TW202029575A - Electromagnetic device, array thereof, method of making same, antenna subsystem for a steerable array of same - Google Patents

Abstract

An electromagnetic (EM) device includes: a 3D body made from a dielectric material having a proximal end and a distal end; the 3D body having a first region toward the center of the 3D body made from a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region extending at least partially to the distal end of the 3D body; and the 3D body having a second region outboard of the first region made from a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant that is greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the 3D body.

Description

Electromagnetic device, its array, its manufacturing method, antenna subsystem for steerable array formed by electromagnetic device

The present invention generally relates to an electromagnetic (EM) device, and in particular to an electromagnetic device having a three-dimensional (3D) body made of a dielectric material, the electromagnetic device therefore It is constructed to have an electromagnetic radiation pattern with a wide field of view (FOV) in the far field.

In WO 2017/075177 A1 assigned to the applicant, an exemplary electromagnetic device with a three-dimensional body made of a dielectric material is disclosed.

Although the existing electromagnetic device constructed to radiate an electromagnetic radiation field in the far field may be suitable for its intended use, a three-dimensional body made of a dielectric material and capable of producing a wide view in the far field One of the fields is electromagnetic radiation field type electromagnetic devices that will advance the technology related to electromagnetic devices.

In one embodiment, an electromagnetic device includes: a three-dimensional body, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end and a distal end; the three-dimensional body has a first area, the first area facing the three-dimensional body The center is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region at least partially extends to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; and the three-dimensional body has a first region outside the first region Two regions, the second region is made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second region extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body To the far end.

In another embodiment, an electromagnetic device includes: a three-dimensional body, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end and a distal end; the three-dimensional body has a first part, the first part is composed of a first average The dielectric constant is made of a dielectric material other than air, the first part extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body and only partially toward the distal end, the first part forms an inner part of the three-dimensional body; the three-dimensional body The body has a second part made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant less than the first average dielectric constant, and the second part is derived from the three-dimensional body The proximal end extends to the distal end, the second part forms an outer part of the three-dimensional body encapsulating the inner part; the first part has a first inner zone, and the first inner zone has an average dielectric smaller than the first A third average dielectric constant; and the second portion has a second inner region, the second inner region has a fourth average dielectric constant smaller than the second average dielectric constant, the second inner region Is an extension of the first inner zone.

In another embodiment, an electromagnetic device includes: a three-dimensional body, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end and a distal end; the three-dimensional body has a first region, the first region is formed by having a Made of a dielectric material with an average dielectric constant, the first region extends from the distal end of the three-dimensional body and only partially toward the proximal end; and the three-dimensional body has an outer side of the first region and is subordinate to the The first region is a second region, the second region is made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant greater than the first average dielectric constant, and the second region is formed from the three-dimensional The proximal end of the body extends to the distal end.

In another embodiment, an electromagnetic device includes: a three-dimensional (3D) body, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end and a distal end; the three-dimensional body has a first region, the first region facing The center of the three-dimensional body is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region at least partially extends from a first base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, the first base The structure is close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; the three-dimensional body has a second region outside the first region, and the second region is divided by a second average dielectric constant that is greater than the first average dielectric constant Made of a dielectric material outside the air, the second region at least partially extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; the three-dimensional body has a third region outside the second region , The third region is made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant less than the second average dielectric constant, and the third region extends from a second base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body , The second base structure is close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; and the three-dimensional body has a fourth area outside the third area, and the fourth area has a fourth area greater than the third average dielectric constant Made of a dielectric material with an average dielectric constant, the fourth area extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body.

In another embodiment, an electromagnetic device includes: a three-dimensional (3D) body, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end and a distal end; the three-dimensional body has a first region, the first region facing The center of the three-dimensional body is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region at least partially extends from a first base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, the first base The structure is close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; the three-dimensional body has a second region outside the first region, and the second region is divided by a second average dielectric constant that is greater than the first average dielectric constant Made of a dielectric material outside the air, the second region at least partially extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; the three-dimensional body has a third region outside the second region , The third region is made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant less than the second average dielectric constant, and the third region extends from a second base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body , The second base structure is close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; the three-dimensional body has a fourth area outside the third area, and the fourth area has a fourth average dielectric constant greater than the third average dielectric constant Made of a dielectric material with a dielectric constant, the fourth region extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; wherein the second base structure includes the proximal end of the three-dimensional body A relatively thin connecting structure formed integrally with the second area and the fourth area and bridged between the second area and the fourth area, so that the second area, the The fourth area and the relatively thin connection structure are integrally formed with each other to form a monolithic body. The relatively thin connection structure has an overall height H5, which is smaller than an overall height H6 of the three-dimensional body 30%; and where except for the relatively thin connection structure, the second base structure in the third region does not have the monolithic dielectric material.

In another embodiment, an electromagnetic device includes: a base substrate with a first plurality of vias; a three-dimensional (3D) body made of a dielectric material, the dielectric material is made of other than air A medium, the three-dimensional body has a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of the three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate such that the three-dimensional body at least partially or completely covers the first plurality of passages; wherein A plurality of vias are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body, so that the three-dimensional body and the dielectric material of the first plurality of vias form a monolithic body.

In another embodiment, an antenna subsystem for a steerable array formed by electromagnetic devices includes: a plurality of the electromagnetic devices, each of the electromagnetic devices has a surface arranged on a surface The above one is a wide field of view (FOV) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA); a subsystem board, for each of the electromagnetic devices, has a signal feed structure; the electromagnetic device stickers Attach to the subsystem board.

In another embodiment, an antenna subsystem for a steerable array formed by electromagnetic devices includes: a plurality of the electromagnetic devices, each of the electromagnetic devices having a width arranged on a surface Field of View Dielectric Resonant Antennas (DRA). Each of the electromagnetic devices has a base substrate. Each base substrate has a dielectric resonant antenna arranged to correspond to one of the dielectric resonant antennas. A signal feed structure for signal communication; wherein the base substrate of each electromagnetic device is a continuous extension of one of the base substrates adjacent to the base substrate to form an overall base substrate, and the dielectric resonant antennas are attached Attached to the overall base substrate; wherein the overall base substrate includes a plurality of input ports equal in number to the number of the dielectric resonant antennas, and each input port is electrically connected to one of the signal feed structures corresponding to A signal feed structure, the corresponding signal feed structure performs signal communication with one of the dielectric resonant antennas corresponding to the dielectric resonant antenna; the antenna subsystem is suitable for arranging the electromagnetic devices so that a plurality of the antennas A structure of any arrangement size formed by the subsystem.

Reading the following detailed description of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings will easily understand the above features and advantages and other features and advantages of the present invention.

Although the following detailed description contains many details for the sake of illustration, anyone with ordinary knowledge in this technology should understand that there are many changes and modifications to the following details within the scope of the attached patent application. Therefore, the following exemplary embodiments are stated without losing any generality of the claimed invention disclosed herein and without imposing limitations on the claimed invention.

In each figure, a set of orthogonal xyz axes used in this article is provided to illustrate the plan view (that is, the view in the plane of the xy axis) and the elevation view (that is, the view in the plane of the xz axis or the yz axis) of the embodiment of the present invention. One view).

An electromagnetic device and an electromagnetic device array are provided by one of the embodiments shown and described in the figures and the accompanying text. The electromagnetic device and the electromagnetic device array are constructed and structured to provide a wide field of view in the far field. An electromagnetic radiation field type and a dielectric resonant antenna. In one embodiment, the dielectric resonant antenna is constructed such that a central area has an average dielectric constant (Dk) lower than that of a surrounding outer area of the dielectric resonant antenna, wherein the lower average Dk central area is at least partially The ground extends to the far end of the dielectric resonant antenna. In one embodiment, the electromagnetic device array is configured to provide an antenna subsystem of an electromagnetic device steerable array that can be steered by an electromagnetic beam steering subsystem. Although the embodiments illustrated and described herein show a dielectric resonant antenna with a specific cross-sectional profile (xy, xz, or yz), it should be understood that these profiles can be modified without departing from the scope of the present invention . Therefore, any contours that fall within the scope of the content disclosed herein and are suitable for one of the purposes disclosed herein are conceived, and these contours are regarded as supplements to the embodiments disclosed herein.

An example electromagnetic device 1100 will be described below in particular with reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C collectively. The set of orthogonal x-y-z axes 1101 shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C are for illustrative purposes and to establish a three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of various features of the electromagnetic device 1100 relative to each other.

In one embodiment, the exemplary electromagnetic device 1100 includes: a three-dimensional body 1102, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end 1104 and a distal end 1106; the three-dimensional body 1102 has a first region 1108, a first region 1108 is arranged toward the center 1110 of the three-dimensional body 1102 (see Figure 1C) when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 1100, and is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk1-1100), The first region 1108 at least partially extends to the distal end 1106 of the three-dimensional body 1102 and in one embodiment completely extends to the distal end 1106 of the three-dimensional body 1102; and the three-dimensional body 1102 has a second region 1112, and the second region 1112 is When viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 1100, it is arranged on the radially outer side of the first zone 1108, and is composed of a dielectric material having a second average dielectric constant (Dk2-1100) which is greater than the first average dielectric constant and contains a dielectric other than air. The dielectric is made of a dielectric material, which may also contain air, such as a dielectric foam. When viewed in an elevation view of the electromagnetic device 1100 (for example, see Figure 1B), the second area 1112 extends from the proximal end 1104 to the distal end 1106 of the three-dimensional body 1102. The axis 1101 (shown in Figures 1B and 1C) can be translated so that the z-axis is aligned with the center 1110 of the three-dimensional body 1102, and the xy plane coincides with the proximal end 1104 of the three-dimensional body 1102 (see Figures 1B and 1C) Figure) to establish a local coordinate system of the electromagnetic device 1100. As used hereinafter, the mentioned x-y-z coordinate system 1101 refers to the aforementioned translated coordinate system that establishes a local coordinate system for the electromagnetic device 1100.

In an embodiment, the first region 1108 is centrally disposed in the three-dimensional body 1102 with respect to the z-axis of the axis 1101. In an embodiment, the first zone 1108 contains air, which may be composed entirely of air or may be composed of air and another dielectric medium other than air. In one embodiment, the first region 1108 includes a dielectric in the form of a foam. In one embodiment, the Dk1-1100 of the first zone 1108 has a relatively low dielectric constant equal to or greater than 1 (including air) and equal to or less than 8, or more specifically, equal to or greater than 1 and equal to or less than 5. . In an embodiment, the first region 1108 is a depression in the three-dimensional body 1102 relative to the second region 1112, and the depression extends from the distal end 1106 toward the proximal end 1104. In one embodiment, the material of the second region 1112 can be removed, by using a removable insert during the formation of the second region 1112, or by a method suitable for one of the purposes disclosed herein. Any other means can be used to form the recess of the first region 1108. In one embodiment, the recess extends to any amount between about 30% and about 100% of the distance from the distal end 1106 to the proximal end 1104 of the three-dimensional body 1102. As mentioned above, the Dk1-1100 of the concave portion of the first region 1108 has a relatively lower dielectric constant than the Dk2-1100 of the second region 1112.

In one embodiment, the three-dimensional body 1102 further includes a third region 1114. The third region 1114 is disposed on the radially outer side of the second region 1112 when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 1100, and has an average dielectric smaller than the second One of the constants, the third average dielectric constant (Dk3-1100), is made of a dielectric material. When viewed in the elevation view of the electromagnetic device 1100, the third zone 1114 extends from the proximal end 1104 of the three-dimensional body 1102 to the far端1106. In one embodiment, the third region 1114 includes one of the following combinations of materials: a dielectric material having a second average dielectric constant (for example, see the projection 1118 described below), and a different Another dielectric material 1116 is a dielectric material with two average dielectric constants. In one embodiment, the other dielectric material 1116 of the third region 1114 includes air, which may be completely composed of air or may be composed of air and another dielectric medium other than air. In one embodiment, the other dielectric material 1116 of the third region 1114 includes a dielectric in the form of a foam. In one embodiment, the combination of the dielectric materials of the third region 1114 forms a dielectric region having a relatively lower dielectric constant than that of the second region 1112. In one embodiment, the third region 1114 includes a plurality of protrusions 1118 that extend radially outward from the second region 1112 with respect to the z-axis of the axis 1101 and are integrated with the second region 1112 and are monolithic. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 1100 and when viewed in an xy plane section, each of the protrusions 1118 has a cross-sectional overall length L1 and a cross-sectional overall width W1, where L1 And W1 are each smaller than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the electromagnetic device 1100 when the electromagnetic device 1100 is electromagnetically excited. In one embodiment, L1 and W1 are each smaller than λ/4. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, each of the protrusions 1118 has a cross-sectional shape that is tapered from wide to narrow radially outward.

In one embodiment, the electromagnetic device 1100 further includes: a fourth zone 1120, which is made of a dielectric material other than air with a fourth average dielectric constant (Dk4-1100); where the electromagnetic device 1100 When viewed in a plan view, the fourth region 1120 substantially surrounds the proximal end 1104 of the three-dimensional body 1102, and the fourth average dielectric constant is different from the third average dielectric constant. In one embodiment, when viewed in the elevation view of the electromagnetic device 1100, the fourth region 1120 has a height H4 relative to the proximal end 1104 of the three-dimensional body 1102, and the height H4 is smaller than the height H2 of the second region 1112. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 1100, the fourth region 1120 substantially surrounds the third region 1114 at the proximal end 1104 of the three-dimensional body 1102.

In one embodiment, the third region 1114 includes one of the following materials: a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant (for example, see the protrusion 1122 described below), and a dielectric constant different from the fourth Another dielectric material with a dielectric constant. In one embodiment, the third area 1114 includes a plurality of protrusions 1122 extending outward from the fourth area 1120 and integral with the fourth area 1120 and in a single piece. As shown in FIG. 1C, the protrusion 1122 extends outward from the fourth region 1120 and away from the fourth region 1120, and also extends radially inward toward the center 1110 of the three-dimensional body 1102.

In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 1100 and when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, each of the protrusions 1122 that are monolithic with the fourth region 1120 has a cross-sectional overall length L2 and a cross-sectional overall width W2, where L2 and W2 are each smaller than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the electromagnetic device 1100 when the electromagnetic device 1100 is electromagnetically excited. In one embodiment, L2 and W2 are each smaller than λ/4. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view or an xy plane cross-section, each of the protrusions 1122 that are monolithic with the fourth region 1120 has a width that is narrower than that of the fourth region 1120. A cross-sectional shape of a cone.

In one embodiment, as viewed by the dashed line 1103 in Figure 1B, the fourth region 1120 and the second region 1112 are integrated and monolithic, and the fourth average dielectric constant is equal to the second average dielectric constant.

In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 1100, the third region 1114 includes a plurality of bridge sections extending between the second region 1112 and the fourth region 1120 across the third region 1114 1124, the bridge section 1124, the second zone 1112 and the fourth zone 1120 are integrated and monolithic. In one embodiment, the bridge section 1124 has a height H4. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 1100 and when viewed in an xy plane section, each of the bridge sections 1124 has a cross-sectional overall length L3 and a cross-sectional overall width W3, where L3 and W3 are each smaller than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the electromagnetic device 1100 when the electromagnetic device 1100 is electromagnetically excited. In one embodiment, L3 and W3 are each smaller than λ/4.

In one embodiment, the second area 1112 of the three-dimensional body 1102 has a textured outer surface with a plurality of texture features (usually indicated by the reference number 1118), and the texture features have an overall size smaller than λ in any direction , Where λ is an operating wavelength of the electromagnetic device 1100 when the electromagnetic device 1100 is electromagnetically excited.

In one embodiment, at least a portion of all exposed inner surfaces of at least the second region 1112 of the three-dimensional body 1102 slopes inwardly (draft) from the proximal end 1104 to the distal end 1106 of the three-dimensional body 1102, as shown in Figure 1B by Cone (inclined) line 1105 is drawn.

In one embodiment, the electromagnetic device 1100 further includes: a base substrate 1200 with a signal feed 1202 for electromagnetically exciting the three-dimensional body 1102 to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; The proximal end 1104 is disposed on the base substrate 1200 relative to the signal feed 1202 so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed 1202, the three-dimensional body 1102 is electromagnetically excited at the center.

In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 1100, the dielectric material of the fourth region 1120 is a dielectric material surrounding a cavity 1107, and the first region 1108, the second region 1112, and the third At least a part of the dielectric material of the region 1114 is disposed in the cavity 1107. As mentioned above, the dielectric material of the fourth region 1120 has Dk4-1100. In one embodiment, Dk4-1100 can be a relatively high dielectric constant (for example, greater than 8) or a relatively low dielectric constant. Constant (for example, greater than 1 and equal to or less than 8, or more specifically greater than 1 and equal to or less than 5). In one embodiment, Dk4-1100 is equal to or greater than 10 and equal to or less than 20.

As mentioned above, the part of the third zone 1114 (for example, the protrusion 1118) is integrated and monolithic with the second zone 1112, and the part of the second zone 1112 (for example, see the dashed line 1103) is integrated with the fourth zone 1120 and One-piece type, and/or part of the third region 1114 (such as the protrusion 1122) and the fourth region 1120 are integrated and one-piece type. Based on the foregoing, an embodiment includes an electromagnetic device 1100, in which at least a part of the second region 1112 and a part of the third region 1114 are integrated with the fourth region 1120 and are monolithic. In one embodiment, the fourth The zone 1120 has a Dk4-1100 equal to or greater than 8 or more specifically equal to or greater than 10 and equal to or less than 20.

An example electromagnetic device 2100 will be described below with particular reference to FIG. 2. The set of orthogonal x-y-z axes 2101 depicted in Figure 2 is for illustration purposes and establishes a three-dimensional arrangement of various features of the electromagnetic device 2100 relative to each other.

In one embodiment, the exemplary electromagnetic device 2100 includes: a three-dimensional body 2102, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end 2104 and a distal end 2106; the three-dimensional body 2102 has a first portion 2130, the first portion 2130 is made of Made of a dielectric material other than air with a first average dielectric constant (Dk1-2100), the first portion 2130 extends from the proximal end 2104 of the three-dimensional body 2102 and only partially toward the distal end 2106, and the first portion 2130 is formed An inner part of the three-dimensional body 2102; the three-dimensional body 2102 has a second portion 2140, and the second portion 2140 is composed of a second average dielectric constant (Dk2-2100) that is less than the first average dielectric constant except air Made of dielectric material, the second part extends from the proximal end 2104 to the distal end 2106 of the three-dimensional body 2102. The second part 2140 forms an outer part of the enclosed inner part 2130 of the three-dimensional body 2102; the first part 2130 has a first inner Region 2132, the first inner region 2132 has a third average dielectric constant (Dk3-2100) which is less than the first average dielectric constant; and the second portion 2140 has a second inner region 2142, and the second inner region 2142 has a One of the second average dielectric constant is the fourth average dielectric constant (Dk4-2100). In one embodiment, the second inner region 2142 is a continuous extension of the first inner region 2132.

In one embodiment, the three-dimensional body 2102 is symmetrical about the z-axis, wherein the first portion 2130 is disposed on the radial inner side relative to an outer surface of the second portion 2140, and the first inner region 2132 is disposed on an outer surface of the first portion 2130. A radially inner side, and the second inner region 2142 is disposed on a radially inner side relative to an outer surface of the second portion 2140.

In one embodiment, the first portion 2130 has a frusto-conical surface 2134, and the frusto-conical surface 2134 is close to and defines a first inner region 2132 inside the outer surface of the first portion 2130. In one embodiment, the frusto-conical surface 2134 tapers from a diameter D4 at a distal end of the first portion 2130 to a diameter D3 at a proximal end of the first portion (the proximal end 2104 of the three-dimensional body 2102). In one embodiment, the second portion 2140 has a frusto-conical surface 2144, and the frusto-conical surface 2144 is close to and defines a second inner region 2142 inside the outer surface of the second portion 2140. In one embodiment, the frustoconical surface 2144 tapers from a diameter D2 at a distal end of the second portion 2140 (the distal end of the three-dimensional body 2102) to a diameter D4. In one embodiment, the first inner region 2132 is connected to the second inner region 2142, and the third average dielectric constant is equal to the fourth average dielectric constant.

In an embodiment, the first inner region 2132 and the second inner region 2142 each contain air, which may be completely composed of air or may be composed of air and another dielectric medium other than air. In one embodiment, the first inner region 2132 and the second inner region 2142 include a dielectric in the form of a foam. In one embodiment, at least one of the first inner region 2132 and the second inner region 2142 includes a dielectric material other than air.

In one embodiment, the third average dielectric constant and the fourth average dielectric constant are both smaller than each of the first average dielectric constant and the second average dielectric constant. In one embodiment, the fourth average dielectric constant is less than the third average dielectric constant.

In one embodiment, the first portion 2130 has an overall height H1; the second portion 2140 has an overall height H2; and H1 is less than about 70% of H2. In one embodiment, H1 is about 50% of H2.

In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, the first portion 2130 and the second portion 2140 each have an outer cross-sectional shape that is circular. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, the first portion 2130 and the second portion 2140 each have an inner cross-sectional shape that is circular.

In one embodiment, the first inner region 2132 and the second inner region 2142 are respectively centered relative to the central z-axis of the axis 2101.

In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view or an xy plane cross-section, the first portion 2130 has an overall external cross-sectional dimension D1; when viewed in a plan view or an xy plane cross-section, the second portion 2140 has an overall The outer cross-sectional dimension is D2; and D1 is smaller than D2. In one embodiment, D1 is less than about 70% of D2. In one embodiment, D1 is about 60% of D2. In one embodiment, D3 is smaller than D1, D2, and D4, and D4 is smaller than D1 and D2.

In an embodiment: the first average dielectric constant Dk1-2100 is equal to or greater than 10, or more specifically, equal to or greater than 10 and equal to or less than 20; the second average dielectric constant Dk2-2100 is equal to or greater than 4 and less than 10 Or more specifically equal to or greater than 4 and equal to or less than 9; and the third average dielectric constant Dk3-2100 and the fourth average dielectric constant Dk4-2100 each have equal to or greater than 1 (including air) and less than 4 or more Specifically, a relatively low dielectric constant equal to or greater than 1 and equal to or less than 3. Based on the foregoing, it will generally be understood that the dielectric constants of various parts and regions of the three-dimensional body 2102 are such that Dk3-2100 and Dk4-2100 are relatively lower than Dk2-2100, and Dk2-2100 is relatively lower than Dk1-2100. In one embodiment, the first inner region 2132 and the second inner region 2142 are in the form of a recessed portion by removing the material of the first portion 2130 and the second portion 2140, and by forming the first portion 2130 and the second portion 2130 The second part 2140 is formed by using a removable insert or by any other means suitable for one of the purposes disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, at least a portion of all exposed inner surfaces of the three-dimensional body 2102 slope inwardly from the proximal end 2104 to the distal end 2106 of the three-dimensional body 2102, as generally illustrated by the frusto-conical surfaces 2144, 2134.

In one embodiment, the electromagnetic device 2100 further includes: a base substrate 2200 with a signal feed 2202. The signal feed 2202 is used to electromagnetically excite the three-dimensional body 2102 to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; wherein the three-dimensional body 2102 is The base substrate 2200 is arranged relative to the signal feed 2202 so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed 2202, the three-dimensional body 2102 is electromagnetically excited at the center.

An example electromagnetic device 3100 will be described below with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B in conjunction with FIGS. 1A to 1C. The set of orthogonal x-y-z axes 3101 shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B are for illustrative purposes and establish a three-dimensional arrangement of various features of the electromagnetic device 3100 relative to each other.

In one embodiment, the exemplary electromagnetic device 3100 includes a structure equivalent to the electromagnetic device 1100, in which: the first regions 1108, 3130 extend from the distal ends 1106, 3106 of the three-dimensional body 1102, 3102 and only partially toward the proximal ends 1104, 3104 extends; and the second zone 1112, 3140 is subordinate to the first zone 1108, 3130.

In another embodiment, the exemplary electromagnetic device 3100 includes: a three-dimensional body 3102, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end 3104 and a distal end 3106; the three-dimensional body 3102 has a first region 3130, The region 3130 is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk1-3100), the first region 3130 extends from the distal end 3106 of the three-dimensional body 3102 and only partially toward the proximal end 3104; and the three-dimensional body 3102 There is a second zone 3140. When viewed in an elevation view of the electromagnetic device 3100, the second zone 3140 is arranged on the radially outer side of the first zone 3130 and is subordinate to the first zone 3130. The second zone 3140 is larger than One of the first average dielectric constant and the second average dielectric constant (Dk2-3100) are made of a dielectric material other than air. The second region 3140 is made from the three-dimensional body 3102 at least at one of the outer periphery of the second region 3140 The proximal end 3104 extends to the distal end 3106.

In an embodiment, the dielectric material of the first region 3130 includes air, which may be completely composed of air or may be composed of air and another dielectric medium other than air. In one embodiment, the first region 3130 includes a dielectric in the form of a foam. In one embodiment, the dielectric material of the first region 3130 includes a dielectric material other than air.

In one embodiment, the first region 3130 is a recess formed in the second region 3140. In one embodiment, this can be achieved by removing the material of the second region 3140, by using a removable insert during the formation of the second region 3140, or by any other means suitable for one of the uses disclosed herein To form the recess of the first region 3130. In one embodiment, the recess extends to any amount between about 30% and about 95% of the distance from the distal end 3106 to the proximal end 3104 of the three-dimensional body 3102, such as equal to or greater than 30% or equal to or greater than 50% Or equal to or greater than 70% or equal to or greater than 90% and less than 100%. In one embodiment, the concave portion forms a region in the three-dimensional body 3102 that has a relatively lower dielectric constant (Dk) value than the dielectric constant (Dk) value of the second region 3140.

In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view or an xy plane cross-section, the first region 3130 has an overall outer cross-sectional dimension D1; when viewed in a plan view or an xy plane cross-section, the second region 3140 has a The overall external cross-sectional size is D2; and D1 is smaller than D2. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, the second region 3140 has an outer cross-sectional shape that is circular. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, the second region 3140 has an inner cross-sectional shape that is circular. In one embodiment, D1 and D2 are the corresponding outer diameters of the first region 3130 and the second region 3140.

In one embodiment, when viewed in a first side elevation view or an xz plane cross-section, the first region 3130 has a first cross-sectional profile P1A; when viewed in a second side elevation view or a yz plane section When viewed in a plane cross-section, the first region 3130 has a second cross-sectional profile P1B; and P1B is different from P1A. In one embodiment, when viewed in a first side elevation view or an xz plane cross-section, the first region 3130 has a first cross-sectional profile P1A; when viewed in a second side elevation view or a yz plane section When viewed in a plane cross-section, the first region 3130 has a second cross-sectional profile P1B; and P1B is the same as P1A. For example, in a non-limiting manner, one of the contours of P1A and P1B can follow the curvature of a circle and the other contour can follow the curvature of an ellipse, or both contours can follow the same curvature.

In one embodiment, the outer side wall 3108 of the three-dimensional body 3102 is perpendicular to a central z-axis system (see FIG. 3A). In one embodiment, the outer side wall 3110 of the three-dimensional body 3102 is concave with respect to a central z-axis system (see Figure 3B). In one embodiment, the outer side wall 3112 of the three-dimensional body 3102 is convex with respect to a central z-axis system (see Figure 3B).

In one embodiment, when viewed in a first side elevation view or an xz plane cross-section, the second area 3140 has a first outer cross-sectional profile P2A; when viewed in a second elevation view or a yz plane section When viewed in the cross section, the second region 3140 has a second outer cross-sectional profile P2B; and P2B is the same as P2A. In one embodiment, when viewed in a first side elevation view or an xz plane cross-section, the second area 3140 has a first outer cross-sectional profile P2A; when viewed in a second elevation view or a yz plane section When viewed in cross-section, the second region 3140 has a second outer cross-sectional profile P2B; and P2B is different from P2A.

In one embodiment, the electromagnetic device 3100 further includes: a third region 3150 made of a dielectric material having a third average permittivity (Dk3-3100), and the third region 3150 is close to the three-dimensional body 3102 The end 3104 to at least the distal end 3106 enclose at least each side of the outer periphery of the three-dimensional body 3102, and the third average dielectric constant is smaller than the second average dielectric constant and greater than the dielectric constant of air. In one embodiment, the third region 3150 extends beyond the distal end 3106 of the three-dimensional body 3102 with respect to the z-axis. In one embodiment, the dielectric material of the first region 3130 includes the dielectric material of the third region 3150.

In one embodiment, the electromagnetic device 3100 further includes: a base substrate 3200 with a signal feed 3202 (see FIG. 3B), and the signal feed 3202 is used to electromagnetically excite the three-dimensional body 3102 to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field , The three-dimensional body 3102 is arranged on the base substrate 3200 relative to the signal feed 3202 such that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed 3202, the three-dimensional body 3102 is electromagnetically excited at the center.

In one embodiment, an array 3300 formed by electromagnetic devices 3100 (see Figure 3C) operates at an operating frequency and associated wavelengths, wherein: the array 3300 includes a plurality of electromagnetic devices 3100, among which the electromagnetic devices 3100 Each electromagnetic device 3100 is physically connected to at least one of the electromagnetic devices 3100 by a relatively thin connecting structure 3302 to form a connected array 3300, each of the connecting structure 3302 and one of the electromagnetic devices 3100 The overall outer dimension of the connecting structure 3302 is relatively thin. Each connecting structure 3302 has an overall cross-sectional height H3 and is formed of the dielectric material of the second region 3140, and the overall cross-sectional height H3 is smaller than one of a corresponding connected electromagnetic device 3100 20% of the overall height H4, each of the connecting structures 3302 and the associated electromagnetic device 3100 form a single monolithic part of the connected array 3300. In one embodiment, each of the connecting structures 3302 is disposed close to the distal end 3106 of the three-dimensional body 3102 and a distance away from the proximal end 3104 of the three-dimensional body 3102. In one embodiment, the array 3300 further includes a base substrate 3200, wherein the array 3300 is disposed on the base substrate 3200. In one embodiment, the connecting structure 3302 further includes at least one leg 3304 formed integrally with the connecting structure 3302 and in a single piece, and the at least one leg 3304 extends from the connecting structure 3302 downward to the base substrate 3200.

In one embodiment, the second region 3140 has a first portion 3142 close to the proximal end 3104 of the three-dimensional body 3102 and a second portion 3144 close to the distal end 3106 of the three-dimensional body 3102. In one embodiment, the second part 3144 is close to and in contact with the first part 3142 (shown as a dashed line 3306 in Figure 3C). In one embodiment, the second portion 3144 is close to the first portion 3142, and there is a material gap 3308 that is a second average dielectric constant between the second portion 3144 and the first portion 3142. That is, there is no dielectric material of the second region 3140 in the gap 3308.

In one embodiment, the material gap 3308, which is the second average dielectric constant, includes air, which may be composed entirely of air or may be composed of air and another dielectric medium other than air. In one embodiment, the material gap 3308 includes a dielectric in the form of a foam.

In one embodiment, the array 3300 further includes a third region 3150. The third region 3150 is made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant (Dk3-3100). The third region 3150 is derived from the three-dimensional body 3102. The proximal end 3104 to at least the distal end 3106 enclose at least each side of the outer periphery of the three-dimensional body 3102, and the third average dielectric constant is smaller than the second average dielectric constant and greater than the dielectric constant of air.

In one embodiment, the third region 3150 extends between adjacent electromagnetic devices 3100 among the electromagnetic devices 3100 of the array 3300 by the bridge portion 3152. In one embodiment, the third area 3150 extends between the adjacent first portions 3142 of the first portions 3142 of the electromagnetic devices 3100 in the array 3300 by the bridge portion 3152, and the third area 3150 A gap 3154 does not extend between adjacent second portions 3144 of the second portions 3144 of the electromagnetic devices 3100 corresponding to the electromagnetic devices 3100 in the array 3300.

In one embodiment, the gap 3308 where there is no dielectric material with the second average dielectric constant includes a dielectric material with the third average dielectric constant.

In an embodiment of the array 3300, the base substrate 3200 includes a plurality of signal feeds 3202, and each of the signal feeds 3202 is used for one of the electromagnetic devices 3100 corresponding to the electromagnetic device 3100. Excited to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field, wherein a given electromagnetic device 3100 of one of the electromagnetic devices 3100 is arranged on the base substrate 3200 relative to a corresponding signal feed 3202 such that when a corresponding signal feed 3202 exists When a specific electrical signal is used, the given electromagnetic device 3100 is electromagnetically excited at the center.

An example electromagnetic device 4100 will be described below with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B in conjunction with FIGS. 1A to 1C. The set of orthogonal x-y-z axes 4101 shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B is for illustrative purposes and establishes a three-dimensional arrangement of various features of the electromagnetic device 4100 relative to each other.

In one embodiment, the exemplary electromagnetic device 4100 includes a structure equivalent to the electromagnetic device 1100, in which: the first regions 1108, 4108 extend at least partially from a first base structure 4112 to the distal end 1106 of the three-dimensional body 1102, 4102 , 4106, the first base structure 4112 is close to the proximal end 1104, 4104 of the three-dimensional body 1102, 4102; the second region 1112, 4114 extends at least partially from the proximal end 1104, 4104 of the three-dimensional body 1102, 4102 to the three-dimensional body 1102, 4102 The distal ends 1106, 4106; the three-dimensional body 1102, 4102 further includes a third zone 1114, 4116 disposed on the radially outer side of the second zone 1112, 4114, and the third zone 1114, 4116 has a smaller average dielectric constant ( Dk2-1100) a third average dielectric constant (Dk3-1100, Dk3-4100) is made of a dielectric material, the third regions 1114, 4116 extend from a second base structure 4118 to the three-dimensional body 1102, 4102 The distal end 1106, 4106, the second base structure 4118 is close to the proximal end 1104, 4104 of the three-dimensional body 1102, 4102; and the three-dimensional body 1102, 4102 further includes a fourth zone 1120 disposed on the radially outer side of the third zone 1114, 4116 , 4120, the fourth regions 1120, 4120 are made of a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant (Dk4-4100) which is greater than the third average dielectric constant. The fourth regions 1120, 4120 are derived from the three-dimensional body 1102 The proximal end 1104, 4104 of 4102 extends to the distal end 1106, 4106 of the three-dimensional body 1102, 4102.

In another embodiment, the exemplary electromagnetic device 4100 includes: a three-dimensional body 4102, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end 4104 and a distal end 4106; the three-dimensional body 4102 has an axial center facing the three-dimensional body 4102 4110 is provided with a first region 4108. The first region 4108 is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk1-4100). The first region 4108 is at least partially and from a first base structure 4112. In one embodiment, only partially extending to the distal end 4106 of the three-dimensional body 4102, the first base structure 4112 is close to the proximal end 4104 of the three-dimensional body 4102; the three-dimensional body 4102 has a second radially outer portion of the first region 4108. Area 4114, the second area 4114 is made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant (Dk2-4100) greater than the first average dielectric constant. The second area 4114 is formed from the three-dimensional body 4102 The proximal end 4104 at least partially and in one embodiment only partially extends to the distal end 4106 of the three-dimensional body 4102; the three-dimensional body 4102 has a third region 4116 disposed on the radially outer side of the second region 4114, and the third region 4116 Made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant (Dk3-4100) less than the second average dielectric constant, the third region 4116 extends from a second base structure 4118 to the distal end 4106 of the three-dimensional body 4102 , The second base structure 4118 is close to the proximal end 4104 of the three-dimensional body 4102; and the three-dimensional body 4102 has a fourth region 4120 disposed on the radially outer side of the third region 4116, and the fourth region 4120 has an average dielectric constant greater than the third A fourth average dielectric constant (Dk4-4100) is made of a dielectric material, and the fourth region 4120 extends from the proximal end 4104 of the three-dimensional body 4102 to the distal end 4106 of the three-dimensional body 4102. In one embodiment, the first base structure 4112 of the first region 4108 has a thickness H7 when viewed in an elevation view of the electromagnetic device 4100, and is integrally formed with the second region 4114 and is a single piece. In one embodiment, H7 is equal to or less than 0.015 inch (inch). In an embodiment, the first region 4108 is centrally disposed in the three-dimensional body 4102 with respect to a central z-axis.

In one embodiment, the third zone 4116 is a continuum of the first zone 4108, and each of the first zone 4108 and the third zone 4116 contains air, which may be completely composed of air or may be It is composed of air and another dielectric medium besides air. In one embodiment, the first region 4108 and the third region 4116 include a dielectric in the form of a foam. In one embodiment, the third region 4116 is a continuum of the first region 4108, and at least one of the first region 4108 and the third region 4116 includes a dielectric material other than air. In one embodiment, the third region 4116 includes a dielectric material different from that of the first region 4108. In one embodiment, the dielectric material of the third region 4116 has a dielectric constant which is smaller than that of the dielectric material of the first region 4108.

In one embodiment, the fourth area 4120 is a continuum of the second area 4114 by, for example, the second base structure 4118, so that the second area 4114 and the fourth area 4120 and the second base structure 4118 are integrated with each other Formed to form a monolithic body, and the fourth average dielectric constant is equal to the second average dielectric constant.

In one embodiment, the electromagnetic device 4100 further includes a relatively thin connection structure 4122. The relatively thin connection structure 4122 is disposed at the proximal end 4104 of the three-dimensional body 4102 and is integrally formed with the second region 4114 and the fourth region 4120. Bridge between the second area 4114 and the fourth area 4120, so that the second area 4114, the fourth area 4120 and the relatively thin connecting structure 4122 form a single body, when viewed in an elevation view of the electromagnetic device 4100 At this time, the relatively thin connecting structure 4122 has an overall height H5, and the overall height H5 is less than 20% of the overall height H6 of the three-dimensional body 4102. When viewed in a rotated isometric view of the electromagnetic device 4100, the relatively thin connecting structure 4122 has an overall width W5, which is smaller than an overall outer dimension W4 of the second zone 4114.

In one embodiment, when viewed in an elevation view of the electromagnetic device 4100, the second base structure 4118 has a thickness H8 which is smaller than H5. In one embodiment, H8 is equal to or less than 0.005 inches or equal to or less than 0.003 inches. In one embodiment, the second base structure 4118 may be a single layer, which is adjacent to the first area 4108, the second area 4114, the third area 4116, and the fourth area 4120 of the three-dimensional body 4102 and is in the first area 4108 , The second area 4114, the third area 4116, and the fourth area 4120 are arranged below, and the dielectric constant is relatively high compared to the dielectric constant of the three-dimensional body 4102, and is preferably one of substantially matching the dielectric constant of the three-dimensional body 4102 Made of dielectric material.

In one embodiment, the first region 4108 is a recess formed in the second region 4114. In one embodiment, the recess extends to any amount between about 30% and about 95% of the distance from a distal end 4124 of the second region 4114 to the proximal end 4104 of the three-dimensional body 4102. In one embodiment, the second zone 4114 and the first zone 4108 have a common central z-axis, the third zone 4116 and the second zone 4114 have a common central z-axis, and the fourth zone 4120 and the third zone 4116 have a common central z-axis The center z axis. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 4100, the second region 4114 completely surrounds the first region 4108, the third region 4116 completely surrounds the second region 4114, and the fourth region 4120 completely surrounds the third region 4116.

In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, the second area 4114 and the fourth area 4120 each have a circular outer cross-sectional shape. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view or an x-y plane cross-section, the second area 4114 and the fourth area 4120 each have an inner cross-sectional shape that is circular.

In one embodiment, at least a portion of all exposed inner surfaces of at least the second region 4114 and the fourth region 4120 of the three-dimensional body 4102 slope inward from the proximal end 4104 of the three-dimensional body 4102 toward the distal end 4106, as shown in Figure 4A Illustrated by the tapered inner surface and outer surface.

In view of the above, the first area 4108 and/or the third area 4116 are the recesses in the three-dimensional body 4102, which are obtained by removing the material of the three-dimensional body 4102 (for example, the second area 4114 and the fourth area 4120), It is formed by using a removable insert during the formation of the three-dimensional body 4102 or by any other means suitable for one of the purposes disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the aforementioned recesses (such as the first region 4108 and the third region 4116) are regions in the three-dimensional body 4102 that have a relatively lower dielectric constant than the non-recess regions (such as the second region 4114 and the fourth region 4120).

In one embodiment, the electromagnetic device 4100 further includes: a base substrate 4200 with a signal feed 4202, and the signal feed 4202 is used to electromagnetically excite the three-dimensional body 4102 to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; wherein the three-dimensional body 4102 is The base substrate 4200 is arranged relative to the signal feed 4202 such that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed 4202, the three-dimensional body 4102 is electromagnetically excited at the center.

In one embodiment, an array 4300 formed by electromagnetic devices 4100 (see Figure 4B) operates at an operating frequency and associated wavelengths, wherein: the array 4300 includes a plurality of electromagnetic devices disposed on a base substrate 4200 4100; the base substrate 4200 has a plurality of signal feeds 4202, and each of the signal feeds 4202 is used to electromagnetically excite one of the electromagnetic devices 4100 corresponding to the electromagnetic device 4100 to radiate into the far field An electromagnetic field; where a given electromagnetic device 4100 is arranged on the base substrate 4200 relative to a corresponding signal feed 4202 such that when a specific electrical signal exists on the corresponding signal feed 4202, the given electromagnetic device 4100 is in the center Subject to electromagnetic excitation.

An example electromagnetic device 5100 will be described below with reference to FIG. 5 in conjunction with FIGS. 1A to 1C. The set of orthogonal x-y-z axes 5101 depicted in Figure 5 is for illustrative purposes and establishes a three-dimensional arrangement of various features of the electromagnetic device 5100 relative to each other.

In one embodiment, the exemplary electromagnetic device 5100 includes a structure equivalent to the electromagnetic device 1100, in which: the first regions 1108, 5108 extend at least partially from a first base structure 5112 to the distal end 1106 of the three-dimensional body 1102, 5102 , 5106, the first base structure 5112 is close to the proximal end 1104, 5104 of the three-dimensional body 1102, 5102; the second region 1112, 5114 extends at least partially from the proximal end 1104, 5104 of the three-dimensional body 1102, 5102 to the three-dimensional body 1102, 5102 The distal ends 1106, 5106; the three-dimensional body 1102, 5102 further includes a third zone 1114, 5116 disposed on the radially outer side of the second zone 1112, 5114, and the third zone 1114, 5116 has an average dielectric constant smaller than the second ( Dk2-1100) a third average dielectric constant (Dk3-1100, Dk3-5100) is made of a dielectric material, the third regions 1114, 5116 extend from a second base structure 5118 to the three-dimensional body 1102, 5102 The distal end 1106, 5106, the second base structure 5118 is close to the proximal end 1104, 5104 of the three-dimensional body 1102, 5102; the three-dimensional body 1102, 5102 further includes a fourth zone 1120, which is disposed radially outside the third zone 1114, 5116, 5120, the fourth regions 1120, 5120 are made of a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant (Dk4-5100) which is greater than the third average dielectric constant. The fourth regions 1120, 5120 are derived from the three-dimensional body 1102, 5102 The proximal ends 1104, 5104 of the three-dimensional body 1102, 5104 extend to the distal ends 1106, 5106 of the three-dimensional body 1102, 5102; the second base structure 5118 includes a relatively thin connecting structure 5122 provided at the proximal end 5104 of the three-dimensional body 5102, a relatively thin connecting structure 5122 is integrally formed with the second area 5114 and the fourth area 5120 and bridges between the second area 5114 and the fourth area 5120, so that the second area 5114, the fourth area 5120 and the relatively thin connecting structure 5122 are integrated with each other Formed to form a monolithic body, the relatively thin connection structure 5122 has an overall height H5, which is less than 30% of the overall height H6 of the three-dimensional body 1102; and in addition to the relatively thin connection structure 5122, the third region The second base structure 5118 in 5116 does not have the monolithic dielectric material.

In another embodiment, the exemplary electromagnetic device 5100 includes: a three-dimensional body 5102, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end 5104 and a distal end 5106; the three-dimensional body 5102 has a center 5110 disposed toward the three-dimensional body 5102 A first region 5108, the first region 5108 is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk1-5100), the first region 5108 extends from a first base structure 5112 at least partially to three dimensions The distal end 5106 of the body 5102, the first base structure 5112 is close to the proximal end 5104 of the three-dimensional body 5102; the three-dimensional body 5102 has a second zone 5114 disposed on the radially outer side of the first zone 5108, and the second zone 5114 has a larger A second average dielectric constant (Dk2-5100) is made of a dielectric material other than air. The second area 5114 extends at least partially from the proximal end 5104 of the three-dimensional body 5102 to the three-dimensional body 5102 The distal end 5106; the three-dimensional body 5102 has a third region 5116 disposed on the radially outer side of the second region 5114, and the third region 5116 has a third average dielectric constant (Dk3- 5100) Made of a dielectric material, the third region 5116 extends from a second base structure 5118 to the distal end 5106 of the three-dimensional body 5102, the second base structure 5118 is close to the proximal end 5104 of the three-dimensional body 5102; the three-dimensional body 5102 has a configuration A fourth area 5120 on the radially outer side of the third area 5116, the fourth area 5120 is made of a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant (Dk4-5100) which is greater than the third average dielectric constant, The fourth region 5120 extends from the proximal end 5104 of the three-dimensional body 5102 to the distal end 5106 of the three-dimensional body 5102; wherein the second base structure 5118 includes a relatively thin connecting structure 5122 disposed at the proximal end 5104 of the three-dimensional body 5102, which is relatively thin The connection structure 5122 is formed integrally with the second area 5114 and the fourth area 5120 and bridges between the second area 5114 and the fourth area 5120, so that the second area 5114, the fourth area 5120 and the relatively thin connection structure 5122 They are integrally formed with each other to form a monolithic body. When viewed in an elevation view of the electromagnetic device 5100, the relatively thin connecting structure 5122 has an overall height H5, which is less than the overall height H6 of the three-dimensional body 5102. 30%; and except for the relatively thin connection structure 5122, the second base structure 5118 in the third region 5116 does not have the monolithic dielectric material.

In one embodiment, the first base structure 5112 of the first region 5108 has a thickness H7 when viewed in an elevation view of the electromagnetic device 5100, and is integrally formed with the second region 5114 and is a single piece. In one embodiment, H7 is equal to or less than 0.015 inches.

In one embodiment, the relatively thin connection 5122 structure has at least two arms 5124 bridged between the second region 5114 and the fourth region 5120. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 5100, the relatively thin connecting structure 5122 has an overall width W1, which is smaller than an overall width W2 of the second region 5114.

In an embodiment, the first region 5108 is axially centrally disposed in the three-dimensional body 5102 with respect to a central z-axis.

In one embodiment, the third zone 5116 is a continuum of the first zone 5108, and each of the first zone 5108 and the third zone 5116 contains air, which can be completely composed of air or can be combined with air. It is composed of another dielectric medium besides air. In one embodiment, the first region 5108 and the third region 5116 include a dielectric in the form of a foam. In one embodiment, the third region 5116 is a continuum of the first region 5108, and at least one of the first region 5108 and the third region 5116 includes a dielectric material other than air. In one embodiment, the third region 5116 includes a dielectric material different from the dielectric material of the first region 5108. In one embodiment, the dielectric material of the third region 5116 has a dielectric constant which is smaller than that of the dielectric material of the first region 5108. In one embodiment, the monolithic body has a dielectric constant equal to the second average dielectric constant. In one embodiment, the first region 5108 is a recess formed in the second region 5114. In one embodiment, this can be achieved by removing the material of the second region 5114, by using a removable insert during the formation of the second region 5114, or by any other means suitable for one of the uses disclosed herein To form the recess of the first region 5108. In one embodiment, the recess extends to any amount between about 30% and about 95% of the distance from a distal end 5126 of the second region 5114 to the proximal end 5104 of the three-dimensional body 5102. In one embodiment, the second zone 5114 and the first zone 5108 have a common central z-axis, the third zone 5116 and the second zone 5114 have a common central z-axis, and the fourth zone 5120 and the third zone 5116 have a common The center z axis. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 5100, the second zone 5114 completely surrounds the first zone 5108, the third zone 5116 completely surrounds the second zone 5114, and the fourth zone 5120 completely surrounds the third zone 5116.

In one embodiment, when viewed in an elevation view of the electromagnetic device 5100, at least a portion of the second region 5114 has a convex outer surface 5128. In one embodiment, the convex outer surface 5128 extends from the proximal end 5104 of the three-dimensional body 5102 to the distal end 5126 of the second region 5114.

In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 5100 and when viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the second region 5114 and the fourth region 5120 each have an outer cross-sectional shape that is circular. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 5100 and when viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the second region 5114 and the fourth region 5120 each have an inner cross-sectional shape that is circular. In one embodiment, at least a portion of all exposed inner surfaces of at least the second region 5114 and the fourth region 5120 of the three-dimensional body 5102 slope inwardly from the proximal end 5104 of the three-dimensional body 5102 toward the distal end 5106.

In one embodiment, the electromagnetic device 5100 further includes: a base substrate (for example, see 4200, FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B), with a signal feed (for example, see 4202, FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B), The signal feed is used to electromagnetically excite the three-dimensional body 5102 to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; wherein the three-dimensional body 5102 is arranged on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, The three-dimensional body 5102 is electromagnetically excited at the center.

In one embodiment, an array formed by the electromagnetic device 5100 (for example, see 4300, Figure 4B) operates at an operating frequency and associated wavelength, wherein: the array includes a base substrate (for example, see 4200, Fig. 4B) a plurality of electromagnetic devices 5100; the base substrate includes a plurality of signal feeds (for example, see 4202, Fig. 4B), each of the signal feeds is used to One of the electromagnetic devices 5100 corresponding to the electromagnetic device 5100 is electromagnetically excited to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; one of the given electromagnetic devices 5100 is arranged on the base substrate with respect to a corresponding signal feed source such that when the corresponding signal feed source is When there is a specific electrical signal, the given electromagnetic device 5100 is electromagnetically excited at the center.

Refer to FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D, 6E, 6F, 6G, 6H, 6I, and 6J in conjunction with FIGS. 1A to 1C. The figure below illustrates an example electromagnetic device 6100. The set of orthogonal x-y-z axes 6101 shown in FIGS. 6B to 6C, 6I, and 6J are for illustrative purposes and to establish a three-dimensional arrangement of various features of the electromagnetic device 6100 relative to each other.

In one embodiment, the exemplary electromagnetic device 6100 includes a structure equivalent to the electromagnetic device 1100, and the exemplary electromagnetic device 6100 further includes: a base substrate 6200 having a first plurality of passages 6204 extending through the base substrate 6200; wherein The three-dimensional bodies 1102, 6102 contain a medium other than air, and the proximal ends 1104, 6104 of the three-dimensional bodies 1102, 6102 are arranged on the base substrate 6200 such that the three-dimensional bodies 1102, 6102 at least partially or completely cover the first plurality of passages 6204; The first plurality of vias 6204 are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body 1102, 6102, so that the three-dimensional body 1102, 6102 and the dielectric material of the first plurality of vias 6204 form a monolithic body.

In another embodiment, the exemplary electromagnetic device 6100 includes: a base substrate 6200 having a first plurality of passages 6204 extending through the base substrate 6200 from one side to an opposite side; a three-dimensional body 6102 formed by a dielectric The dielectric material is made of a medium other than air. The three-dimensional body 6102 has a proximal end 6104 and a distal end 6106. The proximal end 6104 of the three-dimensional body 6102 is arranged on the base substrate 6200 so that the three-dimensional body 6102 is at least Partially or completely cover the first plurality of vias 6204; wherein the first plurality of vias 6204 is at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body 6102, so that the three-dimensional body 6102 and the dielectric material of the first plurality of vias 6204 form a Monolithic body. In an embodiment, the three-dimensional body 6102 completely covers the first plurality of passages 6204. In one embodiment, the first plurality of vias 6204 are completely filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body 6102. In one embodiment, the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body 6102 is a moldable dielectric material.

In an embodiment, the base substrate 6200 further includes a second plurality of vias 6206, and the second plurality of vias 6206 can be completely covered by the three-dimensional body 6102, partially covered by the three-dimensional body 6102, or completely exposed relative to the three-dimensional body 6102. In an embodiment, the second plurality of vias 6206 completely or partially covered by the three-dimensional body 6102 are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body 6102 or with a conductive material (such as but not limited to copper); and The second plurality of vias 6206 completely exposed by the three-dimensional body 6102 are filled with a conductive material (such as but not limited to copper).

Based on the above description of the first plurality of paths 6204 and the second plurality of paths 6206, it should be understood that a distinction can be made between the two. That is, the first plurality of vias 6204 must be at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body 6102, and the second plurality of vias 6206 may not be at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body 6102. In an embodiment, the first plurality of vias 6204 can be used as a structural anchor to anchor the three-dimensional body 6102 to the substrate 6200, and the second plurality of vias 6206 can be used as a slot-type opening signal One of the conductive walls of the feed (discussed further below).

In one embodiment, the base substrate 6200 further includes a signal feed 6202. The signal feed 6202 is used to electromagnetically excite the three-dimensional body 6102 to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field when a specific electrical signal is present on the signal feed 6202. . In one embodiment, the three-dimensional body 6102 is disposed on the base substrate 6200 relative to the signal feed 6202 such that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed 6202, the three-dimensional body 6102 is electromagnetically excited at the center. In one embodiment, the signal feed 6202 includes a stripline 6208 and a slotted aperture 6210 (see FIG. 6D). The slotted aperture 6210 is completely covered by the three-dimensional body 6102.

In an embodiment, referring to FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6D in particular, the base substrate 6200 includes: a conductive lower layer 6212 that provides an electrical ground reference potential; and a conductive upper layer 6214 that is electrically connected to Ground reference potential; and at least one dielectric substrate 6216, 6218, disposed between the conductive lower layer 6212 and the conductive upper layer 6214; and the proximal end 6104 of the three-dimensional body 6102 is disposed on the upper layer 6214.

In one embodiment, the aforementioned at least one dielectric substrate includes: a first dielectric substrate 6216 disposed adjacent to an upper surface of the conductive lower layer 6212; and a second dielectric substrate 6218 adjacent to a lower surface of the conductive upper layer 6214 And the base substrate 6200 further includes a thin film adhesive bondply 6220, the thin film adhesive bondply 6220 is disposed between the first dielectric substrate 6216 and the second dielectric substrate 6218 and attached to the first A dielectric substrate 6216 and a second dielectric substrate 6218, in which the strip line 6208 is disposed under the slot opening 6210 and orthogonal to the slot opening 6210 between the film adhesive 6220 and the second dielectric substrate 6218 between.

In one embodiment, the three-dimensional body 6102 has a first region 6108, the first region 6108 faces the center 6110 of the three-dimensional body 6102, and is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk1-6100), The first region 6108 at least partially extends from a first base structure 6112 to the distal end 6106 of the three-dimensional body 6102. The first base structure 6112 is close to the proximal end 6104 of the three-dimensional body 6102; the three-dimensional body 6102 has a diameter disposed in the first region 6108 A second area 6114 to the outside, the second area 6114 is made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant (Dk2-6100) greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second area 6114 extends at least partially from the proximal end 6104 of the three-dimensional body 6102 to the distal end 6106 of the three-dimensional body 6102; the three-dimensional body has a third zone 6116 disposed on the radially outer side of the second zone 6114, and the third zone 6116 has a smaller Two average dielectric constants, one third average dielectric constant (Dk3-6100), and one dielectric material. The third region 6116 extends from a second base structure 6118 to the distal end 6106 of the three-dimensional body 6102. The second base The structure 6118 is close to the proximal end 6104 of the three-dimensional body 6102; the three-dimensional body 6102 has a fourth region 6120 disposed on the radially outer side of the third region 6116, and the fourth region 6120 has a fourth average dielectric constant greater than the third average dielectric constant. The dielectric constant (Dk4-6100) is made of a dielectric material. The fourth region 6120 extends from the proximal end 6104 of the three-dimensional body 6102 to the distal end 6106 of the three-dimensional body 6102; the second base structure 6118 includes the three-dimensional body 6102 A relatively thin connecting structure 6122 at the proximal end 6104, the relatively thin connecting structure 6122 is integrally formed with the second area 6114 and the fourth area 6120 and bridges between the second area 6114 and the fourth area 6120, so as to The second region 6114, the fourth region 6120, and the relatively thin connecting structure 6122 are integrally formed with each other to form part of the aforementioned monolithic body of the electromagnetic device 6100. When viewed in an elevation view of the electromagnetic device 6100, the relatively thin The connecting structure 6122 has an overall height H5, which is less than 30% of the overall height H6 of one of the three-dimensional body 6102; and among them, except for the relatively thin connecting structure 6122, the second base structure 6118 in the third region 6116 does not exist The monolithic dielectric material.

In one embodiment, when viewed in an elevation view of the electromagnetic device 6100, the first base structure 6112 of the first region 6108 has a thickness H7 and is integrally formed with the second region 6114 and is monolithic. In one embodiment, H7 is equal to or less than 0.015 inches.

In one embodiment, the slot opening 6210 is completely covered by the first base structure 6112 of the first region 6108 and the second region 6114 of the three-dimensional body 6102.

In one embodiment, the relatively thin connecting structure 6122 has at least two arms 6124 bridging between the second region 6114 and the fourth region 6120. In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 6100, the relatively thin connecting structure 6122 has an overall width W1, which is smaller than an overall width W2 of the second region 6114.

In one embodiment, the three-dimensional body 6102 is anchored to the base substrate by at least partially filling the first plurality of vias 6204 with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body 6102 and being integrated with the first plurality of vias 6204.

In one embodiment, when viewed in a plan view or an xy plane cross-section of the electromagnetic device 6100, particularly referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, the first plurality of passages 6204 include: a first pair of diametrically opposed passages 6222 , Has an overall width dimension D3; the second pair of diametrically opposed passages 6224 has an overall width dimension D4; and the third pair of diametrically opposed passages 6226 has an overall width dimension D5. In one embodiment, D4 is less than D3, and D5 is equal to D4. In one embodiment, the dimensions D3, D4, and D5 are diameter dimensions.

In one embodiment, referring in particular to Figures 6B, 6C, and 6D, the electromagnetic device 6100 further includes: an electromagnetic reflective structure 6300 having a conductive structure 6302 and a conductive structure 6302 integrally formed or electrically connected to the conductive structure 6302 A conductive electromagnetic reflector 6304; wherein the electromagnetic reflective structure 6300 is disposed on the conductive upper layer 6214 or is electrically connected to the conductive upper layer 6214; wherein the conductive electromagnetic reflector 6304 forms a wall 6306, when viewed in a plan view of the electromagnetic device 6100 At this time, the wall 6306 defines and at least partially circumscribes or surrounds a groove 6308; wherein the three-dimensional body 6102 is disposed in the groove 6308. In one embodiment, when viewed in an elevation view of the electromagnetic device 6100, the wall 6306 of the reflector 6304 has a height H9, which is greater than a height H10 of the second region 6114.

In one embodiment, referring specifically to Figure 6E and due to the presence of a 40 gigahertz (GHz) electrical signal on the signal feed 6202, the three-dimensional body 6102 radiates a wide field of view (FOV) into the far field with the following characteristics: ) An electromagnetic field: Contains a gain profile (gain profile) of a 3dBi beam width equal to or greater than +/- 60 degrees in the direction of the electric field (E-field) (see Figure 6E); contained in the magnetic field (H-field) ) A gain profile of a 3dBi beam width equal to or greater than +/- 45 degrees in the direction; a gain profile of a 6dBi beam width equal to or greater than +/- 90 degrees in the electric field direction; and a gain profile included in the magnetic field direction A gain profile equal to or greater than a 6dBi beam width of +/- 60 degrees.

In one embodiment, referring specifically to Figures 6G and 6H, and in response to the presence of a specific gigahertz electrical signal on the signal feed 6202, the three-dimensional body 6102 radiates an electromagnetic field into the far field with the following characteristics: It is about 4.4 dBi at one gigahertz to about 5.8 dBi at 41 gigahertz, a positive angle gain (boresight gain), which has a bandwidth greater than one of 10%. In one embodiment, due to the presence of a specific gigahertz electrical signal on the signal feed 6202, the three-dimensional body 6102 radiates an electromagnetic field into the far field with the following characteristics: at 36 gigahertz, it is about 4.4 dBi to 46 gigahertz. Under 1 gigahertz, it is a positive angle gain of about 6 dBi, with a relatively flat gain and a bandwidth greater than 20%.

In one embodiment, with particular reference to Figures 6I and 6J, an array 6400 formed by the electromagnetic device 6100 operates at an operating frequency and associated wavelength, where the array 6400 includes a plurality of numbers arranged in a side-by-side arrangement. Electromagnetic devices 6100, wherein the base substrate 6200 of each electromagnetic device 6100 is a continuous extension of an adjacent base substrate 6200 to form an overall base substrate 6230, wherein each electromagnetic device 6100 is opposite to the electromagnetic devices 6100 A neighboring electromagnetic device 6100 has a discrete signal feed 6202 (see Figure 6B), and each of the discrete signal feeds 6202 is used to correspond to a specific electrical signal when there is a specific electrical signal on the associated signal feed 6202 The three-dimensional body 6100 is electromagnetically excited to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field.

In one embodiment, a method of manufacturing the electromagnetic device 6100 includes: injection molding a moldable dielectric medium from a bottom side or back side of a base substrate 6200 through a first plurality of vias 6204 to form a three-dimensional body 6102 Molding onto one of the top sides of the base substrate 6200; and curing the dielectric at least partially.

The following description of an exemplary antenna subsystem 7000 will be made with particular reference to FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B, FIG. 7C, and FIG. 7D collectively, and in view of the other drawings and structures disclosed herein. The set of orthogonal x-y-z axes 7101 shown in FIGS. 7A to 7D is for illustrative purposes and establishes a three-dimensional arrangement of various features of the electromagnetic device 7100 relative to each other.

In one embodiment, an exemplary antenna subsystem 7000 for a steerable array formed by electromagnetic devices 7100 (such as any electromagnetic devices 1100, 2100, 3100, 4100, 5100, 6100 disclosed herein) includes: plural Electromagnetic devices 7100, each of the electromagnetic devices 7100 has a wide-field dielectric resonant antenna 7150 arranged and arranged on a surface 7002 (see Figure 7B); a subsystem board 7010, for Each of the electromagnetic devices 7100 has a signal feed structure 7202 (see FIG. 7A); the electromagnetic devices 7100 are attached to the subsystem board 7010.

In one embodiment, each of the dielectric resonant antennas 7150 has a three-dimensional body 7102 (see other three-dimensional bodies disclosed herein), and the three-dimensional body 7102 has a first area (see, for example, 1108, Figure 1C), and the third A region facing the center of the three-dimensional body 7102 is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk1-7100), and the first region extends to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; and the three-dimensional body 7102 has a A second area radially outside the first area (see, for example, 1112, Figure 1C), the second area is divided by a second average dielectric constant (Dk2-7100) that is greater than the first average dielectric constant Made of a dielectric material outside the air, the second area extends from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body.

In one embodiment, the electromagnetic devices 7100 are arranged in an x×y array. In one embodiment, the dielectric resonant antenna 7150 is arranged on a two-dimensional (2D) surface. In one embodiment, the signal feed structure 7202 includes a signal line having a signal input terminal 7204. In one embodiment, for each electromagnetic device 7100, the subsystem board 7010 further includes a signal communication path 7012. The signal communication path 7012 is provided with an input port 7014 at one end thereof, and the other opposite end of the signal communication path 7012 is electrically connected Connected to a signal input terminal 7204 of a corresponding signal feed structure 7202. In one embodiment, each input port 7014 of the subsystem board 7010 can be connected to an electromagnetic beam steering subsystem 7500 (see FIG. 7D).

In one embodiment, referring particularly to Figure 7D, an electromagnetic beam steering subsystem 7500 includes an electromagnetic beam steering chip 7502 connected to a plurality of signal communication channels 7504, and each of the signal communication channels associated with the electromagnetic beam steering chip 7502 The 7504 has a corresponding output terminal 7506. The number of signal communication channels 7504 and output terminals 7506 is equal to the number of the electromagnetic devices 7100 shown in Figures 7A and 7B; one of the electromagnetic beam steering subsystems 7500 corresponds to the signal Each output terminal 7506 of the communication channel 7504 is connected to a corresponding input port 7014 of the subsystem board 7010 of the antenna subsystem 7000. In one embodiment, the beam steering chip 7502 is disposed in thermal communication with a heat sink 7508 disposed under the subsystem board 7010, and the beam steering chip 7502 can also be used to provide a phase shift and/or time delay for the beam steering function.

In one embodiment, referring specifically to FIG. 7A, the subsystem board 7010 further includes a plurality of non-conductive paths extending therefrom (for example, see 6204, FIG. 6A), each of the non-conductive paths and the electromagnetic devices 7100 A different electromagnetic device 7100 is associated; each of the three-dimensional body 7102 of a corresponding electromagnetic device 7100 is made of a dielectric material, the dielectric material is composed of a medium other than air, and each of the three-dimensional body 7102 has a proximal end And a distal end (for example, see 6104 and 6106, Figure 6C), the proximal end of each three-dimensional body 7102 is arranged on the subsystem board 7010 such that each three-dimensional body 7102 at least partially or completely covers a corresponding set of non Conductive paths; and the groups of non-conductive paths are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the associated three-dimensional body 7102, so that each of the three-dimensional body 7102 and the corresponding dielectric material of the group of non-conductive paths are at least partially filled A monolithic body is formed (see the previous description related to the electromagnetic device 6100). In one embodiment, the three-dimensional body 7102 completely covers the corresponding set of non-conductive paths. In one embodiment, the sets of non-conductive vias are completely filled with the dielectric material of the associated three-dimensional body 7102. In one embodiment, the sets of non-conductive paths extend between the conductive lower layer and the conductive upper layer.

In one embodiment, the subsystem board 7010 further includes: a conductive lower layer; a conductive upper layer; a first dielectric substrate disposed adjacent to an upper surface of the conductive lower layer; and a second dielectric substrate adjacent to the A lower surface of the conductive upper layer is provided; and a film adhesive is provided between the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate and attached to the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate (for example , See 6212, 6214, 6216, 6218, 6220, Figure 6D).

In one embodiment, referring also to FIG. 6D, the signal feed structure 7202 further includes: a strip line 7208 (for example, see also 6208, FIG. 6D) disposed between the thin film adhesive 6220 and the second dielectric substrate 6218 Meanwhile, the conductive upper layer 6214 has a slot-type opening (see, for example, 6210, Figure 6D) which is disposed above the corresponding strip line 7208 (see also 6208, Figure 6D) and is orthogonal to the corresponding strip line 7208, Each of the strip lines 7208 has a signal input end 7204, and each of the slot-shaped openings is completely covered by the three-dimensional body 7102 of the corresponding electromagnetic device 7100 (see also 6102, Fig. 6D), and the proximal end of the three-dimensional body 7102 is set on the upper conductive part Layer up.

In one embodiment, similar to the stripline 7208, the signal communication path 7012 of the subsystem board 7010 is arranged between the film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate, and the signal communication path 7012 is provided with an input port 7014 at one end thereof. The other opposite end of the signal communication path is electrically connected to a signal input terminal 7204 corresponding to the strip line 7208.

In one embodiment, the subsystem board 7010 further includes a first plurality of conductive paths 7016 connecting the conductive upper layer to the conductive lower layer, and the first plurality of conductive paths 7016 are provided in the corresponding signal communication paths 7012. On each side of the communication path 7012, a conductive wall is provided adjacent to a corresponding signal communication path 7012.

In one embodiment, the substrate plate 7010 further includes a second plurality of conductive paths 7018 connecting the conductive upper layer to the conductive lower layer, and the second plurality of conductive paths 7018 are disposed in the corresponding strip lines 7208 of the strip lines 7208 On each side and at one end, a conductive wall is provided adjacent to a corresponding signal feed structure 7202.

An example antenna subsystem 8000 will be described below in particular with reference to FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, and 8F, and in view of the other drawings and structures disclosed herein . The set of orthogonal x-y-z axes 8101 shown in FIGS. 8A to 8D is for illustrative purposes and establishes a three-dimensional arrangement of various features of the electromagnetic device 8100 relative to each other.

In one embodiment, an exemplary antenna subsystem 8000 for a steerable array formed by electromagnetic devices 8100 (such as any electromagnetic devices 1100, 2100, 3100, 4100, 5100, 6100 disclosed herein) includes: plural Electromagnetic devices 8100, each of the electromagnetic devices 8100 has a wide-field dielectric resonant antenna 8150 arranged and arranged on a surface 8002, each of the electromagnetic devices 8100 is more There is a base substrate 8200, each of the base substrates 8200 includes a signal feed structure 8202 arranged to communicate electromagnetic signals with a corresponding dielectric resonant antenna 8150; wherein the base substrate 8200 of each electromagnetic device 8100 is an adjacent base A continuous extension of the substrate 8200 forms an overall base substrate 8230, and the dielectric resonant antenna 8150 is attached to the overall base substrate 8230; wherein the overall base substrate 8230 includes a plurality of inputs equal to the number of the dielectric resonant antenna 8150 Port 8204, each of the input ports 8204 is electrically connected to a corresponding signal feed structure 8202 for signal communication with a corresponding dielectric resonant antenna 8150; the antenna subsystem 8000 is suitable for arranging the electromagnetic device 8100 into multiple antenna subsystems A structure of any arrangement size formed by 8000.

In one embodiment, each of the dielectric resonant antennas 8150 has a three-dimensional body 8102 (see other three-dimensional bodies disclosed herein) and a first zone (for example, see 1108, Figure 1C), and the first zone faces The center of the three-dimensional body 8102 is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant (Dk1-8100), and the first region extends to the distal end of the three-dimensional body 8102; and the three-dimensional body 8102 has a A second area outside the area (see, for example, 1112, Figure 1C), the second area is composed of a second average dielectric constant (Dk2-8100) that is greater than the first average dielectric constant. Made of dielectric material, the second area extends from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body.

In one embodiment, the electromagnetic devices 8100 are arranged in an x×y array. In one embodiment, the dielectric resonant antenna 8150 is arranged on a two-dimensional (2D) surface 8002.

In one embodiment, each of the input ports 8204 of the overall base substrate 8230 is a solder pad. In one embodiment, the input ports 8204 of the overall base substrate 8230 can be connected to an electromagnetic beam steering subsystem 8500.

In one embodiment, the antenna subsystem 8000 further includes: an electromagnetic beam steering subsystem 8500 having an electromagnetic beam steering chip 8502 connected to the plurality of signal communication channels 8504, and each signal associated with the electromagnetic beam steering chip 8502 The communication channel 8504 has a corresponding output port 8506; each of the output ports 8506 of the electromagnetic beam steering subsystem 8500 is connected to a corresponding input port 8204 of the overall base substrate 8230 of the antenna subsystem 8000.

In one embodiment, each base substrate 8200 includes (refer to the details depicted in Figure 6D and described above): a conductive lower layer 6212; a conductive upper layer 6214; a first dielectric substrate 6216, Is disposed adjacent to an upper surface of the conductive lower layer 6212; and a second dielectric substrate 6218 is disposed adjacent to a lower surface of the conductive upper layer 6214; and a film adhesive 6220 is disposed on the first dielectric substrate 6216 and the second dielectric Between the substrates 6218 and attached to the first dielectric substrate 6216 and the second dielectric substrate 6218; a strip line 6208 is arranged between the film adhesive 6220 and the second dielectric substrate 6218, and the conductive upper layer 6214 has One of the slotted openings 6210 above the strip line 6208 and orthogonal to the strip line 6208, each of the slotted openings 6210 is completely covered by the three-dimensional body 8102 corresponding to the electromagnetic device 8100, and the proximal end of the three-dimensional body 8102 Set on the conductive upper layer 6214.

In one embodiment, each of the input ports 8204 is electrically connected to a corresponding strip line 6208 for signal communication with an associated slotted opening 6210, and the associated slotted opening 6210 is set at a given Under the three-dimensional body 8102 of the electromagnetic device 8100.

In one embodiment, an antenna array 8600 for a steerable array formed by the electromagnetic device 8100 includes a plurality of 8300 tile antenna subsystems 8000. In one embodiment, the antenna array 8600 with the tiled antenna subsystems 8000 can be formed in a non-planar configuration. In one embodiment, the antenna array 8600 has an overall base substrate 8230 in the form of a flexible circuit board.

In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8C, the antenna subsystem 8000 may include a tiled array 8300 having a 10×10 array formed by a dielectric resonant antenna 8150 or a tiled array 8300 having a dielectric resonant antenna 8150 One of the 2×2 arrays formed by the 8150 is a 5×5 tiled sub-system array. In one embodiment, the array may exceed a 128×128 array formed by the dielectric resonance antenna 8150 or have a dielectric resonance antenna A 64×64 tiled component array or larger array of 2×2 arrays formed by 8150. Figure 8E shows a diagram of a steerable antenna array 8600 with one of the components shown and described in combination with Figures 8A to 8D. In one embodiment, the steerable antenna array 8600 can generate one-dimensional or The steerable beam 8610 is two-dimensionally steered and can be used for transmission, reception, or one of transmission and reception. In one embodiment, for example, the antenna array 8600 can be used as a communication system or a radar system.

In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8F, the antenna array 8600 can be arranged on a flexible circuit board 8230, and the flexible circuit board 8230 can achieve a beam steering of +/- 90 degrees when appropriately bent. In one embodiment, it is envisaged that only two array panels will be required to steer an electromagnetic beam to a full 360 degrees, which will provide a considerable system-level cost reduction compared with existing beam steered antenna arrays.

Although the embodiments disclosed herein exemplify a representative electromagnetic signal feed as a slot-type aperture signal feed, it should be understood that this is for illustrative purposes only, and the scope of the present invention is suitable for use herein Any electromagnetic signal feed for one of the purposes disclosed.

Although some combinations of individual features have been described and exemplified herein, it should be understood that the certain combinations of features are for illustrative purposes only and any combination of any of these individual features may be used according to an embodiment, and Regardless of whether this combination is clearly illustrated and consistent with the disclosure in this article. This article contemplates any and all combinations of these features disclosed in this article. When the application is considered as a whole, these combinations are deemed to be within the understanding of those familiar with the art, and these combinations are It is deemed to be within the scope of the attached patent application in a way that those familiar with the technology will understand.

Although the invention has been described herein with reference to exemplary embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that various changes can be made and equivalent content can be substituted for its elements, which does not depart from the scope of the patent application. Many modifications can be made to adapt a specific situation or material to the teachings of the present invention, which does not depart from the essential scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein as the best or only way conceived for implementing the present invention, but the present invention will include the scope of the appended application All embodiments within the scope. In the drawings and descriptions, exemplary embodiments have been disclosed, and although specific terms and/or dimensions may have been used, unless otherwise stated, the specific terms and/or dimensions are general, exemplary and / Or used in illustrative meaning rather than used to limit, the scope of the patent application is therefore not limited by this. When an element is referred to as being "on" another element, the element can be directly on the other element, or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is said to be "directly" on another element, there is no intermediate element. The terms "first", "second", etc. used do not indicate any order or importance, but the terms "first", "second", etc. are only used to distinguish one element from another. The term "一 (a, an)", etc. used does not indicate a restriction on the quantity, but indicates the existence of at least one of the mentioned items. The term "include" used in this article does not exclude the possibility of including one or more additional features. Moreover, any background information provided in this article is provided to disclose information that the applicant believes may be related to the invention disclosed in this article. It is neither intended to admit nor should it be understood that any such background information constitutes prior art with respect to an embodiment of the invention disclosed herein.

In view of all the foregoing, it should be understood that various aspects of an embodiment are disclosed herein, and these aspects are based on but not limited to at least the following aspects and aspect combinations.

Aspect 1. An electromagnetic (EM) device, including: a three-dimensional (3D) body, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end and a distal end; the three-dimensional body has a first area , The first region faces the center of the three-dimensional body and is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, the first region at least partially extends to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; and the three-dimensional body Having a second area outside the first area, the second area being made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second The zone extends from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 2. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 1, wherein: the first area is centrally arranged in the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 3. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 1 to 2, wherein: the first zone contains air.

Aspect 4. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 1 to 3, wherein: the first zone is a depression in the three-dimensional body relative to the second zone, and the depression is from the remote The end extends toward the proximal end.

Aspect 5. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 4, wherein the recess extends to any amount between about 30% and about 100% of the distance from the distal end to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 6. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein: the three-dimensional body further includes a third area outside the second area, and the third area has a smaller average value than the second area. It is made of a dielectric material with a dielectric constant and a third average dielectric constant, and the third region extends from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 7. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 6, wherein: the third region includes a combination of the following materials: a dielectric material having the second average dielectric constant, and another dielectric material.

Aspect 8. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 7, wherein: the other dielectric material of the third zone is air.

Aspect 9. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 6 to 8, wherein: the third zone includes a one-piece and one-piece type that extends radially outward from the second zone and is integrated with the second zone Plural projections.

Aspect 10. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 9, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross section, each of the protrusions has a cross-sectional overall length L1 and a cross-sectional overall width W1, where L1 And W1 are each smaller than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the electromagnetic device when the electromagnetic device is electromagnetically excited.

Aspect 11. The electromagnetic device as described in aspect 10, wherein: L1 and W1 are each smaller than λ/4.

Aspect 12. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 9 to 11, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, each of the protrusions has a radially tapered shape from wide to narrow One of the cross-sectional shapes.

Aspect 13. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 1 to 12, further comprising: a fourth zone, made of a dielectric material other than air with a fourth average dielectric constant; wherein The fourth area substantially surrounds the proximal end of the three-dimensional body, and the fourth average dielectric constant is different from the third average dielectric constant.

Aspect 14. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 6 to 12, further comprising: a fourth zone, made of a dielectric material other than air with a fourth average dielectric constant; wherein The fourth area substantially surrounds the third area at the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; and wherein the fourth average dielectric constant is different from the third average dielectric constant.

Aspect 15. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 14, wherein: the third region includes a combination of the following materials: a dielectric material having the fourth average dielectric constant, and another dielectric material.

Aspect 16. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 14 to 15, wherein: the third area includes a plurality of pieces that extend outward from the fourth area and are integrated with the fourth area and are monolithic Protrusion.

Aspect 17. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 16, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, each of the protruding portions monolithic with the fourth region has an overall length of the cross-section L2 and a cross-sectional overall width W2, where L2 and W2 are each smaller than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the electromagnetic device when the electromagnetic device is electromagnetically excited.

Aspect 18. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 17, wherein: L2 and W2 are each smaller than λ/4.

Aspect 19. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 16 to 18, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, each of the protrusions is monolithic with the fourth region It has a cross-sectional shape that is tapered from wide to narrow.

Aspect 20. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 14 to 19, wherein: the fourth zone and the second zone are integrated and monolithic, and the fourth average dielectric constant is equal to the second Average dielectric constant.

Aspect 21. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 20, wherein: the third zone includes a plurality of bridge sections extending across the third zone between the second zone and the fourth zone, The bridge sections are integrated and monolithic with the second zone and the fourth zone.

Aspect 22. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 21, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, each of the bridge sections has a cross-sectional overall length L3 and a cross-sectional overall width W3, wherein L3 and W3 are each smaller than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the electromagnetic device when the electromagnetic device is electromagnetically excited.

Aspect 23. The electromagnetic device as in aspect 22, wherein: L3 and W3 are each smaller than λ/4.

Aspect 24. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 1 to 23, wherein: the second region of the three-dimensional body includes a textured outer surface having a plurality of texture features, and the texture features are in any direction It has an overall size smaller than λ, where λ is an operating wavelength of the electromagnetic device when the electromagnetic device is electromagnetically excited.

Aspect 25. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 1 to 24, wherein: all exposed surfaces of at least the second region of the three-dimensional body are inclined inwardly from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body (Draft).

Aspect 26. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 1 to 25, further comprising: a base substrate having a signal feed, and the signal feed is used for the three-dimensional The body is electromagnetically excited to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; wherein the three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body is at the center Subject to electromagnetic excitation.

Aspect 101. An electromagnetic (EM) device, comprising: a three-dimensional (3D) body, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end and a distal end; the three-dimensional body has a first part, the first part is made of Made of a dielectric material other than air with a first average dielectric constant, the first part extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body and only partially toward the distal end, and the first part forms an inner part of the three-dimensional body Part; the three-dimensional body has a second part, the second part is made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant less than the first average dielectric constant, the second part from The proximal end of the three-dimensional body extends to the distal end, the second part forms an outer part of the three-dimensional body that encloses the inner part; the first part has a first inner zone, and the first inner zone has a smaller The first average dielectric constant is a third average dielectric constant; and the second portion has a second inner region, and the second inner region has a fourth average dielectric constant that is less than the second average dielectric constant, The second inner zone is an extension of the first inner zone.

Aspect 102. The electromagnetic device of aspect 101, wherein: the second portion has a frustoconical surface close to the second inner region.

Aspect 103. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 101 to 102, wherein: the third average dielectric constant is equal to the fourth average dielectric constant.

Aspect 104. The electromagnetic device of any one of aspects 101 to 103, wherein: the first inner zone and the second inner zone each contain air.

Aspect 105. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 101 to 104, wherein: at least one of the first inner region and the second inner region includes a dielectric material other than air.

Aspect 106. The electromagnetic device of any one of aspects 101 to 105, wherein: the third average dielectric constant and the fourth average dielectric constant are both smaller than the first average dielectric constant and the second Each of the average dielectric constants.

Aspect 107. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 101 to 102, wherein: the fourth average dielectric constant is less than the third average dielectric constant.

Aspect 108. The electromagnetic device of any one of aspects 101 to 107, wherein: the first part has an overall height H1; the second part has an overall height H2; and H1 is less than about 70% of H2.

Aspect 109. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 108, wherein: H1 is about 50% of H2.

Aspect 110. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 101 to 109, wherein: the three-dimensional body has axial symmetry about a central z-axis.

Aspect 111. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 101 to 110, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, the first part and the second part each have an outer cross-sectional shape that is circular .

Aspect 112. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 101 to 111, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, the first part and the second part each have an inner cross-sectional shape that is circular .

Aspect 113. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 101 to 112, wherein: the first inner zone and the second inner zone are respectively centered relative to the central z-axis.

Aspect 114. The electromagnetic device of any one of aspects 101 to 113, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, the first part has an overall outer cross-sectional dimension D1; when viewed in an xy plane cross-section When observed, the second part has an overall outer cross-sectional dimension D2; and D1 is smaller than D2.

Aspect 115. The electromagnetic device of aspect 114, wherein: D1 is less than about 70% of D2.

Aspect 116. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 115, wherein: D1 is about 60% of D2.

Aspect 117. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 101 to 116, wherein: the first average dielectric constant is equal to or greater than 10 and equal to or less than 20; and the second average dielectric constant is equal to or greater than 4 and equal to or less than 9.

Aspect 118. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 101 to 117, wherein: all exposed surfaces of the three-dimensional body are inclined inwardly from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 119. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 101 to 118, further comprising: a base substrate with a signal feed source for electromagnetically exciting the three-dimensional body into a far field An electromagnetic field is radiated; wherein the three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body is electromagnetically excited at the center.

Aspect 201. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 1, wherein: the first zone extends from the distal end of the three-dimensional body and only partially toward the proximal end; and the second zone belongs to the first zone.

Aspect 202. The electromagnetic device of aspect 201, wherein: the dielectric material of the first region contains air.

Aspect 203. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 201 to 202, wherein: the dielectric material of the first region includes a dielectric material other than air.

Aspect 204. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 201 to 203, wherein: the first region is a recess formed in the second region.

Aspect 205. The electromagnetic device of aspect 204, wherein: the recess extends to any amount between about 30% and about 90% of the distance from the distal end to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 206. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 201 to 205, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, the first region has an overall outer cross-sectional dimension D1; when viewed in an xy plane cross-section When viewed in the middle, the second area has an overall outer cross-sectional dimension D2; and D1 is smaller than D2.

Aspect 207. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 206, wherein: when viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the second region has an outer cross-sectional shape that is circular.

Aspect 208. The electromagnetic device of aspect 207, wherein: when viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the second region has an inner cross-sectional shape that is circular.

Aspect 209. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 206 to 208, wherein: D1 and D2 are the corresponding diameters of the first zone and the second zone.

Aspect 210. The electromagnetic device of any one of aspects 201 to 209, wherein: when viewed in an xz plane cross-section, the first region has a first cross-sectional profile P1A; when viewed in a yz plane cross-section When viewed in the middle, the first area has a second cross-sectional profile P1B; and P1B is different from P1A.

Aspect 211. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 201 to 209, wherein: when viewed in an xz plane cross-section, the first region has a first cross-sectional profile P1A; when viewed in a yz plane cross-section When viewed in the middle, the first area has a second cross-sectional profile P1B; and P1B is the same as P1A.

Aspect 212. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 201 to 211, wherein: the outer side wall of the three-dimensional body is perpendicular to a central z-axis system.

Aspect 213. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 201 to 211, wherein: the outer side wall of the three-dimensional body is convex with respect to a central z-axis system.

Aspect 214. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 201 to 211, wherein: the outer side wall of the three-dimensional body is concave with respect to a central z-axis system.

Aspect 215. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 201 to 214, wherein: when viewed in an xz plane cross-section, the second region has a first outer cross-sectional profile P2A; when viewed in a yz plane When viewed in cross-section, the second area has a second outer cross-sectional profile P2B; and P2B is the same as P2A.

Aspect 216. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 201 to 214, wherein: when viewed in an xz plane cross-section, the second region has a first outer cross-sectional profile P2A; when viewed in a yz plane When viewed in the cross section, the second area has a second outer cross-sectional profile P2B; and P2B is different from P2A.

Aspect 217. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 201 to 216, further comprising: a third region made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant, the third region being The proximal end to at least the distal end of the three-dimensional body enclose at least each side of the three-dimensional body, and the third average dielectric constant is less than the second average dielectric constant and greater than the dielectric constant of air.

Aspect 218. The electromagnetic device of aspect 217, wherein: the third region extends beyond the distal end of the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 219. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 217 to 218, wherein: the dielectric material of the first region includes the dielectric material of the third region.

Aspect 220. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 201 to 219, further comprising: a base substrate having a signal feed for electromagnetically exciting the three-dimensional body into a far field An electromagnetic field is radiated; wherein the three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body is electromagnetically excited at the center.

Aspect 221. An array formed by the electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 201 to 216, operating at an operating frequency and associated wavelength, wherein: the array includes a plurality of the electromagnetic devices, the Each of the electromagnetic devices is physically connected to at least one of the electromagnetic devices by a relatively thin connection structure to form a connected array, and each connection structure is connected to one of the electromagnetic devices. The overall outer dimension is relatively thin. Each of the connecting structures has an overall cross-sectional height H3 and is formed by the dielectric material of the second region, and the overall cross-sectional height H3 is smaller than the corresponding one of the electromagnetic devices connected An electromagnetic device is 20% of the overall height H4, and each of the connecting structures and the associated electromagnetic devices form a single monolithic part of the connected array.

Aspect 222. The array according to aspect 221, further comprising: a base substrate, wherein the array is disposed on the base substrate.

Aspect 223. The array according to aspect 222, wherein the connection structure further comprises: at least one leg (leg) formed integrally with the connection structure and monolithic, the at least one leg is from the connection structure Extend down to the base substrate.

Aspect 224. The array according to aspect 223, wherein: the second region comprises a first portion, the first portion being close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; and a second portion, being close to the distal end of the three-dimensional body .

Aspect 225. The array of aspect 224, wherein: the second part abuts and contacts the first part.

Aspect 226. The array according to aspect 224, wherein: the second part is close to the first part, and there is a material gap that is the second average dielectric constant between the second part and the first part.

Aspect 227. The array according to any one of aspects 224 to 226, further comprising: a third region made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant, the third region being The proximal end to at least the distal end of the three-dimensional body enclose at least each side of the three-dimensional body, and the third average dielectric constant is less than the second average dielectric constant and greater than the dielectric constant of air.

Aspect 228. The array of aspect 227, wherein: the third area extends between adjacent ones of the electromagnetic devices in the array.

Aspect 229. The array according to any one of aspects 227 to 228, wherein: the third area is between adjacent first portions of the first portions of the electromagnetic devices corresponding to the electromagnetic devices in the array Extending; and the third region does not extend between adjacent second portions of the second portions of the electromagnetic devices corresponding to the electromagnetic devices in the array.

Aspect 230. The array according to any one of aspects 227 to 229, wherein: the second part is close to the first part, and there is a second average dielectric between the second part and the first part One of the constant material gaps.

Aspect 231. The array of aspect 230, wherein: the material gap that is the second average dielectric constant contains air.

Aspect 232. The array of aspect 230, wherein: the material gap that is the second average dielectric constant includes the dielectric material having the third average dielectric constant.

Aspect 233. The array according to any one of aspects 222 to 232, wherein: the base substrate includes a plurality of signal feeds, and each of the signal feeds is used for the electromagnetic device One of the corresponding electromagnetic devices is electromagnetically excited to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; wherein a given electromagnetic device of one of the electromagnetic devices is arranged on the base substrate relative to one of the signal feeds corresponding to the signal feed Therefore, when a specific electrical signal exists on the corresponding signal feed, the given electromagnetic device is electromagnetically excited at the center.

Aspect 301. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 1, wherein: the first region at least partially extends from a first base structure (first base structure) to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, and the first base structure is close to The proximal end of the three-dimensional body; the second zone at least partially extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; the three-dimensional body further has a third zone outside the second zone, The third region is made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant less than the second average dielectric constant, and the third region extends from a second base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, The second base structure is close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; and the three-dimensional body further has a fourth zone outside the third zone, and the fourth zone has a fourth zone greater than the third average dielectric constant. Made of a dielectric material with an average dielectric constant, the fourth area extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 302. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 301, wherein: the first base structure of the first region has a thickness H7, and is integrally formed with the second region and is monolithic.

Aspect 303. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 302, wherein: H7 is equal to or less than 0.015 inch (inch).

Aspect 304. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 301 to 303, wherein: the first region is centrally arranged in the three-dimensional body with respect to a central z-axis.

Aspect 305. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 301 to 304, wherein: the third zone is a continuum of the first zone; and the first zone and the third zone Each of them contains air.

Aspect 306. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 301 to 305, wherein: the third zone is a continuum of the first zone; and at least one of the first zone and the third zone One contains a dielectric material other than air.

Aspect 307. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 305, wherein: the third region includes a dielectric material different from the dielectric material of the first region.

Aspect 308. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 307, wherein: the dielectric material of the third region has a dielectric constant that is smaller than the dielectric constant of the dielectric material of the first region.

Aspect 309. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 301 to 308, wherein: the fourth zone is a continuum of the second zone, so that the second zone and the fourth zone are integrated with each other The ground is formed to form a monolithic body; and the fourth average dielectric constant is equal to the second average dielectric constant.

Aspect 310. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 301 to 309, further comprising: a relatively thin connection structure disposed at the proximal end of the three-dimensional body and connected to the second region and the fourth The area is integrally formed and bridged between the second area and the fourth area, so that the second area, the fourth area and the relatively thin connection structure form a monolithic body, and the relatively thin connection structure has An overall height H5, the overall height H5 is less than 20% of the overall height H6 of the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 311. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 310, wherein: the second base structure has a thickness H8 that is less than H5.

Aspect 312. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 311, wherein: H8 is equal to or less than 0.005 inches.

Aspect 313. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 301 to 312, wherein: the first region is a recess formed in the second region.

Aspect 314. The electromagnetic device of aspect 313, wherein: the recess extends between about 30% and about 95% of a distance from a distal end of the second region to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body Of any amount.

Aspect 315. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 301 to 314, wherein: the second zone and the first zone have a common central z-axis; the third zone and the second zone have a common The central z-axis; and the fourth zone and the third zone have a common central z-axis.

Aspect 316. The electromagnetic device of any one of aspects 301 to 315, wherein: the second zone completely surrounds the first zone; the third zone completely surrounds the second zone; and the fourth zone completely Surround the third zone.

Aspect 317. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 301 to 316, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, the second zone and the fourth zone each have an outer cross-section that is circular shape.

Aspect 318. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 301 to 317, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, each of the second zone and the fourth zone has a circular inner cross-section shape.

Aspect 319. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 301 to 318, wherein: all exposed surfaces of at least the second zone and the fourth zone of the three-dimensional body face from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body toward the The distal end is inclined inward.

Aspect 320. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 301 to 319, further comprising: a base substrate having a signal feed source for electromagnetically exciting the three-dimensional body into a far field An electromagnetic field is radiated; wherein the three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body is electromagnetically excited at the center.

Aspect 321. An array formed by the electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 301 to 319, wherein: the array includes a plurality of the electromagnetic devices disposed on a base substrate; the base substrate includes a plurality of signals A feed, wherein each of the signal feeds is used to electromagnetically excite one of the electromagnetic devices corresponding to the electromagnetic device to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; wherein one of the electromagnetic devices is given The electromagnetic device is arranged on the base substrate relative to one of the signal feeds corresponding to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the corresponding signal feed, the given electromagnetic device is electromagnetically excited at the center .

Aspect 401. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 1, wherein: the first region at least partially extends from a first base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, and the first base structure is close to the three-dimensional body The proximal end; the second region at least partially extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; the three-dimensional body further has a third region outside the second region, the third region being formed by Made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant less than the second average dielectric constant, the third region extends from a second base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, the second base structure Close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; the three-dimensional body further has a fourth zone outside the third zone, the fourth zone having a fourth average dielectric constant greater than the third average dielectric constant Made of dielectric material, the fourth area extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; wherein the second base structure includes a relatively thin one disposed at the proximal end of the three-dimensional body A connection structure, the relatively thin connection structure is integrally formed with the second area and the fourth area and bridges between the second area and the fourth area, so that the second area, the fourth area and the fourth area The relatively thin connecting structures are integrally formed with each other to form a monolithic body, the relatively thin connecting structure has an overall height H5, the overall height H5 is less than 30% of the overall height H6 of the three-dimensional body; Except for the thin connection structure, the second base structure in the third region does not have the monolithic dielectric material.

Aspect 402. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 401, wherein: the first base structure of the first region has a thickness H7, and is integrally formed with the second region and is a single piece.

Aspect 403. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 402, wherein: H7 is equal to or less than 0.015 inches.

Aspect 404. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 403, wherein: the relatively thin connection structure includes at least two arms bridging the second zone and the fourth zone.

Aspect 405. The electromagnetic device of any one of aspects 401 to 404, wherein: the relatively thin connecting structure has an overall width W1 that is smaller than an overall width W2 of the second region.

Aspect 406. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 405, wherein: the first region is centrally disposed in the three-dimensional body with respect to a central z-axis.

Aspect 407. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 406, wherein: the third zone is a continuum of the first zone; and each of the first zone and the third zone One contains air.

Aspect 408. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 407, wherein: the third zone is a continuum of the first zone; and at least one of the first zone and the third zone One contains a dielectric material other than air.

Aspect 409. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 408, wherein: the third region includes a dielectric material different from the dielectric material of the first region.

Aspect 410. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 409, wherein: the dielectric material of the third region has a dielectric constant which is smaller than the dielectric constant of the dielectric material of the first region.

Aspect 411. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 410, wherein: the monolithic body has a dielectric constant equal to the second average dielectric constant.

Aspect 412. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 411, wherein: the first region is a recess formed in the second region.

Aspect 413. The electromagnetic device of aspect 412, wherein: the recess extends between about 30% and about 95% of a distance from a distal end of the second region to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body Of any amount.

Aspect 414. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 413, wherein: the second zone and the first zone have a common central z-axis; the third zone and the second zone have a common The central z-axis; and the fourth zone and the third zone have a common central z-axis.

Aspect 415. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 414, wherein: the second zone completely surrounds the first zone; the third zone completely surrounds the second zone; and the fourth zone completely Surround the third zone.

Aspect 416. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 415, wherein: at least a portion of the second region has a convex outer surface.

Aspect 417. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 416, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, the second zone and the fourth zone each have an outer cross-section that is circular shape.

Aspect 418. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 417, wherein: when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, the second zone and the fourth zone each have an inner cross-section that is circular shape.

Aspect 419. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 418, wherein: all exposed surfaces of at least the second zone and the fourth zone of the three-dimensional body face from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body toward the The distal end is inclined inward.

Aspect 420. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 419, further comprising: a base substrate having a signal feed source for electromagnetically exciting the three-dimensional body into a far field An electromagnetic field is radiated; wherein the three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body is electromagnetically excited at the center.

Aspect 421. An array formed by the electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 401 to 419, wherein: the array includes a plurality of the electromagnetic devices disposed on a base substrate; the base substrate includes a plurality of signals Feeds, each of the signal feeds is used to electromagnetically excite one of the electromagnetic devices corresponding to the electromagnetic device to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; wherein one of the electromagnetic devices has a given electromagnetic field The device is arranged on the base substrate relative to a corresponding signal feed of one of the signal feeds so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the corresponding signal feed, the given electromagnetic device is electromagnetically excited at the center.

Aspect 501. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 1, further comprising: a base substrate including a first plurality of vias; wherein the three-dimensional body includes a medium other than air, and the proximal end of the three-dimensional body The base substrate is arranged such that the three-dimensional body at least partially or completely covers the first plurality of vias; wherein the first plurality of vias are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body, so that the three-dimensional body The dielectric material and the first plurality of vias form a monolithic body.

Aspect 502. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 501, wherein: the three-dimensional body completely covers the first plurality of channels.

Aspect 503. The electromagnetic device of any one of aspects 501 to 502, wherein: the first plurality of vias are completely filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 504. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 501 to 503, wherein: the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body is a moldable dielectric material.

Aspect 505. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 501 to 504, wherein: the base substrate further comprises a second plurality of passages, and the second plurality of passages can be completely covered by the three-dimensional body and be covered by the three-dimensional body. The body partially covers or is completely exposed relative to the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 506. The electromagnetic device of aspect 505, wherein: the second plurality of passages completely or partially covered by the three-dimensional body are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body or with a conductive material ; And the second plurality of vias completely exposed relative to the three-dimensional body is filled with a conductive material.

Aspect 507. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 501 to 506, wherein: the base substrate further includes a signal feed, and the signal feed is used when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed When the three-dimensional body is electromagnetically excited to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field.

Aspect 508. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 507, wherein: the three-dimensional body is disposed on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body Electromagnetically excited at the center.

Aspect 509. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 507 to 508, wherein: the signal feed includes a stripline and a slotted aperture, the slotted aperture The opening is completely covered by the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 510. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 509, wherein: the base substrate includes a conductive lower layer, a conductive upper layer, and at least one dielectric substrate disposed between the conductive lower layer and the conductive upper layer; and the The proximal end of the three-dimensional body is arranged on the upper layer.

Aspect 511. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 510, wherein the at least one dielectric substrate includes a first dielectric substrate disposed adjacent to an upper surface of the conductive lower layer and a first dielectric substrate disposed adjacent to a lower surface of the conductive upper layer A second dielectric substrate, the base substrate further comprising: a thin film adhesive disposed between the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate and attached to the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate Electrical substrate; wherein the strip line is below the slot-type opening and is orthogonal to the slot-type opening and is arranged between the film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate.

Aspect 512. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 501 to 511, wherein: the three-dimensional body has a first zone, and the first zone faces the center of the three-dimensional body and has a first average dielectric Made of a constant dielectric material, the first region at least partially extends from a first base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, the first base structure is close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; the three-dimensional body has In a second area outside the first area, the second area is made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant greater than the first average dielectric constant, the second area The three-dimensional body extends at least partially from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; the three-dimensional body has a third zone outside the second zone, and the second zone has an average dielectric smaller than the second Made of a dielectric material with one constant and one third average dielectric constant, the third region extends from a second base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, and the second base structure is close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body ; The three-dimensional body has a fourth area outside the third area, the fourth area is made of a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant greater than the third average dielectric constant, the fourth The region extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; wherein the second base structure includes a relatively thin connecting structure disposed at the proximal end of the three-dimensional body, the relatively thin connecting structure Formed integrally with the second zone and the fourth zone and bridged between the second zone and the fourth zone, so that the second zone, the fourth zone and the relatively thin connection structure are integrally formed with each other To form a part of the monolithic body, the relatively thin connection structure has an overall height H5, which is less than 30% of the overall height H6 of the three-dimensional body; and wherein, in addition to the relatively thin connection structure, The monolithic dielectric material does not exist in the second base structure in the third region.

Aspect 513. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 512, wherein: the first base structure of the first region has a thickness H7, and is integrally formed with the second region and is monolithic.

Aspect 514. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 513, wherein: H7 is equal to or less than 0.015 inches.

Aspect 515. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 512 to 514, wherein: the slot opening is completely covered by the first base structure of the first region and the second region of the three-dimensional body .

Aspect 516. The electromagnetic device of any one of aspects 512 to 515, wherein: the relatively thin connection structure includes at least two arms bridging the second region and the fourth region.

Aspect 517. The electromagnetic device of any one of aspects 512 to 516, wherein: the relatively thin connection structure has an overall width W1 that is smaller than an overall width W2 of the second region.

Aspect 518. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 501 to 517, wherein: the three-dimensional body is anchored to the base substrate through the first plurality of vias.

Aspect 519. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 501 to 518, wherein: the first plurality of passages comprise: a first pair of diametrically opposed passages, when viewed in an xy plane cross-section, have An overall width dimension D3; the second pair of diametrically opposed passages, when viewed in an xy plane section, has an overall width dimension D4; and the third pair of diametrically opposed passages, when viewed in an xy plane section , Has an overall width dimension D5.

Aspect 520. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 519, wherein: D4 is less than D3; and D5 is equal to D4.

Aspect 521. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 519 to 520, wherein: dimensions D3, D4, and D5 are diameter dimensions.

Aspect 522. The electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 501 to 521, further comprising: an electromagnetic reflection structure including a conductive structure and a conductive electromagnetic reflection that is formed integrally with the conductive structure or is electrically connected to the conductive structure Body; wherein the electromagnetic reflective structure is disposed on the conductive upper layer or is electrically connected to the conductive upper layer; wherein the conductive electromagnetic reflector forms a wall that defines and at least partially circumscribes a recess (recess); wherein the The three-dimensional body is arranged in the groove.

Aspect 523. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 522, wherein: the wall of the reflector has a height H9, and the height H9 is greater than a height H10 of the second region.

Aspect 524. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 523, wherein: in response to the presence of a 40 gigahertz (GHz) electrical signal on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body radiates an electromagnetic field into the far field with the following characteristics: Contains a gain distribution of 3dBi beam width equal to or greater than +/- 60 degrees in the electric field (E-field) direction; Contains a 3dBi beam equal to or greater than +/- 45 degrees in the magnetic field (H-field) direction One of the widths of the gain distribution; one of the gain distributions containing a 6dBi beam width equal to or greater than +/- 90 degrees in the electric field direction; and one of the 6dBi beam widths containing one of the 6dBi beam widths equal to or greater than +/- 60 degrees in the magnetic field direction Gain distribution.

Aspect 525. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 523, wherein: in response to the presence of a specific gigahertz electrical signal on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body radiates an electromagnetic field into the far field with the following characteristics: It is about 4.4 dBi at one gigahertz to about 5.8 one-boresight gain at 41 gigahertz, with a bandwidth greater than one of 10%.

Aspect 526. The electromagnetic device according to aspect 523, wherein: in response to the presence of a specific gigahertz electrical signal on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body radiates an electromagnetic field into the far field with the following characteristics: It is about 4.4 dBi at one gigahertz to a positive angle gain of approximately 6 dBi at 46 gigahertz, with a bandwidth greater than one of 20%.

Aspect 527. An array formed by the electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 501 to 526, wherein: the array includes a plurality of the electromagnetic devices arranged in a side by side arrangement, wherein The base substrate of each electromagnetic device is a continuous extension of an adjacent base substrate to form an aggregate base substrate, wherein each electromagnetic device is opposite to one of the electromagnetic devices adjacent to the electromagnetic device It includes a discrete signal feed, and each of the discrete signal feeds is used to electromagnetically excite one of the three-dimensional bodies corresponding to the three-dimensional body into a far field when a specific electrical signal exists on the associated signal feed Radiating an electromagnetic field.

Aspect 528. A method of fabricating the electromagnetic device according to any one of aspects 501 to 526, comprising: pairing a moldable dielectric by passing through the first plurality of passages from a bottom side of the base substrate Performing injection molding to mold the three-dimensional body on a top side of the base substrate; and at least partially cure the dielectric medium.

Aspect 601. An antenna subsystem for a steerable array formed by electromagnetic devices, comprising: a plurality of the electromagnetic devices, each of the electromagnetic devices includes an electromagnetic device arranged on a surface A wide field of view (FOV) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA); a sub-system board, for each of the electromagnetic devices, includes a signal feed structure; the electromagnetic devices The device is attached to the subsystem board.

Aspect 602. The antenna subsystem according to aspect 601, wherein: each of the dielectric resonant antennas includes a three-dimensional body, the three-dimensional body has a first area, the first area faces the center of the three-dimensional body, and has A dielectric material with a first average dielectric constant is made, the first region extends to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; and the three-dimensional body has a second region outside the first region, the second region being The second region is made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant greater than the first average dielectric constant, and the second region extends from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 603. The antenna subsystem according to aspect 602, wherein: the electromagnetic devices are arranged in an x×y array.

Aspect 604. The antenna subsystem of any one of aspects 602 to 603, wherein the dielectric resonant antennas are arranged on a two-dimensional (2D) surface.

Aspect 604. The antenna subsystem of any one of aspects 602 to 603, wherein: the signal feed structure includes a signal line having a signal input terminal.

Aspect 605. The antenna subsystem of aspect 604, wherein: for each of the electromagnetic devices, the subsystem board further includes a signal communication path, the signal communication path is provided with an input port at one end thereof, and the signal communication The other opposite end of the path is electrically connected to the signal input end of one of the signal feed structures corresponding to the signal feed structure.

Aspect 606. The antenna subsystem according to aspect 605, wherein: each input port of the subsystem board can be connected to an electromagnetic beam steering subsystem (EM beam steering subsystem).

Aspect 607. The antenna subsystem according to aspect 606, further comprising: an electromagnetic beam steering subsystem, including an electromagnetic beam steering chip connected to a plurality of signal communication channels, and each of the electromagnetic beam steering chips associated with the electromagnetic beam steering chip The signal communication channel has a corresponding output terminal, and the plurality of signal communication channels and the plurality of output terminals are equal in number to the electromagnetic devices; wherein one of the signal communication channels of the electromagnetic beam steering subsystem corresponds to the signal communication Each output end of the channel is connected to one of the input ports of the subsystem board of the antenna subsystem corresponding to the input port.

Aspect 608. The antenna subsystem according to any one of aspects 602 to 607, wherein: the subsystem board further comprises a plurality of non-conductive paths extending therefrom, each of the groups of non-conductive paths and the electromagnetic devices One of the different electromagnetic devices is associated; each of the three-dimensional body of one of the electromagnetic devices corresponding to the electromagnetic device is made of a dielectric material, the dielectric material is made of a medium other than air, and each three-dimensional body has a A proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end of each of the three-dimensional bodies is arranged on the subsystem board such that each of the three-dimensional bodies at least partially or completely covers a corresponding one of the groups of non-conductive paths; And the groups of non-conductive paths are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the associated three-dimensional body, so that each of the three-dimensional bodies and the dielectric material of the corresponding group of non-conductive paths that are at least partially filled are formed A monolithic body.

Aspect 609. The antenna subsystem according to aspect 608, wherein: the three-dimensional body completely covers the corresponding set of non-conductive paths.

Aspect 610. The antenna subsystem of any one of aspects 608 to 609, wherein: the sets of non-conductive paths are completely filled with the dielectric material of the associated three-dimensional body.

Aspect 611. The antenna subsystem of any one of aspects 608 to 610, wherein: the subsystem board further comprises: a conductive lower layer; a conductive upper layer; a first dielectric substrate adjacent to the conductive A second dielectric substrate is disposed adjacent to a lower surface of the conductive upper layer; and a film adhesive is disposed between the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate and is attached Attached to the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate.

Aspect 612. The antenna subsystem according to aspect 611, wherein: the signal feed structure further comprises: a strip line disposed between the thin film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate, the conductive upper layer It includes a slot type opening arranged above the corresponding strip line and orthogonal to the corresponding strip line, each of the strip lines has the signal input end, and each of the slot type openings is controlled by the corresponding The three-dimensional body of the electromagnetic device is completely covered, and the proximal end of the three-dimensional body is arranged on the conductive upper layer.

Aspect 613. The antenna subsystem of any one of aspects 611 to 612, wherein: the signal communication path of the subsystem board is disposed between the film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate, and the signal The communication path is provided with the input port at one end thereof, and the other opposite end of the signal communication path is electrically connected to the signal input end of one of the strip lines corresponding to the strip line.

Aspect 614. The antenna subsystem according to any one of aspects 611 to 613, wherein: the subsystem board further comprises a first plurality of conductive paths connecting the conductive upper layer to the conductive lower layer, the first A plurality of conductive paths are arranged on each side of the corresponding signal communication path among the signal communication paths.

Aspect 615. The antenna subsystem of any one of aspects 612 to 614, wherein: the substrate board further comprises a second plurality of conductive paths connecting the conductive upper layer to the conductive lower layer, the second A plurality of conductive paths are arranged on each side and one end of the corresponding one of the strip lines.

Aspect 616. The antenna subsystem of any one of aspects 608 to 609, wherein: the sets of non-conductive paths extend between the conductive lower layer and the conductive upper layer.

Aspect 617. The antenna subsystem according to any one of aspects 601 to 616, wherein: the electromagnetic devices correspond to any one of aspects 25, 116, 219, 319, and 419 Made of electromagnetic device.

Aspect 701. An antenna subsystem for a steerable array formed by electromagnetic devices, comprising: a plurality of the electromagnetic devices, each of the electromagnetic devices includes a wide field of view arranged on a surface (FOV) Dielectric Resonant Antennas (DRA). Each of the electromagnetic devices further includes a base substrate, and each base substrate includes a dielectric resonant antenna arranged to correspond to one of the dielectric resonant antennas. A signal feed structure for electromagnetic signal communication; wherein the base substrate of each electromagnetic device is a continuous extension of one of the base substrates adjacent to the base substrate to form an overall base substrate, the dielectric resonant antennas Attached to the overall base substrate; wherein the overall base substrate includes a plurality of input ports equal in number to the number of the dielectric resonant antennas, and each input port is electrically connected to one of the signal feed structures Corresponding to the signal feed structure, the corresponding signal feed structure performs signal communication with one of the dielectric resonant antennas corresponding to the dielectric resonant antenna; the antenna subsystem is suitable for arranging the electromagnetic devices so as to be Any arrangement size structure formed by the antenna subsystem.

Aspect 702. The antenna subsystem of aspect 701, wherein: each of the dielectric resonant antennas includes a three-dimensional body, the three-dimensional body has a first zone, the first zone faces the center of the three-dimensional body, and has A dielectric material with a first average dielectric constant is made, the first region extends to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; and the three-dimensional body has a second region outside the first region, the second region being The second region is made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant greater than the first average dielectric constant, and the second region extends from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body.

Aspect 703. The antenna subsystem of any one of aspects 701 to 702, wherein: the electromagnetic devices are arranged in an x×y array.

Aspect 704. The antenna subsystem of any one of aspects 701 to 703, wherein: the dielectric resonant antennas are arranged on a two-dimensional (2D) surface.

Aspect 705. The antenna subsystem according to any one of aspects 701 to 704, wherein: each of the input ports of the overall base substrate is a solder pad.

Aspect 706. The antenna subsystem of any one of aspects 701 to 705, wherein: the input ports of the overall base substrate can be connected to an electromagnetic beam steering subsystem.

Aspect 707. The antenna subsystem as described in any one of aspects 701 to 706, further comprising: an electromagnetic beam steering subsystem, including an electromagnetic beam steering chip connected to a plurality of signal communication channels, and the electromagnetic beam Each of the signal communication channels associated with the steering chip has a corresponding output port; wherein each output port of the electromagnetic beam steering subsystem is connected to one of the input ports of the overall base substrate of the antenna subsystem corresponding to the input port .

Aspect 708. The antenna subsystem according to any one of aspects 702 to 707, wherein each of the base substrates comprises: a conductive lower layer; a conductive upper layer; a first dielectric substrate adjacent to the conductive lower layer An upper surface is provided; and a second dielectric substrate is provided adjacent to a lower surface of the conductive upper layer; and a thin film adhesive is provided between the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate and is attached To the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate; a strip line is arranged between the thin film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate; the conductive upper layer includes a strip line that is arranged above and directly above the strip line A slot-type opening crosses the strip line, each slot-type opening is completely covered by the corresponding three-dimensional body of the electromagnetic device, and the proximal end of the three-dimensional body is arranged on the conductive upper layer.

Aspect 709. The antenna subsystem according to aspect 708, wherein: each of the input ports is electrically connected to one of the strip lines corresponding to the strip line, and the corresponding strip line is connected to the slot openings. One of the holes is associated with a slot-type opening for signal communication, and the associated slot-type opening is arranged under the three-dimensional body of a given electromagnetic device of one of the electromagnetic devices.

Aspect 710. An antenna array for a steerable array formed by an electromagnetic device, comprising a plurality of shingled antenna subsystems as described in any one of aspects 701 to 709.

Aspect 711. The antenna array of aspect 710, wherein the tiled antenna subsystems can be formed in a non-planar configuration.

Aspect 712. The antenna array according to aspect 711, wherein the overall base substrate is a flexible circuit board.

Aspect 713. The antenna subsystem according to any one of aspects 701 to 712, wherein: the electromagnetic devices are according to any one of aspects 26, 117, 220, 320, 420, and 520 One corresponds to the electromagnetic device.

[Cross Reference of Related Applications]: This application claims the rights and interests of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/772,884 filed on November 29, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

1100: electromagnetic device 1101: Orthogonal x-y-z axis 1102: Three-dimensional ontology 1103: The fourth zone and the second zone are integrated and monolithic 1104: The proximal end of the three-dimensional body 1105: Conical (inclined) line 1106: The distal end of the three-dimensional body 1107: cavity 1108: District One 1110: The center of the three-dimensional body 1112: Second District 1114: Third District 1116: Dielectric materials 1118: protrusion 1120: Fourth District 1122: protrusion 1124: bridge section 1200: base substrate 1202: signal feed 2100: electromagnetic device 2101: Orthogonal x-y-z axis 2102: Three-dimensional ontology 2104: The proximal end of the three-dimensional body 2106: The distal end of the three-dimensional body 2130: Part One 2132: The first inner area / inner part 2134: frustoconical surface 2140: Part Two 2142: Second Inner District 2144: frustoconical surface 2200: base substrate 2202: signal feed 3100: electromagnetic device 3101: Orthogonal x-y-z axis 3102: Three-dimensional ontology 3104: The proximal end of the three-dimensional body 3106: The distal end of the three-dimensional body 3108: Outer side wall of three-dimensional body 3110: Outer side wall of three-dimensional body 3112: Outer side wall of three-dimensional body 3130: District 1 3140: Second District 3142: Part One 3144: Part Two 3150: Third District 3152: bridge part 3154: gap 3200: base substrate 3202: signal feed 3300: Array formed by electromagnetic devices 3302: Connection structure 3304: feet 3306: The second part abuts and touches the first part 3308: Material gap 4100: electromagnetic device 4101: Orthogonal x-y-z axis 4102: Three-dimensional ontology 4104: The proximal end of the three-dimensional body 4106: The distal end of the three-dimensional body 4108: District 1 4110: The axial center of the three-dimensional body 4112: The first base structure 4114: Second District 4116: Third District 4118: Second base structure 4120: Fourth District 4122: Connection structure 4124: The far end of the second zone 4200: base substrate 4202: signal feed 4300: Array formed by electromagnetic devices 5100: electromagnetic device 5101: Orthogonal x-y-z axis 5102: Three-dimensional ontology 5104: The proximal end of the three-dimensional body 5106: The distal end of the three-dimensional body 5108: District 1 5110: The center of the three-dimensional body 5112: The first base structure 5114: Second District 5116: Third District 5118: second base structure 5120: Fourth District 5122: Connection structure 5124: arm 5126: The far end of the second zone 5128: Convex outer surface 6100: electromagnetic device 6101: Orthogonal x-y-z axis 6102: Three-dimensional ontology 6104: The proximal end of the three-dimensional body 6106: The distal end of the three-dimensional body 6108: District 1 6110: 3D body center 6112: The first base structure 6114: Second District 6116: Third District 6118: second base structure 6120: District 4 6122: connection structure 6124: arm 6200: base substrate 6202: signal feed 6204: The first plural channels 6206: The second plural channels 6208: Stripline 6210: Slotted hole 6212: conductive lower layer 6214: conductive upper layer 6216: The first dielectric substrate 6218: second dielectric substrate 6220: Film adhesive bonding interlayer/film adhesive 6222: The first pair of diametrically opposed passages 6224: The second pair of diametrically opposed passages 6226: The third pair of diametrically opposed passages 6230: Overall base substrate 6300: Electromagnetic reflection structure 6302: conductive structure 6304: conductive electromagnetic reflector 6306: wall 6308: Groove 6400: Array formed by electromagnetic devices 7000: antenna subsystem 7002: Surface 7010: Subsystem board 7012: Signal communication path 7014: Input port 7016: The first plurality of conductive paths 7018: The second plurality of conductive paths 7100: electromagnetic device 7101: Orthogonal x-y-z axis 7102: Three-dimensional ontology 7150: Dielectric resonance antenna 7202: Signal feed structure 7204: Signal input terminal 7208: Stripline 7500: Electromagnetic beam steering subsystem 7502: Electromagnetic beam steering chip 7504: Signal communication channel 7506: output 7508: radiator 8000: antenna subsystem 8002: surface 8100: electromagnetic device 8101: Orthogonal x-y-z axis 8102: Three-dimensional ontology 8150: Dielectric resonance antenna 8200: base substrate 8202: signal feed structure 8204: Input port 8230: Overall base substrate/flexible circuit board 8300: tiled array 8500: Electromagnetic beam steering subsystem 8502: Electromagnetic beam steering chip 8504: signal communication channel 8506: output port 8600: steerable antenna array 8610: steerable beam D1: Overall external profile size D2: Diameter/Overall profile size D3: Diameter / overall width size D4: Diameter / overall width size D5: Overall width dimension H1: Overall height H2: Overall height H3: Overall height of section H4: Overall height H5: Overall height H6: Overall height H7: Thickness H8: Thickness H9: height H10: height P1A: First profile profile P1B: Second profile profile P2A: First outer profile profile P2B: second outer profile profile L1: Overall length of the section L2: Overall length of the section L3: Overall length of the section W1: Overall width of the section W2: Overall width of the section W3: Overall width of the section W4: Overall external dimensions W5: Overall width x, y, z: axis

With reference to exemplary non-limiting drawings, in which the numbers of the same elements are the same, or the numbers of similar elements are similar but have different first numbers, in the drawings:

Figure 1A shows a corresponding transparent and three-dimensional rotating isometric view of an electromagnetic device according to an embodiment;

Figure 1B shows a partial plan view and corresponding elevation view of the electromagnetic device shown in Figure 1A according to an embodiment;

Figure 1C shows a plan view of the electromagnetic device shown in Figures 1A and 1B according to an embodiment;

Figure 2 shows a transparent rotating isometric view of an electromagnetic device according to an embodiment as an alternative to the electromagnetic device shown in Figures 1A to 1C;

Figure 3A shows the corresponding transparent rotating isometric yz cross-sectional elevation view and xz cross-sectional view of an electromagnetic device according to an embodiment as an alternative to the electromagnetic device shown in Figure 2 but related to Figures 1A to 1C Elevation view

Figure 3B shows the corresponding transparent y-z cross-sectional elevation view and x-z cross-sectional elevation view of the electromagnetic device shown in Figure 3A according to an embodiment;

3C shows an alternative transparent cross-sectional elevation view of the array formed by the electromagnetic devices shown in any one of FIGS. 3A to 3B according to one embodiment;

Figure 4A shows a corresponding three-dimensional rotating isometric view and a transparent cross-sectional elevation view of an electromagnetic device according to an embodiment as an alternative to the electromagnetic device shown in Figure 2 but related to Figures 1A to 1C;

Figure 4B shows a corresponding transparent rotating isometric view of the array formed by the electromagnetic device shown in Figure 4A according to one embodiment;

Figure 5 shows a corresponding cross-sectional elevation view, plan view, and three-dimensional rotating isometric view of an electromagnetic device according to an embodiment as an alternative to the electromagnetic device shown in Figure 2 but related to Figures 1A to 1C;

Figure 6A shows a corresponding transparent plan view and a rotated isometric view of an electromagnetic device according to an embodiment as an alternative to the electromagnetic device shown in Figure 2 but related to Figures 1A to 1C;

Figure 6B shows a corresponding transparent plan view and a rotated isometric view of a form of the electromagnetic device shown in Figure 6A according to an embodiment;

Figure 6C shows a transparent cross-sectional elevation view of another shape of the electromagnetic device shown in Figure 6A according to an embodiment;

Fig. 6D shows a transparent cross-sectional elevation view of another shape of the electromagnetic device shown in Fig. 6A according to an embodiment;

Fig. 6E, Fig. 6F, Fig. 6G, and Fig. 6H illustrate the analysis and modeling performance characteristics of a unit cell of the electromagnetic device shown in Fig. 6B according to an embodiment;

FIG. 6I shows a transparent plan view of an array formed by the electromagnetic device shown in FIG. 6B according to one embodiment;

Figure 6J shows a transparent rotating isometric view of the array formed by the electromagnetic device shown in Figure 6B according to one embodiment;

Figure 7A shows a transparent plan view of an antenna subsystem used in a steerable array formed by an electromagnetic device according to an embodiment;

Figure 7B shows a transparent rotating isometric view of the array shown in Figure 7A according to an embodiment;

Figure 7C shows a transparent side elevation view of the array shown in Figure 7A according to an embodiment;

Figure 7D shows a transparent side elevation view of the antenna subsystems shown in Figures 7A, 7B, and 7C according to an embodiment, in which an electromagnetic beam steering subsystem is coupled to the antenna subsystem;

Figure 8A shows a transparent elevation view of an antenna subsystem for a steerable array formed by an electromagnetic device according to an embodiment. The antenna subsystem is similar to that shown in Figure 7B, coupled to an electromagnetic beam steering Subsystem

Figure 8B shows a transparent elevation view of the antenna subsystem shown in Figure 8A according to an embodiment;

FIG. 8C shows a corresponding plan view and a transparent elevation view of a tile-covered planar array formed by the antenna subsystem shown in FIG. 8A according to one embodiment;

Figure 8D shows a transparent elevation view of the array shown in Figure 8C according to an embodiment;

Fig. 8E shows a transparent elevation view of the array shown in Fig. 8C and Fig. 8D according to an embodiment, which illustrates a steerable electromagnetic beam; and

Fig. 8F shows a transparent elevation view of a tile-shaped non-planar array formed by the antenna subsystem and electromagnetic beam steering subsystem shown in Fig. 8A according to one embodiment.

1100: electromagnetic device

1101: Axis

1102: Three-dimensional ontology

1104: The proximal end of the three-dimensional body

1106: The distal end of the three-dimensional body

1108: District One

1112: Second District

1114: Third District

1120: Fourth District

1200: base substrate

1202: signal feed

x, y, z: axis

Claims (179)

An electromagnetic device including: A three-dimensional body, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end and a distal end; The three-dimensional body has a first region facing the center of the three-dimensional body and made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant, and the first region extends at least partially to the center of the three-dimensional body The remote; and The three-dimensional body has a second area outside the first area, the second area being made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant greater than the first average dielectric constant, The second region extends from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 1, wherein: The first area is centrally arranged in the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 1, wherein: This first zone contains air. The electromagnetic device according to claim 1, wherein: The first zone is a recess in the three-dimensional body relative to the second zone, and the recess extends from the distal end toward the proximal end. The electromagnetic device according to claim 4, wherein: The recess extends to any amount between about 30% and about 100% of the distance from the distal end to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 1, wherein: The three-dimensional body further includes a third region outside the second region, the third region is made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant less than the second average dielectric constant, the third The zone extends from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 6, wherein: The third region includes a combination of the following materials: a dielectric material having the second average dielectric constant, and another dielectric material. The electromagnetic device according to claim 7, wherein: The other dielectric material of the third zone is air. The electromagnetic device according to claim 6, wherein: The third zone includes a plurality of projections extending radially outward from the second zone and integrated with the second zone and monolithic. The electromagnetic device according to claim 9, wherein: When viewed in an xy plane cross-section, each of the protrusions has a cross-sectional overall length L1 and a cross-sectional overall width W1, where L1 and W1 are each smaller than λ, where λ is when the electromagnetic device is subjected to electromagnetic One of the electromagnetic devices operates at a wavelength when excited. The electromagnetic device according to claim 10, wherein: L1 and W1 are each smaller than λ/4. The electromagnetic device according to claim 9, wherein: When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, each of the protrusions has a cross-sectional shape that is tapered from wide to narrow in the radial direction. The electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, further comprising: A fourth zone, made of a dielectric material other than air with a fourth average dielectric constant; Wherein the fourth zone substantially surrounds the proximal end of the three-dimensional body, and The fourth average dielectric constant is different from the third average dielectric constant. The electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 6 to 12, further comprising: A fourth zone, made of a dielectric material other than air with a fourth average dielectric constant; Wherein the fourth zone substantially surrounds the third zone at the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; and The fourth average dielectric constant is different from the third average dielectric constant. The electromagnetic device according to claim 14, wherein: The third region includes a combination of the following materials: a dielectric material having the fourth average dielectric constant, and another dielectric material. The electromagnetic device according to claim 14, wherein: The third area includes a plurality of protrusions extending outward from the fourth area and integrated with the fourth area and single-piece. The electromagnetic device according to claim 16, wherein: When viewed in an xy plane cross-section, each of the protruding portions monolithic with the fourth zone has a cross-sectional overall length L2 and a cross-sectional overall width W2, where L2 and W2 are each smaller than λ, Where λ is an operating wavelength of the electromagnetic device when the electromagnetic device is electromagnetically excited. The electromagnetic device according to claim 17, wherein: L2 and W2 are each smaller than λ/4. The electromagnetic device according to claim 16, wherein: When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, each of the protrusions in a single piece with the fourth zone has a cross-sectional shape that is tapered from wide to narrow. The electromagnetic device according to claim 14, wherein: The fourth area and the second area are integrated and monolithic, and the fourth average dielectric constant is equal to the second average dielectric constant. The electromagnetic device according to claim 20, wherein: The third zone includes a plurality of bridge segments extending across the third zone between the second zone and the fourth zone, and the bridge segments are integrated and monolithic with the second zone and the fourth zone formula. The electromagnetic device according to claim 21, wherein: When viewed in an xy plane cross-section, each of the bridge sections has a cross-sectional overall length L3 and a cross-sectional overall width W3, where L3 and W3 are each smaller than λ, where λ is when the electromagnetic device is subjected to One of the operating wavelengths of the electromagnetic device during electromagnetic excitation. Such as the electromagnetic device of claim 22, where: L3 and W3 are each smaller than λ/4. The electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein: The second zone of the three-dimensional body includes a textured outer surface with a plurality of texture features, the texture features having an overall size smaller than λ in any direction, where λ is the electromagnetic device when the electromagnetic device is excited by electromagnetic One of the devices operates at the wavelength. The electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein: All exposed surfaces of at least the second region of the three-dimensional body are drawn inwardly from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, further comprising: A base substrate having a signal feed source for electromagnetically exciting the three-dimensional body to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; The three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body is electromagnetically excited at the center. The electromagnetic device according to claim 1, wherein: The first zone extends from the distal end of the three-dimensional body and only partially toward the proximal end; and The second zone is subordinate to the first zone. The electromagnetic device according to claim 27, wherein: The dielectric material of the first zone contains air. The electromagnetic device according to claim 27, wherein: The dielectric material of the first zone includes a dielectric material other than air. The electromagnetic device according to claim 27, wherein: The first zone is a recess formed in the second zone. The electromagnetic device according to claim 30, wherein: The recess extends to any amount between about 30% and about 90% of the distance from the distal end to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 27, wherein: When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the first area has an overall outer cross-sectional size D1; When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the second area has an overall outer cross-sectional dimension D2; and D1 is smaller than D2. The electromagnetic device according to claim 32, wherein: When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the second area has an outer cross-sectional shape that is circular. The electromagnetic device according to claim 33, wherein: When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the second region has an inner cross-sectional shape that is circular. The electromagnetic device according to claim 32, wherein: D1 and D2 are the corresponding diameters of the first zone and the second zone. The electromagnetic device according to claim 27, wherein: When viewed in an x-z plane cross-section, the first area has a first cross-sectional profile P1A; When viewed in a y-z plane section, the first region has a second section profile P1B; and P1B is different from P1A. The electromagnetic device according to claim 27, wherein: When viewed in an x-z plane cross-section, the first area has a first cross-sectional profile P1A; When viewed in a y-z plane section, the first region has a second section profile P1B; and P1B is the same as P1A. The electromagnetic device according to claim 27, wherein: The outer side wall of the three-dimensional body is perpendicular to a central z-axis system. The electromagnetic device according to claim 27, wherein: The outer side wall of the three-dimensional body is convex relative to a central z-axis system. The electromagnetic device according to claim 27, wherein: The outer side wall of the three-dimensional body is concave with respect to a central z-axis system. The electromagnetic device according to claim 27, wherein: When viewed in an x-z plane cross-section, the second area has a first outer cross-sectional profile P2A; When viewed in a y-z plane cross-section, the second area has a second outer cross-sectional profile P2B; and P2B is the same as P2A. The electromagnetic device according to claim 27, wherein: When viewed in an x-z plane cross-section, the second area has a first outer cross-sectional profile P2A; When viewed in a y-z plane cross-section, the second area has a second outer cross-sectional profile P2B; and P2B is different from P2A. The electromagnetic device described in claim 27, further comprising: A third region is made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant, the third region encapsulates at least each side of the three-dimensional body from the proximal end to at least the distal end of the three-dimensional body, the The third average dielectric constant is less than the second average dielectric constant and greater than the dielectric constant of air. The electromagnetic device according to claim 43, wherein: The third zone extends beyond the distal end of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 43, wherein: The dielectric material of the first region includes the dielectric material of the third region. The electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 27 to 45, further comprising: A base substrate having a signal feed source for electromagnetically exciting the three-dimensional body to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; The three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body is electromagnetically excited at the center. An array of electromagnetic devices according to any one of claims 27 to 42, operating at an operating frequency and an associated wavelength, wherein: The array includes a plurality of the electromagnetic devices. Each electromagnetic device of the electromagnetic devices is physically connected to at least one other electromagnetic device of the electromagnetic devices by a relatively thin connection structure to form a connected array. The structure is relatively thin compared to the overall outer dimension of one of the electromagnetic devices, and each of the connecting structures has a cross-sectional overall height H3 and is formed by the dielectric material of the second region, and the cross-sectional overall height H3 is less than 20% of the overall height H4 of one of the corresponding connected electromagnetic devices of one of the electromagnetic devices, and each of the connecting structures and the associated electromagnetic devices form a single monolithic part of the connected array. The array described in claim 47 further includes: A base substrate, wherein the array is disposed on the base substrate. The array according to claim 48, wherein the connection structure further includes: At least one leg is formed integrally with the connection structure and is monolithic, and the at least one leg extends downward from the connection structure to the base substrate. The array described in claim 49, wherein: The second region includes a first portion that is close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; and A second part is close to the distal end of the three-dimensional body. The array described in claim 50, wherein: The second part abuts and contacts the first part. The array described in claim 50, wherein: The second part is close to the first part, and there is a material gap that is the second average dielectric constant between the second part and the first part. The array described in claim 50 further includes: A third region is made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant, the third region encapsulates at least each side of the three-dimensional body from the proximal end to at least the distal end of the three-dimensional body, the The third average dielectric constant is less than the second average dielectric constant and greater than the dielectric constant of air. The array described in claim 53, wherein: The third zone extends between adjacent electromagnetic devices among the electromagnetic devices in the array. The array described in claim 53, wherein: The third region extends between adjacent ones of the first portions of the electromagnetic devices corresponding to the electromagnetic devices in the array; and The third region does not extend between adjacent second parts of the second parts of the electromagnetic devices corresponding to the electromagnetic devices in the array. The array described in claim 53, wherein: The second part is close to the first part, and there is a material gap that is the second average dielectric constant between the second part and the first part. The array described in claim 56, wherein: The material gap, which is the second average dielectric constant, contains air. The array described in claim 56, wherein: The material gap that is the second average dielectric constant includes the dielectric material having the third average dielectric constant. The array described in claim 48, wherein: The base substrate includes a plurality of signal feeds, and each of the signal feeds is used for electromagnetically exciting one of the electromagnetic devices corresponding to the electromagnetic device to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; One of the electromagnetic devices. A given electromagnetic device is arranged on the base substrate with respect to a corresponding signal feed of one of the signal feeds such that when a specific electrical signal exists on the corresponding signal feed, the A given electromagnetic device is electromagnetically excited at the center. The electromagnetic device according to claim 1, wherein: The first region at least partially extends from a first base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, the first base structure being close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; The second region at least partially extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; The three-dimensional body further includes a third region outside the second region, the third region is made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant less than the second average dielectric constant, the third The zone extends from a second base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, the second base structure being close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; and The three-dimensional body further includes a fourth area outside the third area, the fourth area being made of a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant greater than the third average dielectric constant, and the fourth area The zone extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 60, wherein: The first base structure of the first zone has a thickness H7, and is integrally formed with the second zone and formed into a single piece. The electromagnetic device according to claim 61, wherein: H7 is equal to or less than 0.015 inches. The electromagnetic device according to claim 60, wherein: The first zone is centrally arranged in the three-dimensional body relative to a central z-axis. The electromagnetic device according to claim 60, wherein: The third region is a continuum of the first region; and Each of the first zone and the third zone contains air. The electromagnetic device according to claim 60, wherein: The third region is a continuum of the first region; and At least one of the first zone and the third zone includes a dielectric material other than air. The electromagnetic device according to claim 65, wherein: The third region includes a dielectric material different from the dielectric material of the first region. The electromagnetic device according to claim 66, wherein: The dielectric material of the third region has a dielectric constant which is smaller than the dielectric constant of the dielectric material of the first region. The electromagnetic device according to claim 60, wherein: The fourth zone is a continuum of the second zone, so that the second zone and the fourth zone are integrally formed with each other to form a monolithic body; and The fourth average dielectric constant is equal to the second average dielectric constant. The electromagnetic device described in claim 60 further includes: A relatively thin connection structure is provided at the proximal end of the three-dimensional body and is integrally formed with the second zone and the fourth zone and bridges between the second zone and the fourth zone, so that the first zone The two regions, the fourth region and the relatively thin connecting structure form a monolithic body. The relatively thin connecting structure has an overall height H5, which is less than 20% of the overall height H6 of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 69, wherein: The second base structure has a thickness H8 which is less than H5. The electromagnetic device according to claim 70, wherein: H8 is equal to or less than 0.005 inches. The electromagnetic device according to claim 60, wherein: The first zone is a recess formed in the second zone. The electromagnetic device according to claim 72, wherein: The recess extends to any amount between about 30% and about 95% of the distance from a distal end of the second region to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 60, wherein: The second zone and the first zone have a common center z-axis; The third zone and the second zone have a common central z-axis; and The fourth zone and the third zone have a common center z-axis. The electromagnetic device according to claim 60, wherein: The second zone completely surrounds the first zone; The third zone completely surrounds the second zone; and The fourth zone completely surrounds the third zone. The electromagnetic device according to claim 60, wherein: When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the second area and the fourth area each have an outer cross-sectional shape that is circular. The electromagnetic device according to claim 60, wherein: When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the second zone and the fourth zone each have an inner cross-sectional shape that is circular. The electromagnetic device according to claim 60, wherein: All exposed surfaces of at least the second zone and the fourth zone of the three-dimensional body are inclined inwardly from the proximal end toward the distal end of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 60 to 78, further comprising: A base substrate having a signal feed source for electromagnetically exciting the three-dimensional body to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; The three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body is electromagnetically excited at the center. An array formed by the electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 60 to 78, wherein: The array includes a plurality of the electromagnetic devices arranged on a base substrate; The base substrate includes a plurality of signal feeds, and each of the signal feeds is used to electromagnetically excite a corresponding electromagnetic device of one of the electromagnetic devices to radiate an electromagnetic field into a far field; One of the electromagnetic devices. A given electromagnetic device is arranged on the base substrate with respect to a corresponding signal feed of one of the signal feeds such that when a specific electrical signal exists on the corresponding signal feed, the A given electromagnetic device is electromagnetically excited at the center. The electromagnetic device according to claim 1, wherein: The first region at least partially extends from a first base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, the first base structure being close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; The second region at least partially extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; The three-dimensional body further includes a third region outside the second region, the third region is made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant less than the second average dielectric constant, the third The zone extends from a second base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, and the second base structure is close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; The three-dimensional body further includes a fourth area outside the third area, the fourth area being made of a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant greater than the third average dielectric constant, and the fourth area The zone extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; The second base structure includes a relatively thin connection structure disposed at the proximal end of the three-dimensional body, and the relatively thin connection structure is integrally formed with the second region and the fourth region and bridges the second region And the fourth area, so that the second area, the fourth area and the relatively thin connecting structure are integrally formed with each other to form a monolithic body, the relatively thin connecting structure has an overall height H5, the The overall height H5 is less than 30% of the overall height H6 of the three-dimensional body; and Except for the relatively thin connection structure, the second base structure in the third region does not have the monolithic dielectric material. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: The first base structure of the first zone has a thickness H7, and is integrally formed with the second zone and formed into a single piece. The electromagnetic device according to claim 82, wherein: H7 is equal to or less than 0.015 inches. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: The relatively thin connection structure includes at least two arms bridging the second zone and the fourth zone. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: The relatively thin connecting structure has an overall width W1 that is smaller than an overall width W2 of the second region. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: The first zone is centrally arranged in the three-dimensional body relative to a central z-axis. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: The third region is a continuum of the first region; and Each of the first zone and the third zone contains air. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: The third region is a continuum of the first region; and At least one of the first zone and the third zone includes a dielectric material other than air. The electromagnetic device according to claim 88, wherein: The third region includes a dielectric material different from the dielectric material of the first region. The electromagnetic device according to claim 89, wherein: The dielectric material of the third region has a dielectric constant which is smaller than the dielectric constant of the dielectric material of the first region. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: The monolithic body has a dielectric constant equal to the second average dielectric constant. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: The first zone is a recess formed in the second zone. The electromagnetic device according to claim 92, wherein: The recess extends to any amount between about 30% and about 95% of the distance from a distal end of the second region to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: The second zone and the first zone have a common center z-axis; The third zone and the second zone have a common central z-axis; and The fourth zone and the third zone have a common center z-axis. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: The second zone completely surrounds the first zone; The third zone completely surrounds the second zone; and The fourth zone completely surrounds the third zone. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: At least a part of the second region has a convex outer surface. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the second area and the fourth area each have an outer cross-sectional shape that is circular. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the second zone and the fourth zone each have an inner cross-sectional shape that is circular. The electromagnetic device according to claim 81, wherein: All exposed surfaces of at least the second zone and the fourth zone of the three-dimensional body are inclined inwardly from the proximal end toward the distal end of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 81 to 99, further comprising: A base substrate having a signal feed source for electromagnetically exciting the three-dimensional body to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; The three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body is electromagnetically excited at the center. An array formed by the electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 81 to 99, wherein: The array includes a plurality of the electromagnetic devices arranged on a base substrate; The base substrate includes a plurality of signal feeds, and each of the signal feeds is used for electromagnetically exciting one of the electromagnetic devices corresponding to the electromagnetic device to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; One of the electromagnetic devices. A given electromagnetic device is arranged on the base substrate with respect to a corresponding signal feed of one of the signal feeds such that when a specific electrical signal exists on the corresponding signal feed, the A given electromagnetic device is electromagnetically excited at the center. The electromagnetic device described in claim 1, further comprising: A base substrate including a first plurality of vias; Wherein the three-dimensional body contains a medium other than air, and the proximal end of the three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate such that the three-dimensional body at least partially or completely covers the first plurality of passages; The first plurality of vias are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body, so that the three-dimensional body and the dielectric material of the first plurality of vias form a monolithic body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 102, wherein: The three-dimensional body completely covers the first plurality of passages. The electromagnetic device according to claim 102, wherein: The first plurality of vias are completely filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 102, wherein: The dielectric material of the three-dimensional body is a moldable dielectric material. The electromagnetic device according to claim 102, wherein: The base substrate further includes a second plurality of passages, and the second plurality of passages can be completely covered by the three-dimensional body, partially covered by the three-dimensional body, or completely exposed relative to the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 106, wherein: The second plurality of vias completely or partially covered by the three-dimensional body are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the three-dimensional body or with a conductive material; and The second plurality of vias completely exposed with respect to the three-dimensional body are filled with a conductive material. The electromagnetic device according to claim 102, wherein: The base substrate further includes a signal feed, which is used for electromagnetically exciting the three-dimensional body to radiate an electromagnetic field into a far field when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed. The electromagnetic device according to claim 108, wherein: The three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body is electromagnetically excited at the center. The electromagnetic device according to claim 108, wherein: The signal feed source includes a strip line and a slot type opening, and the slot type opening is completely covered by the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 110, wherein: The base substrate includes a conductive lower layer, a conductive upper layer, and at least one dielectric substrate disposed between the conductive lower layer and the conductive upper layer; and The proximal end of the three-dimensional body is arranged on the upper layer. The electromagnetic device according to claim 111, wherein the at least one dielectric substrate includes a first dielectric substrate disposed adjacent to an upper surface of the conductive lower layer and a second dielectric substrate disposed adjacent to a lower surface of the conductive upper layer An electric substrate, the base substrate further comprising: A thin-film adhesive disposed between the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate and attached to the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate; The strip line is disposed between the film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate under the slotted opening and orthogonal to the slotted opening. The electromagnetic device according to claim 102, wherein: The three-dimensional body has a first region facing the center of the three-dimensional body and is made of a dielectric material having a first average permittivity, and the first region is at least partially from a first base structure Extending to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, the first base structure is close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; The three-dimensional body has a second area outside the first area, the second area being made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant greater than the first average dielectric constant, The second region at least partially extends from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; The three-dimensional body has a third area outside the second area, the second area is made of a dielectric material having a third average dielectric constant less than the second average dielectric constant, the third area Extending from a second base structure to the distal end of the three-dimensional body, the second base structure being close to the proximal end of the three-dimensional body; The three-dimensional body has a fourth area outside the third area, the fourth area is made of a dielectric material having a fourth average dielectric constant greater than the third average dielectric constant, and the fourth area Extending from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; The second base structure includes a relatively thin connection structure disposed at the proximal end of the three-dimensional body, and the relatively thin connection structure is integrally formed with the second region and the fourth region and bridges the second region. Between the area and the fourth area, so that the second area, the fourth area, and the relatively thin connection structure are integrally formed with each other to form a part of the monolithic body, and the relatively thin connection structure has an overall height H5, the overall height H5 is less than 30% of the overall height H6 of the three-dimensional body; and Except for the relatively thin connection structure, the second base structure in the third region does not have the monolithic dielectric material. The electromagnetic device according to claim 113, wherein: The first base structure of the first zone has a thickness H7, and is integrally formed with the second zone and formed into a single piece. The electromagnetic device according to claim 114, wherein: H7 is equal to or less than 0.015 inches. The electromagnetic device according to claim 113, wherein: The slot type opening is completely covered by the first base structure of the first zone and the second zone of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device according to claim 113, wherein: The relatively thin connection structure includes at least two arms bridging the second zone and the fourth zone. The electromagnetic device according to claim 113, wherein: The relatively thin connecting structure has an overall width W1 that is smaller than an overall width W2 of the second region. The electromagnetic device according to claim 102, wherein: The three-dimensional body is anchored to the base substrate through the first plurality of vias. The electromagnetic device according to claim 102, wherein: The first plurality of paths include: The first pair of diametrically opposed passages has an overall width dimension D3 when viewed in an x-y plane cross-section; The second pair of diametrically opposed passages, when viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, has an overall width dimension D4; and The third pair of diametrically opposed passages has an overall width dimension D5 when viewed in an x-y plane cross-section. The electromagnetic device according to claim 120, wherein: D4 is less than D3; and D5 is equal to D4. The electromagnetic device according to claim 120, wherein: Dimensions D3, D4 and D5 are diameter dimensions. The electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 102 to 122, further comprising: An electromagnetic reflective structure, including a conductive structure and a conductive electromagnetic reflector that is integrally formed with the conductive structure or is electrically connected to the conductive structure; The electromagnetic reflection structure is disposed on the conductive upper layer or is in electrical communication with the conductive upper layer; The conductive electromagnetic reflector forms a wall that defines and at least partially circumscribes a groove; The three-dimensional body is arranged in the groove. The electromagnetic device according to claim 123, wherein: The wall of the reflector has a height H9 that is greater than a height H10 of the second zone. The electromagnetic device according to claim 124, wherein: Due to the presence of a 40 gigahertz electrical signal on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body radiates an electromagnetic field into the far field with the following characteristics: Contains a gain distribution equal to or greater than a 3dBi beam width of +/- 60 degrees in the electric field direction; Contains a gain distribution of a 3dBi beam width equal to or greater than +/- 45 degrees in the direction of the magnetic field; Contains a gain profile of 6dBi beam width equal to or greater than +/- 90 degrees in the electric field direction; and Contains a gain profile equal to or greater than a 6dBi beam width of +/- 60 degrees in the magnetic field direction. The electromagnetic device according to claim 124, wherein: Due to the presence of a specific gigahertz electrical signal on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body radiates an electromagnetic field into the far field with the following characteristics: It is about 4.4 dBi at 36 gigahertz to a positive angle gain of about 5.8 at 41 gigahertz, with a bandwidth of more than 10%. The electromagnetic device according to claim 124, wherein: Due to the presence of a specific gigahertz electrical signal on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body radiates an electromagnetic field into the far field with the following characteristics: It is about 4.4 dBi at 36 gigahertz to a positive angle gain of about 6 dBi at 46 gigahertz, with a bandwidth greater than 20%. An array formed by the electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 102 to 122, wherein: The array includes a plurality of the electromagnetic devices arranged in a side-by-side arrangement, wherein the base substrate of each electromagnetic device is a continuous extension of an adjacent base substrate to form an overall base substrate, wherein each electromagnetic device is opposite One of the electromagnetic devices adjacent to one of the electromagnetic devices includes a discrete signal feed, and each of the discrete signal feeds is used for the three-dimensional body when a specific electrical signal exists on the associated signal feed One of them corresponds to the electromagnetic excitation of the three-dimensional body to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field. A method of manufacturing the electromagnetic device according to any one of claims 102 to 122, comprising: Molding the three-dimensional body onto a top side of the base substrate by injection molding a moldable dielectric through the first plurality of passages from a bottom side of the base substrate; and The dielectric medium is at least partially cured. An antenna subsystem used in a steerable array formed by electromagnetic devices, including: A plurality of the electromagnetic devices, each of the electromagnetic devices includes a wide-field dielectric resonant antenna arranged on a surface; A subsystem board, for each of the electromagnetic devices, including a signal feed structure; The electromagnetic devices are attached to the subsystem board. The antenna subsystem according to claim 130, wherein: Each of the dielectric resonant antennas includes a three-dimensional body. The three-dimensional body has a first area facing the center of the three-dimensional body. The first area is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant. A region extends to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; and The three-dimensional body has a second area outside the first area, the second area being made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant greater than the first average dielectric constant, The second region extends from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body. The antenna subsystem according to claim 131, wherein: The electromagnetic devices are arranged in an x×y array. The antenna subsystem according to claim 131, wherein: The dielectric resonant antennas are arranged on a two-dimensional surface. The antenna subsystem according to claim 131, wherein: The signal feed structure includes a signal line with a signal input terminal. The antenna subsystem according to claim 134, wherein: For each of the electromagnetic devices, the subsystem board further includes a signal communication path, the signal communication path is provided with an input port at one end thereof, and the other opposite end of the signal communication path is electrically connected to the signal feed structures. One corresponds to the signal input end of the signal feed structure. The antenna subsystem according to claim 135, wherein: Each input port of the subsystem board can be connected to an electromagnetic beam steering subsystem. The antenna subsystem described in claim 136 further includes: An electromagnetic beam steering subsystem includes an electromagnetic beam steering chip connected to a plurality of signal communication channels, each of the signal communication channels associated with the electromagnetic beam steering chip has a corresponding output end, the plurality of signal communication channels and the The number of output terminals is equal in number to the electromagnetic devices; One of the signal communication channels of the electromagnetic beam steering subsystem corresponds to each of the output terminals of the signal communication channel connected to one of the input ports of the subsystem board of the antenna subsystem. The antenna subsystem according to any one of claim items 131 to 137, wherein: The subsystem board further includes a plurality of non-conductive paths extending therefrom, and each of the non-conductive paths is associated with a different electromagnetic device of the electromagnetic devices; One of the electromagnetic devices corresponds to each of the three-dimensional body of the electromagnetic device is made of a dielectric material, the dielectric material is composed of a medium other than air, each of the three-dimensional body has a proximal end and a distal end, each The proximal end of the three-dimensional body is arranged on the subsystem board such that each of the three-dimensional bodies at least partially or completely covers a corresponding one of the groups of non-conductive paths; and The sets of non-conductive paths are at least partially filled with the dielectric material of the associated three-dimensional body, so that each of the three-dimensional bodies and the dielectric material of the corresponding set of non-conductive paths that are at least partially filled form a Monolithic body. The antenna subsystem according to claim 138, wherein: The three-dimensional body completely covers the corresponding set of non-conductive paths. The antenna subsystem according to claim 138, wherein: The sets of non-conductive paths are completely filled with the dielectric material of the associated three-dimensional body. The antenna subsystem according to claim 138, wherein: The subsystem board further includes: a conductive lower layer; a conductive upper layer; a first dielectric substrate disposed adjacent to an upper surface of the conductive lower layer; and a second dielectric substrate adjacent to a lower surface of the conductive upper layer Setting; and a thin film adhesive, disposed between the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate and attached to the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate. The antenna subsystem described in claim 141, wherein: The signal feed structure further includes: a strip line disposed between the film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate, and the conductive upper layer includes a strip line disposed above the corresponding strip line and orthogonal to the corresponding A slot-type opening of the strip line, each of the strip lines has the signal input end, each of the slot-type openings is completely covered by the three-dimensional body of the corresponding electromagnetic device, and the proximal end of the three-dimensional body is provided On the conductive upper layer. The antenna subsystem described in claim 141, wherein: The signal communication path of the subsystem board is arranged between the film adhesive and the second dielectric substrate, the signal communication path is provided with the input port at one end thereof, and the other opposite end of the signal communication path is electrically Connect to the signal input terminal of one of the strip lines corresponding to the strip line. The antenna subsystem described in claim 141, wherein: The sub-system board further includes a first plurality of conductive paths connecting the conductive upper layer to the conductive lower layer, and the first plurality of conductive paths are disposed on each side of the corresponding signal communication path among the signal communication paths . The antenna subsystem described in claim 142, wherein: The substrate plate further includes a second plurality of conductive paths connecting the conductive upper layer to the conductive lower layer, the second plurality of conductive paths being disposed on each side of the corresponding one of the strip lines, and At one end. The antenna subsystem according to claim 138, wherein: The sets of non-conductive paths extend between the conductive lower layer and the conductive upper layer. The antenna subsystem according to claim 130, wherein: These electromagnetic devices are based on the corresponding electromagnetic devices as described in any one of Claims 1, 27, 60, 81 and 148. An electromagnetic device including: A three-dimensional body, made of a dielectric material, having a proximal end and a distal end; The three-dimensional body has a first part made of a dielectric material other than air having a first average permittivity, and the first part is from the proximal end of the three-dimensional body and only partially toward the far End extension, the first part forms an inner part of the three-dimensional body; The three-dimensional body has a second part made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant less than the first average dielectric constant, and the second part is formed from the three-dimensional The proximal end of the body extends to the distal end, and the second part forms an outer part of the three-dimensional body that encloses the inner part; The first portion has a first inner region, the first inner region having a third average dielectric constant that is less than the first average dielectric constant; and The second portion has a second inner region, the second inner region has a fourth average dielectric constant that is less than the second average dielectric constant, and the second inner region is an extension of the first inner region . The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein The second part has a frusto-conical surface close to the second inner zone. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: The third average dielectric constant is equal to the fourth average dielectric constant. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: The first inner zone and the second inner zone each contain air. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: At least one of the first inner region and the second inner region includes a dielectric material other than air. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: The third average dielectric constant and the fourth average dielectric constant are both smaller than each of the first average dielectric constant and the second average dielectric constant. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: The fourth average dielectric constant is less than the third average dielectric constant. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: The first part has an overall height H1; The second part has an overall height H2; and H1 is less than about 70% of H2. The electromagnetic device according to claim 155, wherein: H1 is about 50% of H2. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: The three-dimensional body has axial symmetry about a central z-axis. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the first part and the second part each have an outer cross-sectional shape that is circular. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the first part and the second part each have an inner cross-sectional shape that is circular. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: The first inner zone and the second inner zone are respectively centered relative to the central z-axis. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: When viewed in an x-y plane section, the first part has an overall outer section size D1; When viewed in an x-y plane cross-section, the second part has an overall outer cross-sectional dimension D2; and D1 is smaller than D2. The electromagnetic device according to claim 161, wherein: D1 is less than about 70% of D2. The electromagnetic device according to claim 162, wherein: D1 is about 60% of D2. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: The first average dielectric constant is equal to or greater than 10 and equal to or less than 20; and The second average dielectric constant is equal to or greater than 4 and equal to or less than 9. The electromagnetic device according to claim 148, wherein: All exposed surfaces of the three-dimensional body are inclined inwardly from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body. The electromagnetic device described in any one of Claims to 148 to 165, further comprising: A base substrate having a signal feed source for electromagnetically exciting the three-dimensional body to radiate an electromagnetic field into the far field; The three-dimensional body is arranged on the base substrate relative to the signal feed so that when a specific electrical signal exists on the signal feed, the three-dimensional body is electromagnetically excited at the center. An antenna subsystem used in a steerable array formed by electromagnetic devices, including: A plurality of the electromagnetic devices, each of the electromagnetic devices includes a wide-field dielectric resonant antenna arranged on a surface, each of the electromagnetic devices further includes a base substrate, each of the electromagnetic devices The base substrate includes a signal feed structure configured to perform electromagnetic signal communication with one of the dielectric resonant antennas corresponding to the dielectric resonant antenna; The base substrate of each electromagnetic device is a continuous extension of one of the base substrates adjacent to the base substrate to form an overall base substrate, and the dielectric resonant antennas are attached to the overall base substrate; The overall base substrate includes a plurality of input ports equal in number to the number of the dielectric resonant antennas, each of the input ports is electrically connected to one of the signal feed structures corresponding to the signal feed structure, and the corresponding The signal feed structure performs signal communication with one of the dielectric resonant antennas corresponding to the dielectric resonant antenna; The antenna subsystem provides a structure suitable for arranging the electromagnetic devices into any arrangement size that can be formed by a plurality of the antenna subsystems. The antenna subsystem according to claim 167, wherein: Each of the dielectric resonant antennas includes a three-dimensional body. The three-dimensional body has a first area facing the center of the three-dimensional body. The first area is made of a dielectric material having a first average dielectric constant. A region extends to the distal end of the three-dimensional body; and The three-dimensional body has a second area outside the first area, the second area being made of a dielectric material other than air having a second average dielectric constant greater than the first average dielectric constant, The second region extends from the proximal end to the distal end of the three-dimensional body. The antenna subsystem according to claim 167, wherein: The electromagnetic devices are arranged in an x×y array. The antenna subsystem according to claim 167, wherein: The dielectric resonant antennas are arranged on a two-dimensional (2D) surface. The antenna subsystem according to claim 167, wherein: Each of the input ports of the overall base substrate is a solder pad. The antenna subsystem according to claim 167, wherein: The input ports of the overall base substrate can be connected to an electromagnetic beam steering subsystem. The antenna subsystem described in claim 167 further includes: An electromagnetic beam steering subsystem including an electromagnetic beam steering chip connected to a plurality of signal communication channels, and each signal communication channel associated with the electromagnetic beam steering chip has a corresponding output port; Each of the output ports of the electromagnetic beam steering subsystem is connected to one of the input ports of the overall base substrate of the antenna subsystem corresponding to the input port. The antenna subsystem according to claim 168, wherein each base substrate includes: A conductive lower layer; a conductive upper layer; a first dielectric substrate disposed adjacent to an upper surface of the conductive lower layer; and a second dielectric substrate disposed adjacent to a lower surface of the conductive upper layer; and a film bonding Agent, disposed between the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate and attached to the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate; a strip line, disposed between the film adhesive and the Between the second dielectric substrates, the conductive upper layer includes a slot-shaped opening disposed above the strip line and orthogonal to the strip line, each of the slot-shaped openings is defined by the corresponding electromagnetic device The three-dimensional body is completely covered, and the proximal end of the three-dimensional body is arranged on the conductive upper layer. The antenna subsystem described in claim 174, wherein: Each of the input ports is electrically connected to a corresponding strip line of one of the strip lines, and the corresponding strip line is associated with one of the slot openings for signal communication. The joint slot type opening is arranged under the three-dimensional body of a given electromagnetic device of one of the electromagnetic devices. An antenna array for a steerable array formed by an electromagnetic device, comprising a plurality of shingled antenna subsystems according to any one of claims 167 to 175. The antenna array according to claim 176, wherein the tiled antenna subsystems can be formed in a non-planar configuration. The antenna array according to claim 177, wherein the overall base substrate is a flexible circuit board. The antenna subsystem according to claim 167, wherein: These electromagnetic devices are based on the corresponding electromagnetic devices as described in any one of claims 1, 27, 60, 81, 102, and 148.

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