TW202206739A - 自儲存杜瓦罐提取冷凍劑之液相之方法 - Google Patents
自儲存杜瓦罐提取冷凍劑之液相之方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一種用於利用一推動氣體而通過一提取構件(22a, 22b)自一儲存杜瓦罐的一內部體積提取一冷凍劑之一液相之方法,該冷凍劑包含該液相及一蒸汽相,該推動氣體係通過設置於一推動氣體供應器與該儲存杜瓦罐的該內部體積(12)之間的一供應管線(18)的一出口而經引入至該冷凍劑的該蒸汽相中,該供應管線(18)部分延伸通過該內部體積(12)內的該液相。
Description
本發明係關於一種用於自儲存杜瓦罐之內部體積提取冷凍劑之液相之方法。
冷凍冷卻劑用於許多應用,例如使用超導磁鐵的那些應用。本文中的一般實例係使用此類磁鐵的磁共振成像(MRI)及核磁共振(NMR)系統。為了確保此類磁鐵的超導性,這些磁鐵必須設置於低溫下,即,冷凍溫度下。此連接中使用的一般冷卻劑係液態氦冷卻劑。通常,在磁鐵的超導線圈可經賦能之前,磁鐵必須以此類液態氦填充。估計用於此類超導應用的氦消耗全球氦總生產量的約20至30百分比。
僅在全球數個位置處提取及液化氦。在液化之後,在ISO容器中將液態氦運送至所謂的氦填充廠,其一般由氣體公司擁有並運作。在這些氦填充廠處,將液態氦自ISO容器倒入至較小的行動低溫恆溫器,通常稱為儲存杜瓦罐,其一般具有100至500升的總體積。在此類杜瓦罐中,液態氦係運送至用於MRI應用中使用的磁鐵。在所謂的MRI填充中將此類杜瓦罐的內容物排空至磁鐵中之後,該等杜瓦罐應理想地含有冷氣體的特定殘留量,其不應移轉至MRI中,因為氣體氦可導致MRI淬熄,導致超導性的失去。在此類淬熄的情況下,液態氦的補充、MRI的修復及停機時間係典型的後果,其應加以避免。
一般返回至填充廠站的空杜瓦罐係分類為內部體積內溫度小於10k的「冷」杜瓦罐,溫度為10至50k的「溫」杜瓦罐,及溫度高於50k的「熱」杜瓦罐。在排空液體內容物之後,可藉由殘餘氣體含量來判定杜瓦罐中的溫度。冷杜瓦罐通常可在沒有進一步製備(亦即,預冷卻步驟)的情況下再填充,而溫杜瓦罐及熱杜瓦罐必須在再填充之前預先冷卻。杜瓦罐的此類預冷卻通常藉由下述達成:將液態氦填入其中,直到其等收集了其總容量的約30至50百分比,然後讓其等在填充廠的回復系統中安置一般10至15小時。所欲的是最小化液態氦的消耗及杜瓦罐的預冷卻時間。
除液態氦相外,含有液態氦的儲存杜瓦罐將含有液體相之上的蒸汽相。液態氦(亦即液體相)從儲存杜瓦罐之移轉(排空)係藉由提取構件來達成,提取構件包含撓性真空絕緣軟管,所謂的虹吸管。為了讓液態氦能被移轉,該等杜瓦罐必須加壓至一般在250至350 hPag(3.5至5 psig)的壓力範圍。為了達成此目的,必須加壓含有液態氦的杜瓦罐的內部體積。加壓杜瓦罐的內部體積的最常見方法係經由設置在儲存杜瓦罐的上部中的氣體入口從外部來源引入氣體氦。經由此入口,來自外部來源的氣體氦係直接引入至蒸汽相中。此外部氣體稱為「推動氣體」。
將推動氣體引入至冷凍劑的蒸汽相中導致高熱輸入至杜瓦罐中,因為從杜瓦罐的上區域中的溫暖推動氣體(其一般具有環境溫度)移轉至液相中的熱係很少。因此,在通過虹吸管的液相移轉期間,杜瓦罐累積了過量的熱。
高熱輸入對於杜瓦罐中的液相以及例如與MRI的磁鐵的連接而言係非所欲的。此外,高熱輸入將使排空的杜瓦罐處於「溫」或「熱」狀況下,沒有殘餘的液體或冷氣體。如上文所提及,溫或熱杜瓦罐係非所欲的,因為其在再充填時必須隨後預先冷卻。
已利用推動氣體排空之溫「或」熱杜瓦罐在返回氦填充廠時一般不含有任何或很少的殘餘產物,因為通過運輸安全閥已排出(且因此而損失)殘餘產物,為了安全因素,運輸安全閥在運輸期間必須保持打開。
此外,藉由推動氣體的杜瓦罐加壓需要大量外部氣體,所以使用一般具有40至50升及50至60公斤重之氣體圓瓶。氣體圓瓶必須與該等杜瓦罐一起運輸,並且必須位於MRI附近。當MRI填充中使用的杜瓦罐用完液態氦時,技術人員必須立即且手動地停止推動氣體從圓瓶流入杜瓦罐中。若此未被立即執行,則會有來自杜瓦罐的「溫」或「熱」氣體氦流入MRI的低溫恆溫器或磁鐵之風險。此可導致MRI內之淬熄結果。
作為如上概述之從儲存杜瓦罐提取推動氣體的替代方案,已知藉由內部體積的電壓力來加壓杜瓦罐。此係藉由內建在杜瓦罐中之所謂的電壓力機來達成。此類杜瓦罐在其購買及其維護方面更為昂貴。此外,配備有電壓力機的大多數杜瓦罐具有固定的壓力設定點,
其限制操作員在填充期間調整及最佳化杜瓦罐壓力及至MRI磁鐵的流速。
本發明尋求最佳化處理,特別是使用推動氣體加壓儲存杜瓦罐。
此係藉由如請求項1之方法及如請求項3之儲存杜瓦罐來達成。
本發明提供一種用於利用一推動氣體而通過一提取構件(例如,虹吸管)自一儲存杜瓦罐的一內部體積提取一冷凍劑(包含一液相及一蒸汽相)之該液相之方法,該推動氣體係通過設置於一推動氣體供應器與該儲存杜瓦罐的該內部體積之間的一供應管線的一出口而經引入至該冷凍劑的一蒸汽相中,該供應管線部分延伸通過該內部體積內的該液相。
藉由被引導通過液相的供應管線內的推動氣體,在其被引入蒸汽相中之前,達成推動氣體與液相之間的高度有效熱交換,使得經冷卻的推動氣體(具有基本上剛好高於液相的溫度之溫度)被引入儲存杜瓦罐的頭部空間中的蒸汽相中。此外,由於通過熱交換器從推動氣體轉移至液相中的熱而蒸發的液態氦的部分將進入溫度等於液態氦的溫度之頭部空間中。因此,相較於直接注入推動氣體至液相中來說,可最小化引入推動氣體泡沫至冷凍劑的液相中之風險,其可導致冷凍劑的液相被供應至的MRI中非所要的淬熄結果。
因此,推動氣體被引導通過設置於液相內的供應管線的一區段中的熱交換器。例如,此類熱交換器可設置於儲存杜瓦罐內的供應管線的流動反相器區段處或附近,其中供應管線反轉其延伸方向,使得推動氣體的起始向下流動反轉,以通過供應管線提供推動氣體的向上流動,推動氣體從冷凍劑的蒸汽相內的供應管線排出,蒸汽相存在於液相之上,如上所概述。
有利地,可藉由無段式壓力調節器控制杜瓦罐壓力以及因此,至MRI磁鐵的液態氦的流速。
有利地,將推動氣體提供為氦氣。氦氣一般儲存在高壓儲存圓瓶中,基本上在環境溫度下。藉由如上文所述在推動氣體與冷凍劑的液相之間的熱交換,有效降低推動氣體的溫度,如上文所解釋。一般而言,儲存杜瓦罐內的冷凍劑的溫度約為4.2 K,使得推動氣體從環境溫度(約300K)向下冷卻至約4.2K。
本發明亦提供一種儲存杜瓦罐,其界定一內部體積,該內部體積包含一下區段及用於儲存一冷凍劑之一上區段,該儲存杜瓦罐包含一提取構件,用於自該內部體積提取該冷凍劑;及一供應管線,用於將一推動氣體引入至該內部體積中,該供應管線在一第一區段中從該內部體積的該上區段延伸至該下區段,且然後,在一第二區段中從該下區段回到該內部體積的該上區段;一出口,推動氣體通過該出口離開該供應管線,該出口設置於該上區段中的該供應管線的一終端處或附近。
運用儲存杜瓦罐的此設計,供應管線可在杜瓦罐上側處進入杜瓦罐進入第一區段(第一區段一般至少部分與氣體空間一致,氣體空間中存在冷凍劑的蒸汽相),向下延伸至第二區段(其將至少部分與冷凍劑的液相一致),且然後向上回到氣體空間中,其中將冷卻之推動氣體引入冷凍劑的蒸汽相中。
預期地,供應管線包含在內部體積的下部中的延伸反轉區段。
因此,供應管線設有熱交換器,例如在延伸反轉區段處或附近。藉由將熱交換器浸沒於冷凍劑之液相中,可達成高度有效的推動氣體的冷卻。熱交換器可例如提供為鰭式熱交換器。
根據一較佳實施例,在該內部體積內之該供應管線的該第一區段係提供為一同軸真空套管,及/或在該內部體積內之該供應管線的第二區段係提供為一單壁管。藉由此設計,可確保推動氣體與液相之間的熱交換在熱交換器上游的供應管線之部分中最小化,因此最佳化熱交換器內的熱交換,並進一步支援在熱交換器下游的供應管線的部分中的此熱交換。
有利的是,熱交換器係配置在供應管線的第一區段與第二區段之間。
根據一較佳實施例,供應管線的第二區段係設置成同中心地圍繞第一區段。
有利的是,熱交換器係設置成同中心地圍繞第一區段且同中心地在供應管線的第二區段內。此設計提供杜瓦罐內的供應管線的小型強健配置,以及亦有利於熱交換器的小型強健配置。
在圖1中,大致上將用於儲存及運送冷凍劑14的冷凍儲存杜瓦罐標示為10。冷凍劑包含液相14a及高於液相14a之蒸汽相14b。杜瓦罐10用於以液相冷凍劑再填充MRI磁鐵20。再者,顯示作為推動氣體供應器的圓瓶30,其構成用於推動氣體的外部來源。圓瓶30具有較佳10至20升的體積。應注意,此體積實質上小於習知系統中所使用之圓瓶,習知系統一般使用具有約40至50升之體積的圓瓶。此減小尺寸(其亦減少運輸成本)係可能的,因為事實上,根據本發明,需要實質上較小量的推動氣體,如將於下文進一步解釋者。推動氣體在環境溫度或室溫下加壓在圓瓶30內。杜瓦罐10與圓瓶30係由非磁性材料製成。
杜瓦罐10係絕緣儲存容器且包含外殼11a及內殼11b,內殼與外殼之間的空間11c係部分排空。在其下或底側處,杜瓦罐10可設有運輸構件,諸如,輪子11d。內殼11b圍繞的空間係界定為杜瓦罐10的內部空間12。
在其上側處,杜瓦罐10設有可密封開口11e,通過該開口,可將杜瓦罐填充有冷凍劑。可密封開口設有頂部閥16,通過該頂部閥,液體冷凍劑可自杜瓦罐10提取出並運輸至MRI磁鐵20,如在下文中將解釋者。
假設以下情形,包括在杜瓦罐10的內部體積12中的冷凍劑14係氦。此氦包含液相14a以及在此液相之上的蒸汽相14b,如上述。在儲存條件下,液相14a及蒸汽相係處於熱動態平衡中。杜瓦罐10的內部體積內的一般溫度係4.2 K。在圓瓶30中所含有的推動氣體亦為氦,其具有環境溫度,亦即,300 K左右。
可經由供應管線18將來自圓瓶30之推動氣體引入杜瓦罐中。如圖1所指示,供應管線18設有閥18a、閥18b、閥18c,且自圓瓶30延伸至杜瓦罐10之內部空間12中。進入杜瓦罐之推動氣體的壓力可藉由習知的2階段高準確度氣體壓力調節器32調節。在杜瓦罐10的側面上,供應管線18自閥18c延伸通過杜瓦罐10的上側,通過外殼11a、空間11c、內殼11b進入內部體積12的上區段中(所謂的頭部空間或氣體空間),其從該上區段垂直向下延伸至內部體積12的下區段中,在反轉點18e反轉其延伸方向,其自此向上延伸回到上區段14b中。
在反轉點18e附近提供熱交換器17,其有利地提供為鰭式熱交換器,用於作為通過供應管線18的推動氣體之氦及杜瓦罐10內的冷凍劑的液相(即,液態氮14a)之間的熱交換。提供熱交換器17上游的供應管線(標示為18')為同軸真空套管。在熱交換器17的下游,提供供應管線18為單壁管(標示為18'')。
內部空間12含有氦作為冷凍劑,其包括液相14a及高於液相之蒸汽相14b,如已提及的。因此,在內部空間12內,供應管線18延伸通過蒸汽相14b,然後通過液相14a,並終止於開口區段18f處的蒸汽相中。
針對液態氦從杜瓦罐10輸送至MRI磁鐵,在杜瓦罐10與MRI磁鐵20之間提供虹吸管22a、虹吸管22b。在圖1中,顯示兩種替代的虹吸管設計:虹吸管22a設有上文提及之頂閥16,作為虹吸管閥。可將虹吸管22a插入通過杜瓦罐的可密封開口11e且固定在其中。虹吸管22a連接至運輸管線24,用於將液體冷凍劑從杜瓦罐10運輸至MRI磁鐵20。
替代地或另外地,杜瓦罐10可設有內建的虹吸管22b及內建的側出口閥23。虹吸管22b連接至運輸管線25,用於將液體冷凍劑從杜瓦罐10運輸至MRI磁鐵20。在移轉管線24及/或移轉管線25中提供另一流動控制閥26。圖1中顯示兩虹吸管替代方案22a、22b,然而一般僅提供一替代方案。
為了自杜瓦罐10的內部空間12運輸液態氦14a至MRI磁鐵,藉由閥18a、閥18b及閥18c的開口,通過供應管線18將來自圓瓶30的加壓氣體氦運輸至內部體積內的蒸汽相。
在其通過杜瓦罐內的供應管線18(尤其是熱交換器17)期間,此氣體氦冷卻至實質上杜瓦罐10內的冷凍劑14之溫度,同時保持其氣態狀態。有利的是,熱交換器17經定尺寸,使得使用作為推動氣體的環境溫度氦中含有的大部分的熱能,較佳地至多99%,移轉至杜瓦罐10中的液態氦。這將導致液態氦的部分蒸發,因此增加杜瓦罐10之頭部空間中的蒸汽相之壓力。
因此,不僅藉由引入至蒸汽相中的推動氣體來增加杜瓦罐10內的壓力,也藉由經蒸發的液相來增加杜瓦罐10內的壓力。利用此效應,藉由打開閥16及/或閥23,以及閥26,液態氦將流經虹吸管22a及/或虹吸管22b及運輸管線24及/或運輸管線25進入MRI磁鐵20中。因為蒸汽相的壓力部分增加係由於液態氦的蒸發,相較於先前技術的解決方案來說,實質上需要較少的推動氣體來產生並維持蒸汽相中的充分壓力。
除了在熱交換器17中冷卻推動氣體之外,進一步的冷卻係在熱交換器下游的供應管線的區段18''中的單壁管中達成。藉由提供實質上冷卻至冷凍劑的溫度之推動氣體,可實質上消除引入氦氣氣泡到杜瓦罐10內的液相14a中之危險,藉此可避免MRI磁鐵內的淬熄結果。
藉由提供熱交換器17上游的供應管線18'為真空套管,可避免或至少最小化自管至杜瓦罐的頭部中的氣相中的熱移轉。熱移轉將隨著杜瓦罐中的液體位準下降而增加,且更多及更多的熱移轉區域將曝露於氣相。這意味著氣相的溫度可能無法被控制。將熱移轉僅集中在浸泡於杜瓦罐的下部中的液體中的熱交換器之優點在於確保蒸發液體所產生的氣體為蒸汽(與液體相同的溫度之氣體)。
使用本發明,可達成非常低的推動氣體質流,通常小於10 nl/分鐘(每分鐘正常公升,「正常」參考狀況係0℃及1013 mbara)。此意指用於填充MRI磁鐵之推動氣體的總使用將比習知的推動氣體方法低3至4倍。此外,熱交換器17可非常有效地作用,因為其浸沒在液相14a中。如所提及,經冷卻的推動氣體將具有非常接近於液相14a的溫度之溫度,且蒸汽相將保持非常接近熱動態平衡。
在圖2及圖3中,顯示杜瓦罐10及熱交換器17的較佳實施例以及供應管線18的較佳設計。在此實施例中,一般使用如圖1中所示的內建虹吸管22b。
來自推動氣體供應器(諸如圓瓶30)的供應管線18經由可密封開口11e進入杜瓦罐10,如圖2所示。在向下方向中,其通過內部體積12內的冷凍劑之蒸汽相14b至液相14a中。如圖3中特別可見的,供應管線18的此向下延伸區段18'係提供為同中心配置的中心,區段18'係由其下部中的鰭式熱交換器17同中心地圍繞,鰭式熱交換器本身係由供應管線18的向上延伸區段18''同中心地圍繞。因此,從供應管線18中的推動氣體供應器進入杜瓦罐中的經加壓推動氣體將向下流動通過此同中心配置的中心中的區段18',進一步向下通過熱交換器17,之後,其運輸方向將在反轉區段18e中反轉,且其將向上流動通過區段18''(區段18''同中心地圍繞區段18'及熱交換器17),且離開供應管線18進入出口18f處的蒸汽相14b中。
具有熱交換器17之供應管線18的同中心配置提供非常小型且堅固的設計。
10:杜瓦罐
11a:外殼
11b:內殼
11c:空間
11d:輪子
11e:可密封開口
12:內部空間
14:冷凍劑
14a:液相
14b:蒸汽相
16:頂部閥
17:熱交換器
18:供應管線
18', 18'':供應管線
18a, 18b, 18c:閥
18e:反轉點,反轉區段
18f:開口區段,出口
20:MRI磁鐵
22a, 22b:虹吸管
23:側出口閥
24:運輸管線
25:運輸管線
26:流動控制閥
30:圓瓶
32:氣體壓力調節器
現在將參照附圖描述本發明之一有利實施例。在本文中
[圖1]顯示用於執行根據本發明之方法之一較佳實施例之系統的示意側視圖,該系統包括用於填充MRI的磁鐵之儲存杜瓦罐的一較佳實施例,
[圖2]顯示儲存杜瓦罐之進一步較佳實施例,及
[圖3]係供應管線或管的一區段之更詳細側面剖視圖,藉由其將推動氣體引入圖2的儲存杜瓦罐中。
10:杜瓦罐
11a:外殼
11b:內殼
11c:空間
11d:輪子
11e:可密封開口
12:內部空間
14:冷凍劑
14a:液相
14b:蒸汽相
16:頂部閥
17:熱交換器
18:供應管線
18',18":供應管線
18a,18b,18c:閥
18e:反轉點,反轉區段
18f:開口區段,出口
18g:終端
20:MRI磁鐵
22a,22b:虹吸管
23:側出口閥
24:運輸管線
25:運輸管線
26:流動控制閥
30:圓瓶
32:氣體壓力調節器
Claims (7)
- 一種用於利用一推動氣體而通過一提取構件(22a, 22b)自一儲存杜瓦罐的一內部體積提取一冷凍劑之一液相之方法,該冷凍劑包含該液相及一蒸汽相,該推動氣體係通過設置於一推動氣體供應器與該儲存杜瓦罐的該內部體積(12)之間的一供應管線(18)的一出口而經引入至該冷凍劑的該蒸汽相中,該供應管線(18)部分延伸通過該內部體積(12)內的該液相,且其中該推動氣體被引導通過一熱交換器(17),該熱交換器設置於在該液相內之該供應管線(18)的一區段中。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該推動氣體係一氦氣。
- 一種儲存杜瓦罐,其界定一內部體積(12),該內部體積包含一下區段及用於儲存一冷凍劑之一上區段,該儲存杜瓦罐包含:一提取構件(22a, 22b),用於自該內部體積(12)提取該冷凍劑;及一供應管線(18),用於將一推動氣體引入至該內部體積(12)中,該供應管線(18)在一第一區段(18')中從該內部體積(12)的該上區段延伸至該下區段,且然後,在一第二區段(18")中從該下區段回到該上區段;一出口(18f),推動氣體通過該出口離開該供應管線(18),該出口設置於內部體積(12)的該上區段中的該供應管線(18)的一終端(18g)處或附近,且 其中該供應管線(18)包含在該內部體積(12)的該下部中的一延伸反轉區段(18e),且其中該供應管線(18)設有在該內部體積(12)的該下部中的一熱交換器(17)。
- 如請求項3之儲存杜瓦罐,其中在該內部體積(12)內之該供應管線(18)的該第一區段(18')係提供為一同軸真空套管,及/或在該內部體積(12)內之該供應管線(18)的該第二部分(18")係提供為一單壁管。
- 如請求項3或4中任一項之儲存杜瓦罐,其中該熱交換器(17)係配置在該供應管線(18)之該第一區段(18')與該第二區段(18")之間。
- 如請求項3至5中任一項之儲存杜瓦罐,其中該供應管線(18)的該第二區段(18")經配置成同中心地圍繞該第一區段(18')。
- 如請求項6之儲存杜瓦罐,其中該熱交換器(17)係設置成同中心地圍繞該第一區段(18')且同中心地在該供應管線(18)的該第二區段(18")內。
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