TW202334150A - 新穎化合物 - Google Patents
新穎化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TW202334150A TW202334150A TW111140009A TW111140009A TW202334150A TW 202334150 A TW202334150 A TW 202334150A TW 111140009 A TW111140009 A TW 111140009A TW 111140009 A TW111140009 A TW 111140009A TW 202334150 A TW202334150 A TW 202334150A
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- C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
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- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
Abstract
本發明涉及雜環衍生物和其在治療和預防癌症的用途,以及包含所述
衍生物之組成物及其製備方法。
Description
本發明涉及雜環衍生物和其在治療和預防癌症的用途,以及包含所述衍生物之組成物及其製備方法。
DNA雙股裂縫(double-strand breaks,DSBs)的穩健修復對於維持基因體(genome)穩定性和細胞生存力是必要的。DSBs可以通過三種主要途徑之一來進行修復:同源重組(homologous recombination,HR)、非同源性末端接合(non-homologous end-joining,NHEJ)以及替代性非同源性末端接合(alternative non-homologous end-joining,alt-NHEJ)。微同源性介導的末端連接(microhomology-mediated end-joining,MMEJ)是特徵最清楚的alt-NHEJ機制,HR介導的修復是一種高保真(high-fidelity)機制,對於準確無誤的修復、防止易患癌症(cancer-predisposing)基因體穩定性是必要的。相反地,NHEJ和MMEJ是易出錯的(error-prone)途徑,可以在修復位置留下突變疤痕。MMEJ可以平行於HR和NHEJ途徑作用(Truong et al.PNAS 2013,110(19),7720-7725)。
與一般細胞不同,癌細胞的存活率通常取決於DNA損傷反應(DNA damage response,DDR)途徑的錯誤調節,例如增加對一種途徑的依賴(通常是突變的)以應對另一種途徑的失活,或因增殖(proliferation)增加導致複製壓力
(replication stress)增強。異常的DDR也可以使癌症細胞對特定類型的DNA損傷敏感,因此,可以利用有缺陷的DDR來發展標靶癌症療法。至關重要地,HR和NHEJ受損或失活的癌細胞變得高度依賴MMEJ介導的DNA修復。遺傳、細胞生物學和生化數據已確定Polθ(UniProtKB-O75417(DPOLQ_HUMAN)為MMEJ中的關鍵蛋白質(Kent et al.Nature Structural & Molecular Biology(2015),22(3),230-237,Mateos-Gomez et al.Nature(2015),518(7538),254-257)。Polθ為多功能的酶,其包含N端解螺旋酶(helicase)結構域(domain)(SF2 HEL308型)和C端低保真DNA聚合酶結構域(A型)(Wood & Doublié DNA Repair(2016),44,22-32)。兩結構域在MMEJ中顯示出具有協同的機械功能(concerted mechanistic functions),解螺旋酶結構域介導從ssDNA末端移除RPA蛋白並引發貼合(annealing),聚合酶結構域延伸ssDNA末端並填補剩下的缺口。
Polθ的治療失活將因此禁用細胞執行MMEJ的能力,並在一系列確定的腫瘤環境中提供新穎標靶策略。首先,Polθ已經被證明對於HR缺陷(HRD)的細胞(例如具有FA/BRCA缺乏的合成致死細胞(Synthetic lethal))是必要的,並且在HRD腫瘤細胞株中被上調(Ceccaldi et al.Nature(2015),518(7538),258-262)。體內研究也顯示出Polθ在HRD卵巢癌、子宮癌和乳癌的子集中顯著過度表達,且預後(prognosis)較差(Higgins et al.Oncotarget(2010),1,175-184,Lemée et al.PNAS(2010),107(30),13390-13395,Ceccaldi et al.(2015),supra)。重要地,Polθ在正常組織中被很大程度地抑制,但已顯示出在相配的癌症樣品中被上調,因此表達與疾病相關升高(Kawamura et al.International Journal of Cancer(2004),109(1),9-16)。其次,其壓制或抑制賦予腫瘤細胞放射敏感度(radio-sensitivity)。最後,
Polθ抑制作用可能可以預防BRCA2突變的MMEJ依賴性功能逆轉,該逆轉為在腫瘤中順鉑(cisplatin)和PARPi抗藥性(resistance)出現的基礎。
因此,需要提供有效的Polθ抑制劑來治療癌症。
根據本發明之第一態樣,提供一種式(I)化合物:
在一實施例中,本發明提供一種式(I)化合物,其為式(I)化合物之游離鹼,且為(3aR,11aS)-6,10-二甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-5-(2-(4-
甲基哌嗪-1-基)乙基)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-六氫-2H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-2,11(3H)-二酮((3aR,11aS)-6,10-Dimethyl-1-(6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-hexahydro-2H-benzo[b]pyrrolo[2,3-f][1,4]diazocine-2,11(3H)-dione)(E1)。
提及式(I)化合物和其子群(sub-group)還包含其離子形式、鹽類、溶劑合物、異構體(包含幾何異構體和立體化學異構體(stereochemical isomers))、互變異構體(tautomers)、N-氧化物(N-oxides)、酯類、前驅藥、同位素和保護形式,例如如下所述;較佳地,為其鹽類或互變異構體或異構體或N-氧化物或溶劑合物;且更佳地,為其鹽類或互變異構體或N-氧化物或溶劑合物,甚至更佳地,為其鹽類或互變異構體或溶劑合物。在下文中,在本發明任何態樣(除了化學過程中的中間產物)中所定義的化合物和其離子形式、鹽類、溶劑合物、異構體(包含幾何異構體和立體化學異構體)、互變異構體、N-氧化物、酯類、前驅藥、同位素和其保護形式被稱為「本發明之化合物」。
鹽類
某些式(I)化合物可以以鹽類的形式存在,例如酸加成鹽,或在某些情況下有機和無機鹼的鹽類,例如羧酸鹽、磺酸鹽和磷酸鹽。所有這些鹽類皆在本發明的範圍內,且提及式(I)化合物包含化合物的鹽類形式。
本發明的鹽類可以通過常規化學方法(例如Pharmaceutical Salts:Properties,Selection,and Use,P.Heinrich Stahl(Editor),Camille G.Wermuth(Editor),ISBN:3-90639-026-8,Hardcover,388 pages,August 2002中描述的方法)從含有鹼性或酸性基團的母化合物(parent compound)來合成。通常,這些鹽類可
以通過將這些化合物的游離酸或鹼形式與在水或有機溶劑或其混合物中適當的鹼或酸反應來製備;通常,使用非水介質,例如乙醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、異丙醇或乙腈。
酸加成鹽(單鹽或二鹽)可與多種酸(包含無機和有機)形成。酸加成鹽的例子包含與酸和陽離子交換樹脂形成的單鹽或二鹽,所述酸選自由乙酸、2,2-二氯乙酸、己二酸(adipic)、藻酸(alginic)、抗壞血酸(ascorbic)(例如L-抗壞血酸(L-ascorbic))、L-天冬胺酸(L-aspartic)、苯磺酸、苯甲酸、4-乙醯胺基苯甲酸、丁酸、(+)樟腦酸、樟腦磺酸(camphor-sulfonic)、(+)-(1S)-樟腦-10-磺酸((+)-(1S)-camphor-10-sulfonic)、癸酸(capric)、己酸(caproic)、辛酸(caprylic)、桂皮酸(cinnamic)、檸檬酸、環己基胺基磺酸(cyclamic)、十二烷基硫酸(dodecylsulfuric)、乙烷-1,2-二磺酸(ethane-1,2-disulfonic)、乙磺酸、2-羥基乙磺酸、甲酸、反丁烯二酸(fumaric)、半乳糖二酸(galactaric)、龍膽酸(gentisic)、葡萄糖甲酸(glucoheptonic)、D-葡萄糖酸(D-gluconic)、葡萄糖醛酸(glucuronic)(例如D-葡萄糖醛酸)、麩胺酸(例如L-麩胺酸)、α-側氧基戊二酸(α-oxoglutaric)、乙醇酸(glycolic)、馬尿酸(hippuric)、氫鹵酸(hydrohalic acid)(例如氫溴酸(hydrobromic)、鹽酸、氫碘酸(hydriodic))、2-羥乙磺酸(isethionic)、乳酸(例如(+)-L-乳酸、(±)-DL-乳酸)、乳糖酸(lactobionic)、順丁烯二酸(maleic)、蘋果酸、(-)-L-蘋果酸、丙二酸(malonic)、(±)-DL-杏仁酸((±)-DL-mandelic)、甲磺酸、萘-2-磺酸(naphthalene-2-sulfonic)、萘-1,5-二磺酸(naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic)、1-羥基-2-萘甲酸(1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic)、菸鹼酸(nicotinic)、硝酸、油酸、乳清酸(orotic)、草酸(oxalic)、棕櫚酸(palmitic)、撲酸(pamoic)、磷酸、丙酸、丙酮酸(pyruvic)、
L-焦麩胺酸(L-pyroglutamic)、水楊酸(salicylic)、4-胺基-水楊酸、癸二酸(scbacic)、硬酯酸(stearic)、琥珀酸、硫酸、單寧酸、(+)-L-酒石酸、硫氰酸、對甲苯磺酸、十一烯酸和戊酸(valeric acid),以及醯化胺基酸所組成之群組。
一組特定的鹽類包含由乙酸、鹽酸、氫碘酸、磷酸、硝酸、硫酸、檸檬酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、順丁烯二酸、蘋果酸、2-羥乙磺酸、反丁烯二酸、苯磺酸、甲苯磺酸、甲磺酸(methanesulfonic)(甲磺酸鹽(mesylate))、乙磺酸、萘磺酸(naphthalenesulfonic)、戊酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、丙二酸、葡萄糖醛酸和乳糖酸形成的鹽組成。一種特定的鹽類為鹽酸鹽。
當式(I)化合物含有胺官能基時,這些可以形成四級銨鹽,例如根據本領域技術人員已知的方法通過與烷化劑(alkylating agent)反應而得。這些四級銨化合物在式(I)的範圍內。
根據形成鹽的酸的pKa,本發明的化合物可以單鹽或二鹽存在。
應當理解的是,為了在藥物中使用,式(I)化合物的鹽應該是藥學上可接受的。合適的藥學上可接受的鹽對本領域技術人員來說是顯而易見的。藥學上可接受的鹽包含Berge,Bighley和Monkhouse,J.Pharm.Sci.1977,66,pp.1-19所描述的那些。這些藥學上可接受的鹽包含與無機酸和有機酸形成的酸加成鹽,所述無機酸例如鹽酸、氫溴酸、硫酸、硝酸或磷酸,所述有機酸例如琥珀酸、順丁烯二酸、乙酸、反丁烯二酸、檸檬酸、酒石酸、苯甲酸、對甲苯磺酸、甲磺酸或萘磺酸。可以使用其他鹽類(例如草酸鹽或甲酸鹽)例如在式(I)化合物的分離中,且包含在本發明的範圍內。然而,非藥學上可接受的鹽也可以製備成中間體形式,接著可將其轉化成藥學上可接受的鹽。這種非藥學上可接受的鹽
形式可能是有用的,例如在本發明的化合物的純化或分離中,也構成本發明的一部分。
某些式(I)化合物可與一或多當量的酸形成酸加成鹽。本發明包含在其範圍內的所有可能的化學劑量(stoichiometric)和非化學劑量形式。
溶劑合物
有機化學領域之技術人員將理解,許多有機化合物可以與在其中發生反應或從其沉澱或結晶的溶劑形成複合物,這些複合物被稱為「溶劑合物」。例如,與水的複合物被稱為「水合物」。本發明之化合物之藥學上可接受的溶劑合物在本發明的範圍內。在一實施例中,本發明之化合物之藥學上可接受的溶劑合物包含其水合物。
在一實施例中,所述式(I)化合物的晶體形式是共晶體(cocrystal)或共構物(coformer)。可以使用水可溶性分子,例如糖精、咖啡因、菸鹼醯胺(nicotinamide)或羧酸來製備這種共晶體或共構物。可參考Emami S et al(2018)BioImpacts 8(4),305-320所述來製備共構物,此技術在此引入作為參考。
應理解的是,本發明包含式(I)化合物之藥學上可接受的衍生物,且這些包含在本發明的範圍內。
如本文所使用,「藥學上可接受的衍生物」包含式(I)化合物之任何藥學上可接受的酯或這種酯的鹽,其在施用於受試者後,能夠提供(直接或間接)式(I)化合物或其活性代謝物或殘基(residue)。
N-氧化物
含有含氮官能基的式(I)化合物也可以形成N-氧化物。本文中提及的含有含氮官能基的式(I)化合物也包含N-氧化物。
當化合物含有多個胺官能基時,一或多個氮原子可以被氧化形成N-氧化物。N-氧化物的具體例子為三級胺(tertiary amine)或含氮雜環的氮原子的N-氧化物。
N-氧化物可以藉由以氧化劑處理對應的胺來形成,氧化劑例如為過氧化氫或過酸(per-acid)(例如過氧羧酸),例如參考Advanced Organic Chemistry,by Jerry March,4th Edition,Wiley Interscience。更具體地,N-氧化物可以經由L.W.Deady(Syn.Commun.1977,7,509-514)的步驟製備,其中例如將胺化合物與間-氯過氧苯甲酸(mCPBA)在例如惰性溶劑例如二氯甲烷中反應。
前驅藥
本領域技術人員將理解,式(I)化合物的某些被保護的衍生物可以在最後去保護階段之前製備,其可能不具有藥理活性,但是可能在某些情況下,可以以口服或腸胃外給藥,且之後在體內代謝形成具有藥理活性的本發明之化合物。因此,這些衍生物可以稱為「前驅藥」。本發明之化合物的所有前驅藥包含在本發明的範圍內。適用於本發明之化合物的前藥(pro-drug)功能性的例子描述於Drugs of Today,19,9,1983,499-538和Topics in Chemistry,Chapter 31,pp.306-316和“Design of Prodrugs”by H.Bundgaard,Elsevier,1985,Chapter 1中(其公開內容在此引入作為參考)。本領域技術人員將進一步理解,某些基團,本技術領域人員稱為「前基團(pro-moieties)」,例如H.Bundgaard於“Design of Prodrugs”所述(文獻的公開內容在此引入作為參考),當這些官能基存在於本發明之化合物中時,可以置於適當的官能基上。
其同質異形體(polymorphs)也包含在本發明之化合物和各種鹽類的範圍內。
鏡像異構物(Enantiomers)
當式(I)化合物存在手性(chiral)中心時,本發明包含在其範圍內的所有可能的鏡像異構物和非鏡像異構物,包含其混合物。可以經由常規方法將不同的異構體形式彼此分離或分解(resolved),或者可以經由常規合成方法或立體特異性或不對稱性合成以得到任何特定的異構體。本發明也延伸到任何互變異構體或其混合物。
同位素
本發明還包含與式(I)所述的那些相同的所有藥學上可接受的同位素標記的化合物,但事實為其的一個或多個原子被原子質量或質量數與自然界中最常見的原子質量或質量數不同的原子取代。
適用於包含在本發明之化合物中的同位素的例子包含氫的同位素,例如2H(D)和3H(T);碳,例如11C、13C和14C;氯,例如36Cl;氟,例如18F;碘,例如123I、125I和131I;氮,例如13N和15N;氧,例如15O、17O和18O;磷,例如32P;以及硫,例如35S。
某些同位素標記的式(I)化合物,例如摻入放射性同位素的那些,有利於藥物和/或基質組織分佈研究。式(I)化合物也可以具有有價值的診斷特性,因為他們可以用於檢測或識別標記的化合物與其他分子、胜肽、蛋白質、酶或受體之間的複合物的形成。該檢測或識別方法可以使用以標記試劑(labelling agent)標記的化合物,標記試劑例如放射性同位素、酶、螢光物質(fluorescent substance)、發光物質(luminous substance)(例如發光胺(luminol)、發光胺衍生物、螢光素(luciferin)、水母素(aequorin)和螢光素梅(luciferase))等。放射性同位素氚,
即3H(T),和碳-14,即14C,考量到他們易於組合和易於檢測之方法,對此目的尤其有用。
用較重的同位素取代,例如氘,即2H(D),由於代謝穩定性更高(例如體內半衰期延長或劑量要求降低)可以提供某些治療優勢,因此在某些狀況下是較佳的。
以正電子發射同位素(emitting isotope)取代,例如11C、18F、15O和13N,可以在正子斷層照影(Positron Emission Topography,PET)研究中檢查目標佔有率。
同位素標記的式(I)化合物通常由本領域技術人員已知的常規技術製備,或經由類似於所附實施例中描述的方法製備,且使用適當的同位素標記的試劑取代先前採用的非標記的試劑。
純度
由於式(I)化合物旨在用於醫藥組成物中,因此容易理解的,它們各自較佳地以實質上純的形式提供,例如具有至少60%純度,更合適地具有至少75%純度,且較佳地為具有至少85%純度,尤其是具有至少98%純度(%為以重量為基準計算)。不純的化合物製劑可用於製備更純的形式以在醫藥組成物中使用。
方法
根據本發明之另一態樣,提供一種用於製備式(I)化合物及其衍生物的方法。以下流程為可用於合成本發明之化合物之合成流程的例子。在以下流程中,可以根據公知的技術以保護基團保護反應性基團並去保護。
根據本發明之另一態樣,提供一種製備如本文所定義之式(I)化合物的方法,包含:
(a)將式(II)化合物互變(interconversion)為式(I)化合物;以及
(b)可選地形成式(I)化合物之藥學上可接受的鹽類。
步驟(a)通常包含互變反應以製備式(I)化合物。例如實施例1的步驟(xvii)所述。
式(II)化合物可根據本文所述的程序製備。例如式(II)化合物可根據實施例1所描述的實驗程序製備,特別是實施例1的步驟(xvi)。
如果合適,在本文所述的反應之後或之前進行本領域技術人員已知的一或多種反應,並以合適的順序進行,以實現對本文所定義的每個變量的必要取代,以提供其他的式(I)之化合物。可以在文獻中找到其條件的這些反應的非限制例子包含:
反應性官能基的保護;
反應性官能基的去保護;
鹵化;
去鹵化;
脫烷;
胺、苯胺、醇和苯酚的烷基化;
羥基上的光延反應(Mitsunobu reaction);
在合適的基團上進行環加成反應;
硝基、酯、氰基、醛的還原;
過渡金屬催化的耦合反應;
醯化;
磺醯基的磺醯化(sulfonylation)或引入(introduction);
酯基的皂化(saponification)/水解;
酯基的醯胺化(amidification)或轉酯化(transesterification);
羧基的酯化或醯胺化;
鹵素交換;
以胺、硫醇或醇進行親核取代;
還原胺化(reductive amination);
在羰基和羥胺基上的肟化(oxime formation);
S-氧化;
N-氧化;
鹽化(salification)。
公認的是,涉及芳基耦合和還原的反應順序是可以變化的。還公認的是,各種鈀基催化劑適合用於進行芳基耦合反應。
也認可的是,異構體分離可以發生在合成順序的任何合適階段。應強調的是,這種手性分離形成本發明的關鍵態樣,且這種分離可以根據本文所描述的方法進行,或者可以根據已知的方法進行。還認可的是,在合成中暫
時形成中間體的被保護的衍生物(例如被Boc-保護的胺、或被SEM-保護的胺)可能是有益的,以促進層析分離(chromatographic separation)、光學分割(chiral resolution)或在特定步驟中提高溶解度或產率。
在上述多個反應中,可能有必要保護一或多個基團,以防止在分子上不期望的位置發生反應。保護基團的例子以及保護和去保護官能基團的方法可在Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis(T.Green and P.Wuts;4th Edition;John Wiley and Sons,2007)中找到。
羥基可被保護為例如醚(-OR)或酯(-OC(=O)R),例如叔丁基醚;四氫吡喃基(tetrahydropyranyl,THP)醚;苄基、二苯甲基(benzhydryl(diphenylmethyl))、或三苯甲基(trityl(triphenylmethyl))醚;三甲基矽基(trimethylsilyl)或叔丁基二甲基矽醚(tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether);或乙醯酯(-OC(=O)CH3)。
胺基可被保護為例如醯胺(-NRCO-R)或胺基甲酸脂(-NRCO-OR),例如甲基醯胺(-NHCO-CH3);胺基甲醯苄酯(benzyl carbamate)(-NHCO-OCH2C6H5,-NH-Cbz或NH-Z);胺基甲酸叔丁酯(-NHCOOC(CH3)3,NH-Boc);2-聯苯-2-丙基胺基甲酸酯(2-biphenyl-2-propyl carbamate)(-NHCO-OC(CH3)2C6H4C6H5,NH-Boc);9-芴基甲基胺基甲酸酯(9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate)(-NH-Fmoc)、6-硝基藜蘆基胺基甲酸酯(6-nitroveratryl carbamate)(-NH-Nvoc);2-三甲基矽乙基胺基甲酸酯(2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate)(-NH-Teoc);2,2,2-三氯乙基胺基甲酸酯(2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate)(-NH-Troc);丙烯基胺基甲酸酯(allyl
carbamate)(-NH-Alloc);或2(-苯磺醯基)乙基胺基甲酸酯(2(-phenylsulphonyl)ethyl carbamate)(-NH-Psec)。
其他用於胺類的保護基,例如環胺類和雜環N-H基團,包含甲苯磺醯基(toluenesulphonyl,tosyl)和甲磺醯基(methanesulphonyl,mesyl),苄基例如對-甲氧基苄基(para-methoxybenzyl,PMB)以及四氫吡喃基(oxanyl)(THP)。
羧酸基團可被保護為酯,例如:C1-7烷基酯(例如甲基酯、叔丁基酯)、C1-7鹵烷基酯(例如C1-7三鹵烷基酯)、三C1-7烷矽-C1-7烷基酯(triC1-7alkylsilyl-C1-7alkyl ester)、或C5-20芳基-C1-7烷基酯(C5-20aryl-C1-7alkyl ester)(例如苯甲基酯(benzyl ester)、硝基苯甲基酯(nitrobenzyl ester)、對甲氧苯甲基酯(para-methoxybenzyl ester))。
本領域技術人員將理解,可以根據標準化學方法將本發明的某些化合物轉化為本發明的其他化合物。
藥學上可接受的鹽可以通過與適當的酸或酸衍生物反應而常規地製備。
治療效用
本發明的化合物、子群(subgroup)和其實例為Polθ聚合酶活性的抑制劑,且可用於預防或治療本文所述的疾病狀態或症狀。此外,本發明的化合物和其子群可用於預防或治療由Polθ介導的疾病或症狀。關於防止或預防或治療疾病狀態或症狀如癌症,包含在其範圍內減輕或降低癌症的發生率。
因此,例如設想本發明之化合物可用於減輕或降低癌症的發生率。
本發明之化合物可用於治療成人族群。本發明之化合物可用於治療兒童族群(pediatric population)。
由於其對Polθ的抑制,化合物可用於提供一種使細胞失去執行MMEJ能力的方法。因此,預期該化合物可證明可用於治療或預防增殖性病症(proliferative disorder),例如癌症。此外,本發明之化合物可用於治療與細胞積聚(cell accumulation)相關病症(disorder)的疾病。
不受理論束縛,可以預期的是,本發明之Polθ抑制劑將顯示出某些特性,使其在某些癌症的治療上具有特殊用途。例如,在一實施例中,本發明之Polθ抑制劑在BRCA1和BRCA2缺乏的原發性(primary)和續發性(secondary)實體瘤(solid tumours)(包含乳腺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌和胰腺癌)中是適當地致死性。
在另一實施例中,本發明之Polθ抑制劑在由BRCA缺乏以外的機制(例如具有促進過度甲基化的那些)引起的HRD的多種原發性和續發性實體瘤中是適當地致死性。在這些可能沒有完全下調DSB修復途徑的腫瘤中,Polθi可以與另一種DDR調節劑一起使用,例如PARP抑制劑、DNA-PK抑制劑、ATR抑制劑、ATM抑制劑、wee1抑制劑、或CHK1抑制劑。
在另一實施例中,本發明之Polθ抑制劑在保留BRCA1缺乏,但是在暴露於或未暴露於PARPi藥物後,對PARPi具有抗藥性的原發性和續發性的乳腺腫瘤、卵巢腫瘤、前列腺腫瘤和胰腺腫瘤中是適當地致死性。
在另一實施例中,本發明之Polθ抑制劑適當地增加了ORR(包含CRR),這將延遲PARPi抗藥性的開始(onset),將增加復發(relapse)時間和DFS,
且當與PARPi治療方案一起使用時,會增加HRD(BRCA1/2缺乏和其他HRD機制)原發性和續發性腫瘤(乳腺、卵巢、前列腺和胰腺)的OS。
在另一實施例中,本發明之Polθ抑制劑在各種具有ATM活性喪失(ATM-/-)(尤其是WT p53的情況下)的腫瘤中,適當地顯示出合成疾病(synthetic sickness)和/或合成致死(synthetic lethality)。腫瘤類型將包含所有實體瘤的約10%,包含胃、肺、乳腺和CRC以及CLL。與另一種DDR修飾劑(例如DNA-PK抑制劑、PARP抑制劑或ATR抑制劑)共同用藥可能會進一步增強這種活性。Polθ抑制劑會使CLL對出現抗藥性的典型化學療法和化學免疫療法重新敏感(resensitise)。因此,根據另一實施例,本發明之醫藥組成物另外包含一DNA-PK抑制劑、PARP抑制劑或ATR抑制劑。
在另一實施例中,本發明之Polθ抑制劑在非同源性末端接合(NHEJ-D)的DNA雙鏈斷裂修復過程中缺乏的各種腫瘤中,適當地顯示出合成疾病和/或合成致死。腫瘤類型將包含所有實體瘤的約2-10%,包含前列腺癌、胰腺癌、子宮頸癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、膀胱癌和食道癌(oesophageal)。與另一種DDR修飾劑(例如PARP抑制劑、ATM抑制劑、wee1抑制劑、CHK抑制劑或ATR抑制劑)共同用藥可能會進一步增強這種活性。Polθ抑制劑將進一步使NHEJD癌細胞對DNA DBS誘導的化學療法和電離輻射療法(ionising radiation based therapies)敏感。因此,根據另一實施例,本發明之醫藥組成物另外包含一PARP抑制劑、ATM抑制劑、wee1抑制劑、CHK抑制劑或ATR抑制劑。
另一實施例中,本發明之Polθ抑制劑在過度表達Polθ的HR熟練的腫瘤(例如卵巢、NSCL和乳腺腫瘤)的化學療法期間,適當地降低DNA複製壓力反應。這將增加ORR來治療並增加OS。阿糖胞苷(cytarabine,Ara-C)和羥基尿素
尤其可能產生這種作用,用於多種包含CML的白血病以及鱗狀上皮細胞瘤(squamous cell carcinomas)的處理。
在另一實施例中,本發明之Polθ抑制劑適當地選擇性地使實體瘤對放射療法敏感,包含EBRT和近接放射治療(brachytherapy),而對正常組織幾乎沒有敏化作用(sensitization)。在分級治療意圖背景下,這會增加局部(loco-regional)控制,從而提高生存率。這在NSCLC、SCCH&N、直腸癌、前列腺癌和胰臟癌的處理中尤其明顯。
在另一實施例中,本發明之Polθ抑制劑在有或沒有與PARPi併用(comedication)下,在PTEN缺失的腫瘤(例如CaP),適當地顯示出合成疾病和/或合成致死。此外,由於PTEN的缺失以及Polθ抑制劑引起的放射敏感性兩者的作用,這樣的腫瘤將對放射療法表現出強烈的敏感性。
在另一實施例中,本發明之Polθ抑制劑適當地抑制TLS聚合酶活性,使原發性和續發性實體瘤(例如乳腺、肺、卵巢、CRC)對藥物(例如順鉑、絲裂黴素(mitomycin)和環磷醯胺(cyclophosphamide))敏感,以及減少獲得涉及腫瘤抗藥性的藥物誘導的突變,導致緩解時間延長和TTR增加。
在另一實施例中,本發明之Polθ抑制劑適當地使已經發展出伊馬替尼(imatinib)抗藥性的BCR-ABL-陽性CML重新敏感,以及其他具有連接酶(ligase)IIIα升高、連接酶IV降低和對altEJ DSB修復依賴性增加的實體瘤。
在另一實施例中,本發明之Polθ抑制劑在對芳香酶抑制劑(aromatase inhibitor)具有抗性的ER-原發性和續發性乳腺癌中,適當地顯示出合成疾病和/或合成致死,再次顯示連接酶IIIα升高,連接酶IV降低以及對altEJ DSB修復的依賴性增加。
根據本發明的另一態樣,提供如本文所定義之式(I)化合物用於腫瘤的治療,特別是同源重組(HRD)缺乏的腫瘤。
將理解的是,本文中提及「同源重組缺乏(deficiency in homologous recombination,HRD)」是指導致所得的同源重組基因的功能缺失或喪失的任何遺傳變異(genetic variation)。所述遺傳變異的例子包含突變(例如點突變)、取代、缺失、單核苷酸多型性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNPs)、單倍基因型(haplotypes)、染色體異常(chromosome abnormalities)、複製數變異(Copy Number Variation,CNV)、表關遺傳學(epigenetics)、DNA反轉(DNA inversion)、表達減少和錯誤定位(mis-localisation)。
在一實施例中,所述同源重組基因選自:ATM、ATR、BRCA1、BRCA2、BARD1、RAD51C、RAD50、CHEK1、CHEK2、FANCA、FANCB、FANCC、FANCD2、FANCE、FANCF、FANCG、FANCI、FANCL、FANCM、PALB2(FANCN)、FANCP(BTBD12)、ERCC4(FANCQ)、PTEN、CDK12、MRE11、NBS1、NBN、CLASPIN、BLM、WRN、SMARCA2、SMARCA4、LIG1、RPA1、RPA2、BRIP1和PTEN中的任何一種。
將理解的是,本文中提及「非同源性末端接合缺乏(non-homologous end-joining deficiency,NHEJD」是指導致所得的同源重組基因的功能缺失或喪失的任何遺傳變異。所述遺傳變異的例子包含突變(例如點突變)、取代、缺失、單核苷酸多型性(SNPs)、單倍基因型、染色體異常、複製數變異(CNV)、表關遺傳學、DNA反轉、表達減少和錯誤定位。
在一實施例中,所述非同源性末端接合基因是選自:LIG4、NHEJ1、POLL、POLM、PRKDC、XRCC4、XRCC5、XRCC6和DCLRE1C中的任一種或多種。
根據本發明的另一態樣,提供如本文所定義之式(I)化合物用於治療過度表達Polθ的腫瘤。
根據本發明的另一態樣,提供如本文所定義之式(I)化合物用於治療具有連接酶(ligase)IIIα升高、連接酶IV降低和對altEJ DSB修復依賴性增加的腫瘤。
可以被治療(或抑制)的癌症(及其良性對應體)的例子包含但不限於上皮來源(epithelial origin)的腫瘤(腺瘤及各種形式之癌(carcinoma),包括腺癌(adenocarcinoma)、鱗狀細胞癌(squamous carcinoma)、移行細胞癌(transitional cell carcinoma)或其他癌),如膀胱及尿道、乳房、腸胃道(包括食道、胃(stomach/gastric)、小腸、結腸、直腸及肛門)、肝臟(肝細胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma))、膽囊及膽管系統(biliary system)、胰分泌腺(exocrine pancreas)、腎臟、肺(例如腺癌、小細胞肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、細支氣管肺泡癌(bronchioalveolar carcinomas)及間皮瘤(mesothelioma))、頭和頸(例如舌、口腔、喉、咽、鼻咽、扁桃腺、唾液腺、鼻腔及鼻竇的癌)、卵巢、輸卵管、腹膜、陰道、外陰、陰莖、子宮頸、子宮肌層(myometrium)、子宮內膜、甲狀腺(例如甲狀腺濾泡癌(thytoid follicular carcinoma))、腎上腺、前列腺、皮膚及其附件(adnexae)(例如黑色素瘤、基底細胞癌、鱗狀細胞癌、角化棘皮瘤(keratoacanthoma)、發育異常痣(dysplastic naevus))的癌;血液惡性腫瘤(即白血病、淋巴瘤)和包括血液惡性腫瘤及淋巴系統之癌前血液疾病及邊緣性惡性腫瘤(例如急性淋巴球白血病[ALL]、慢性淋巴
球白血病[CLL]、B細胞淋巴癌例如瀰漫型大B細胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma)[DLBCL]、濾泡性淋巴瘤、伯奇氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma)、被套細胞淋巴瘤(mantle cell lymphoma)、黏膜相關淋巴組織淋巴瘤(MALT lymphoma)、T細胞淋巴瘤及白血病、自然殺手細胞[NK]淋巴瘤、何杰金氏淋巴瘤(Hodgkin's lymphoma)、毛細胞白血病(hairy cell leukaemia)、意義不明單株伽瑪球蛋白症(monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance)、漿細胞瘤、多發性骨髓瘤、及移植後淋巴增生病變(post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder))、和骨髓系統(myeloid lineage)的血液惡性腫瘤及相關病症(例如急性骨髓性白血病[AML]、慢性骨髓性白血病[CML]、慢性骨髓單核球性白血病[CMML]、嗜酸性白血球增多症(hypereosinophilic syndrome)、骨髓增生疾病(myeloproliferative disorders)例如真性紅血球增多症(polycythaemia vera)、原發性血小板增多症及原發性骨髓纖維化、骨髓增生性症候群、骨髓發育不良症候群及前骨髓性白血病(promyelocytic leukemia));間葉來源(mesenchymal origin)的腫瘤,例如軟組織、骨或軟骨的肉瘤,例如骨肉瘤、纖維肉瘤、軟骨肉瘤、橫紋肌肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、脂肪肉瘤、血管肉瘤、卡波西氏肉瘤(Kaposi’s sarcoma)、尤因氏肉瘤(Ewing’s sarcoma)、滑膜肉瘤(synovial sarcoma)、上皮樣肉瘤、胃腸道間質瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumour)、良性及惡性組織細胞瘤、及隆突性皮膚纖維肉瘤;中樞或周圍神經系統的腫瘤(例如星狀細胞瘤、神經膠質瘤和神經膠質母細胞瘤、腦膜瘤(meningioma)、室管膜瘤、松果體瘤和神經鞘瘤);內分泌腫瘤(例如腦下垂體瘤(pituitary tumour)、腎上腺腫瘤、胰島細胞腫瘤(islet cell tumour)、副甲狀腺腫瘤(parathyroid tumour)、類癌瘤及甲狀腺髓質癌(medullary carcinoma of the thyroid));眼部及眼部附件瘤(例如視網膜母細胞瘤);生殖細胞及滋養細胞瘤
(trophoblastic tumour)(例如,畸胎瘤、精細胞瘤、惡性胚胎瘤、水囊狀胎塊(hydatidiform moles)及絨毛膜癌);以及兒童及胚胎細胞瘤(例如髓母細胞瘤、神經母細胞瘤、威爾姆氏腫瘤(Wilms tumor)及原始性神經外胚層腫瘤(primitive neuroectodermal tumour));或症候群,先天或容易造成惡性腫瘤(malignancy)之病症(例如著色性乾皮病(Xeroderma Pigmentosum))。
許多疾病的特徵為持續地且無法控制地血管新生。慢性增生性疾病通常伴隨重度的血管新生,其可造成或維持發炎和/或增生狀態,或通過血管的侵入性增生導致組織崩壞。已經發現腫瘤生長和轉移依賴血管新生,因此,本發明的化合物可用於預防或破壞腫瘤血管新生的起始,特別地,本發明之化合物可用於治療癌症轉移和轉移性癌症。
轉移或轉移性疾病是指疾病從一個器官或部位擴散到另一不相鄰的器官或部位。可以用本發明之化合物治療癌症包含原發性腫瘤(即在原始部位的癌細胞)、局部侵入(癌症細胞滲透並浸潤局部正常組織的周圍)和轉移性(或續發性)腫瘤,即由惡性細胞形成的腫瘤,其通過血流(bloodstream)(血源擴散)或通過淋巴管或穿過體腔(body cavity)(橫貫體腔(trans-coelomic))循環至體內的其他部位和組織。
特定的癌症包含肝細胞癌、黑色素瘤、食道癌、腎癌(renal)、結腸癌,大腸直腸癌(colorectal)、肺癌例如間皮瘤或肺腺癌、乳腺癌、膀胱癌、胃腸道癌、卵巢癌和前列腺癌。
另一態樣提供了一種化合物在製備用於治療本文所述的疾病或病症之藥物的用途,所述疾病或病症特別是癌症。
藉由使細胞對化學療法敏感且作為抗轉移劑,這些化合物還可用於治療腫瘤生長、致病性、對化學療法和放射療法的抗性。
可以使用本文實施例所述的生物學和生物物理學的檢測法來測量本發明之化合物作為Polθ抑制劑的效力,並且可以根據IC50值定義給定化合物表現出的親和力水平。本發明的特定化合物是具有IC50值小於1μM的化合物,更具體的為小於0.1μM的化合物。
WO 2017/062754描述了喪失Polθ增強CRISPR介導的基因編輯(gene editing)的功效。因此,Polθ抑制性化合物可能可用於增強CRISPR基的編輯方法和/或CRISPR基的編輯治療的效率。此外,化合物介導的Polθ抑制可能會降低隨機整合事件(random integration events)的頻率,並因此對於改善CRISPR介導技術的任何安全問題提供一條途徑。因此,根據本發明的另一態樣,提供本文所定義之式(I)化合物在CRISPR基的編輯方法和/或CRISPR基的編輯治療的用途,例如增強CRISPR基的編輯方法和/或CRISPR基的編輯治療的效率。
醫藥組成物
儘管活性化合物可以單獨給藥,但較佳為將其作為醫藥組成物(例如製劑)存在。在一實施例中,此為一種無菌的(sterile)醫藥組成物。
因此,本發明進一步提供如上所定義之醫藥組成物,以及製備醫藥組成物的方法,該醫藥組成物包含(例如混合)至少一式(I)化合物(和本文定義的子群),以及一或多種如本文所述之藥學上可接受的賦形劑和選擇性的其他治療或預防試劑。
藥學上可接受的賦形劑可以選自例如載體(例如固體、液體或半固體載體)、佐劑、稀釋劑、填充劑或增積劑(bulking agent)、製粒劑、塗佈劑、控
釋劑、黏合劑、崩散劑、潤滑劑、防腐劑、抗氧化劑、緩衝劑、懸浮劑、增稠劑、調味劑、甜味劑、掩味劑、穩定劑或常規用於醫藥組成物中的任何其他賦形劑。用於各種醫藥組成物的賦形劑的實例在下面更詳細地列出。
於本文中,術語「藥學上可接受的」是指化合物、材料、組成物、和/或劑型,其在合理的醫學判斷範圍內適用於與受試者的組織接觸(例如人類),而不會造成過度的毒性、刺激、過敏反應或其他問題或併發症,以及具有相當合理的利益/風險比。每種載體、賦形劑等在與其他配方成分相容的前提上,也必須為「可接受的」。
可以根據已知技術配製包含式(I)化合物的醫藥組成物,例如參見Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,Mack Publishing Company,Easton,PA,USA所揭露。
醫藥組成物可適用於口服、腸胃外、局部、鼻內、支氣管內、舌下、眼內、耳用、直腸、陰道內、或經皮給藥等任何型式。若為腸胃外給藥時,可以將他們配製成靜脈內、肌肉內、腹膜內、皮下給藥,或經由注入、灌注、或以其他輸送方式直接輸送到目標器官或組織中。輸送可經由單次快速注射(bolus injection)、短期灌注、或長期灌注,以及可藉由被動輸送或通過合適的輸注泵(infusion pump)、或注射器來進行。
適用於腸胃外給藥的醫藥製劑包含液態或非液態之無菌的注射溶液,該溶液可包含抗氧化劑、緩衝劑、抑菌劑、共溶劑、表面活性劑、有機溶劑混合物、環糊精錯合劑(cyclodextrin complexation agent)、乳化劑(用於形成和穩定乳化配方)、用於形成脂質體的脂質成分、用於形成聚合膠體的可膠化聚合物、凍乾保護劑、以及試劑的組合,這些試劑特別是用於將活性成分穩定成
可溶形式,並且使試劑與預期受試者的血液等滲透壓。用於腸胃外給藥的醫藥製劑也可為液態或非液態之無菌的懸浮液的形式,包含懸浮劑和增稠劑(R.G.Strickly,Solubilizing Excipients in oral and injectable formulations,Pharmaceutical Research,Vol 21(2)2004,p 201-230)。
製劑可以存在於單一劑量或多劑量容器中,例如密封安瓿瓶、試樣瓶和預填充的注射器,並且可存放於冷凍乾燥(凍乾)環境而僅須於使用前加入無菌液態載劑,如注射用水。於一實施例中,製劑作為活性醫藥成分提供在瓶中,用於後續使用適當的稀釋劑回溶。
醫藥製劑可以通過凍乾式(I)化合物或其子群來製備。凍乾是指將組成物冷凍乾燥的過程。因此,冷凍乾燥(freeze-drying)和凍乾(lyophilisation)在本文中用作同義詞。
即時注射溶液(extemporaneous injection solution)和懸浮液可以由無菌粉末、顆粒和片劑製備。
用於腸胃外注射的本發明之醫藥組成物還可包含藥學上可接受的無菌液態或非液態之溶液、分散液、懸浮液、或乳化液,以及只在使用前回溶(reconstitution)為無菌注射溶液或分散液的無菌粉末。
合適的液態和非液態載劑、稀釋劑、溶劑、或載體之實例包含水、乙醇、多元醇(例如甘油、丙二醇、聚乙二醇等)、羧甲基纖維素和前述合適的混合物、植物油(例如葵花油、紅花子油、玉米油或橄欖油),以及可注射的有機酯例如油酸乙酯。可以維持適當的流動性,例如藉由使用如卵磷脂的增稠劑或塗佈劑、藉由在分散液情況下維持所需的粒徑大小、以及使用界面活性劑。
本發明的組成物還可包含佐劑,例如防腐劑、濕潤劑、乳化劑和分散劑。可以通過包含各種抗細菌劑和抗真菌劑,例如對羥基苯甲酸酯、氯丁醇、酚、山梨酸等來確保防止微生物的作用。還可能需要包含試劑以調節張力,例如糖、氯化鈉等。可以通過包含可延緩吸收的試劑例如單硬脂酸鋁和明膠來使注射藥物延長吸收。
本發明之一具體實施例中,醫藥組成物適用於靜脈注射的形式給藥,例如注射或灌注。靜脈給藥之溶液可調劑為原樣給藥或使用前注入之灌注包(包含藥學上可接受之賦形劑,例如0.9%鹽水或5%葡萄糖)。
在另一具體實施例中,醫藥組成物適用於皮下(s.c.)的形式給藥。
適用於口服的藥物劑型包含片劑(塗層或無塗層)、膠囊(硬殼或軟殼)、膠囊型錠劑(caplets)、丸劑、口含錠、糖漿劑、溶液、粉劑、顆粒劑、酏劑(elixir)和懸浮劑、舌下錠、薄片、或貼劑例如口腔貼片。
因此,片劑組成物可包含單位劑量的活性化合物和惰性的稀釋劑或載劑,例如糖或糖醇,例如乳糖、蔗糖、山梨醇、甘露醇,和/或非醣類衍生的稀釋劑,例如碳酸鈉、磷酸鈣、碳酸鈣或纖維素或其衍生物,例如微晶纖維素(MCC)、甲基纖維素、乙基纖維素、羥丙基甲基纖維素和澱粉,例如玉米澱粉。片劑還可包含如黏合劑和製粒劑等標準成分,例如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、崩解劑(例如可溶脹的交聯聚合物,例如交聯的羧甲基纖維素)、潤滑劑(例如硬脂酸鹽)、防腐劑(例如對羥基苯甲酸酯)、抗氧化劑(例如BHT)、緩衝劑(例如磷酸鹽或檸檬酸鹽緩衝溶液)、和起泡劑(effervescent agent),例如檸檬酸/碳酸氫鹽混合物。這些賦形劑是本發明所屬領域皆知的,在此不需詳述。
片劑可設計成依據是否與胃液接觸而釋放藥物(立即釋放片劑)、或在很長一段時間或在胃腸道的特定區域以控制的方式(控制釋放片劑)釋放。
膠囊製劑可為硬明膠或軟明膠,並可包括固態、半固態、或液態的活性成分。明膠膠囊可為動物明膠、或其合成或植物性衍生的等同物來形成。
固態劑型(例如片劑、膠囊等)可為塗層或未塗層的。塗層可作為保護膜(例如聚合物、蠟或清漆)、或作為控制藥物釋放的機制、或為美學或辨認的目的。可以將塗層(例如EudragitTM聚合物)設計成於胃腸道內期望的位置釋放活性成分。因此,可以選擇塗層以在胃腸道中的某些pH值條件下崩解,從而在胃或迴腸、十二指腸、空腸(jejenum)、或結腸中選擇性地釋放化合物。
代替塗層或除了塗層外,藥物可以以包含釋放控制劑(例如釋放延遲劑)的固態基質存在,其可適用於在胃腸道中以控制的方式釋放化合物。或者,藥物可以存在於聚合物塗層中,例如聚甲基丙烯酸酯聚合物塗層,其可適用於在不同酸度或鹼度的條件下於胃腸道內選擇性地釋放化合物。或者,基質材料或緩釋塗層(release retarding coating)可為易侵蝕的聚合物(例如順丁烯二酸酐聚合物),其可於藥劑通過胃腸道時實質上持續地被侵蝕。於另一替代方式中,可以將塗層設計成在消化道中的微生物作用下崩解。於另一替代方式中,可以將活性化合物配置成提供滲透壓控制化合物釋放的給藥系統。滲透壓釋放及其他延緩釋放或持續釋放製劑(例如基於離子交換樹酯的製劑),可依據本發明所屬領域公知的方法來製備。
式(I)化合物可以與載劑一起配製,並以奈米顆粒的形式施用,奈米顆粒增加的表面積有助於他們的吸收。此外,奈米顆粒提供了直接滲透至細胞內的可能性。奈米顆粒藥物輸送系統描述於文獻:“Nanoparticle Technology for
Drug Delivery”,“edited by Ram B Gupta and Uday B.Kompella,Informa Healthcare,ISBN 9781574448573,published 13th March 2006.Nanoparticles for drug delivery are also described in J.Control.Release,2003,91(1-2),167-172,and in Sinha et al.,Mol.Cancer Ther.August 1,(2006)5,1909。
醫藥組成物通常包含約1%重量百分比(w/w)至95%重量百分比(w/w)的活性成分以及99%重量百分比(w/w)至5%重量百分比(w/w)之藥學上可接受的賦形劑或賦形劑的組合。特別地,該組成物包括約20%重量百分比(w/w)至90%(w/w)的活性成分以及80%重量百分比(w/w)至10%重量百分比(w/w)之藥學上可接受的賦形劑或賦形劑的組合。醫藥組成物包括約1-95%,特別是20-90%的活性成分。根據本發明之醫藥組成物可為例如單劑型如安瓿瓶、試樣瓶、栓劑、預填充的注射器、糖衣藥丸(dragées)、片劑、或膠囊。
藥學上可接受之賦形劑可依據製劑的物理形式而選擇,並且可選自例如稀釋劑(例如固態稀釋劑,例如填充劑、增積劑;以及液態稀釋劑,例如溶劑和共溶劑)、崩解劑、緩衝劑、潤滑劑、助流劑(flow aids)、釋放控制劑(例如釋放減緩或延遲的聚合物或蠟)、結合劑、成粒劑、色素、塑化劑、抗氧化劑、防腐劑、調味劑、掩味劑、滲透壓調整劑(tonicity adjusting agent)和塗佈劑。
習知技術者將具有選擇適當量的成分用於製劑的專業知識。例如片劑或膠囊通常包含0-20%之崩解劑、0-5%潤滑劑、0-5%助流劑、和/或0-99%(w/w)填充劑/或增積劑(根據藥物劑量)。製劑亦可包含0-10%(w/w)聚合物結合劑、0-5%(w/w)抗氧化劑、0-5%(w/w)色素。緩慢釋放片劑還包含0-99%(w/w)的釋放控制(例如延遲)的聚合物(根據藥物劑量)。片劑或膠囊之塗膜通常包含0-10%(w/w)的聚合物、0-3%(w/w)色素、和/或0-2%(w/w)塑化劑。
腸胃外製劑通常包含0-20%(w/w)緩衝液、0-50%(w/w)共溶劑、和/或0-99%(w/w)注射用水(根據劑量以及是否冷凍乾燥)。肌肉內注射製劑包含0-99%(w/w)油劑。
如果需要將所得混合物製成粒,可通過結合活性成分和固態載劑,並添加適當的賦形劑後將混合物加工成(如果需要或必要的話)片劑、糖衣藥丸或膠囊來獲得口服用醫藥組成物。也可以將他們納入聚合物或蠟狀基質中,以使活性成分可擴散或以計算釋放量。
本發明之化合物也可調劑為固態分散劑。固態分散劑是二或多種固態物質的均質極細分散相。固態溶液(分子分散系統)是固態分散形式之一,在藥學技術中是習知的(參考Chiou and Riegelman,J.Pharm.Sci.,60,1281-1300(1971)),可用於增加水溶性差的藥物的溶解率和生物可利用性。
本發明也提供包括前述固態溶液的固態劑型。固態劑型包括片劑、膠囊、咀嚼錠(chewable tablet)、和可分散或發泡的片劑。可以將已知的賦形劑與固態溶液混合以得到所需的劑型。例如,膠囊可包含固態溶液與(a)崩解劑和潤滑劑、或(b)崩解劑、潤滑劑和界面活性劑混合。此外,膠囊可包含增積劑,例如乳糖或微晶纖維素。片劑可包含固態溶液與至少一崩解劑、潤滑劑、界面活性劑、增積劑和助流劑之混合。咀嚼錠可包含固態溶液與增積劑、潤滑劑、以及依需求另包含甜味劑(例如人工甘味劑)和適當之調味劑。固態溶液也可以藉由將藥物和合適的聚合物溶液噴灑在惰性載體(例如糖珠(糖粒(non-pareils))表面而形成。這些糖珠可隨後填充於膠囊或壓縮成片劑。
醫藥製劑可以「治療包(patient packs)」的形式提供給患者,包含整個治療過程的單包裝,通常為罩板包裝(blister pack)。治療包具有優於傳統處方之優勢(傳統處方中藥劑師可將藥物分裝給患者),因為患者可接觸到治療包中包含的包裝插頁,通常於患者處方中缺漏。已經顯示包含包裝插頁可改善患者對醫生指示的順從性。
用於局部治療和鼻腔輸送的組成物包含軟膏、乳劑、噴霧劑、貼片、凝膠、滴劑、和植入劑(例如眼內植入劑)。這樣的組成物可依據本發明所屬技術領域已知的方法製備。
.【0121】用於直腸或陰道內給藥之製劑的例子包含子宮托和栓劑,例如由包含活性化合物之型模壓(shaped moldable)或蠟材形成。活性化合物之溶液也可用於直腸給藥。
用於吸入給藥的組成物可採用可吸入粉末組成物或液體或噴霧劑的形式,並且可以標準方式使用粉末吸入裝置或氣溶膠(aerosol)散佈裝置施用。這樣的裝置是已知的。為了藉由吸入給藥,粉末製劑通常包含活性化合物以及惰性固體粉末稀釋劑,例如乳糖。
式(I)化合物通常以單劑型存在,因此通常包含足夠的化合物以提供預期的生物活性。例如,製劑可包含1奈克(nanogram)至2克的活性成分,例如1奈克至2毫克的活性成分。在這些範圍內,化合物的特定子範圍為0.1毫克至2克的活性成分(通常為10毫克至1克,例如50毫克至500毫克),或1微克至20毫克(例如1微克至10毫克,例如0.1毫克至2毫克的活性成分)。
用於口服組成物,單劑型可包含1毫克至2克,通常為10毫克至1克,例如50毫克至1克,例如100毫克至1克的活性化合物。
活性化合物可依其需要給予患者(例如人類或動物患者),給予之劑量是足夠達成所預期之治療效果的量。
治療方法
本文所定義之式(I)化合物和子群可用於預防或治療由Polθ介導之一系列疾病狀態或病症。因此,根據本發明的另一態樣,提供一種治療由Polθ介導的疾病狀態或病症(例如癌症)的方法,其包含向有需要的受試者施用本文所述之式(I)化合物。這樣的疾病狀態和病症之例子揭示於前文,且特別地包含癌症。
通常將化合物給予需要這種施用的受試者,例如人類或動物患者,特別是人類。
通常將化合物以治療或預防上有效的且通常無毒的量給予。然而,在某些情況下(例如在致命疾病中),給予式(I)化合物的好處可能會比任何毒性效應或副作用的缺點更重要,在此情況下,可以考慮與毒性相關連之量而施予化合物。
化合物可以長時間施予以維持療效,或僅短時間施予。或者,可以連續方式或以間歇給藥方式給予(例如脈衝式方式(pulsatile manner))。
式(I)化合物通常每日劑量可為每公斤體重100皮克(picogram)至100毫克,更典型地,為每公斤體重5奈克至25毫克,更通常地,為每公斤體重10奈克至15毫克(例如10奈克至10毫克,以及更典型地為每公斤體重1微克至20毫克,例如每公斤體重1微克至10毫克),但在需要時可給予更高或更低劑量。式(I)化合物可以例如每天或每隔2、3、4、5、6、7、10、14、21、或28日給予。
發明之化合物可以口服給予一範圍之劑量,例如1至1500mg、2至800mg、或5至500mg,例如2至200mg或10至1000mg,特別包含10、20、50、和80mg劑量的實例。化合物每日可一次或多次給予。化合物可持續地給予(即在療程內每日無間斷地給予)。或者,化合物可間歇地給予(即連續服藥一段期間(例如一周),再停止一段期間(例如一周),再連續服藥另一期間(例如一周),並於療程內持續前述方式)。間歇給藥的治療方式之例子包含週期為一周服藥,一周不服藥;或兩周服藥,一周不服藥;或三周服藥,一周不服藥;或兩周服藥,兩周不服藥;或四周服藥,兩周不服藥;或一周服藥,三周不服藥,持續一或多個週期,例如2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、或10、或更多週期。
於一特定給藥計畫中,將給予患者式(I)化合物的灌注液,每天1小時,持續10天,特別是一周最多5天,並以期望的間隔例如2至4周重複治療,特別是每3周1次。
更具體地,可以給患者灌注式(I)化合物,每天1小時,持續5天,並且每3周重複治療。
在另一特定給藥計畫中,給予患者30分鐘至1小時的灌注液,然後維持一持續期間的灌注,例如1至5小時,例如3小時。
在另一特定給藥計畫中,給予患者連續灌注12小時至5天,特別是連續灌注24至72小時。
在另一特定給藥計畫中,給予患者每周口服一次化合物。
在另一特定給藥計畫中,給予患者每天口服一次化合物,持續7至28天,例如7、14或28天。
在另一特定給藥計畫中,給予患者每天口服一次化合物,持續1、2、3、5天或一周,然後按需要的天數不給藥,以完成1至2周期。
在另一特定給藥計畫中,給予患者每日口服一次化合物,持續2周,然後停藥2周。
在另一特定給藥計畫中,給予患者每日口服一次化合物,持續2周,然後停藥1周。
在另一特定給藥計畫中,給予患者每日口服一次化合物,持續1周,然後停藥1周。
然而,最終所施用的化合物的量和組成物的類型與待治療疾病或生理狀況的性質相稱,並由醫師決定。
應當理解,Polθ抑制劑可以用作單一藥劑或與其他抗癌劑組合使用。可以根據例如Chou TC,Talalay P.Quantitative analysis of dose-effect relationships:the combined effects of multiple drugs or enzyme inhibitors.Adv Enzyme Regulat 1984;22:27-55.所述進行組合實驗。
本為定義的化合物可以作為單一的治療劑給藥,或者他們可以與多種其他化合物(或療法)之一一併給藥以用於治療特定的疾病狀態,例如腫瘤疾病,例如前述所定義的癌症。為了治療上述病症,本發明的化合物可以有利地與一或多種其他藥物組合使用,更具體地,在癌症治療中與其他抗癌試劑或佐劑(治療中的支持劑)一起使用。可以與式(I)化合物一起給藥(無論同時或以不同的時間間隔)的其他治療劑或治療的例子包含但不限於:
●拓樸異構酶I抑制劑
●抗代謝藥
●微管蛋白結合劑
●DNA結合物和拓樸異構酶II抑制劑
●烷基化劑
●單株抗體
●抗賀爾蒙物
●訊息傳導抑制劑
●蛋白酶體抑制劑
●DNA甲基轉移酶抑制劑
●細胞激素和類視色素
●染色質標的療法
●放射療法,以及
●其他治療或預防藥物
抗癌試劑或佐劑(或其鹽類)的特定例子包括但不限於選自以下(i)-(xlvi)的群組中的任一種,和選擇性地選自(xlvii)群組:
(i)鉑化合物,例如順鉑(選擇性地與阿米福汀(amifostine)併用)、卡鉑(carboplatin)、或奧沙利鉑(oxaliplatin);
(ii)紫衫烷類(Taxane)化合物,例如太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、亞伯杉(paclitaxel protein bound particles,AbraxaneTM)、歐洲紫杉醇(docetaxel)、卡巴紫杉醇(cabazitaxel)或拉洛紫杉醇(larotaxel);
(iii)拓樸異構酶I抑制劑,例如喜樹鹼(camptothecin)化合物,例如喜樹鹼、愛萊諾迪肯(irinotecan)(CPT11)、SN-38、或拓普替康(topotecan);
(iv)拓樸異構酶II抑制劑,例如抗腫瘤表面鬼臼毒素(epipodophyllotoxins)或鬼臼毒素(podophyllotoxin)之衍生物,例如依託泊苷(etoposide)、或替尼泊苷(teniposide);
(v)長春花生物鹼(Vinca alkaloid),例如長春花鹼(vinblastine)、長春新鹼(vincristine)、長春新鹼脂質體(liposomal vincristine)(Onco-TCS)、長春瑞濱(vinorelbine)、長春地辛(vindesine)、長春氟寧(vinilunine)或長春維西(vinvesir);
(vi)核苷衍生物,例如5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU,選擇性與甲醯四氫葉酸(leucovorin)合併使用)、吉西他濱(gemcitabine)、卡培他濱(capecitabine)、替加氟(tegafur)、UFT、S1、克拉屈濱(cladribine)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)(Ara-C,cytosine arabinoside)、氟達拉濱(fludarabine)、氯法拉濱(clofarabine)、或奈拉濱(nelarabine);
(vii)抗代謝藥,例如克羅拉濱(clofarabine)、胺蝶呤(aminopterin)、或甲胺蝶呤(methotrexate)、阿紮胞苷(azacitidine)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、氟尿苷(floxuridine)、噴司他丁(pentostatin)、硫鳥嘌呤(thioguanine)、硫嘌呤(thiopurine)、6-巰基嘌呤(6-mercaptopurine)、羥基脲(hydroxyurea)(hydroxycarbamide);
(viii)烷基化劑,例如芥子氣(nitrogen mustards)、亞硝基脲(nitrosourea),例如環磷醯胺(cyclophosphamide)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、雙氯乙基亞硝脲(carmustine)(BCNU)、苯達莫司汀(bendamustine)、沙奧特帕(thiotepa)、美法侖(melphalan)、曲奧舒凡(treosulfan)、洛莫司汀(lomustine,CCNU)、六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、白消安(busulfan)、達卡巴嗪(dacarbazine)、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、異環磷醯胺(ifosfamide)(選擇性地與美司鈉(mesna)合併使用)、哌泊溴烷(pipobroman)、丙卡巴肼(procarbazine)、鏈脲黴素(streptozocin)、替莫唑胺(temozolomide)、尿嘧啶(uracil)、甲基二(氯乙基)胺
(mechlorethamine)、甲基環己基氯乙基亞硝基脲(methylcyclohexylchloroethylnitrosurea)、或尼莫司汀(nimustine)(ACNU);
(ix)蒽環類(anthracycline)、蒽醌類(anthracenedione)及其相關藥物,例如道諾黴素(daunorubicin)、阿黴素(doxorubicin)(選擇性與右雷佐生(dexrazoxane)合併使用)、阿黴素的脂質體製劑(例如CaelyxTM、MyocetTM、DoxilTM)、艾達黴素(idarubicin)、米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、安吖啶(amsacrine)、或瓦柔比星(valrubicin);
(x)埃博黴素類(epothilones),如伊沙匹隆(ixabepilone)、帕土匹龍(patupilone)、BMS-310705、KOS-862及ZK-EPO、埃博黴素A(epothilone A)、埃博黴素B、脫氧埃博黴素B(desoxyepothilone B)(也稱為埃博黴素D或KOS-862)、氮雜埃博黴素B(也稱為BMS-247550)、奧利瑪德(aulimalide)、異奧利瑪德(isolaulimalide)或伊留塞羅賓(luetherobin);
(xi)DNA甲基轉移酶抑制劑,例如替莫唑胺(temozolomide)、氮雜胞苷(azacytidine)、地西他濱(decitabine)、或SGI-110;
(xii)抗葉酸劑,例如胺甲蝶呤(methotrexate)、培美曲塞二鈉(pemetrexed disodium)、或雷替曲塞(raltitrexed);
(xiii)細胞毒性抗生素(cytotoxic antibiotics),例如抗黴素D(antinomycin D)、博來黴素(bleomycin)、絲裂黴素C(mitomycin C)、放線菌素(dactinomycin)、洋紅黴素(carminomycin)、道諾黴素(daunomycin)、左旋咪唑(levamisole)、普卡黴素(plicamycin)、或光輝黴素(mithramycin);
(xiv)微管蛋白結合劑(tubulin-binding agents),例如卡貝史塔汀(combrestatin)、秋水仙素(colchicines)、或諾考達唑(nocodazole);
(xv)訊息傳導抑制劑,例如激酶抑制劑,例如EGFR(上皮生長因子受體)抑制劑、VEGFR(血管內皮生長因子受體)抑制劑、PDGFR(血小板衍生生長因子受體)抑制劑)、MTKI(多靶激酶抑制劑)(multi target kinase inhibitors)、Raf抑制劑、mTOR抑制劑,例如甲磺酸伊馬替尼(imatinib mesylate)、厄洛替尼(erlotinib)、吉非替尼(gefitinib)、達沙替尼(dasatinib)、拉帕替尼(lapatinib)、多韋替尼(dovotinib)、阿西替尼(axitinib)、尼洛替尼(nilotinib)、凡德他尼(vandetanib)、瓦他拉尼(vatalinib)、帕唑帕尼(pazopanib)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、舒尼替尼(sunitinib)、替羅莫司(temsirolimus)、依維莫司(everolimus)(RAD001)、威羅菲尼(vemurafenib)(PLX4032/RG7204)、達拉菲尼(dabrafenib)、恩拉菲尼(encorafenib)、或IκB激酶抑制劑,例如SAR-113945、巴多索隆(bardoxolone)、BMS-066、BMS-345541、IMD-0354、IMD-2560、或IMD-1041、或MEK抑制劑,例如司美替尼(Selumetinib)(AZD6244)和特拉馬替尼(Trametinib)(GSK121120212);
(xvi)極光激酶(Aurora kinase)抑制劑,例如AT9283、巴拉澤替(barasertib)(AZD1152)、TAK-901、MK0457(VX680)、瑟尼替布(cenisertib)(R-763)、達努塞替(danusertib)(PHA-739358)、阿裡色替(alisertib)(MLN-8237)、或MP-470;
(xvii)CDK抑制劑,例如AT7519、羅斯維汀(roscovitine)、賽利西克里布(seliciclib)、阿沃西地貝(alvocidib)(夫拉平度(flavopiridol))、地那西克里布(dinaciclib)(SCH-727965)、7-羥基-星形孢菌素(UCN-01)、JNJ-7706621、BMS-387032(又名SNS-032)、PHA533533、PD332991、ZK-304709或AZD-5438;
(xviii)PKA/B抑制劑和PKB(akt)路徑抑制劑,例如AKT抑制劑,例如KRX-0401(哌立福辛(perifosine)/NSC 639966)、伊巴替布(ipatasertib)
(GDC-0068;RG-7440)、阿弗替布(afuresertib)(GSK-2110183;2110183)、MK-2206、MK-8156、AT13148、AZ-5363、磷酸曲西立濱(triciribine phosphate)(VQD-002;磷酸曲西立濱單水合物(triciribine phosphate monohydrate)(API-2;TCN-P;TCN-PM;VD-0002)、RX-0201、NL-71-101、SR-13668、PX-316、AT13148、AZ-5363、Semaphore、SF1126、或恩紮妥林(Enzastaurin)鹽酸鹽(LY317615)或MTOR抑制劑,例如雷帕黴素(rapamycin)類似物,例如RAD 001(依維莫司(everolimus))、CCI 779(temsirolemus)、AP23573和瑞達福羅莫司(ridaforolimus)、西羅莫司(sirolimus)(原稱為雷帕黴素)、AP23841和AP23573、攜鈣蛋白(calmodulin)抑制劑,例如CBP-501(叉頭轉位抑制劑(forkhead translocation inhibitors))、安佐斯汀(enzastaurin)鹽酸鹽(LY317615)或PI3K抑制劑,例如達托里斯(dactolisib)(BEZ235)、布帕里斯(buparlisib)(BKM-120;NVP-BKM-120)、BYL719、克盤利昔(copanlisib)(BAY-80-6946)、ZSTK-474、CUDC-907、愛培托賽(apitolisib)(GDC0980;RG-7422)、匹替利司(pictilisib)(皮特里斯(pictrelisib)、GDC-0941、RG-7321)、GDC-0032、GDC-0068、GSK-2636771、艾迪昔布(idelalisib)(之前稱CAL-101、GS 1101、GS-1101)、MLN1117(INK1117)、MLN0128(INK128)、IPI-145(INK1197)、LY-3023414、伊巴替布(ipatasertib)、阿弗替布(afuresertib)、MK-2206、MK-8156、LY-3023414、LY294002、SF1126或PI-103、或索諾昔布(sonolisib)(PX-866);
(xix)Hsp90抑制劑,例如AT13387、除莠黴素(herbimycin)、格爾德黴素(geldanamycin)(GA)、17-烯丙基胺基-17-去甲氧基格爾德黴素(17-allylamino-17-desmethoxygeldanamycin)(17-AAG),例如NSC-330507、Kos-953和CNF-1010、17-二甲基胺基乙基胺基-17-去甲氧基格爾德黴素鹽酸鹽
(17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin hydrochloride)(17-DMAG),例如NSC-707545和Kos-1022、NVP-AUY922(VER-52296)、NVP-BEP800、CNF-2024(BIIB-021,口服嘌呤)、格尼替布(ganetespib)(STA-9090)、SNX-5422(SC-102112)或IPI-504;
(xx)單株抗體(與放射性同位素、毒素、或其他藥劑未共軛或共軛)、抗體衍生物和相關試劑,例如抗CD、抗VEGFR、抗HER2、抗CTLA4、抗PD-1或抗EGFR之抗體,例如利妥昔單抗(rituximab)(CD20)、奧法木單抗(ofatumumab)(CD20)、伊布突默單抗(ibritumomab tiuxetan)(CD20)、GA101(CD20)、托西莫單抗(tositumomab)(CD20)、依帕珠單抗(epratuzumab)(CD22)、林妥珠單抗(lintuzumab)(CD33)、吉妥單抗(gemtuzumab ozogamicin)(CD33)、阿來組單抗(alemtuzumab)(CD52)、加利昔單抗(galiximab)(CD80)、曲妥珠單抗(trastuzumab)(HER2抗體)、帕妥珠單抗(pertuzumab)(HER2)、曲妥珠單抗-DM1(HER2)、厄妥索單抗(ertumaxomab)(HER2和CD3)、西妥昔單抗(cetuximab)(EGFR)、帕尼單抗(panitumumab)(EGFR)、奈昔木單抗(necitumumab)(EGFR)、尼妥珠單抗(nimotuzumab)(EGFR)、貝伐珠單抗(bevacizumab)(VEGFR)、卡妥索單抗(catumaxumab)(EpCAM和CD3)、阿巴伏單抗(abagovomab)(CA125)、法利珠單抗(farletuzumab)(葉酸受體)、依洛珠單抗(elotuzumab)(CS1)、地諾單抗(denosumab)(RANK配體)、斐濟木單抗(figitumumab)(IGF1R)、CP751,871(IGF1R)、馬帕木單抗(mapatumumab)(TRAIL受體)、metMAB(met)、米妥莫單抗(mitumomab)(GD3神經節苷酯)、那莫單抗(naptumomab estafenatox)(5T4)、西妥昔單抗(siltuximab)(IL6)、或免疫調節劑,例如CTLA-4阻斷抗體和/或PD-1抗體和PD-L1和/或PD-L2抗體,如易普利姆單抗
(ipilimumab)(CTLA4)、MK-3475(皮落株單抗(pembrolizumab),之前稱拉立珠單抗(lambrolizumab)、抗PD-1)、尼沃魯單抗(nivolumab)(抗PD-1)、BMS-936559(抗PD-L1)、MPDL320A、AMP-514或MEDI4736(抗PD-L1)、或川利木單抗(tremelimumab)(之前稱替西單抗(ticilimumab)、CP-675,206、抗CTLA-4);
(xxi)雌激素受體拮抗劑或選擇性雌激素受體調節劑(SERMs)或雌激素合成抑制劑,例如他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)、氟維司群(fulvestrant)、托瑞米芬(toremifene)、屈洛昔芬(droloxifene)、法洛德(faslodex)、或雷洛昔芬(raloxifene);
(xxii)芳香酶抑制劑(aromatase inhibitors)和相關藥物,例如依西美坦(exemestane)、阿那曲唑(anastrozole)、來曲唑(letrazole)、睪內酯氨魯米特(testolactone aminoglutethimide)、米托坦(mitotane)或伏氯唑(vorozole);
(xxiii)抗雄性素(即雄性素受體拮抗劑)和相關試劑,例如比卡魯胺(bicalutamide)、尼魯米特(nilutamide)、氟他胺(flutamide)、環丙孕酮(cyproterone)、或酮康唑(ketoconazole);
(xxiv)賀爾蒙和其類似物,例如甲羥助孕酮(medroxyprogesterone)、己烯雌酚(diethylstilbestrol)(又稱乙二基己烯雌酚(diethylstilboestrol)或奧曲肽(octreotide);
(xxv)類固醇,例如屈他雄酮丙酸酯(dromostanolone propionate)、醋酸甲地孕酮(megestrol acetate)、諾龍(nandrolone)(癸酸酯(decanoate)、苯丙酸酯(phenpropionate))、氟羥甲基睪酮(fluoxymesterone)、或棉酚(gossypol);
(xxvi)固醇類細胞色素(Steroidal cytochrome)P450 17α-羥化酶-17,20-解離酶抑制劑(CYP17),例如阿比特龍(abiraterone);
(xxvii)促性腺素釋素(Gonadotropin releasing hormone)促效劑或拮抗劑(GnRAs),例如阿巴瑞克(abarelix)、醋酸戈舍瑞林(goserelin acetate)、醋酸組氨瑞林(histrelin acetate)、醋酸亮丙瑞林(leuprolide acetate)、曲譜瑞林(triptorelin)、布舍瑞林(buserelin)、或德舍瑞林(deslorelin);
(xxviii)糖皮質素(Glucocorticoids),例如潑尼松(prednisone)、潑尼松龍(prednisolone)、地塞米松(dexamethasone);
(xxix)分化劑(Differentiating agent),例如類視色素(retinoids)、類視黃醇(rexinoids)、維生素D或視黃酸和視黃酸代謝阻斷劑(RAMBA),例如阿庫坦(accutane)、阿利維A酸(alitretinoin)、貝沙羅汀(bexarotene)、或維A酸(tretinoin);
(xxx)法尼基轉移酶(Farnesyltransferase)抑制劑,例如替吡法尼(tipifarnib);
(xxxi)染色質標的療法,例如組織蛋白去乙醯酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)抑制劑,例如帕比司他(panobinostat)、瑞西司他(resminostat)、阿貝司他(abexinostat)、伏立諾他(vorinostat)、羅米地辛(romidepsin)、貝林司他(belinostat)、恩替諾特(entinostat)、奎司司他(quisinostat)、布西諾泰(pracinostat)、替非諾司他(tefinostat)、莫思司他(mocetinostat)、吉維司他(givinostat)、CUDC-907、CUDC-101、ACY-1215、MGCD-290、EVP-0334、RG-2833、4SC-202、羅米地辛(romidepsin)、AR-42(Ohio State University)、CG-200745、丙戊酸(valproic acid)、CKD-581、丁酸鈉(sodium butyrate)、辛二醯苯胺異羥肟酸(suberoylanilide hydroxamide acid,SAHA)、聯合阿糖胞苷(depsipeptide)(FR 901228)、達諾司他(dacinostat)(NVP-LAQ824)、R306465/JNJ-16241199、JNJ-26481585、曲古菌素A
(trichostatin A)、厚膜素(chlamydocin)、A-173、JNJ-MGCD-0103、PXD-101、或芹菜苷配基(apicidin);
(xxxii)蛋白酶體抑制劑,例如硼替左米(bortezomib)、卡非佐米(carfilzomib)、迪蘭唑米(delanzomib)(CEP-18770)、伊薩佐米(ixazomib)(MLN-9708)、奧普佐米(oprozomib)(ONX-0912)、或馬瑞唑米(marizomib);
(xxxiii)光動力藥物,例如卟吩姆鈉(porfimer sodium)或替莫泊芬(temoporfin);
(xxxiv)海洋有機體衍生抗癌劑,例如曲貝替定(trabectidin);
(xxxv)用於放射線免疫療法的放射線標記藥物,例如有β粒子發射同位素(例如碘-131、釔-90)、或有α粒子發射同位素(例如鉍-213或錒-225),例如替伊莫單抗(ibritumomab)、或托西莫單抗碘(Iodine tositumomab);
(xxxvi)端粒酶抑制劑,例如端粒酶素(telomestatin);
(xxxvii)基質金屬蛋白酶抑制劑,例如巴馬司他(batimastat)、馬立馬司他(marimastat)、匹諾司他(prinostat)或美他司他(metastat);
(xxxviii)重組干擾素(例如干擾素-γ和干擾素α)及介白素(interleukins)(例如介白素2),例如,阿地白介素(aldesleukin)、白介素融合毒素(denileukin diftitox)、干擾素α 2a、干擾素α 2b、或聚乙二醇干擾素α 2b(peginterferon alfa 2b);
(xxxix)選擇性免疫反應調節劑,例如沙利竇邁(thalidomide)或雷利米得(lenalidomide);
(xl)治療性疫苗,例如西普亮塞-T(sipuleucel-T)(Provenge)或OncoVex;
(xli)細胞介質活化劑(Cytokine-activating agents),包括必醫你舒(Picibanil)、羅莫泰德(Romurtide)、西佐糖(Sizofiran)、維魯利秦(Virulizin)或胸腺素(Thymosin);
(xlii)三氧化二砷(Arsenic trioxide);
(xliii)G-蛋白耦合受體(GPCR)的抑制劑,例如阿曲生坦(atrasentan);
(xliv)酵素,例如L-天門冬醯胺酶、培門冬酶(pegaspargase)、拉布立酶(rasburicase)、或培加酶(pegademase);
(xlv)DNA修復抑制劑,例如PARP抑制劑,例如奥拉帕尼(olaparib)、維利帕尼(velaparib)、依尼帕尼(iniparib)、盧卡帕尼(Rucaparib)(AG-014699或PF-01367338)、他拉帕瑞(talazoparib)或AG-014699;
(xlvi)DNA損傷反應抑制劑,例如ATM抑制劑AZD0156 MS3541、ATR抑制劑AZD6738、M4344、M6620 wee1抑制劑(wee1 inhibitor)AZD1775;
(xlvii)死亡受體致效劑(例如TNF相關的細胞凋亡誘導配體(TRAIL)受體),例如馬帕木單抗(mapatumumab)(之前稱HGS-ETR1)、可那木單抗(conatumumab)(之前稱AMG 655)、PRO95780、來沙木單抗(lexatumumab)、杜拉樂明(dulanermin)、CS-1008、阿樸嗎啡(apomab)或重組TRAIL配體,例如重組人類TRAIL/Apo2配體;
(xlviii)預防劑(輔佐物),即降低或減輕某些與化療藥物相關的副作用的藥物,例如
- 抗催吐劑(anti-emetic agents);
- 預防或減少化療相關的嗜中性白血球缺乏症(neutropenia)之持續時間,和預防由血小板、紅血球、或白血球減少導致之併發症的藥物,例如介白素-11(interleukin-11)(例如奥普瑞白介素(oprelvekin))、紅血球生成素(erythropoietin)(EPO)、及其類似物(例如阿法達貝泊汀(darbepoetin alfa))、群落刺激因子(colony-stimulating factor)類似物,例如顆粒球巨噬細胞株刺激因子(GM-CSF)(例如沙格司亭(sargramostim))、和顆粒球群落刺激因子(G-CSF)及其類似物(例如非格司亭(filgrastim)、乙二醇化非格司亭(pegfilgrastim);
- 抑制骨質再吸收劑,例如地諾單抗(denosumab)或雙磷酸鹽,例如唑來膦酸鹽(zoledronate)、唑來膦酸(zoledronic acid)、帕米德諾內(pamidronate)和伊班膦酸鹽(ibandronate):
- 抑制發炎反應劑,例如地塞米松(dexamethasone)、潑尼松(prednisone)、和潑尼松龍(prednisolone);
- 用於降低肢端肥大症(acromegaly)或其他罕見賀爾蒙產生腫瘤的患者的血液中生長激素和IGF-I(和其他賀爾蒙)水平的藥物,例如合成形式的賀爾蒙生長抑制素,例如奧曲肽乙酸鹽(octreotide acetate);
- 降低葉酸(folic acid)水平的解毒劑,例如甲醯四氫葉酸(leucovorin)、或亞葉酸(folinic acid);
- 止痛藥,例如鴉片類藥物,例如嗎啡(morphine)、二乙醯嗎啡(diamorphine)和芬太尼(fentanyl);
- 非類固醇類抗發炎藥(NSAID),例如COX-2抑制劑,例如塞來昔布(celecoxib)、依託昔布(etoricoxib)和羅美昔布(lumiracoxib);
- 黏膜炎藥劑,例如帕利夫明(palifermin);
- 用於治療厭食(anorexia)、惡病質(cachexia)、水腫(oedema)或血栓發作(thromboembolic episodes)等副作用之藥物,例如醋酸甲地羥孕酮(megestrol acetate)。
在一實施例中,抗癌劑選自重組干擾素(例如干擾素-γ和干擾素α)及介白素(interleukins)(例如介白素2),例如,阿地白介素(aldesleukin)、白介素融合毒素(denileukin diftitox)、干擾素α 2a、干擾素α 2b、或聚乙二醇干擾素α 2b(peginterferon alfa 2b);干擾素-α2(500μ/ml),特別為干擾素β;以及訊息傳導抑制劑,例如激酶抑制劑,(例如EGFR(上皮生長因子受體)抑制劑、VEGFR(血管內皮生長因子受體)抑制劑、PDGFR(血小板衍生生長因子受體)抑制劑)、MTKI(多靶激酶抑制劑)(multi target kinase inhibitors)、Raf抑制劑、mTOR抑制劑,例如甲磺酸伊馬替尼(imatinib mesylate)、厄洛替尼(erlotinib)、吉非替尼(gefitinib)、達沙替尼(dasatinib)、拉帕替尼(lapatinib)、多韋替尼(dovotinib)、阿西替尼(axitinib)、尼洛替尼(nilotinib)、凡德他尼(vandetanib)、瓦他拉尼(vatalinib)、帕唑帕尼(pazopanib)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、舒尼替尼(sunitinib)、替羅莫司(temsirolimus)、依維莫司(everolimus)(RAD001)、威羅菲尼(vemurafenib)(PLX4032/RG7204)、達拉菲尼(dabrafenib)、恩拉菲尼(encorafenib)、或IκB激酶抑制劑,例如SAR-113945、巴多索隆(bardoxolone)、BMS-066、BMS-345541、IMD-0354、IMD-2560、或IMD-1041、或MEK抑制劑,例如司美替尼(Selumetinib)(AZD6244)和特拉馬替尼(Trametinib)(GSK121120212)),特別為Raf抑制劑(例如威羅菲尼)、或MEK抑制劑(例如特拉馬替尼)。
存在於本發明之組合中的每種化合物可依個別不同之給藥計畫並透過不同途徑而給予。因此,二種或多種藥劑中各自的劑量可能不同:每種可同時給藥或不同時給藥。習知技術者可依通常知識得知欲使用之給藥療程及組合療法。例如,依據已知的組合療法,本發明之化合物可與一種或多種藥劑組合使用給藥。標準組合療法的例子如下。
紫杉烷化合物較佳之劑量為以體表面積(body surface area)每平方公尺給予50至400mg(mg/m2),例如75至250mg/m2,特別是每療程中,太平洋紫杉醇之劑量約為175至250mg/m2,歐洲紫杉醇(docetaxel)之劑量約為75至150mg/m2。
喜樹鹼化合物較佳之劑量為以體表面積每平方公尺給予0.1至400mg(mg/m2),例如1至300mg/m2,特別是每療程中,愛萊諾迪肯(irinotecan)之劑量約為100至350mg/m2,拓普替康(topotecan)之劑量約為1至2mg/m2。
抗腫瘤鬼臼毒素衍生物較佳之劑量為以體表面積每平方公尺給予30至300mg(mg/m2),例如50至250mg/m2,特別是每療程中,依託泊苷(etoposide)之劑量約為35至100mg/m2,替尼泊苷(teniposide)之劑量約為50至250mg/m2。
抗腫瘤長春花生物鹼較佳之劑量為以體表面積每平方公尺給予2至30mg(mg/m2),特別是每療程中,長春花鹼之劑量約為3至12mg/m2,長春新鹼之劑量約為1至2mg/m2,而長春瑞濱之劑量約為10至30mg/m2。
抗腫瘤核苷衍生物較佳之劑量為以體表面積每平方公尺給予200至2500mg(mg/m2),例如700至1500mg/m2,特別是每療程中,5-FU之劑量約為200至500mg/m2,吉西他濱之劑量約為800至1200mg/m2,而卡培他濱之劑量約為1000至2500mg/m2。
烷基化劑例如氮芥子氣(nitrogen mustard)或亞硝基脲較佳之劑量為以體表面積每平方公尺給予100至500mg(mg/m2),例如120至200mg/m2,特別是每療程中,環磷醯胺之劑量約為100至500mg/m2,苯丁酸氮芥之劑量約為0.1至0.2mg/m2,雙氯乙基亞硝脲(carmustine)之劑量約為150至200mg/m2,而洛莫司汀之劑量約為100至150mg/m2。
抗腫瘤蒽環衍生物較佳之劑量為以體表面積每平方公尺給予10至75mg(mg/m2),例如15至60mg/m2,特別是每療程中,阿黴素之劑量約為40至75mg/m2,道諾黴素之劑量約為25至45mg/m2,且艾達黴素之劑量約為10至15mg/m2。
依據特定藥劑及預治療之病症,抗雌激素劑之投藥較佳之劑量為每日給予約1至100mg之劑量投藥。他莫昔芬較佳為以口服方式投藥,其劑量為5至50mg,較佳為10至20mg,且每日服用兩次,並持續治療一足夠時程以達到並維持治療效果。托瑞米芬較佳為以口服方式投藥,其劑量約為60mg,且每日服用一次,並持續治療一足夠時間以達到並維持治療效果。阿那曲唑較佳以口服方式投藥,其劑量約為1mg,且每日服用一次。屈洛昔芬較佳為以口服方式投藥,其劑量約為20-100mg,且每日服用一次。雷洛昔芬較佳為以口服方式投藥,其劑量約為60mg,且每日服用一次。依西美坦較佳為以口服方式投藥,其劑量約為25mg,且每日服用一次。
抗體較佳之劑量為以體表面積每平方公尺給予1至5mg(mg/m2),或者如果不同,則依本技術領域已知劑量方式給藥。曲妥珠單抗較佳之劑量為以體表面積每平方公尺給予1至5mg(mg/m2),特別是每療程以2至4mg/m2之劑量投藥。
當式(I)化合物與一、二、三、四種或更多其他治療劑(較佳為一或二種,且更佳為一種)合併治療時,化合物可同時或依序給藥。若為後者,二種或多種化合物可於一段時間內以一定量及投藥方式投藥,以足以確保可達到較佳或加乘效應(synergistic effect)。當依序投藥時,其可在相當短之間隔時間(例如5-10分鐘)內投藥或在較長之間隔時間(例如相隔1、2、3、4或相隔更多小時,若需要可相隔更長一段時間),且明確劑量治療須與治療藥劑特性相符合。於每一療程中,藥劑劑量可以一次、兩次或多次方式投藥,例如每7、14、21或28天重複投藥。
於一實施例中,提供一種式(I)化合物用於製備用於治療的藥物,其中所述化合物與一、二、三或四種其他治療劑組合使用。在另一實施例中,提供一種用於治療癌症之藥物,其包含式(I)化合物,其中所述藥物與一、二、三或四種其他治療劑組合使用。本發明更包含提供一種式(I)之化合物用於製備提高或增強患有癌症的患者的反應率的藥物的用途,其中患者以一、二、三或四種治療劑治療。
應當理解的是,特定方法、給藥順序和組合中的每種成分各自的劑量和方法取決於給予患者之本發明之化合物及特定其他藥物、給藥途徑、治療腫瘤類型、及患者條件。習知技術領域者可以使用常規方法並根據本文揭露之訊息以容易確定最佳的給藥方法和順序、以及劑量和療程。
當以組合給藥時,本發明之化合物與一或多種其他抗癌劑之重量比可由習知技術者判斷。所述比例及實際劑量及給藥頻率取決於本發明之特定化合物及所使用的其他抗癌劑、所治療之特定病症、所治療病症的嚴重度、特定患者的年齡、體重、性別、飲食、給藥時間、總生理狀態、以及給藥模式和
患者服用之其他藥物而判定,如本領域之習知技術人員所知。此外,可依據治療對象的反應和/或依據開藥醫師的評估來降低或增加每日有效劑量。本發明之式(I)化合物與另一抗癌劑之特定重量比可介於1/10至10/1之範圍內,較佳於1/5至5/1之範圍內,且更佳為1/3至3/1之範圍內。
本發明之化合物也可與非化學療法一同給予,例如放射療法、光動力療法、基因療法、手術、和飲食控制。
本發明之化合物也具有使腫瘤細胞敏感化以在放射治療和化學治療中具有治療應用。因此,本發明之化合物可作為「放射增敏劑(radiosensitizer)」和/或「化學增敏劑(chemosensitizer)」,或可與另一「放射增敏劑」和/或「化學增敏劑」組合使用。於一實施例中,本發明之化合物是作為「化學增敏劑」。
術語「放射增敏劑」之定義為以治療有效量給予患者之分子,用於增加細胞對於離子化放射線之敏感性和/或促進可使用離子化放射治療之疾病的治療。
術語「化學增敏劑」之定義為以治療有效量給予患者之分子,用於增加細胞對於化學治療之敏感性和/或促進可使用化學治療之疾病的治療。
在一實施例中,本發明之化合物與「放射增敏劑」和/或「化學增敏劑」一起施用。在一實施例中,本發明之化合物與「免疫增敏劑(immune sensitizer)」一起施用。
術語「免疫增敏劑」之定義為以治療有效量給予患者之分子,用於增加細胞對Polθ抑制劑的敏感性。
目前,許多癌症治療方案將放射增敏劑與X射線結合使用。X射線活化的放射增敏劑的例子包含但不限於:甲硝唑(metronidazole)、米索硝唑(misonidazole)、去甲基米索硝唑(desmethylmisonidazole)、哌莫硝唑(pimonidazole)、依他硝唑(etanidazole)、尼莫唑(nimorazole)、絲裂霉素C(mitomycin C)、RSU 1069、SR 4233、EO9、RB 6145、烟醯胺(nicotinamide)、5-溴去氧尿苷(5-bromodeoxyuridine,BUdR)、5-碘去氧尿苷(5-iododeoxyuridine,IUdR)、溴脫氧胞嘧啶(bromodeoxycytidine)、氟脫氧尿苷(fluorodeoxyuridine,FudR)、羥基脲(hydroxyurea)、順鉑、及治療上有效之類似物及其衍生物。
癌症的光動力療法(Photodynamic therapy,PDT)採用可見光作為增敏劑之放射活化。光動力放射增敏劑的例子包括但不限於:血紫質(hematoporphyrin)衍生物、光敏素(Photofrin)、苯並紫質(benzoporphyrin)衍生物、錫初紫質(tin etioporphyrin)、去鎂葉綠素酸-a(pheoborbide-a)、細菌葉綠素-a(bacteriochlorophyll-a)、萘酞菁(naphthalocyanines)、酞青素(phthalocyanines)、酞青化鋅(zinc phthalocyanine)、及治療上有效之類似物及其衍生物。
放射增敏劑可以與治療有效量之一或多種其他化合物一同給藥,包含但不限於:本發明之化合物;促進目標細胞吸收放射增敏劑之化合物;控制治療劑、營養素、和/或氧氣流至目標細胞之化合物;在有或沒有額外放射的情況下作用於腫瘤之化療藥物;或其他用於治療癌症或其他疾病之治療有效化合物。
化學增敏劑可與治療有效量之一或多種其他化合物一同給藥,包含但不限於:本發明之化合物;促進目標細胞吸收化學增敏劑之化合物;控制藥劑、營養素、和/或氧氣流至目標細胞之化合物;作用於腫瘤或其他用於治療
癌症或其他疾病之治療有效化合物之化療藥物。鈣拮抗劑,例如維拉帕米(verapamil),已被證實可與抗腫瘤藥劑一同使用,以在對具有化療抗藥性之腫瘤細胞建立化學敏感性,以及加強該化合物對於藥物敏感之惡性腫瘤的功效。
免疫增敏劑的例子包含但不限於:免疫調節劑(mmunomodulating agents),例如單株抗體(monoclonal antibodies),例如免疫檢查點抗體(immune checkpoint antibodies)[例如CTLA-4封閉性抗體(blocking antibody)和/或抗PD-1和PD-L1的抗體和/或PD-L2,例如伊匹單抗(ipilimumab)(CTLA4)、MK-3475(派立珠單抗(pembrolizumab),也稱為拉姆珠單抗(lambrolizumab)、抗-PD-1)、尼沃單抗(nivolumab)(抗-PD-1)、BMS-936559(抗-PD-L1)、MPDL320A、AMP-514或MEDI4736(抗-PD-L1)、或曲美單抗(tremelimumab)(也稱為替西莫單抗(ticilimumab)、CP-675,206、抗-CTLA-4)];或訊息傳導抑制劑(Signal Transduction inhibitors);或細胞激素(cytokines)(例如重組干擾素(recombinant interferons));或溶瘤病毒(oncolytic viruses);或免疫佐劑(immune adjuvants)(例如BCG)。
免疫增敏劑可以與治療有效量之一或多種其他化合物一同給藥,包含但不限於:本發明之化合物;促進目標細胞吸收免疫增敏劑之化合物;控制治療劑、營養素、和/或氧氣流至目標細胞之化合物;作用於腫瘤之治療劑或其他用於治療癌症或其他疾病之治療有效化合物。
為了與另一化療藥物合併治療使用,式(I)化合物及一、二、三、四、或更多種其他治療藥物可以例如共同調配為包含二、三、四、或更多種之治療藥劑的劑型,即含有所有成分之單一醫藥組成物。於一替代實施例中,個別治療藥劑可分別調配,並以套組形式一起提供,選擇性地包括使用說明書。
在一實施例中,提供一種式(I)化合物與一或多種(例如1或2)其他治療劑(例如前述的抗癌劑)的組合。在另一實施例中,提供一種本文所述之Polθ抑制劑和PI3K/AKT路徑抑制劑(pathway inhibitor)的組合,其中PI3K/AKT路徑抑制劑選自:愛培托賽(apitolisib)、布帕里斯(buparlisib)、克盤利昔(copanlisib)、匹替利司(pictilisib)、ZSTK-474、CUDC-907、GSK-2636771、LY-3023414、伊巴替布(ipatasertib)、阿弗替布(afuresertib)、MK-2206、MK-8156、艾迪昔布(idelalisib)、BEZ235(達托里斯(dactolisib))、BYL719、GDC-0980、GDC-0941、GDC-0032和GDC-0068。
於另一實施例中,提供一種用於治療之式(I)化合物與一或多種(例如1或2)其他治療劑(例如抗癌劑)的組合,所述治療例如預防或治療癌症。
在一實施例中,醫藥組成物包含式(I)化合物與藥學上可接受的載體和選擇性地一或多種治療劑。
在另一實施例中,本發明涉及根據本發明之組合在製備用於抑制腫瘤細胞生長之醫藥組成物的用途。
在另一實施例中,本發明涉及包含式(I)化合物和一或多種抗癌劑的產物,作為可同時、分別或依序用於治療患有癌症的患者的組合試劑。
實施例
發明現將經由參照下列實施例中描述的特定實施例來說明,但並不限於此。
縮寫
典型的製備HPLC方法
為了透過HPLC純化中間體,通常使用以下的管柱:SunFire C18、Xtimate C18、Phenomenex Gemini、Phenomenex Synergi C18、Phenomenex Luna、Waters Xbridge C18、Boston Prime C18和Shim-pack C18。使用的典型移動相為水和乙腈,以及酸性或鹼性添加劑,例如甲酸(0.1% v/v)或氫氧化銨(0.05% v/v)。
一種典型的方法從95%水:5%乙腈開始,水和乙腈的極性比例在5到12分鐘內逐漸降低,典型的流速為25mL/min。對於質量定向(mass-directed)HPLC,使用的典型質譜儀是Waters 3100,檢測的質量在100至700g/mol之間。
實施例1
(3aR,11aS)-6,10-二甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-5-(2-(4-甲基哌嗪-1-基)乙基)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-六氫-2H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-2,11(3H)-二酮((3aR,11aS)-6,10-Dimethyl-1-(6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-hexahydro-2H-benzo[b]pyrrolo[2,3-f][1,4]diazocine-2,11(3H)-dione)
步驟i.向溶於DCM(200mL)的2-氯-6-硝基苯胺(2-chloro-6-nitroaniline)(20.0g,116mmol)、三乙胺(23.4g,231mmol)和4-二甲基胺基吡啶(4-dimethylaminopyridine)(1.42g,11.5mmol)的混合物中加入二叔丁基二碳酸(di-tert-butyl dicarbonate)(55.6g,254mmol)。將反應混合物在25℃下攪拌16小時。完成後,將混合物以水(300mL)稀釋,並以EtOAc(3 x 100mL)萃取。合併的有機層以sat.aq.檸檬酸溶液(100mL)、食鹽水(3 x 300mL)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥並
蒸發,以得到黃色固體的(叔丁氧基羰基)(2-氯-6-硝基苯基)胺基甲酸叔丁酯(tert-butyl(tert-butoxycarbonyl)(2-chloro-6-nitrophenyl)carbamate)(43.0g,產率99%),其不須純化即可使用。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ ppm 7.95(dd,J=1.6,8.4Hz,1H),7.73(dd,J=1.6,8.0Hz,1H),7.45(t,J=8.0Hz,1H),1.40(s,18H).
步驟ii.向溶於THF(500mL)的(叔丁氧基羥基)(2-氯-6-硝基苯基)胺基甲酸叔丁酯(53.0g,142mmol)中加入5%的Pt-V/C(5g)。將反應混合物在氫氣氣氛(15psi)下,於20℃下攪拌20小時。完成後,將反應物過濾並蒸發濾液,以得到白色固體的(2-胺基-6-氯苯基)(叔丁氧基羰基)胺基甲酸叔丁酯(tert-butyl(2-amino-6-chlorophenyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)carbamate)(48.3g,產率99%),其不須進一步純化即可使用。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ ppm 7.04-6.99(m,1H),6.78(d,J=7.6Hz,1H),6.62(t,J=7.6Hz,1H),3.84(br s,2H),1.42(s,18H).
步驟iii.將溶於MeOH(500mL)的(2-胺基-6-氯苯基)(叔丁氧基羰基)胺基甲酸叔丁酯(46.5g,135mmol)和碳酸鉀(37.4g,271mmol)的混合物在60℃下攪拌3小時。完成後,將混合物蒸發以移除MeOH,以水(300mL)稀釋,並以EtOAc(2 x 200mL)萃取。合併的有機層以食鹽水(2 x 200mL)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥並蒸發,以得到黃色固體的(2-胺基-6-氯苯基)胺基甲酸叔丁酯(tert-butyl(2-amino-6-chlorophenyl)carbamate)(32.3g,產率98%),其不須進一步純化即可使用。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ ppm 7.00-6.95(m,1H),6.81(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),6.66(t,J=7.6Hz,1H),6.21(br s,1H),3.96(br s,2H),1.48(s,9H).
步驟iv.向溶於MeOH(150mL)的甲醇鈉(sodium methoxide)(33.3g,618mmol)溶液中加入(2-胺基-6-氯苯基)胺基甲酸叔丁酯(15.0g,61.8mmol)和三聚甲醛(paraformaldehyde)(2.78g,92.7mmol)。將混合物在0℃下攪拌12小時後,加入硼氫化鈉(11.6g,309mmol),並將反應混合物在20℃下再攪拌2小時。完成後,將混合物以水(20mL)淬滅,並蒸發以移除MeOH。將水的混合物以水(200mL)稀釋,並以EtOAc(3 x 100mL)萃取。合併的有機層以食鹽水(3 x 200mL)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥,通過管柱層析法(PE/EtOAc=5/1)純化,以得到白色固體的(2-氯-6-(甲基胺基)苯基)胺基甲酸叔丁酯(tert-butyl(2-chloro-6-(methylamino)phenyl)carbamate)(7.8g,產率49%)。
1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d 6 )δ ppm 8.10(br s,1H),7.06(t,J=8.0Hz,1H),6.62(dd,J=8.0,1.2Hz,1H),6.47(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),5.30(br s,1H),2.70(d,J=5.2Hz,3H),1.44(s,9H).
步驟v.向溶於EtOAc(1L)的2-((二苯基亞甲基)胺基)乙酸叔丁酯(tert-butyl 2-((diphenylmethylene)amino)acetate)(CAS:81477-94-3;100g,339mmol)和富馬酸二甲酯(dimethyl fumarate)(CAS:624-49-7;73.2g,508mmol)的溶液中添加(S)-2-((2,3-雙(二環己基胺基)環丙-2-烯-1-亞基)胺基)丙-1-醇((S)-2-((2,3-bis(dicyclohexylamino)cycloprop-2-en-1-ylidene)amino)propan-1-ol)(CAS:1808186-23-3,如J.S.Bander et.al.Chem.Sci.2015,6,1537中所述製備;18.5g,33.9mmol)。將反應混合物在室溫下攪拌48小時。完成後,將反應混合物蒸發並將粗產物通過管柱層析法(己烷/EtOAc=4/1)純化,以得到無色油狀的1-(叔丁基)2,3-二甲基(1S,2S)-1-((二苯基亞甲基)胺基)丙烷-1,2,3-三羧酸酯(1-(tert-butyl)2,3-dimethyl
(1S,2S)-1-((diphenylmethylene)amino)propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate)(140g,產率94%)。
步驟vi.向溶於THF(1.4L)的1-(叔丁基)2,3-二甲基(1S,2S)-1-((二苯基亞甲基)胺基)-丙烷-1,2,3-三羧酸酯(140g,318.5mmol)溶液中加入15% w/w aq.檸檬酸(1.4L)。將反應混合物在室溫下攪拌48小時。完成後,反應以sat.aq.碳酸氫鈉淬滅,並以EtOAc(3 x 1L)萃取。合併的有機層以硫酸鈉乾燥並蒸發。粗產物通過管柱層析法(hexane/EtOAc=3/7)純化,以得到白色固體的2-(叔丁基)3-甲基(2S,3S)-5-側氧基吡咯啶-2,3-二羧酸酯(2-(tert-butyl)3-methyl(2S,3S)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2,3-dicarboxylate)(70g,產率90%)。
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ ppm 6.63(br s,1H),4.46(d,J=6.0Hz,1H),3.77(s,3H),3.37(dt,J=6.0,8.0,9.2Hz,1H),2.76-2.55(m,2H),1.47(s,9H).
步驟vii.將2-(叔丁基)3-甲基(2S,3S)-5-側氧基吡咯啶-2,3-二羧酸酯(40.0g,164mmol)和TFA(250mL)的混合物在氮氣氣氛下於25℃下攪拌12小時。完成後,將反應混合物蒸發。將殘餘物研磨(PE/EtOAc=10/1)60min。過濾懸浮液,以得到白色固體的(2S,3S)-3-(甲氧基羰基)-5-側氧基吡咯啶-2-羧酸((2S,3S)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid)(27.0g,產率87%)。
1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d 6 )δ ppm 13.13(br s,1H),8.15(s,1H),4.26(d,J=0.8Hz,1H),3.68(s,3H),3.37-3.33(m,1H),2.56-2.52(m,1H),2.36-2.32(m,1H).
步驟viii.在0℃下,向溶於MeCN(40mL)的(2S,3S)-3-(甲氧基羰基)-5-側氧基吡咯啶-2-羧酸(3.64g,19.4mmol)的溶液中加入高斯氏試劑(Ghosez’s reagent)(CAS:26189-59-3;3.12g,23.3mmol)。將混合物在20℃下攪拌1
小時後,在0℃下,將混合物逐滴加入至溶於MeCN(40mL)的(2-氯-6-(甲基胺基)苯基)胺基甲酸叔丁酯(如步驟iv.所製備;5g,19.4mmol)和N,N-二甲基吡啶-2-胺(N,N-dimethylpyridin-2-amine)(4.76g,38.9mmol)的混合物中。將反應混合物在0℃下攪拌30min。完成後,混合物以水(20mL)稀釋並蒸發,以移除MeCN。殘餘物進一步以水(60mL)稀釋,並以EtOAc(3 x 80mL)萃取。合併的有機層以食鹽水(200mL)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥、蒸發,並通過管柱層析法(EtOAc)純化,以得到黃色固體的(2S,3S)-2-((2-((叔丁氧基羰基)胺基)-3-氯苯基)(甲基)胺甲醯基)-5-側氧基吡咯啶-3-羧酸甲酯(methyl(2S,3S)-2-((2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-chlorophenyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylate)(6.5g,產率71%)。
m/z ES+[M+H]+ 425.9.
步驟ix.將溶於1,4-二噁烷(1,4-dioxane)(120mL)的(2S,3S)-2-((2-((叔丁氧基羰基)胺基)-3-氯苯基)(甲基)胺甲醯基)-5-側氧基吡咯啶-3-羧酸甲酯(11.4g,26.8mmol)、2-溴-6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶(2-bromo-6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine(CAS:451459-17-9;8.35g,34.8mmol)、三(二亞苄基丙酮)二鈀(Pd2(dba)3)(2.45g,2.7mmol)、4,5-雙二苯基膦-9,9-二甲基氧雜蒽(Xantphos)(3.10g,5.4mmol)和碳酸鉀(11.1g,80.3mmol)的混合物脫氣,並以氮氣吹掃(purged)三次。將反應混合物在氮氣氣氛下於100℃下攪拌3小時。完成後,將混合物蒸發,以水(300mL)稀釋,並以EtOAc(3 x 350mL)萃取。合併的有機層以食鹽水(600mL)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥、蒸發,並通過管柱層析法(PE/EtOAc=3/1)純化,以得到黃色固體的(2S,3S)-2-((2-((叔丁氧基羰基)胺基)-3-氯苯基)(甲基)胺甲醯基)-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-5-側氧基吡咯啶-3-羧
酸甲酯(methyl(2S,3S)-2-((2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-chlorophenyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)-1-(6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylate)(11.0g,產率66%)。
m/z ES+[M+H]+ 585.2;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ ppm 8.69-8.55(m,1H),7.59-7.54(m,1H),7.39-7.33(m,1H),7.16-7.10(m,2H),5.30-5.06(m,1H),3.83-3.70(m,2H),3.59-3.53(m,3H),3.31-3.22(m,3H),3.15-3.10(m,1H),2.92-2.76(m,1H),2.74-2.58(m,3H),1.52-1.44(m,9H).
步驟x.在0℃下,向溶於THF(200mL)和MeOH(20mL)的(2S,3S)-2-((2-((叔丁氧基羰基)胺基)-3-氯苯基)(甲基)胺甲醯基)-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-5-側氧基吡咯啶-3-羧酸甲酯(19.3g,32.9mmol)的溶液中緩慢分批加入硼氫化鈉(2.50g,65.9mmol)。將反應混合物在25℃下攪拌1小時。完成後,將混合物緩慢地以sat.aq.氯化銨(150mL)淬滅,並將水的混合物攪拌30分鐘。將混合物蒸發,以水(100mL)稀釋,並以EtOAc(3 x 250mL)萃取。合併的有機層以食鹽水(600mL)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥並蒸發,以得到棕色固體的(2-氯-6-((2S,3S)-3-(羥基甲基)-N-甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-5-側氧基吡咯啶-2-甲醯胺基)苯基)胺基甲酸叔丁酯(tert-butyl(2-chloro-6-((2S,3S)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-N-methyl-1-(6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamido)phenyl)carbamate)(18.3g,粗產物),其不需進一步純化即可使用。
m/z ES+[M+H]+ 557.1.
步驟xi.向溶於DCM(200mL)的(2-氯-6-((2S,3S)-3-(羥基甲基)-N-甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-5-側氧基吡咯啶-2-甲醯胺基)苯基)胺基
甲酸叔丁酯(18.3g,32.8mmol)的溶液中加入三乙胺(13.3g,131mmol)後,在0℃下,逐滴加入甲磺醯氯(methanesulfonyl chloride)(6.02g,52.5mmol)。將反應混合物在0℃下攪拌1小時。完成後,將混合物以水(200mL)淬滅。分離各層並將水層進一步以EtOAc(2 x 300mL)萃取。合併的有機層以食鹽水(800mL)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥並蒸發,以得到棕色固體的((2S,3S)-2-((2-((叔丁氧基羰基)胺基)-3-氯苯基)(甲基)胺甲醯基)-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-5-側氧基吡咯啶-3-基)甲磺酸甲酯(((2S,3S)-2-((2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-chlorophenyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)-1-(6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl methanesulfonate)(20.5g,粗產物),其不需進一步純化即可使用。
m/z ES+[M+H]+ 635.2.
步驟xii.向溶於N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone)(250mL)的((2S,3S)-2-((2-((叔丁氧基羰基)胺基)-3-氯苯基)(甲基)胺甲醯基)-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-5-側氧基吡咯啶-3-基)甲磺酸甲酯(20.5g,32.2mmol)的溶液中加入磷酸鉀(20.5g,96.8mmol)。將反應混合物在60℃下攪拌12小時。完成後,將混合物以水(1200mL)稀釋,並以EtOAc(3 x 800mL)萃取。合併的有機層以水(2 x 1000mL)、食鹽水(2 x 1000mL)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥、蒸發,並通過管柱層析法(PE/EtOAc=3/1)純化,以得到黃色固體的(3aR,11aS)-6-氯-10-甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-2,11-二側氧基-1,2,3,3a,4,10,11,11a-八氫-5H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-5-羧酸叔丁酯(tert-butyl (3aR,11aS)-6-chloro-10-methyl-1-(6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2,11-di
oxo-1,2,3,3a,4,10,11,11a-octahydro-5H-benzo[b]pyrrolo[2,3-f][1,4]diazocine-5-carboxylate)(14.0g,產率76%)。
m/z ES+[M+H]+ 539.1;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ ppm 8.37-8.27(m,1H),7.54-7.48(m,1H),7.46-7.36(m,2H),7.05(s,1H),4.74-4.64(m,2H),3.34-3.30(m,3H),3.01-2.91(m,1H),2.83-2.62(m,2H),2.49(s,3H),2.30-2.20(m,1H),1.50-1.32(m,9H).
步驟xiii.向溶於DCM(120mL)的(3aR,11aS)-6-氯-10-甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-2,11-二側氧基-1,2,3,3a,4,10,11,11a-八氫-5H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-5-羧酸叔丁酯(13.5g,25.0mmol)的溶液中加入TFA(36.9g,324mmol)。將反應混合物在20℃下攪拌5小時。完成後,將混合物蒸發,殘餘物以DCM(100mL)稀釋,並以sat.aq.碳酸氫鈉鹼化至pH 8。分離各層並將水層進一步以EtOAc(2 x 150mL)萃取。合併的有機層以食鹽水(300mL)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥並蒸發,以得到黃色固體的(3aR,11aS)-6-氯-10-甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-六氫-2H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-2,11(3H)-二酮((3aR,11aS)-6-chloro-10-methyl-1-(6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-hexahydro-2H-benzo[b]pyrrolo[2,3-f][1,4]diazocine-2,11(3H)-dione)(10.9g,粗產物),其不須進一步純化即可使用。
m/z ES+[M+H]+ 439.1;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ ppm δ 8.37(s,1H),7.53-7.50(m,1H),7.37-7.36(m,1H),7.31-7.29(m,1H),7.09(m,1H),4.78(d,J=8.8Hz,1H),3.78-3.74(m,1H),3.45(br s,1H),3.38(s,3H),2.86-2.78(m,3H)2.53(s,3H),2.32-2.26(m,1H).
步驟xiv.向溶於DMF(110mL)的(3aR,11aS)-6-氯-10-甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-六氫-2H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-2,11(3H)-二酮(11.3g,25.7mmol)、碳酸鈉(8.19g,77.2mmol)和TBAB(830mg,2.58mmol)的混合物中加入溴丙烯(allyl bromide)(15.5g,128mmol)。將反應混合物在100℃下攪拌12小時。完成後,將混合物以水(100mL)稀釋,並以EtOAc(3 x 100mL)萃取。合併的有機層以水(2 x 150mL)、食鹽水(2 x 100mL)洗滌,以硫酸鈉乾燥、蒸發,並通過管柱層析法(PE/EtOAc=3/1)純化,以得到米白色固體的(3aR,11aS)-5-丙烯基-6-氯-10-甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-六氫-2H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-2,11(3H)-二酮((3aR,11aS)-5-allyl-6-chloro-10-methyl-1-(6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-hexahydro-2H-benzo[b]pyrrolo[2,3-f][1,4]diazocine-2,11(3H)-dione)(12.0g,產率97%)。
m/z ES+[M+H]+ 479.3;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ ppm 8.33(s,1H),7.51(dd,J=8.0,1.6Hz,1H),7.32-7.27(m,2H),7.05(s,1H),5.79-5.70(m,1H),5.23-5.18(m,1H),5.10-5.07(m,1H),4.61(d,J=9.2Hz,1H),3.70-3.25(m,3H),3.37(s,3H),2.99-2.89(m,2H),2.75-2.68(m,1H),2.49(s,3H),2.44-2.36(m,1H).
步驟xv.在0℃下,向溶於THF(50mL)和水(10mL)的(3aR,11aS)-5-丙烯基-6-氯-10-甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-六氫-2H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-2,11(3H)-二酮(4.45g,9.29mmol)和過碘酸鈉(NaIO4)(5.96g,27.8mmol)的混合物中加入四氧化鋨(OsO4)(236mg,0.93mmol)。將反應混合物在0℃下攪拌2小時。完成後,將反應混合物以sat.aq.硫代
硫酸鈉(50mL)淬滅,並在25℃下再攪拌30分鐘。將混合物以水(200mL)稀釋,並以EtOAc(3 x 100mL)萃取。將有機層以sat.aq.硫代硫酸鈉水溶液(2 x 100mL)、sat.aq.碳酸氫鈉(2 x 100mL)和食鹽水(3 x 100mL)洗滌。將有機層以硫酸鈉乾燥並蒸發,以得到黃色固體的2-((3aR,11aS)-6-氯-10-甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-2,11-二側氧基-1,2,3,3a,4,10,11,11a-八氫-5H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-5-基)乙醛(2-((3aR,11aS)-6-chloro-10-methyl-1-(6-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-2,11-dioxo-1,2,3,3a,4,10,11,11a-octahydro-5H-benzo[b]pyrrolo[2,3-f][1,4]diazocin-5-yl)acetaldehyde)(4.4g,產率98%)。
m/z ES+[M+H]+ 481.0;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ ppm 9.66(s,1H),8.34(s,1H),7.51-7.45(m,1H),7.37-7.33(m,2H),7.06(s,1H),4.67(d,J=9.2Hz,1H),3.87-3.71(m,2H),3.61-3.51(m,1H),3.37(s,3H),3.19-3.10(m,1H),3.04-2.93(m,1H),2.78-2.70(m,1H),2.48(s,3H),2.28-2.19(m,1H).
步驟xvi.向溶於MeOH(2mL)的2-((3aR,11aS)-6-氯-10-甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-2,11-二側氧基-1,2,3,3a,4,10,11,11a-八氫-5H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-5-基)乙醛(50mg,0.10mmol)、1-甲基哌嗪(1-methylpiperazine)(11mg,0.11mmol)和4Å分子篩(10mg)的混合物中添加乙酸(31mg,0.52mmol)。混合物在20℃下攪拌30分鐘後,加入氰基硼氫化鈉(NaBH3CN)(13mg,0.21mmol)。將反應混合物在20℃下再攪拌30分鐘。完成後,將反應混合物以水(0.1mL)淬滅並過濾。將濾液蒸發並通過製備級HPLC純化,以得到米白色固體的(3aR,11aS)-6-氯-10-甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-5-(2-(4-甲基哌嗪-1-基)乙基)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-六氫-2H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-2,11(3H)-二酮
((3aR,11aS)-6-chloro-10-methyl-1-(6-methyl-4-(tritluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-(2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-hexahydro-2H-benzo[b]pyrrolo[2,3-f][1,4]diazocine-2,11(3H)-dione)(29mg,產率46%)。
m/z ES+[M+H]+ 565.2;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ ppm 8.33(s,1H),7.47-7.42(m,1H),7.35-7.28(m,2H),7.05(s,1H),4.61(d,J=9.2Hz,1H),3.63-3.51(m,1H),3.37(s,3H),3.24-3.08(m,2H),3.03-2.94(m,2H),2.83-2.54(m,8H),2.49(s,3H),2.48-2.39(m,6H),2.26-2.17(m,1H).
步驟xvii.將溶於甲苯(55mL)的(3aR,11aS)-6-氯-10-甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-5-(2-(4-甲基哌嗪-1-基)乙基)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-六氫-2H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-2,11(3H)-二酮(3.5g,6.19mmol)、甲基硼酸(11.1g,185mmol)、XPhos-Pd-G2(974mg,1.24mmol)和碳酸銫(6.05g,18.5mmol)的混合物脫氣,並以氮氣吹掃三次。將反應混合物在氮氣氣氛下,於110℃下攪拌12小時。將混合物過濾並將濾液蒸發。殘餘物通過管柱層析法(Al2O3,EtOAc/MeOH=15/1),隨後通過反相快速層析法(水(0.1%氨水(NH4OH))/MeCN)純化,以得到白色固體的(3aR,11aS)-6,10-二甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-5-(2-(4-甲基哌嗪-1-基)乙基)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-六氫-2H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮環辛四烯-2,11(3H)-二酮(5.0g,產率74%)。
m/z ES+[M+H]+ 545.3;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ ppm 8.33(s,1H),7.27-7.18(m,3H),7.04(s,1H),4.73(d,J=8.8Hz,1H),4.71-4.68(m,1H),3.65-3.59(m,1H),3.37(s,3H),3.20-2.95(m,3H),2.78-2.70(m,2H),2.48-2.30(m,18H),2.25-2.15(m,1H).
生物數據
Polθ聚合酶結構域WT KI檢測
使用PicoGreen檢測盒量測可逆化合物(reversible compound)在體外抑制Polθ活性的KI值。
人類Polθ聚合酶結構域(aa1820-2590)在大腸桿菌(E.Coli)中表達、純化、等分並儲存於-80℃直到需要。以1.2:1混合DNA II短與DNA II長產生Polθ基質,以在退火緩衝液(20mM Tris pH 7.5,50mM NaCl)中得到最終濃度為20mM的基質。在加熱組(heating block)關閉前,將基質以50mL等分在加熱組中加熱至95℃,5分鐘,將反應冷卻至室溫並儲存於-20℃直到需要。
名稱 序列
DNA II短 5'-GCGGCTGTCATAAG-3'(SEQ ID NO:1)
DNA II長 5'-GCTACATTGACAATGGCA-TCAAATCTCAGATTGCGTCTTATGACAGCCGCG-3'(SEQ ID NO:2)
以包含25mM的Tris(pH 7.5)、12.5mM的NaCl、0.5mM的NaCl、5%(v/v)甘油、0.01% v/v的Triton x-100、0.1mg/ml的BSA和1mM的DTT的1X緩衝液進行測量。以100%DMSO稀釋以提供每一12μM的中間儲存(100x最終最高濃度)來準備測試化合物。使用Tecan分配器(dispenser)將100nL的23x 1:1.5倍系列稀釋和僅DMSO的對照組分配至Greiner的384孔黑色微量盤(black low volume plates)(product code 784076)中。通過回填DMSO溶液將DMSO濃度維持在最終測定體積的1%。
基質的2x工作儲備液(working stock)(200nM的DNA基質和100μM的dNTPs)和酶(0.312nM的Polθ)在測定緩衝液中配置。使用Tempest分配器(Formulatrix)將5μL/孔的酶和基質2x溶液分配到預先分配有化合物的測定盤中,
以獲得最終測定濃度為100nM的DNA基質、50μM的dNTPs和0.156nM的Polθ。為了停止反應,使用Tempest的時間延遲功能,在6個時間點(t=0,15,30,60,90,120,150,180分鐘)加入含有25mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.5)和20mM EDTA的5μL溶液。在過程中將盤覆蓋以防止蒸發。完成測定後,使用Tempest液體處理器(Formulatrix)將5μL的檢測試劑(25mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5和2.5%(v/v)PicoGreen)分配至孔中,隨後使用螢光素的默認光學設定和自動增益/聚焦設定將盤在CLARIOstar Plus(BMG Labtech)上讀取。
使用GraphPad Prism V.8(GraphPad Software Inc,San Diego,CA)執行所有數據分析。將每個抑制劑濃度的時序資料(time course data)配合到GraphPad Prism中的線性回歸模型。分析中排除了對照組(僅DMSO)反應不再呈線性的任何時間點。然後根據抑制劑濃度繪製從線性回歸中獲得的初始速率(斜率),並在GraphPad Prism上配合抑制劑與響應變量斜率(四參數)模型以確定KI值。
實施例1的化合物在上述Polθ聚合酶結構域WT KI檢測中進行測試,並將結果顯示於下表:
Claims (7)
- 如請求項1所述之化合物,其為式(I)化合物之游離鹼,且為(3aR,11aS)-6,10-二甲基-1-(6-甲基-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶-2-基)-5-(2-(4-甲基哌嗪-1-基)乙基)-1,3a,4,5,10,11a-六氫-2H-苯並[b]吡咯並[2,3-f][1,4]二氮芳辛-2,11(3H)-二酮(E1)。
- 一種醫藥組成物,包含如請求項1或請求項2所述之式(I)化合物。
- 一種醫藥組成物,包含如請求項1或請求項2所述之式(I)化合物,以及一或多種治療劑。
- 一種用於治療之如請求項1或請求項2所述之化合物。
- 一種用於預防或治療癌症之如請求項1或請求項2之化合物。
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