 12 8 13 0 13 1 3 0 1 3 0 2 3 0 3，3 0 4 305R，305G， 經濟部智慧財產局員工消费合作社印製 3 0 6 4 0 1 4 0 2 較佳實施例之詳細說明 在下文中，關於本發明實施例的液晶顯示元件之 ，及使用此元件的液晶顯示裝置被參考圖形而說明。 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） 11 - 495629 A7 B7 經濟部智慧財產局貝工消費合作社印製 五、發明說明（9 ) (實施例1 ) 圖1是一槪略圖解，用於說明在關於本發明之實施例 的的液晶顯示元件之個別光元件的光軸中間之相對關係； 爲簡化，所以圖1僅指出反射器1 0 1及液晶層1 0 2在 液晶顯示元件中。一極化光線分光器1 0 3被使用爲偏光 鏡及光偵測器。關於液晶層 1 0 2，接近反射器1 0 1的 邊暫時稱爲較下邊，而遠離1 0 1的邊暫時稱爲較上邊。 液晶層1 0 2的組成是被表示藉由在較上邊1 0 8的液晶 定向方向，在較下邊1 0 9的液晶定向方向，在較上邊與 較下邊之間的扭曲角，及液晶定向角1 1 1，此定向角爲 一在較上邊1 0 8的液晶定向角所形成的角度，例如垂直 方向。 雖然，在圖中未被指出，遲滯，此爲液晶顯示層 1 0 2的厚度乘以液晶層1 0 2的材質之折射率異方性的 積，也是重要因素之一。 _ 極化光線分光器1 0 3具有一結構，其中兩個稜鏡被 黏著在一起，且一特性以透過或反射光線視光的極化分量 在兩個稜鏡的黏著邊界而定。只有入射光1 0 4的水平分 量1 0 7是被透過經由極化光線分光器，而進入液晶顯示 元件中。此光線當穿過液晶層1 0 2時在相位中被調變’ 反射到反射器1 0 1，再透過經由液晶層1 0 2，而返回 極化光線分光器1 0 3。平行於水平極化光分量1 〇 7的 極化光線分量是被透過經由極化光線分光器1 0 3 ,且變 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再_寫本頁) :裝 111 l· I !訂 i I I I I I ! « -12- 495629 A7 ______ B7 五、發明說明（1〇 ) 成返回光1 〇 5到燈。 另一方面，垂直相交與水平極化光分量1 0 7的極化 %分量是被反射藉由極化光線分光器1 0 3之黏著邊界 112，且變成投影光到螢幕，此未顯示在圖中。 這裡，說明在令人滿意的液晶晶穴之參數上所獲得的 結果。 ' 液晶晶穴之參數是三個參數，例如遲滯，此爲晶穴間 隙’就是液晶晶穴的厚度，乘以液晶材質之折射率異方性 的積’扭曲角1 10，及液晶定向角1 1 1。然而，在下 列的計算中，使用波長標準化遲滯，其中遲滯是被藉由波 長而標準化。 根據下列方法，上述三個參數的條件是被分析地限制 ’且個別的參數是被詳細地最佳化於對比率及色彩變化。 在液晶層中光的傳導矩陣（Propagation matrix )，當 沒有.電壓被施加時可以被分析地獲得。於是，光學特性被 最佳化當沒有電壓被施加時，首先，爲了粗略地限制條件 〇 已知的是扭曲向列液晶層可以被藉由一模型說明得很 好，其中複曲折介質的η層是被疊置以更換光學軸藉由每 層的0/η。特別是，傳導矩陣在η — «是被稱爲Jones’ matrix，且被表示藉由下列方程式（數學式1 ) 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再^寫本頁) ----l· — — —訂---------線 «· 經濟部智慧財產局員工消费合作社印製 -13 - 495629 A7 B7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消费合作社印製I Page I Alignment The paper dimensions are in accordance with Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 (210 X 297 mm) 9-495629 A7 ___ B7 V. Description of the invention (7); Figure 7 is a graph indicating that The dependence of the applied voltage on the orientation angle of the liquid crystal; FIG. 8 is a graph showing the dependence of the contrast ratio on the orientation angle of the liquid crystal by individual driving voltages; FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram indicating a method of the invention Sectional composition of the liquid crystal display element of the embodiment; FIG. J 0 .. is a schematic diagram showing the composition of a liquid crystal projector, which is a projection type liquid crystal display device using the liquid crystal display element of the present invention; 11 is a graph for explaining the definition of the amount of color change, and FIG. 12 is a graph indicating the region of the wavelength normalization retardation and the dependence of the liquid crystal reaction time on the thickness of the liquid crystal layer. Main component comparison table 10 1 Reflector, 10 2 Liquid crystal layer 10 3 Polarized light beam splitter 10 4 Incident light 10 5 Return light 10 7 Horizontal component 10 8 Above the top 10 9 Below the bottom 0 0 Twisted angle This paper is applicable to China Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm) (Please read the precautions on the back before «(write this page) ill · — —-Order ·! !!-line · Printed by the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Consumer Cooperatives · 10 · 495629 A7 _______ Ε7 ^ V. Description of the invention (8) Orientation angle adhesive boundary glass substrate liquid crystal layer active matrix substrate η-type substrate 'P-type cell MOS transistor retention capacitor reflective electrode transparent electrode protective film light shielding layer white Light source polarized beam splitter beam splitter. 3 0 5 Β LCD light sphere projection lens area liquid crystal layer 111 112 12 0 12 1 12 2 12 3 12 4 12 5-, 12 6 12 7 12 8 13 0 13 1 3 0 1 3 0 2 3 0 3, 3 0 4 305R, 305G, printed by the Consumer Cooperative of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economy 3 0 6 4 0 1 4 0 2 Detailed description of the preferred embodiment In the following, the liquid crystal of the embodiment of the present invention Display elements, and The liquid crystal display device using this element is illustrated with reference to the figure. This paper size applies the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm) 11-495629 A7 B7 Printed by the Shellfish Consumer Cooperative of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs Description of the invention (9) (Embodiment 1) FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram for explaining the relative relationship between the optical axes of the individual optical elements of the liquid crystal display element according to the embodiment of the present invention; 1 indicates only that the reflector 101 and the liquid crystal layer 102 are in the liquid crystal display element. A polarized light beam splitter 103 is used as a polarizer and a photodetector. Regarding the liquid crystal layer 102, it is close to the reflector The side of 1 0 1 is temporarily referred to as the lower side, and the side far from 1 0 1 is temporarily referred to as the upper side. The composition of the liquid crystal layer 10 2 is indicated by the orientation direction of the liquid crystal on the upper side 108, and on the lower side. The orientation direction of the liquid crystal of 1 0 9 is the twist angle between the upper and lower sides and the orientation angle of the liquid crystal is 1 1 1. This orientation angle is an angle formed by the orientation angle of the liquid crystal of the upper side 108, such as vertical. Direction, although, not indicated in the figure, late This is the product of the thickness of the liquid crystal display layer 10 2 times the refractive index anisotropy of the material of the liquid crystal layer 102. It is also one of the important factors. _ The polarized light beam splitter 103 has a structure in which two The tadpoles are glued together, and a characteristic is determined by the polarization component of the transmitted or reflected light at the adhesion boundary between the two tadpoles. Only the horizontal component 1 0 7 of the incident light 104 is transmitted through the polarized light beam splitter and enters the liquid crystal display element. This light is modulated in phase when it passes through the liquid crystal layer 10 2 and is reflected to the reflector 1 0 1 and then transmitted through the liquid crystal layer 1 0 2 and returned to the polarized light beam splitter 103. The polarized light component parallel to the horizontally polarized light component 107 is transmitted through the polarized light beam splitter 1 0 3, and the paper size is adapted to the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm) ( Please read the precautions on the back before writing this page): Install 111 l · I! Order i IIIII! «-12- 495629 A7 ______ B7 5. Description of the invention (1〇) The return light 1 〇5 to the lamp. On the other hand, the% polarization component of the vertically intersecting and horizontally polarized light component 107 is reflected by the adhesive boundary 112 of the polarized beam splitter 1 0 3, and becomes projected light onto the screen. This is not shown in the figure in. Here, the results obtained on satisfactory parameters of the liquid crystal cells will be described. 'The parameters of the liquid crystal cell are three parameters, such as hysteresis, which is the cell gap.' This is the thickness of the liquid crystal cell, multiplied by the product of the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal material. 1 1. However, in the calculations below, wavelength-normalized hysteresis is used, where hysteresis is normalized by wavelength. According to the following method, the conditions of the above three parameters are analytically limited and individual parameters are optimized in detail for contrast ratio and color change. The Propagation Matrix of light in the liquid crystal layer can be obtained analytically when no voltage is applied. Thus, the optical characteristics are optimized. When no voltage is applied, first of all, in order to roughly restrict the conditions, it is known that the twisted nematic liquid crystal layer can be well explained by a model, in which the η layer of the tortuous medium It is stacked to change the optical axis by 0 / η of each layer. In particular, the conduction matrix in η — «is called Jones' matrix, and it is expressed by the following equation (Mathematical Formula 1) This paper size applies the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm) (please Read the precautions on the back before writing this page) ---- l · — — —Order --------- line «· Printed by the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs Consumer Cooperatives -13-495629 A7 B7 Printed by the Consumer Cooperative of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs
-14· 495629 A7 __________ B7 五、發明說明（12 ) 其中，0是扭曲角，d是晶穴間隙，Δη是反射率異 方性，且λ是波長。 在反射型元件的情形中，傳導矩陣J h可以被表示藉 由下列方程式（數學式6)，因爲光線透過經由液晶層兩 次。 當使用這些變量時，遲滯可以被表示爲dAn ,且波 長標準化遲滞可以被表示爲· d △ η /λ-14 · 495629 A7 __________ B7 V. Description of the Invention (12) where 0 is the twist angle, d is the cavity gap, Δη is the reflectivity anisotropy, and λ is the wavelength. In the case of a reflective element, the conduction matrix J h can be expressed by the following equation (Mathematical Formula 6), because light passes through the liquid crystal layer twice. When using these variables, the hysteresis can be expressed as dAn, and the wavelength-normalized hysteresis can be expressed as · d △ η / λ
Jr纪(令）(一少·»*-(數學式 6) 在此，R (0)是旋轉矩陣，且Re是反矩陣。使用這 些函數，反射性當極化光的配置是垂直相交偏光鏡時被計 算，且獲得下列方程式（數學式· 7 )Jr Ji (Ling) (One Less · »*-(Equation 6) Here, R (0) is the rotation matrix and Re is the inverse matrix. Using these functions, the reflectivity when the configuration of polarized light is vertically intersecting polarized The mirror time is calculated and the following equations are obtained (mathematical formulas · 7)
···(數學式7) 在此，0是液晶定向角。爲了使反射性R最大（R = 1.)，方程式7之個別的平方項可以變成零。 滿足R=1的解答是被指出在圖2中（在圖2中的實 線），當扭曲角0及άΔη/λ被使用作爲參數時。揭示 的是一條件其中效率變成1 0 0%可以存在只有當扭曲角 是小於7 3度時。而且揭示的是：假如扭曲角0 < 7 3度 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） I —II (請先閲讀背面之注意事項本頁) I I I l· I I I 訂· I I I I I I - 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 •15- --------------裝· (請先閱讀背面之注意事項本 ···(數學式9) 495629 Α7 --------Β7_ 五、發明說明（13 ) 胃’ dAn/λ之最佳的條件可以被分開成兩個分支，如 在圖2中所指出的Β1及Β2。 另一方面，在扭曲角0〉7 3度的區域中之最佳條件 ’其中效率變成最大，可以被獲得藉由解出下列的方程式 (數學式· 8)(數學式· 9) d R/d (d Δ η/7)=〇 · ···(數學式 8) 頁 a Ry d {d A η / λ) >0 滿足此方程式（數學式· 8)(數學式·. 9)的解答是被 指出藉由虛線（Β3)在圖2中。 圖3指出在圖2中所指不同的條件下液晶定向角在扭 曲角上之依附性。在圖3中的Β 1、Β 2及Β 3分別相應 於在圖2中的Β 1、Β 2及Β 3。此關係在下列圖形中是 類似的。 當液晶顯示器被使用時，並非在色彩中一個小的變化 一般被產生相應於驅動電壓。而且也視波長散射與光源之 分光光度計的特性而定。然而，色彩在電壓上的依附性必 須被抑制到一小的程度，爲了使得規格用於個別的R G Β 彩色面板相同。 圖4指出在圖2及圖3中所指不同的條件下，色彩中 的變化量之計算結果△(!!’，ν’）。在色彩中的變化量 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） I 訂 經濟部智慧財產局員工消费合作社印製 -16- 495629 A7 --- B7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消费合作社印製 五、發明說明（14 ) Λ ( U’，V’）是被定義爲在色彩中的變化量從外施電壓 V 1 (相等於反射性之1 %的電壓）到V 9 9 (相等於反射 性之9 9 %的電壓）在入射光之軌跡上在不同電壓，如在 圖1 1所指的u ’ 一 ν ’彩色圖中。 入射光之波長是在4 0 0 nm到7 0 0 nm的範圍之 間。△ ( u ’，v ’）之最大可允許値不能被明確地指明，因 爲它顯著地視投影光學系統之設計而定。然而，它一般可 以被認爲在0 7到0 . 0 8的範圍中，此大約如同數 値（0 · 0 6 )以傳輸型扭曲向列（T N )。 在B1的情形下，△(!!’，ν’）是大於〇 . 075， 且色彩在電壓上的依附性是顯著的。而且，此依附性被急 速地增加隨漸減的扭曲角。另一方面，在B 2的條件下， △ ( ν’）對於扭曲角是無關連的，且固定在大約 0 · 0 7 5。在B 3的條件下，△ ( u ’，v ’）被減少隨漸 增的扭曲角。 圖5指出驅動電壓在扭曲角上之依附性的計算結果。 這裡的驅動電壓意思是當反射性等於最大反射性之1%( 對比率100 ·· 1)及0 · 33%(對比率300 : 1) 的電壓。揭示的是在3 — 4V r m s範圍中的驅動電壓可 以被實現在B 1及B 3的條件下，但在B 2的條件下驅動 電壓在對比率100 : 1變成至少4Vrms，且驅動電 壓在對比率300 : 1變成至少6 · 5Vrms。 圖6指出光利用效率在扭曲角上的依附性之計算結果 。在這裡光利用效率意思是考慮到可見度的反射性’在入 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐）(Expression 7) Here, 0 is a liquid crystal orientation angle. To maximize the reflectivity R (R = 1.), the individual square terms of Equation 7 can be made zero. The solution satisfying R = 1 is indicated in Fig. 2 (solid line in Fig. 2), when the twist angle 0 and ΔΔ / λ are used as parameters. What is revealed is a condition where the efficiency becomes 100% can exist only when the twist angle is less than 73 degrees. What's more, if the twist angle is 0 < 7 3 degrees, the paper size is applicable to Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 (210 X 297 mm) I — II (please read the precautions on the back page) III l · Order IIIIIIIII-Printed by the Consumer Cooperatives of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs 15 --------------- Installation (Please read the note on the back first ... (Equation 9 ) 495629 Α7 -------- B7_ V. Description of the invention (13) The optimal condition of the stomach 'dAn / λ can be divided into two branches, as indicated by B1 and B2 in Fig. 2. On the one hand, the optimal conditions in the region where the twist angle is 0> 73 degrees, where the efficiency becomes the largest, can be obtained by solving the following equation (Mathematical formula · 8) (Mathematical formula · 9) d R / d (d Δ η / 7) = 〇 ··· (Mathematical formula 8) Page a Ry d {d A η / λ) > 0 A solution that satisfies this equation (Mathematical formula · 8) (Mathematical formula ·. 9) It is indicated by the dashed line (B3) in Figure 2. Fig. 3 indicates the dependence of the orientation angle of the liquid crystal on the twist angle under the different conditions indicated in Fig. 2. B1, B2, and B3 in Fig. 3 correspond to B1, B2, and B3 in Fig. 2, respectively. This relationship is similar in the following figures. When a liquid crystal display is used, not a small change in color is generally generated corresponding to the driving voltage. It also depends on the characteristics of the wavelength scattering and light source spectrophotometer. However, the dependence of color on voltage must be suppressed to a small extent in order to make the specifications the same for individual R G B color panels. Fig. 4 indicates the calculation result of the change amount in color under different conditions indicated in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 Δ (!! ', v'). The amount of change in color This paper size applies the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm) I Order Printed by the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs Consumer Cooperatives -16- 495629 A7 --- B7 Intellectual Property of the Ministry of Economic Affairs Printed by the Bureau ’s Consumer Cooperatives V. Invention Description (14) Λ (U ', V') is defined as the change in color from the applied voltage V 1 (equivalent to 1% of the reflectivity) to V 9 9 (a voltage equal to 99% of the reflectivity) is at different voltages on the trajectory of the incident light, as shown in the u'-ν 'color chart in Figure 11. The wavelength of the incident light is in the range of 400 nm to 700 nm. The maximum allowable 値 of Δ (u ', v') cannot be explicitly specified because it depends significantly on the design of the projection optical system. However, it can be generally considered to be in the range of 7 to 0.08, which is approximately like the number 値 (0 · 0 6) in a transmission-type twisted nematic (T N). In the case of B1, Δ (!! ′, ν ′) is greater than 0.075, and the dependence of color on voltage is significant. Moreover, this dependency is rapidly increased with decreasing twist angles. On the other hand, under the condition of B 2, Δ (ν ') is irrelevant to the twist angle, and is fixed at about 0 · 0 7 5. Under the condition of B 3, Δ (u ', v') is reduced with increasing twist angle. Fig. 5 indicates the calculation result of the dependence of the driving voltage on the twist angle. The driving voltage here means a voltage when the reflectivity is equal to 1% of the maximum reflectivity (comparative ratio 100 ·· 1) and 0 · 33% (comparative ratio 300: 1). It is revealed that the driving voltage in the range of 3-4V rms can be realized under the conditions of B 1 and B 3, but under the condition of B 2 the driving voltage becomes at least 4 Vrms at a contrast ratio of 100: 1, and the driving voltage is The ratio of 300: 1 becomes at least 6 · 5Vrms. Fig. 6 indicates the calculation result of the dependence of the light utilization efficiency on the twist angle. Here, the light utilization efficiency means that the reflectivity considering the visibility is taken into consideration. In the paper size, the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm) is applied.
-17- 495629 A7 _ B7 五、發明說明（彳5 ) 射光之波長是在4 0 0 n m - 7 0 0 n m的範圍中。且此 數値是被標準化藉由得到偏光鏡與光偵測器之平行透射比 爲1 0 0%。於是，理想的光利用效率是1 0 0%。 在B 2的條件下，可以獲得如同傳輸型T N的光利用 效率。爲何光利用效率在B 1的條件下小於在B 2的條件 之效率的原因，是因爲波長在反射性的依附性是顯著的。 在B 3的條件下，光利用效率被減少根據漸增的扭曲角。 光利用效率是9. 5 %當扭曲角是8 0度、且在9 0度時是 8 6 % 〇 考慮到上述的計算結果，選擇較佳的條件。在B 1的 條件下，在色彩中的變化很大例如至少是0 · 0 8相較於 傳輸型TN，且在B 2的條件下，驅動電壓是高的例如至 少6 · 5 V r m s以對比率3 0 0 ·· 1。因此，B 1及 B 2兩個條件可以被認.爲是不適合的。發現到B 3的條件 以扭曲角在至少7 3度是最好的以平衡不同的特性。 根據B 3條件之正確的硏究，發現到特性在色彩與驅 動電壓中的變化是被改善藉由增加扭曲角，但是光利用效 率卻顯著地減少藉由增加扭曲角。假如扭曲角超過1 0 0 度的話，光利用效率變成小於7 0%，此幾乎相同於傳輸 型液晶顯示器之鏡孔比，且會失去反射型之優點。於是， 扭曲角必須選擇相等於或小於1 0 0度。 在色彩及驅動電壓中的變化相同於傳輸型T N且可以 獲得相當高的光利用效率的條件，是被認爲扭曲角必須在 8 5度到9 0度之範圍中。波長標準化遲滯在此時是在 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） ：~ -18- (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再 -裝 i I 本頁) --線· 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 495629 Α7 _ Β7 五、發明說明（16 ) 〇·45到0.46的範圍中。假如此標準化遲滯是被轉 變到在波長5 5 0 nm之遲滯的話，它變成2 4 8 nm — 2 5 3 n m 〇 爲了穩定此定向，液晶被定向以一種方式：一導向器 (director )，此爲液晶之分子軸方向，被傾斜以1度至 1 0度到基體平面。由基體平面與液晶之導向器所形成的 角度稱爲一傾斜角。根據傾斜角之存在，實際的遲滯是小 於晶穴間隙乘以液晶材質的折射率異方性之積。於是， dAn必須被設計以稍大於250nm (250nm -330nm，且〇.44-0.60爲波長標準化遲滯在 波長550nm)。 在色彩與驅動電壓中的變化被減少根據增加的扭曲角 ，但是光利用效率被增加根據減少的扭曲角。那就是說， 這些因素是在一個權衡的關係中。更好的扭曲角是在8 5 度到.9 0度的範圍中，其中在色彩、驅動電壓及光利用效 率之變化是被令人滿意地平衡。波長標準化遲滯在此時是 在0·45—0·55的範圍中，考慮到上述的傾斜角。 即使液晶定向被旋轉以9 0度在平面中任何方向’特 性基本上相同於當液晶沒有旋轉的情形。 (實施例2 ) 根據增加扭曲角，驅動電壓被減少’且對比率被增加 相較於相同的驅動電壓。在色彩中的變化被減少根據增加 的扭曲角。扭曲角9 0度的條件是最高對比率的條件’且 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公ίΓ) ： (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再 -----^--- 本頁) 訂---------線· 經濟部智慧財產局員工消费合作社印製 •19- 495629 A7 B7 五、發明說明（17 ) 扭曲角之最少的色彩變化是在8 5度到9 0度的範圍中， 此條件被說明在實施例1中。在此，選擇9 0度作爲扭曲 角，亦即其中高對比率及小色彩變化的情形被認爲是重要 的因素，且在下文此情形中提出最佳的條件。 圖7指出在不同外施電壓下，反射性在液晶定向角0 之依附性的計算結果。用爲實驗的液晶晶穴之晶穴間隙是 2微米，且液晶材質之折射率異方性Δη是0 . 149。 反射性被顯·著地變化視液晶定向角而定，即使施以相同的 電壓時。' 當外施電壓是0 · Ο V r m s時，可以獲得高反射性 藉由液晶定向角在0 = 0度到3 0度及9 0度到1 2 0度 的範圍中。特別是，可以獲得較高的反射性藉由液晶定向 角是在0=10度到20度及100度到110度的範圍 中。可以獲得最高的反射性藉由液晶定向角是在0 = 1 5 度及1 0 5度。 * 經濟部智慧財產局員工消t合作社印製 反射性被減少根據增加的外施電壓。.當外施電壓大約 是3 · 9Vrms時，反射性在液晶定向角的依附性大槪 成爲沒有變化的，但是假如外施電壓被更進一步地增加時 ，反射性在液晶定向角的依附性則又出現。反射性變小在 液晶定向角在0 = — 10度到20度及90度到1 15度 的範圍中。 特別是，較低的反射性被指出藉由液晶定向角在0 = 0度到1 0度及9 5度到1 1 0度的範圍中。最低的反射 性被指出藉由液晶定向角在0 = 5度及1 0 5度。 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐）~： -20- 495629 A7 r——B7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 五、發明說明（18 ) 圖8指出對比率在液晶定向角之依附性。對比率是以 外施電壓0 . OVrms的反射性與以不同外施電壓（ 3 · IV rms — 7 · OVrms)的反射性之比率。當 以3 · 1 V r m s驅動時，對比率變成最大以液晶定向角 在30度及一60度。 根據增加的驅動電壓，用於使對比率最大的液晶定向 角被變化。當驅動電壓是3.5Vrms時，對比率變成 最大以液晶.定向角在2 0度及1 1 0度。當驅動電路是 3 · 9Vrms時，對比率變成最大以液晶定向角在15 度及1 0 5度。對比率其絕對値被增加，假如驅動電路被 更進一步增加的話，且使得對比率最大的液晶定向角，被 變化到1 0度及1 0 5度。 如上所述，當驅動電壓被提供時，以個別的驅動電壓 ，使得對比率最大的液晶定向角可以被選擇從0度到3 0 度及90度到120度的範圍中。 (液晶顯示元件之實施例） 使用本發明之液晶顯示模式的液晶顯示元件之實施例 是被參考圖9說明。 圖9是一槪略圖解，指出一關於本發明之實施例的液 晶顯示元件之剖面組成。在圖1中所示的極化光線分光器 在圖9中被省略。在本實施例中，一單晶矽基體被使用作 爲主動矩陣基體1 2 2。 主動矩陣基體1 2 2是被組成藉由形成p型池1 2 4 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） (請先閱讀背面之注意事 ϋ I · 1 I 項再本頁) 訂： 線. -21- 495629 A7 - ____ B7 五、發明說明（19 ) 在η型基體123上，且更進一步形成MOS ( Metal Oxide Semiconductor金屬氧化物半導體）電晶體1 2 5及 在其上的保留電容1 2 6。而且，在電晶體、絕緣膜及其 他之間的配線是被疊置在其上，且反射電極1 2 7及其保 護膜13 0是被形成在最上層。 液晶層1 2 1是被密封在設有透明電極1 2 8的玻璃 基體1 2 0與主動矩陣基體· 1 2 2之間。爲了維持液晶層 的厚度在一.確定値，設有支架。因爲用於投影器之液晶顯 示元件是被暴露在一高強度光線中，一光線屏蔽層1 3 1 是被設置爲了阻止光線進入MO S電晶體的區域中。在 1 2 m s之內包括上升時間與下降時間的快速反應可以被 實現藉由使液晶層的厚度爲2微米。 圖12指出區域401，其中在波長550nm的波 長標準化遲滞變成0 . 4 4 - 0 . 6 0，在一液晶材質的 液晶層折射率異方性△ η之厚度的座標平面上。而且，液 晶的反應時間在液晶層4 0 2的厚度上之依附性是被指出 在圖1 2中。 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 已知的是液晶的反應時間是和液晶層的厚度平方成正 比（Ε. Jakeman and Ε· Ρ. Raynes: Phys. Lett. ,39A, p.69 (1972 ))。因此，拿上述以液晶層2微米厚度的1 2 m s 之反應時間作爲一標準，爲獲得反應時間小於1 6 · 7 m s之必需的層厚度，此反應時間爲一以個人電腦的一般 圖框頻率6 0Hz之圖框時間，可以被計算爲小於2 . 4 微米。在此，使用液晶材質具有一 0 · 149的Δη。此 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） ~： 一 -22- 495629 A7 一- B7 五、發明說明¢0 ) 時’發現至少0 · 1的液晶材質之折射率異方性是必要的 ，爲了滿足波長標準化遲滯之0.44—0.60的範圍 in —----11111 · 11 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再本頁) 〇 (投影型液晶顯示裝置之實施例） 液晶投影器之實施例，此投影器爲使用液晶顯示元件 的投影型液晶顯示裝置之一，被參考圖1 0說明。 圖α 〇 -是一槪略圖解，指出本發明的液晶投影器之組 成。液晶投影器包含白光源3 〇 1，極化光線分光器 302、分光鏡30 3，304，本發明之液晶光球 305 R，305G，305Β、投影透鏡 306，及其 他。 •線. 經濟部智慧財產局員工消费合作社印製 只有垂直於此投影自白光源3 0 1的光層之極化分量 被藉由極化光線分光器3 0 2反射，藉由分光鏡3 0 3， 3 0 4分開成紅、藍，綠的三原色，且個別的三原色分別 地進入液晶顯示元件305R，305G，305B中。 入射光相位在晶層中被調變在個別的液晶顯示元件 305R，305G，305B中，被反射藉由圖素電極 ，及被再一次色彩合成藉由分光鏡303，304。然後 ，只有平行於此層的極化分量是被透過經由極化光線分光 器3 0 2，而投影到螢幕（在圖7中未顯示）經由投影透 鏡3 0 6。因爲本發明之液晶顯示元件被使用在液晶顯示 元件305尺，305〇，3056中，所以液晶的反應 時間快，且移動影像之顯示可以被平穩地執行。 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準（CNS)A4規格（210 X 297公釐） -23- 495629 A7 -—__B7_ 五、發明說明0 ) 根據本發明之液晶顯示元件，色彩在電壓上的依附性 小’非常小的電壓驅動是可能的，且快速反應是較佳的。 因此，藉由投影型液晶顯示裝置的移動影像之顯示可以被 平穩地執行藉由使用本發明之液晶顯示元件。 而且，本發明之液晶顯示元件可以被供應以一低價格 ’因爲它可以被製造藉由穩定的液晶定向處理。 經濟部智慧財產局員工消费合作社印製 適 度 尺 張 紙 本 準 標 家 釐 公 97 2 X 10 (2 格 規 24-17- 495629 A7 _ B7 V. Description of the invention (彳 5) The wavelength of the emitted light is in the range of 4 0 n m-7 0 0 n m. And this number is standardized by obtaining the parallel transmittance of the polarizer and the light detector to 100%. Therefore, the ideal light utilization efficiency is 100%. Under the condition of B 2, it is possible to obtain the light utilization efficiency like the transmission type TN. The reason why the light utilization efficiency under the condition of B 1 is smaller than that under the condition of B 2 is because the dependence of the wavelength on reflectivity is significant. Under the condition of B 3, the light utilization efficiency is reduced according to the increasing twist angle. The light utilization efficiency is 9.5% when the twist angle is 80 degrees and 86% at 90 degrees. Considering the above calculation results, a better condition is selected. Under the condition of B 1, the change in color is large, such as at least 0 · 0 8 compared with the transmission type TN, and under the condition of B 2, the driving voltage is high, such as at least 6 · 5 V rms to The ratio is 3 0 0 ·· 1. Therefore, the two conditions B 1 and B 2 can be considered as inappropriate. It was found that the condition of B 3 was best with a twist angle of at least 73 degrees to balance the different characteristics. According to the correct investigation of the B 3 condition, it was found that the change in characteristics in color and driving voltage was improved by increasing the twist angle, but the light utilization efficiency was significantly reduced by increasing the twist angle. If the twist angle exceeds 100 degrees, the light utilization efficiency becomes less than 70%, which is almost the same as the mirror-to-hole ratio of a transmission type liquid crystal display and loses the advantages of the reflection type. Therefore, the twist angle must be selected to be equal to or less than 100 degrees. The change in color and driving voltage is the same as that of the transmission type T N and a condition in which a relatively high light utilization efficiency can be obtained, and it is considered that the twist angle must be in a range of 85 degrees to 90 degrees. The wavelength normalized hysteresis is at this time the Chinese national standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm) is applied on this paper scale: ~ -18- (Please read the precautions on the back before-install this page)- Printed by the Consumer Cooperatives of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs 495629 Α7 _ Β7 V. Description of the invention (16) In the range of 0.45 to 0.46. If such a normalized hysteresis is converted to a hysteresis at a wavelength of 5 50 nm, it becomes 2 4 8 nm-2 53 nm. To stabilize this orientation, the liquid crystal is oriented in one way: a director, which It is the direction of the molecular axis of the liquid crystal, and is tilted from 1 degree to 10 degrees to the plane of the substrate. The angle formed by the substrate plane and the liquid crystal director is called an inclination angle. According to the existence of the tilt angle, the actual hysteresis is less than the product of the cell gap times the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal material. Therefore, dAn must be designed to be slightly larger than 250nm (250nm-330nm, and 0.44-0.60 is a wavelength normalized hysteresis at a wavelength of 550nm). Changes in color and drive voltage are reduced based on the increased twist angle, but light utilization efficiency is increased based on the reduced twist angle. That said, these factors are in a balanced relationship. A better twist angle is in the range of 85 degrees to .90 degrees, in which changes in color, driving voltage, and light utilization efficiency are satisfactorily balanced. The wavelength normalized hysteresis is in the range of 0.45 to 0.55 at this time, taking into account the aforementioned tilt angle. Even if the orientation of the liquid crystal is rotated at 90 degrees in any direction in the plane, the characteristics are basically the same as when the liquid crystal is not rotated. (Embodiment 2) As the twist angle is increased, the driving voltage is reduced 'and the contrast ratio is increased compared to the same driving voltage. Changes in color are reduced according to the increased twist angle. The condition of a twist angle of 90 degrees is the condition of the highest contrast ratio 'and this paper size applies the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 male Γ): (Please read the precautions on the back before ----- ^ --- This page) Order --------- Line Printed by the Consumer Cooperative of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economy • 19- 495629 A7 B7 V. Description of the invention (17) The least color change of the twist angle is in In the range of 85 degrees to 90 degrees, this condition is explained in Example 1. Here, 90 degrees is selected as the twist angle, that is, a case where a high contrast ratio and a small color change are considered to be important factors, and the best conditions are proposed in this case below. FIG. 7 indicates the calculation results of the dependence of the reflectivity on the orientation angle of the liquid crystal at different applied voltages. The cell gap of the liquid crystal cell used for the experiment is 2 micrometers, and the refractive index anisotropy Δη of the liquid crystal material is 0.149. The reflectivity varies significantly depending on the orientation angle of the liquid crystal, even when the same voltage is applied. 'When the applied voltage is 0 · Ο V r m s, high reflectivity can be obtained. The orientation angle of the liquid crystal is in the range of 0 = 0 to 30 degrees and 90 to 120 degrees. In particular, higher reflectivity can be obtained by the orientation angle of the liquid crystal being in the range of 0 = 10 degrees to 20 degrees and 100 degrees to 110 degrees. The highest reflectivity can be obtained by the orientation angle of the liquid crystal at 0 = 15 degrees and 105 degrees. * Printed by the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, printed by cooperatives. Reflectivity is reduced based on increased applied voltage. When the applied voltage is about 3.9Vrms, the dependence of the reflectivity on the orientation angle of the liquid crystal will not change, but if the applied voltage is further increased, the dependence of the reflectivity on the orientation angle of the liquid crystal will be unchanged. Appear again. The reflectivity becomes smaller when the orientation angle of the liquid crystal is in the range of 0 =-10 degrees to 20 degrees and 90 degrees to 115 degrees. In particular, lower reflectivity is pointed out by the orientation angle of the liquid crystal in the range of 0 = 0 to 10 degrees and 95 to 110 degrees. The lowest reflectivity is indicated by the orientation angle of the liquid crystal at 0 = 5 degrees and 105 degrees. This paper size applies the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm) ~: -20- 495629 A7 r——B7 Printed by the Consumer Cooperatives of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs 5. Description of the invention (18) Figure 8 indicates Contrast Ratio Dependence on Liquid Crystal Orientation Angle. The contrast ratio is the ratio of the reflectivity of an applied voltage of 0. OVrms to the reflectivity of a different applied voltage (3 · IV rms — 7 · OVrms). When driven at 3 · 1 V r m s, the contrast ratio becomes maximum with the orientation angle of the liquid crystal at 30 ° and -60 °. According to the increased driving voltage, the orientation angle of the liquid crystal for maximizing the contrast ratio is changed. When the driving voltage is 3.5Vrms, the contrast ratio becomes maximum with liquid crystal. The orientation angle is at 20 degrees and 110 degrees. When the driving circuit is 3.9Vrms, the contrast ratio becomes maximum with the orientation angle of the liquid crystal at 15 degrees and 105 degrees. The absolute value of the contrast ratio is increased. If the driving circuit is further increased, and the orientation angle of the liquid crystal that maximizes the contrast ratio is changed to 10 degrees and 105 degrees. As described above, when the driving voltage is provided, the liquid crystal alignment angle with the largest contrast ratio can be selected from the range of 0 degrees to 30 degrees and 90 degrees to 120 degrees with the individual driving voltages. (Example of liquid crystal display element) An example of a liquid crystal display element using the liquid crystal display mode of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 9. Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a cross-sectional composition of a liquid crystal display element according to an embodiment of the present invention. The polarized beam splitter shown in Fig. 1 is omitted in Fig. 9. In this embodiment, a single crystal silicon substrate is used as the active matrix substrate 1 2 2. The active matrix substrate 1 2 2 is composed by forming a p-type cell 1 2 4 This paper size applies the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm) (Please read the notes on the back first ϋ I · 1 I Item on this page) Order: Line. -21- 495629 A7-____ B7 V. Description of the invention (19) On the n-type substrate 123, and further forming a MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistor 1 2 5 And the retention capacitors 1 2 6 on it. Further, wirings between the transistor, the insulating film, and others are stacked thereon, and the reflective electrode 1 2 7 and the protective film 130 are formed on the uppermost layer. The liquid crystal layer 1 2 1 is sealed between a glass substrate 1 2 0 provided with a transparent electrode 1 2 8 and an active matrix substrate · 1 2 2. In order to maintain the thickness of the liquid crystal layer at a certain level, a bracket is provided. Since the liquid crystal display element used in the projector is exposed to high-intensity light, a light shielding layer 1 3 1 is provided to prevent light from entering the area of the MOS transistor. A fast response including rise time and fall time within 12 ms can be achieved by making the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 2 micrometers. FIG. 12 indicates a region 401 in which a normalized hysteresis at a wavelength of 550 nm becomes 0.4 to 0.60 on a coordinate plane having a thickness of the refractive index anisotropy Δη of a liquid crystal layer of a liquid crystal material. Moreover, the dependence of the response time of the liquid crystal on the thickness of the liquid crystal layer 402 is indicated in FIG. 12. Printed by the Consumer Cooperatives of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, it is known that the response time of liquid crystal is proportional to the square of the thickness of the liquid crystal layer (E. Jakeman and E.P. Raynes: Phys. Lett., 39A, p. 69 (1972 )). Therefore, taking the above-mentioned response time of 12 ms with a thickness of 2 micrometers of the liquid crystal layer as a standard, in order to obtain the necessary layer thickness with a response time less than 16 · 7 ms, this response time is a general frame frequency of a personal computer. The frame time at 60 Hz can be calculated as less than 2.4 microns. Here, a liquid crystal material having a Δη of 0 · 149 is used. This paper size is in accordance with Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm) ~: -22- 495629 A7 -1-B7 V. Description of the invention ¢ 0) When the refraction of the liquid crystal material is found at least 0 · 1 Rate anisotropy is necessary, in order to meet the range of wavelength normalized hysteresis from 0.44 to 0.60 in ------ 11111 · 11 (Please read the precautions on the back before this page) 〇 (Example of a projection type liquid crystal display device An embodiment of a liquid crystal projector, which is one of the projection type liquid crystal display devices using a liquid crystal display element, and is described with reference to FIG. 10. Fig. Α--is a schematic diagram showing the composition of the liquid crystal projector of the present invention. The liquid crystal projector includes a white light source 301, a polarized light beam splitter 302, a beam splitter 30 3, 304, a liquid crystal photosphere 305 R, 305G, 305B, a projection lens 306, and others. • Line. Printed by the Consumer Cooperative of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, only the polarization component of the light layer perpendicular to this projection from the white light source 3 0 1 is reflected by the polarized light beam splitter 3 0 2 and by the beam splitter 3 0 3 , 3 0 4 is divided into three primary colors of red, blue, and green, and the individual primary colors enter the liquid crystal display elements 305R, 305G, and 305B, respectively. The phase of the incident light is modulated in the crystal layer in the individual liquid crystal display elements 305R, 305G, 305B, is reflected by the pixel electrode, and is again color synthesized by the beam splitters 303, 304. Then, only the polarization component parallel to this layer is transmitted through the polarized beam splitter 3 0 2 and projected onto the screen (not shown in FIG. 7) through the projection lens 3 0 6. Since the liquid crystal display element of the present invention is used in the liquid crystal display elements 305 feet, 3050, 3056, the response time of liquid crystal is fast, and the display of moving images can be performed smoothly. This paper size applies the Chinese National Standard (CNS) A4 specification (210 X 297 mm) -23- 495629 A7-__B7_ V. Description of the invention 0) According to the liquid crystal display element of the present invention, the color dependence on voltage is small ' Very small voltage drive is possible, and fast response is better. Therefore, the display of moving images by the projection type liquid crystal display device can be smoothly performed by using the liquid crystal display element of the present invention. Moreover, the liquid crystal display element of the present invention can be supplied at a low price because it can be manufactured by a stable liquid crystal alignment process. Appropriately printed on paper by the Consumer Cooperative of the Intellectual Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs.