TW202105191A - Method and device for message aggregation - Google Patents

Abstract

A method and device for message aggregation. The method comprises: acquiring current monitoring data of a monitoring area on a data source page; comparing a hash value of the monitoring data with a hash value of previously acquired monitoring data of the monitoring area; if inconsistency is found upon comparison, transmitting changed data between the current monitoring data and the previously acquired monitoring data to a message pushing position corresponding to the monitoring area to perform message aggregation. The method allows the detection of whether a change in message has occurred in a monitoring area of a system, and the pushing of a changed content when a change in message has occurred, thus implementing the beneficial effect of automatically acquiring new messages of systems.

Description

Information aggregation method and device

The present invention relates to the technical field of data interaction between systems, in particular to a method and device for information aggregation.

At present, in the process of enterprise IT automation, companies often purchase multiple complete and independent IT systems to meet daily work needs. There is no direct interface between various IT systems to connect, and message notifications cannot be shared. For example, A company uses the outsourcing travel system, infrastructure review, OA platform, and funding system at the same time. Each system is independently accompanied by a complete review process. Enterprise managers need to log in to each system to know whether each system is new. Message notification. In view of the existing multi-system situation, business managers need to log in to each system multiple times a day, and learn whether there is a new message notification to be processed according to the message notification reminder of each system. This method is less efficient to obtain new message notifications from each system, and requires multiple logins to each system every day, and it is impossible to obtain new message notifications from each system in real time.

The main purpose of the embodiments of the present invention is to provide a method and device for information aggregation to solve the technical problem that it is difficult for enterprise managers to efficiently obtain new information from each system.

In one aspect of the present invention, a message aggregation method is provided. The method includes: Obtain the current monitoring data of the monitoring area on the data source page; compare the hash value of the monitoring data with the hash value of the monitoring data obtained last time; if the comparison is inconsistent, compare the current monitoring data with the previous one The acquired change data between the monitoring data is sent to the message push location corresponding to the monitoring area for message aggregation.

Optionally, the message aggregation method further includes: obtaining the current last modification date of the data source page; comparing the last modification date with the last modification date obtained last time; if the consistency comparison fails, The change data between the content of the current data source page and the content of the data source page obtained last time is sent to the message push location.

In another aspect of the present invention, a message aggregation device is also provided. The device includes: a monitoring data acquisition unit for acquiring the current monitoring data of the monitoring area on the data source page; and a hash value comparison unit for comparing the monitoring data. The hash value of the data is compared with the hash value of the monitoring data of the monitoring area acquired last time; the first push unit is used to compare the change data between the current monitoring data and the monitoring data acquired last time when the comparison is inconsistent Send to the message push location corresponding to the monitoring area for message aggregation.

Optionally, the message aggregation device further includes: a last modification date obtaining unit for obtaining the current last modification date of the data source page; a date comparison unit for comparing the last modification date with the last modification obtained last time Date for consistency comparison; the second push unit is used to send the change data between the current data source page content and the last obtained data source page content to the message push location when the consistency comparison fails.

In another aspect of the present invention, there is also provided an electronic device, including a memory, a central processing unit, and an application program stored on the memory and running on the central processing unit, wherein the central processing unit executes all The above information aggregation method is realized when the application is described.

In another aspect of the present invention, there is also provided a computer-readable storage medium, the computer-readable storage medium stores an application program, and the application program implements the above-mentioned information aggregation method when executed in a computer processor.

It can be seen from the above that the present invention determines the message source page on the system, selects the monitoring area on the message source page according to the position of the message, and then judges whether the monitoring area has a message change by means of hash value comparison, and will change the message when the message changes. The changed content is pushed to achieve the beneficial effect of automatically acquiring new information from each system.

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art without making progressive work shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

The embodiments of the present invention are based on Robotic Process Automation (RPA) technology, respectively monitor the information of each island system, aggregate and push the information of each island system to the corresponding system or user, and solve the problems. There is no direct interface between the island systems to connect, and the message informs the problem that it cannot be shared. RPA is a method that can simulate people's operation behaviors between different systems on a computer, and replace people to execute regular and repetitive office processes in front of a computer. RPA is good at automating repetitive and tedious operations in the workflow. The automation of tedious processes is an important part of the digital transformation of enterprises. RPA can effectively optimize the traditional office process, improve the efficiency of collaboration, and indirectly optimize the allocation of labor resources of the enterprise, and assist in the digital upgrade of the enterprise.

The message aggregation method of the embodiment of the present invention may be implemented with the RPA system as the main body, and the RPA system may be connected to each system through the data interface of each system. The RPA system can be a web page system, WEB server, cloud server, software, APP, backend server, etc.

Fig. 1 is a first flowchart of a message aggregation method according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig. 1, in an embodiment of the present invention, the message aggregation method of the present invention includes steps S101 to S103.

Step S101: Obtain current monitoring data of the monitoring area on the data source page.

In the embodiment of the present invention, due to the different types of systems, the message source page may be a browser page, a desktop application page, an e-mail box page, and so on. When the method of the present invention is applied, the user first determines the system to monitor the message, then determines the message source page on the system, and then selects the monitoring area on the message source page according to the location of the message. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the monitoring area may also be the entire page of the message source page.

In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the monitoring data may be the content in the monitoring area, and the content may be text, image, or a combination of the two.

In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the RPA system includes a screen recording unit, and the present invention can use the screen recording unit to set the monitoring area on the message source page. Specifically, when the user uses it, he needs to open the message source page and move the mouse to the relevant element. At this time, a bold frame will be formed. Select the correct range of messages to be obtained, and the device will automatically be based on the message source. The HTML program rules of the page analyze ID, CLASS and other related elements to form a set of information acquisition rules (that is, monitoring data extraction rules). Furthermore, when collecting the monitoring data of the monitoring area subsequently, the monitoring data of the set monitoring area can be collected through the data interface of the system according to the information acquisition rules.

In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the screen recording unit may first record the message source page every time it collects, and then extract the monitoring data corresponding to the monitored area from the recorded message source page according to the above-mentioned message acquisition rules. In the embodiment of the present invention, after the monitoring data is extracted, the screen recording unit can delete the recorded message source page.

In step S102, the hash value of the monitoring data is compared with the hash value of the monitoring data of the monitoring area acquired last time.

The present invention obtains the hash value of the monitoring data by performing a hash operation on the monitoring data. In an embodiment of the present invention, Hash256 may be used to perform the hash operation.

In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the RPA system stores the hash value of the monitoring data collected each time for comparison. When the hash value changes, the content of the surface monitoring area (that is, the monitoring data) changes.

In step S103, if the comparison is inconsistent, the change data between the current monitoring data and the last acquired monitoring data is sent to the message push location corresponding to the monitoring area to perform message aggregation.

In an embodiment of the present invention, when the monitoring data of the monitoring area changes, the changed content is sent to the preset message push location. The above change data is the data change content obtained by comparing the monitoring data of the monitoring area collected this time with the stored monitoring data of the monitoring area collected last time, and then push the data change content to the preset position.

In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the changed data may be the changed content of the current monitoring data on the basis of the previous monitoring data, and the changed content may be new content, reduced content, and replaced content. The newly added content may be a text, image or part of the image added on the basis of the previous monitoring data, or an element added to the image on the basis of the previous monitoring data. The reduced content may be text, images or partial images reduced on the basis of the previous monitoring data, or elements reduced in the image on the basis of the previous monitoring data. The replaced content may be the replaced text, image or part of the image, or an element replaced on the basis of the previous monitoring data.

In the embodiment of the present invention, when setting the monitoring area, the message push location is set at the same time, that is, to whom the new message will be pushed if there is a new message. In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the message push location may be various systems within the enterprise, or may be a push location such as short message, email, WeChat, and RSS reader.

In an optional embodiment of the present invention, before the change data is sent to the preset message push location, the change data can also be processed according to the preset data processing template, and the change data is converted into the message push location which can be read. Format, such as converting the changed data into a text format and then pushing it to WeChat.

In the embodiment of the present invention, the monitoring data of the monitoring area obtained in the above step S101 may be collected according to a preset collection rule. In the embodiment of the present invention, the collection rule may be: a set collection frequency or a set collection time point.

When a monitoring process (step S101 to step S103) ends, if it is found that the hash value of the monitoring data has not changed, wait for the next cycle to initiate the monitoring process again.

It can be seen from the above description that the embodiment of the present invention first determines the system to monitor the message, determines the message source page on the system, selects the monitoring area on the message source page according to the location of the message, and then judges the monitoring by comparing the hash value. Whether there is a message change in the area. In this way, when each system has new information, the information of each system is obtained and aggregated, and then the aggregated information is pushed to other systems, which solves the problem that there is no direct interface to connect between various systems in the prior art, and the information cannot be shared. problem.

Figure 2 is a second flowchart of the message aggregation method according to the embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 2, in another embodiment of the present invention, the message aggregation method of the present invention further includes steps S201 to S203.

Step S201: Obtain the current last modification date of the data source page.

In step S202, the last modification date is compared with the last modification date acquired last time for consistency.

In step S203, if the consistency comparison fails, the change data between the content of the current data source page and the content of the data source page obtained last time is sent to the message push location.

In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, it can also be determined whether the message source page has changed according to the last modification date of the message source page. If the last modification date of the collected data source page is different from the last modification date stored in the last collection, it means that the data source page has changed. Furthermore, the monitoring data of the current monitoring area and the change data of the monitoring data collected last time are sent to the preset message push location. In the embodiment of the present invention, the content of the current data source page is simultaneously collected and stored every time the last modification date of the current data source page is collected.

Determine whether the page has changed according to the last modification date Compared with the above steps to determine whether the content of the monitoring area has changed according to the hash value, it reduces the steps of data extraction and calculation of the hash value, which is faster and reduces the data calculation. .

The monitoring area is the information detection area on the selected data source page, which is representative on the data source page. The change of the data source page is usually the change of the monitoring data of the monitoring area. Although the change of the data source page may also be a change in the part outside the monitoring area, because the selected monitoring area is representative, in the actual test, when the data source page changes, the probability of more than 90% is that the monitoring area is changed. change.

Since the method of detecting data source page changes based on the last modification date is more efficient, the present invention combines two methods of monitoring using the last modification date and monitoring using hash values, while ensuring that the monitoring accuracy is within a proper range. Speed up the detection efficiency. In the embodiment of the present invention, these two monitoring modes can be performed asynchronously, and the start frequency of the monitoring mode using the last modification date is set to be higher, so as to speed up the detection efficiency and reduce the data processing workload.

In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the last modification date obtained in step S201 may be collected according to a preset collection rule. In the embodiment of the present invention, the collection rule may be: a set collection frequency or a set collection time point.

In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the collection of monitoring data of the monitoring area in step S101 and the last modification date of collection in step S201 can be started asynchronously, or can be started at the same time according to a preset collection rule.

Figure 3 is a flowchart of collecting monitoring data of a monitoring area in an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 3, in an optional embodiment of the present invention, the method of collecting monitoring data of a monitoring area of the present invention includes step S301 and step S302. .

Step S301: Generate a monitoring data extraction rule for the monitoring area according to the location information of the monitoring area and the program rules of the data source page.

In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the programming rules of the data source page may be HTML programming rules. The program rules of the data source page may record the data acquisition location of the data displayed at each position on the data source page.

Step S302: Collect the monitoring data of the monitoring area through the data interface of the data source page according to the monitoring data extraction rule.

It can be seen from the above description that the information aggregation method of the embodiment of the present invention at least achieves the following beneficial effects: no major changes are required to each system, short construction period, strong customization, and saving time and economic costs in use. ; It is non-invasive to the original system and will not affect the original system.

It should be noted that the steps shown in the flowchart of the accompanying drawings can be executed in a computer system such as a set of computer-executable instructions, and although the logical sequence is shown in the flowchart, in some cases, The steps shown or described can be performed in a different order than here.

Based on the same inventive concept, an embodiment of the present invention also provides a message aggregation device, which can be used to implement the message aggregation method described in the foregoing embodiment, as described in the following embodiment. Since the principle of the message aggregation device to solve the problem is similar to that of the message aggregation method, the embodiment of the message aggregation device can refer to the embodiment of the message aggregation method, and the repetition will not be repeated.

Fig. 4 is a first structural block diagram of the information aggregation device according to the embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig. 4, the information aggregation device according to the embodiment of the present invention includes: a monitoring data acquisition unit 1, a hash value comparison unit 2, and a first pushing unit 3.

The monitoring data acquisition unit 1 is used to acquire the current monitoring data of the monitoring area on the data source page.

The hash value comparison unit 2 is used to compare the hash value of the monitoring data with the hash value of the monitoring data of the monitoring area acquired last time.

The first push unit 3 is configured to send the change data between the current monitoring data and the last acquired monitoring data to the message push location corresponding to the monitoring area when the comparison is inconsistent, for message aggregation.

Fig. 5 is a second structural block diagram of the information aggregation device according to the embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig. 5, the information aggregation device according to the embodiment of the present invention further includes: a last modification date acquisition unit 4, a date comparison unit 5, and a second push Unit 6.

The last modification date obtaining unit 4 is configured to obtain the current last modification date of the data source page.

The date comparison unit 5 is used to compare the last modification date with the last modification date obtained last time for consistency.

The second pushing unit 6 is configured to send change data between the content of the current data source page and the content of the data source page obtained last time to the message pushing location when the consistency comparison fails.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the monitoring data of the monitoring area and the last modification date of the data source page can be collected asynchronously according to respective collection rules. In another embodiment of the present invention, the monitoring data of the monitoring area and the last modification date of the data source page can be collected at the same time according to a preset collection rule. In the embodiment of the present invention, the collection rule may be a set collection frequency or a set collection time point.

FIG. 6 is a third structural block diagram of the information aggregation device according to the embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 6, the information aggregation device according to the embodiment of the present invention further includes: a monitoring data extraction rule generation unit 7 and a collection unit 8.

The monitoring data extraction rule generating unit 7 is configured to generate monitoring data extraction rules for the monitoring area according to the location information of the monitoring area and the program rules of the data source page.

The collection unit 8 is configured to obtain the monitoring data of the monitoring area through the data interface of the data source page according to the monitoring data extraction rule.

Another aspect of the present invention also provides an electronic device for implementing the message aggregation method of the above-mentioned embodiment. The electronic device may be a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a mobile terminal, etc., but the embodiment is not limited thereto. In this embodiment, the electronic device can refer to the implementation of the message aggregation method of the above-mentioned embodiment and the message aggregation device of the above-mentioned embodiment, the content of which is merged here, and the repetition will not be repeated here.

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of the system configuration of an electronic device 600 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 7, the electronic device 600 may include a central processing unit 100 and a memory 140, and the memory 140 is coupled to the central processing unit 100. It is worth noting that this figure is exemplary, and other types of structures can also be used to supplement or replace this structure to implement telecommunication functions or other functions.

In an embodiment, the message aggregation method of the embodiment of the present invention may be integrated into the central processing unit 100. Wherein, the central processing unit 100 may be configured to perform the following control: obtain the current monitoring data of the monitoring area on the data source page; compare the hash value of the monitoring data with the hash value of the monitoring data of the monitoring area obtained last time Perform comparison; if the comparison is inconsistent, send the change data between the current monitoring data and the last acquired monitoring data to the message push location corresponding to the monitoring area for message aggregation.

Wherein, the central processing unit 100 may also be configured to perform the following control: obtain the current last modification date of the data source page; compare the last modification date with the last modification date obtained last time; if the consistency is compared No, the change data between the content of the current data source page and the content of the data source page obtained last time is sent to the message push location.

As shown in FIG. 7, the electronic device 600 may further include: a communication module 110, an input unit 120, an audio processing unit 130, a display 160, and a power supply 170. It is worth noting that the electronic device 600 does not necessarily include all the components shown in Figure 7; in addition, the electronic device 600 may also include components not shown in Figure 7, and the prior art can be referred to.

As shown in Figure 7, the central processing unit 100 is sometimes referred to as a controller or an operation control item, and may include a microprocessor or other processor devices and/or logic devices. The central processing unit 100 receives inputs and controls electronic equipment. The operation of the various elements of the 600.

Among them, the memory 140 can be, for example, one or more of a register, a flash memory, a hard disk, a removable medium, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, or other suitable devices. The above-mentioned information related to the failure can be stored, and the program for executing the related information can also be stored. And the central processing unit 100 can execute the program stored in the memory 140 to realize information storage or processing.

The input unit 120 provides input to the central processing unit 100. The input unit 120 is, for example, a button or a touch input device. The power supply 170 is used to provide power to the electronic device 600. The display 160 is used for displaying display objects such as images and text. The display may be, for example, an LCD display, but it is not limited thereto.

The memory 140 may be a solid-state memory, for example, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a SIM card, etc. It may also be a memory that stores information even when the power is off, can be selectively erased, and is provided with more data. An example of this memory is sometimes called EPROM or the like. The memory 140 may also be some other type of device. The memory 140 includes a buffer memory 141 (sometimes referred to as a buffer). The memory 140 may include an application/function storage unit 142, which is used to store application programs and function programs or to execute the operation process of the electronic device 600 through the central processing unit 100.

The memory 140 may also include a data storage unit 143 for storing data, such as contacts, digital data, pictures, sounds, and/or any other data used by electronic devices. The driver storage unit 144 of the memory 140 may include various drivers for the communication function of the electronic device and/or for executing other functions of the electronic device (such as a messaging application, an address book application, etc.).

The communication module 110 is a transmitter/receiver 110 that transmits and receives signals via the antenna 111. The communication module (transmitter/receiver) 110 is coupled to the central processing unit 100 to provide input signals and receive output signals, which can be the same as that of a conventional mobile communication terminal.

Based on different communication technologies, multiple communication modules 110 may be provided in the same electronic device, such as a cellular network module, a Bluetooth module, and/or a wireless local area network module. The communication module (transmitter/receiver) 110 is also coupled to the speaker 131 and the microphone 132 via the audio processor 130 to provide audio output via the speaker 131 and receive audio input from the microphone 132 to realize normal telecommunication functions. The audio processor 130 may include any suitable buffers, decoders, amplifiers, etc. In addition, the audio processor 130 is also coupled to the central processing unit 100, so that the microphone 132 can be used for recording on the local machine, and the speaker 131 can be used to play the sound stored on the local machine.

Another aspect of the present invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium for implementing the message aggregation method of the above-mentioned embodiment. The computer-readable storage medium stores an application program, and the application program implements the following when executed in a computer processor Steps: Obtain the current monitoring data of the monitoring area on the data source page; compare the hash value of the monitoring data with the hash value of the monitoring data obtained last time; if the comparison is inconsistent, compare the current monitoring data with The change data between the monitoring data acquired last time is sent to the message push location corresponding to the monitoring area for message aggregation.

In another embodiment, when the application program is executed in the computer processor, the following steps may be implemented: obtaining the current last modification date of the data source page; comparing the last modification date with the last modification date obtained last time Perform a consistency comparison; if the consistency comparison fails, the change data between the content of the current data source page and the content of the data source page obtained last time is sent to the message push location.

The preferred embodiments of the present invention are described above with reference to the accompanying drawings. Many features and advantages of these embodiments are clear from the detailed description, and therefore the appended claims are intended to cover all these features and advantages of these embodiments that fall within their true spirit and scope. In addition, since those skilled in the art can easily think of many modifications and changes, the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the precise structures and operations illustrated and described, but can cover all suitable modifications and equivalents falling within its scope. Things.

In the present invention, specific examples are used to illustrate the principles and implementation of the present invention. The description of the above examples is only used to help understand the method and core idea of the present invention; at the same time, for those of ordinary skill in the art, according to this The idea of the invention will change in the specific implementation and the scope of application. In summary, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation to the invention.

S101~S103: steps S201~S203: steps S301~S302: steps 1: Monitoring data acquisition unit 2: hash value comparison unit 3: The first push unit 4: Last modified date acquisition unit 5: Date comparison unit 6: The second push unit 7: Monitoring data extraction rule generation unit 8: Acquisition unit 100: central processing unit 110: Communication module (transmitter/receiver) 111: Antenna 120: input unit 130: audio processing unit 131: Speaker 132: Microphone 140: memory 141: Buffer 142: Application/Function 143: Information 144: Driver 160: display 170: Power

In order to explain the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art more clearly, the following will briefly introduce the drawings that need to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are merely present For some of the embodiments described in the invention, for those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without making progressive labor. Figure 1 is a first flowchart of a message aggregation method according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 is a second flow chart of a message aggregation method according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 3 is a flow chart of collecting monitoring data of a monitoring area according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 is a first structural block diagram of a message aggregation device according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 5 is a second structural block diagram of the message aggregation device according to the embodiment of the present invention. Figure 6 is a third structural block diagram of a message aggregation device according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of the system configuration of an electronic device 600 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

S101~S103: steps

Claims (10)

A message aggregation method, characterized in that it comprises: Obtain the current monitoring data of the monitoring area on the data source page; Comparing the hash value of the monitoring data with the hash value of the monitoring data of the monitoring area acquired last time; If the comparison is inconsistent, the change data between the current monitoring data and the monitoring data acquired last time is sent to the message push location corresponding to the monitoring area to perform message aggregation. The method described in claim 1, characterized in that the above method further includes: Obtain the current last modification date of the data source page; Compare the last modification date with the last modification date obtained last time for consistency; If the consistency comparison fails, the change data between the content of the current data source page and the content of the data source page obtained last time is sent to the message push location. The method described in claim 1, characterized in that the above method further includes: Generating the monitoring data extraction rules of the monitoring area according to the location information of the monitoring area and the program rules of the data source page; The monitoring data of the monitoring area is collected through the data interface of the data source page according to the monitoring data extraction rule. The method described in claim 2, characterized in that, the above method further includes: According to a preset collection rule, the monitoring data of the monitoring area and the last modification date of the data source page are collected at the same time. A message aggregation device is characterized in that it comprises: The monitoring data acquisition unit is used to obtain the current monitoring data of the monitoring area on the data source page; A hash value comparison unit for comparing the hash value of the monitoring data with the hash value of the monitoring data of the monitoring area acquired last time; The first push unit is configured to send the change data between the current monitoring data and the last acquired monitoring data to the message push location corresponding to the monitoring area when the comparison is inconsistent, so as to perform message aggregation. The device described in claim 5, characterized in that, the above-mentioned device further includes: The last modification date obtaining unit is used to obtain the current last modification date of the data source page; The date comparison unit is used to compare the last modification date with the last modification date obtained last time for consistency; The second pushing unit is configured to send the change data between the content of the current data source page and the content of the data source page obtained last time to the message pushing location when the consistency comparison fails. The device described in claim 5, characterized in that, the above-mentioned device further includes: A monitoring data extraction rule generating unit, configured to generate monitoring data extraction rules for the monitoring area according to the location information of the monitoring area and the program rules of the data source page; The collection unit is configured to obtain the monitoring data of the monitoring area through the data interface of the data source page according to the monitoring data extraction rule. The device described in claim 6, characterized in that the monitoring data of the monitoring area and the last modification date of the data source page are collected at the same time according to a preset collection rule. An electronic device comprising a memory, a central processing unit, and an application program stored on the memory and capable of running on the central processing unit, wherein the central processing unit implements request items 1 to 4 when the application program is executed Any method. A computer-readable storage medium storing an application program, wherein the application program is executed in a computer processor to implement any one of request items 1 to 4.

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