TW201400661A - Nonwoven fabric and production method for nonwoven fabric - Google Patents

Abstract

Provided are a nonwoven fabric that is capable of suitably removing dirt when used to wipe in the machine direction or in the width direction of said nonwoven fabric, and a production method for the nonwoven fabric. The production method for nonwoven fabric of the present invention includes: a step (12) in which a stream of high-pressure water is sprayed on a paper layer in order to form concave sections on the surface of said paper layer that extend in the machine direction and are arranged intermittently in the width direction; a step (20) in which the paper layer on which the stream of high-pressure water was sprayed is dried so as to have a water content of 10-45% or less by adhering the paper layer on which the stream of high-pressure water was sprayed to the surface of a rotating cylindrical dryer; a step (26) in which crepe is formed on the paper layer by separating the paper layer that is adhered to the surface of the cylindrical dryer from said surface using a doctor blade; and a step (14) in which grooves are formed on the surface of the paper layer while leaving the crepe that is formed on the paper layer intact by spraying high-pressure steam from a steam nozzle on the paper layer having crepe formed thereon. The nonwoven fabric of the present invention is produced using the abovementioned production method.

Description

Non-woven fabric and non-woven fabric manufacturing method

This invention relates to nonwoven fabrics, and more particularly to nonwoven fabrics that are optimally applied to wipes. Further, the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing the above non-woven fabric.

It is known in the prior art to transfer a fiber sheet having a moisture content of 50 to 85% by weight to a fine-hole pattern web which is wound around the attraction portion, and the fiber sheet is held in a state of being held on a clear-pored pattern. At the same time as the attraction, or the water flakes having a heat of 5 kcal/kg or more are blown onto the fiber sheets before and after the suction, the fiber sheets are formed with a pattern corresponding to the fine-hole pattern net, and then dried in a drying step. Thereby, a method of producing a bulky paper having patterned bulk paper is obtained (for example, Patent Document 1). The bulky paper produced by the manufacturing method is used in a kitchen cloth, a paper towel, a facial tissue or the like. According to the method for producing a bulky paper, it is possible to produce a bulky paper having a large thickness, high water absorbability, excellent softness, and moderate solidity.

[first technology offer]

[Patent Literature]

[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-34690

When the non-woven fabric is used as a wiping cloth, in addition to the necessity of large thickness, high water absorbability, excellent softness, and moderate firmness, it is also important to effectively remove dirt when wiping. In particular, when the user uses the cloth, the mechanical direction and the width direction of the cloth are not noticed, so whether the direction in which the object is wiped with the cloth is the mechanical direction of the cloth or the width direction of the cloth is It is an important issue to be able to effectively remove dirt.

Accordingly, the present invention has an object of providing a nonwoven fabric and a nonwoven fabric manufacturing method capable of effectively removing dirt even when the wiping direction is the mechanical direction or the width direction of the nonwoven fabric.

In order to solve the above problems, the present invention adopts the following configuration.

That is, the method for producing a nonwoven fabric of the present invention comprises the steps of: supplying a papermaking raw material containing moisture to a belt moving in a direction, forming a paper layer on the belt; spraying a high-pressure water stream on the paper layer to cause the paper layer to face the machine The direction is extended, and a step of intermittently arranging the concave portions in the width direction is formed on the surface; the paper layer after the high-pressure water jet is attached to the rotating cylindrical dryer table a step of drying the paper layer after the high-pressure water jet is dried to a moisture content of 10% to 45% or less; the paper layer attached to the surface of the cylindrical dryer is pulled away from the surface thereof by the adjusting blade a step of forming a layer of paper on the paper layer; and spraying the high-pressure water vapor from the vapor nozzle on the layer of paper on which the crucible is formed, thereby retaining the groove portion having a width larger than the width of the recess and extending in the machine direction The step of forming a surface of the paper layer at the same time as the paper layer.

Further, the nonwoven fabric of the present invention has a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction intersecting the longitudinal direction, a thickness direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction and the lateral direction, a surface perpendicular to the thickness direction, and the other side facing the thickness direction. The surface is formed to have a groove portion extending in the lateral direction in one surface, and a crucible extending in the longitudinal direction on one surface and the other surface.

According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a non-woven fabric capable of effectively removing dirt even when the wiping direction is the mechanical direction or the width direction of the non-woven fabric.

1‧‧‧Nonwoven manufacturing equipment

11‧‧‧Material supply head

12‧‧‧High pressure water jet nozzle

13‧‧‧ suction tube

14‧‧‧Vapor nozzle

15‧‧‧Attraction box

16‧‧‧Conveyor belt for paper layer formation

17‧‧‧Attracting Pickup

18,19‧‧‧Conveyor belt for paper layer handling

20, 22‧‧‧ Drying dryer

21‧‧‧Winding machine

23‧‧‧paper layer

26‧‧‧Adjusting knife

31‧‧‧High pressure water flow

32‧‧‧ recess

41‧‧‧Paper layer forming belt

51‧‧‧High pressure water vapor

52‧‧‧绉

53‧‧‧ Groove Department

57‧‧‧ hair raising

Fig. 1 is an explanatory view of a nonwoven fabric manufacturing apparatus used in a method of manufacturing a nonwoven fabric according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a view showing an example of a high pressure water flow nozzle.

Fig. 3 is a view showing an example of a nozzle hole of a high pressure water jet nozzle.

Fig. 4 is an explanatory view showing the principle of the high-pressure water flow interlacing the fibers of the paper layer.

Fig. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the width direction of the paper layer after the high-pressure water jet is sprayed.

Fig. 6 is a view showing an example of a high pressure water vapor nozzle.

Fig. 7 is a view showing an example of a nozzle hole of a high pressure steam nozzle.

Fig. 8 is an explanatory view showing the principle that the high-pressure water vapor loosens the fibers of the paper layer so that the paper layer becomes bulky and high.

Figure 9 is a schematic perspective view of a portion of the paper layer after high pressure steam injection.

Fig. 10 is a photomicrograph showing the surface of a nonwoven fabric according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[Embodiment of the Invention]

Hereinafter, a method of manufacturing a nonwoven fabric according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Fig. 1 is an explanatory view of a nonwoven fabric manufacturing apparatus 1 used in a method of manufacturing a nonwoven fabric according to an embodiment of the present invention.

First, a papermaking raw material containing water such as a fiber suspension is supplied to the raw material supply head 11. The papermaking raw material supplied to the raw material supply head 11 is supplied from the raw material supply head 11 to the paper layer forming belt of the paper layer forming conveyance belt 16, and is deposited on the paper layer forming belt. The paper layer forming belt is preferably a support having a gas permeability through which the vapor can pass. For example, a metal mesh, a felt, or the like can be used as a paper layer forming tape.

The fiber used for the papermaking raw material supplied to the raw material supply head 11 is preferably a short fiber having a fiber length of 20 mm or less. For the short fibers mentioned above, for example, chemical pulp of conifer or broad-leaved trees; wood pulp such as semi-chemical pulp and mechanical pulp; mercerized pulp and bonded pulp which are chemically treated for the wood pulp; non-wood systems such as hemp or cotton Cellulose fibers such as fibers and regenerated fibers such as rayon fibers; and synthetic fibers such as polyethylene fibers, polypropylene fibers, polyester fibers, and polyamide fibers. The fibers used for the papermaking raw materials are preferably cellulose fibers such as wood pulp, non-wood pulp, and rayon fibers.

The papermaking material deposited on the paper layer forming belt is formed by moderately dehydrating the suction box 15 to form the paper layer 23. The paper layer 23 is disposed between the two suction boxes 15 disposed at opposite positions of the high-pressure water flow nozzle 12 by the two high-pressure water flow nozzles 12 disposed on the paper layer forming belt and the paper layer forming belt. The high pressure water jet nozzle 12 injects a high pressure water stream onto the paper layer 23. The suction tank 15 picks up the water sprayed by the high-pressure water jet nozzle 12 and collects it. A high-pressure water jet is ejected from the high-pressure water jet nozzle 12 onto the paper layer 23, and a concave portion is formed on the surface of the paper layer 23.

One of the high pressure water jet nozzles 12 is shown, for example, in FIG. The high-pressure water jet nozzle 12 ejects a plurality of high-pressure water streams 31 arranged in the width direction (CD) of the paper layer 23 toward the paper layer 23. As a result, on the surface of the paper layer 23, a plurality of concave portions 32 which are intermittently arranged in the width direction (CD) of the paper layer 23 in the machine direction (MD) are formed.

One of the nozzle holes of the high pressure water jet nozzle 12 is as shown in Fig. 3, for example. The nozzle holes 121 of the high pressure water flow nozzle 12 are, for example, arranged in a row. Placed in the width direction (CD) of the paper layer. The aperture of the nozzle hole 121 is preferably 90 to 150 μm. When the diameter of the nozzle hole 121 is less than 90 μm, there is a case where the nozzle is easily clogged. When the diameter of the nozzle hole 121 is larger than 150 μm, the processing efficiency may be poor.

The hole pitch of the nozzle holes 121 [the distance between the centers of the holes adjacent to the width direction (CD)] is preferably 0.5 to 1.0 mm. When the hole pitch of the nozzle hole 121 is less than 0.5 mm, the pressure resistance of the nozzle may be lowered to cause breakage. Further, if the hole pitch of the nozzle holes 121 is larger than 1.0 mm, the fiber interlacing may be insufficient.

When the paper layer 23 is subjected to a high-pressure water flow, as shown in Fig. 2, the concave portion 32 is formed in the paper layer 23 and the fibers of the paper layer 23 are staggered with each other, so that the strength of the paper layer 23 becomes high. Next, the principle in which the fibers of the paper layer 23 are interlaced when the paper layer 23 is subjected to the high-pressure water flow will be described with reference to Fig. 4 . However, this principle is not intended to limit the invention.

As shown in Fig. 4, when the high pressure water flow nozzle 12 sprays the high pressure water stream 31 on the paper layer 23, the high pressure water stream 31 passes through the paper layer 23 and the paper layer forming belt 41. As a result, the fibers of the paper layer 23 are retracted toward the high pressure water stream 31 through the portion 42 of the paper layer forming belt 41. As a result, the fibers of the paper layer 23 are concentrated toward the high pressure water stream 31 through the portion 42 of the paper layer forming belt 41, whereby the fibers are staggered with each other.

The interlacing of the fibers of the paper layer 23 causes the strength of the paper layer 23 to become high. As a result, in the subsequent step, even if the high-pressure water vapor is ejected toward the paper layer 23, the opening of the paper layer 23 or the paper layer 23 is broken or blown off. In addition, even if the papermaking raw material is not added with a paper strength enhancer, The wetting strength of the paper layer 23 is increased.

A schematic cross-sectional view of the paper layer 23 passing through the position between the two high-pressure water jet nozzles 12 and the two suction boxes 15 (symbol 24 in Fig. 1) in the width direction is shown in Fig. 5. The high pressure water flow causes the surface of the paper layer 23 to have a recess 32 formed therein. The surface on the opposite side to the surface on which the paper layer 23 is ejected by the high-pressure water stream is a pattern (not shown) corresponding to the pattern in which the paper layer forming belt is formed.

Then, as shown in Fig. 1, the paper layer 23 is conveyed by the suction pickup 17 to the paper layer conveyance belt 18. Further, the paper layer 23 is conveyed to the paper layer conveyance belt 19, and then conveyed to the drying dryer 20.

The drying dryer 20 is to dry the paper layer 23 sprayed by the high pressure water stream. For the drying dryer 20, for example, a Yankee dryer can be employed. The drying dryer 20 includes a rotating cylindrical dryer whose surface is heated to about 160 ° C by steam or the like. In the drying dryer 20, the paper layer 23 is adhered to the surface of the rotating cylindrical dryer to dry the paper layer 23.

The drying dryer 20 is preferably such that the paper layer 23 is dried to a moisture content of 10 to 45%, and the paper layer 23 is dried to a moisture content of 20 to 40%. Here, the water content refers to the amount of water contained in the paper layer when the dry mass of the paper layer 23 is 100%.

When the water content of the paper layer 23 is less than 10%, the hydrogen bonding force between the fibers of the paper layer 23 becomes strong, and the energy required to release the fibers of the paper layer 23 by using the high-pressure water vapor described below may sometimes be It has become very high. this Further, when the moisture content of the paper layer 23 is less than 10%, the adhesion of the paper layer 23 to the surface of the cylindrical dryer becomes weak, so that the formation of the paper layer 23 cannot be performed by the following ruthenium forming step. There are embarrassing situations.

On the other hand, when the water content of the paper layer 23 is more than 45%, the energy required to dry the paper layer 23 to a predetermined moisture content or lower by using the high-pressure steam described below may become extremely high. Further, when the moisture content of the paper layer 23 is more than 45%, the hydrogen bonding force between the fibers of the paper layer 23 becomes weak. As a result, when the crucible is formed on the paper layer 23 by the following crucible forming step, the crucible sometimes deforms or disappears due to the tension applied to the paper layer 23, or the strength of the paper layer 23 when the crucible is formed. Substantially lowering sometimes causes the paper layer 23 to rupture.

As shown in Fig. 1, the paper layer 23 adhering to the surface of the cylindrical dryer of the drying dryer 20 is pulled away from the surface of the cylindrical dryer via the regulating blade 26. At this time, the crucible extending in the width direction (CD) and arranged in the machine direction (MD) is formed on the paper layer 23. The paper layer 23 attached to the surface of the cylindrical dryer is pulled away from the surface of the cylindrical dryer after touching the end face of the regulating blade 26 to which the surface of the cylindrical dryer abuts. By this contact, the cross-sectional shape of the paper layer 23 in the machine direction (MD) is curved into a wave shape, so that a flaw is formed in the paper layer 23.

The rate of formation between the paper layers 23 is preferably 5 to 50%. If the twist rate formed between the paper layers 23 is less than 5%, the wiping force of the machine direction (MD) of the nonwoven fabric may not be improved. If the twist ratio formed between the paper layers 23 is more than 50%, it may become difficult to form a uniform groove portion in the paper layer 23 on which the flaw is formed, or the production speed may sometimes be Less than half of the results lead to poor productivity.

The defect rate of the paper layer 23 can be measured, for example, according to the procedure shown below.

(1) A test object for measurement having a machine direction (MD) length of 150 mm and a width direction (CD) length of 50 mm was cut out from the formed paper layer.

(2) A straight line extending in the machine direction (MD) by 100 mm is drawn on the surface of the center of the measurement test object in the width direction (CD). Be careful not to scratch the paper layer when you want to draw the line.

(3) The test test body was immersed in water for 10 seconds.

(4) The test object for measurement was taken out from the water and placed on a glass plate. Next, the test object for measurement is stretched in the machine direction (MD) until the ruthenium of the paper layer disappears.

(5) The length A (mm) of the machine direction (MD) of the straight line drawn on the test body after the measurement was measured.

(6) Calculate the defect rate from the following equation.

Rate (%) = (A-100) / A × 100

(7) Repeat the above steps (3) to (6) for the same measurement test body.

(8) The average of the three calculated rates is the rate of the paper layer.

Next, as shown in Fig. 1, the paper layer 23 on which the crucible is formed is moved to the mesh-like peripheral surface of the cylindrical suction tube 13. At this time, high pressure water vapor is sprayed onto the paper layer 23 from a steam nozzle 14 disposed above the outer peripheral surface of the suction cylinder 13. The suction cylinder 13 has a suction device built therein, which is sprayed from the steam The water vapor sprayed from the nozzle 14 is attracted by the suction device. The high-pressure water vapor sprayed from the steam nozzle 14 forms a groove portion having a larger width than the concave portion formed by the high-pressure water flow on the surface of the paper layer 23.

The surface of the paper layer 23 to be sprayed by the high-pressure steam is preferably the surface on the opposite side to the surface on which the high-pressure water jet is sprayed. Compared with the fibers of the paper layer 23 on the opposite side of the surface on which the high-pressure water jet is sprayed, the fibers of the paper layer 23 which is sprayed on the surface of the high-pressure water stream are relatively strongly interlaced, so that high-pressure water vapor is used to make the fibers in the paper layer. To loosen, more energy is needed.

The high-pressure steam sprayed from the steam nozzle 14 may be water vapor formed by 100% water, or may be water vapor containing other gases such as air. However, the high-pressure steam sprayed from the steam nozzle 14 is preferably water vapor formed by 100% water.

The temperature of the high-pressure steam is preferably from 105 to 220 °C. As a result, the drying of the paper layer 23 is continued while the high-pressure water vapor is sprayed on the paper layer 23, and the paper layer 23 is allowed to dry while being bulky and high. When the paper layer 23 is dried, the hydrogen bonding of the fibers of the paper layer 23 becomes strong, so that the strength of the paper layer 23 becomes high, so that the bulkiness of the paper layer 23 is not easily collapsed, so that the ruthenium formed on the paper layer 23 is formed. Not easy to disappear. Further, since the strength of the paper layer 23 becomes high, it is possible to prevent the paper layer 23 from being opened or broken by the ejection of the high-pressure water vapor.

The vapor nozzle 14 disposed above the suction cylinder 13 is shown, for example, in FIG. The vapor nozzle 14 injects a plurality of high-pressure water vapors 51 arranged in the machine direction (MD) and the width direction (CD) of the paper layer 23 toward the paper layer 23 on which the crucible 52 is formed. As a result, on the upper side of the paper layer 23, it will be shaped The plurality of groove portions 53 are arranged in the width direction of the paper layer 23 and extend in the machine direction (MD). As described above, the width of the groove portion 53 is larger than the width of the concave portion 32 (see FIG. 2) formed by the high-pressure water flow 31.

Fig. 7 is a view showing an example of a nozzle hole 141 of the high pressure water vapor nozzle 14. As shown in the vapor nozzle 14 shown in Fig. 7, the nozzle hole arrays of the plurality of nozzle holes 141A arranged in the width direction (CD) are arranged in three rows in the machine direction (MD). Therefore, as shown in Fig. 6, the plurality of high-pressure water vapors 51 arranged in the width direction (CD) are arranged in three rows in the machine direction (MD). Further, the number of nozzle rows arranged in the machine direction (MD) in the nozzle hole row of the plurality of nozzle holes in the width direction (CD) is not limited to three columns, and may be one column, two columns, or four columns or more. Further, the nozzle hole arrays of the plurality of nozzle holes arranged in the width direction (CD) may be arranged in the machine direction (MD) by arranging the plurality of high-pressure steam nozzles in the machine direction (MD). Further, when the nozzle hole arrays of the plurality of nozzle holes arranged in the width direction (CD) are arranged in the machine direction (MD) in a plurality of rows, the groove portions can be surely formed on the paper layer. It is possible to surely increase the bulkiness of the paper layer.

The aperture of the nozzle hole of the vapor nozzle 14 is preferably 150 to 500 μm. If the pore diameter of the nozzle hole is less than 150 μm, the energy is insufficient, and the fiber may not be sufficiently removed. Further, if the pore diameter of the vapor nozzle 14 is larger than 500 μm, excessive energy may cause excessive damage to the substrate.

The hole pitch of the nozzle holes [the distance between the centers of the nozzle holes adjacent to the width direction (CD)] is preferably 3.0 to 7.0 mm. Hole spacing of nozzle holes When the thickness is less than 3.0 mm, the interval between the adjacent high-pressure water vapors in the width direction (CD) becomes too small, and it is feared that most of the high-pressure water vapor which is spaced apart from each other is formed on the paper layer 23, and most of them disappear. Further, when the hole pitch of the nozzle holes is more than 7.0 mm, the bulkiness of the paper layer 23 does not become high, and the effect of improving the softness of the paper layer 23 formed by the high-pressure steam may be lowered.

The vapor pressure of the high-pressure steam injected from the steam nozzle 14 is preferably 0.2 to 1.5 MPa. When the vapor pressure of the high-pressure steam is less than 0.2 MPa, the bulk of the paper layer 23 may not become high through the high-pressure steam. Further, if the vapor pressure of the high-pressure steam is more than 1.5 MPa, the paper layer 23 may have an opening, or the paper layer 23 may be broken or blown. Further, when the paper layer 23 is formed with the enamel, the fibers of the paper layer 23 are loosened, so that the bulk of the paper layer 23 can be made higher by using high-pressure steam having a relatively lower vapor pressure than when no ruthenium is formed.

When the high-pressure water vapor is sprayed on the paper layer 23, the fibers of the paper layer 23 are loosened, so that the bulkiness of the paper layer 23 becomes high. As a result, the softness of the paper layer 23 becomes high, and the touch of the paper layer 23 is improved. Next, referring to Fig. 8, when the paper layer 23 is sprayed with high-pressure steam, the fibers of the paper layer 23 are loosened, so that the bulk of the paper layer 23 becomes high. However, this principle is not intended to limit the invention.

As shown in Fig. 8, when the steam nozzle 14 injects the high-pressure steam 51, the high-pressure steam 51 hits the suction tube 13. The high pressure water vapor 51, most of which is bounced back by the suction cylinder 13. As a result, the fibers of the paper layer 23 are rolled up and then released. Then, the fibers of the loosened paper layer 23 are removed by the high-pressure water vapor 51, so that they are formed on the paper layer 23. There are grooves. The fiber to be removed is moved toward the width direction side of the portion 54 of the high-pressure water vapor 51 which is to be in contact with the paper layer 23, so that the bulk of the paper layer 23 becomes high. Further, the moisture contained in the paper layer 23 is evaporated by the heat of the high-pressure steam 51 so as to be removed from the paper layer 23. As a result, the drying of the paper layer 23 continues.

In the method for producing a nonwoven fabric according to an embodiment of the present invention, in order to increase the bulkiness of the paper layer, a groove portion is formed in the paper layer by high-pressure steam. Therefore, in order to allow the amount of the high-pressure water vapor to be distracted, the width of the groove portion formed by the high-pressure water vapor is larger than the width of the concave portion formed by the high-pressure water flow.

The fibers of the paper layer are loosened in the portion where the high-pressure water vapor is sprayed, so that the crucible becomes smaller or disappears on the inner surface of the groove portion. As a result, the portion of the paper layer on the surface of the groove portion is less likely to extend toward the machine direction (MD) than the other portion where the crucible remains. Therefore, the groove portion of the paper layer is configured to suppress the disappearance of the crease of the paper layer, and is used as a fixing portion for maintaining the shape of the enamel. In this way, the non-woven fabric produced can maintain the flaw even if it is in a wet state. Further, as described above, since the paper layer 23 which is dried at a moisture content of 10 to 45% or less is formed with ruthenium, the ruthenium can be firmly formed on the paper layer 23 even if the high-pressure water vapor causes the fibers of the paper layer 23. It is loose, but the ruthenium formed on the paper layer 23 can be held except for the portion of the surface of the groove portion.

Fig. 9 is a schematic perspective view showing a portion of the paper layer 23 (the position of the symbol 25 in Fig. 1) after the high-pressure steam injection. Paper layer 23 having a longitudinal direction, a transverse direction intersecting the longitudinal direction; and a vertical and lateral sag a straight thickness direction; a surface that is perpendicular to one direction in the thickness direction; and a surface that faces the other side in the thickness direction, and has a groove portion 53 that is arranged in the lateral direction and extends in the lateral direction on one surface. And, on one side and the other side, there are cymbals 52 which are arranged in the longitudinal direction in the lateral direction. Here, the longitudinal direction corresponds to the machine direction (MD) and the lateral direction corresponds to the width direction (CD). On one surface, the crucible 52 is disposed between the adjacent groove portions 53.

Among the paper layers 23, the region 55 on the surface side in which the plurality of recesses 32 formed by the high-pressure water flow are present is a region having a strong strength of the paper layer 23, and the region 56 on the surface side where the groove portion 53 is formed via the high-pressure water vapor is formed. It is a region which is high-pressure water vapor so that the strength of the paper layer 23 is somewhat weaker than the above-mentioned region 55, but the bulk of the paper layer 23 is relatively high. As described above, by forming the region 55 having a stronger strength and the region 56 having a weaker strength but a higher expansion in the paper layer 23, the strength and bulkiness of the paper layer 23 can be made uniform. That is, by this, the paper layer 23 which is high in bulk and high in strength can be formed.

As shown in Fig. 9, the surface of the inner portion of the groove portion 53 is almost invisible to the crucible 52, but the crucible is left between the adjacent groove portions 53. Further, a crucible 52 (not shown) remains on the surface on which the concave portion 32 is formed via the high-pressure water flow.

When the nonwoven fabric is moved in the width direction (CD) to wipe off the dirt, the groove portion 53 can scrape off the dirt. Therefore, the groove portion 53 formed in the non-woven fabric can improve the dirt-removing ability of the non-woven fabric when the non-woven fabric moves the wiper in the width direction (CD) of the nonwoven fabric.

When the non-woven fabric is moved in the machine direction (MD), the dirt is removed. In the case of scale, the non-woven 绉52 can scrape off the dirt. Therefore, the non-woven crepe 52 can improve the ability of the non-woven fabric to remove dirt when the non-woven fabric moves the wiper toward the mechanical direction (MD) of the non-woven fabric.

The paper layer 23 is relatively easy to fluff when the corrugated (petal-like) paper layer 23 is released by the high-pressure water vapor, compared to the case where the paper layer 23 in the flat state is loosened by the high-pressure water vapor. By forming the crucible in the paper layer 23 and the paper layer 23 in a corrugated shape (petal shape), the paper layer 23 can be released by the high-pressure water vapor, so that the paper layer 23 is likely to be fluffed. Further, as described above, short fibers having a fiber length of 20 mm or less are used for the paper layer 23, so that the paper layer 23 is more likely to be fluffed. Based on this, as shown in Fig. 9, one of the fibers in the paper layer 23 sprayed by the high-pressure water vapor protrudes from the surface of the paper layer 23, and fluff 57 is generated in the paper layer 23. This fluffing 57 tends to cause dirt to adhere, so that the fluffing 57 can make the non-woven fabric more effective in removing dirt.

By adjusting the nozzle pitch of the nozzle hole 141 of the steam nozzle 14 or the water vapor pressure of the high-pressure steam, it is possible to control the wiping function of the non-woven fabric and the non-woven fabric in the machine direction when the non-woven fabric is moved in the width direction (CD). MD) Balance between the wiping function of the non-woven fabric when wiping dirt. For example, when the nozzle pitch of the nozzle hole 141 of the water vapor nozzle 14 is small, the dirt removal ability of the non-woven fabric can be further improved when the non-woven fabric moves the wiper toward the width direction (CD) of the non-woven fabric, when the water vapor is used. When the nozzle pitch of the nozzle hole 141 of the nozzle 14 is large, the proportion of the portion where the nonwoven fabric is left is increased, so that the non-woven fabric can be further lifted when the non-woven fabric moves the wiper toward the mechanical direction (MD) of the nonwoven fabric. The ability to wipe off dirt.

The suction force of the suction pipe 13 is such that the suction force of the suction pipe 13 is sucked by the water vapor to be ejected from the steam nozzle 14 and is preferably -1 to -12 kPa. If the suction force of the suction tube 13 is less than -1 kPa, there is a case where the vapor cannot be completely sucked and the upper side is blown. Further, if the suction force of the suction tube 13 is more than -12 kPa, the amount of fibers falling into the suction tube may increase.

The distance between the front end of the vapor nozzle 14 and the upper surface of the paper layer 23 is preferably 1.0 to 10 mm. If the distance between the tip end of the vapor nozzle 14 and the upper surface of the paper layer 23 is less than 1.0 mm, the paper layer 23 may be opened or the paper layer 23 may be broken or scattered. Further, if the distance between the front end of the vapor nozzle 14 and the upper surface of the paper layer 23 is more than 10 mm, the force for forming the groove portion on the surface of the paper layer 23 by the high-pressure water vapor may be dispersed, resulting in the surface of the paper layer 23. The efficiency of forming the groove portion is deteriorated.

The water content of the paper layer 23 after the high-pressure steam injection is preferably 35% or less, more preferably 30% or less. When the water content of the paper layer 23 after the high-pressure steam injection is more than 35%, it is difficult to dry the paper layer 23 to a moisture content of 5% or less by drying with the drying dryer described below. In this case, additional drying is required, resulting in deterioration of the manufacturing efficiency of the nonwoven fabric.

Then, as shown in Fig. 1, the paper layer 23 is conveyed to a drying dryer 22 which is different from the drying dryer 20. The drying dryer 22 is a non-woven fabric in which the paper layer 23 after the high-pressure steam is sprayed is dried to a final product. For the drying dryer 22, for example, using the Yankee type Drying cylinder. The drying dryer 22 is such that the paper layer 23 is adhered to the surface of a cylindrical dryer heated to about 150 ° C by steam, whereby the paper layer 23 is dried.

The paper layer 23 after passing through the drying dryer 22 needs to be in a sufficiently dried state. Specifically, the moisture content of the paper layer 23 after passing through the drying dryer 22 is preferably 5% or less. Further, when the water content of the paper layer 23 after the high-pressure steam injection is 5% or less, the paper layer 23 after the high-pressure steam injection can be dried without using the drying dryer 22 or the like.

The dried paper layer 23 (non-woven fabric) is wound by a winder 21.

A micrograph of the surface of the non-woven fabric produced through the above steps is shown in Fig. 10. This surface is the surface on which the high pressure water vapor is sprayed. As is apparent from Fig. 10, the resulting nonwoven fabric has a groove portion extending in the machine direction (MD) and arranged in the width direction (CD) and extending in the width direction (CD) and arranged in the machine direction (MD). crepe.

Further, when the crucible forming step is not performed before the high-pressure steam injection but after the high-pressure steam injection, the groove portion formed in the paper layer by the water vapor ejecting of the paper layer is destroyed in the crucible forming step, Or the fiber may loosen and cause unfavorable conditions such as fiber shedding or sheet breakage.

After the non-woven fabric produced in the above step is cut into a specified size, the non-woven fabric can be used as a dry rag. Further, the non-woven fabric produced in the above step is cut into a predetermined size, and the cut non-woven fabric is impregnated with a prescribed amount of the chemical liquid, whereby the non-woven fabric can be used as a wet rag.

As described above, since the groove portion 53 is formed on the paper layer 23 by the high-pressure water vapor after the crucible 52 is formed on the paper layer 23, the nonwoven fabric is formed into a rubbing cloth, for example, in the non-woven fabric cutting step, Non-woven fabric impregnation steps, etc., non-woven fabrics will not disappear. Based on this, the wipe made of the non-woven fabric according to the embodiment of the present invention can effectively remove dirt without scratching the wiping direction of the cloth.

The above description is only an example, and the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment.

[Examples]

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail based on examples. However, the invention is not limited to the embodiments.

The moisture content of the paper layer before steam injection, the basis weight of the paper layer before creping, the basis weight of the paper layer after creping, the dry thickness, the density, the dry tensile strength, the dry tensile stretch, and the comparative examples were measured according to the following manners. Degree, wet tensile strength, wet tensile elongation, high-pressure steam spray surface decontamination rate and high-pressure water jet surface decontamination rate.

(the moisture content of the paper layer before steam injection)

A sample piece of a size of 30 cm × 30 cm was sampled from the paper layer dried by the drying dryer 20, and the weight (W1) of the sample piece was measured. Then, the sample piece was allowed to stand in a thermostat at 105 ° C for 1 hour to dry, and then the weight (D1) was measured. The moisture content of the paper layer before the steam injection refers to the average value of the measured values under the condition of N=10.

Water layer moisture rate before steam injection = (W1-D1) / W1 × 100 (%)

(basis weight of the paper layer before creping)

The basis weight of the paper layer is obtained by sampling a measurement test body having a size of 30 cm × 30 cm from a paper layer which has been dried before drying by the drying dryer 20, and the sample for measurement after the sampling is performed. Calculated after weight measurement. The basis weight of the paper layer is the average of the measured values under the condition of N=10.

(basis weight of the paper layer after creping)

The basis weight of the paper layer was obtained by sampling a measurement test body having a size of 30 cm × 30 cm from the paper layer before the formation of the high-pressure water vapor which was not sprayed, and measuring the weight of the sample for measurement after the measurement. The basis weight of the paper layer is the average of the measured values under the condition of N=10.

(dry thickness)

A test specimen for measurement of a size of 10 cm × 10 cm was sampled from the produced non-woven fabric, and a thickness gauge having a size of 15 cm ^{2 was} used. [Form FS-60DS manufactured by Daiei Chemical Seiki Co., Ltd.] at 3 gf/cm ² The measurement conditions of the measurement load were measured for the thickness of the measurement test body. The thickness of three places was measured for one measurement test body, and the average value of the three thicknesses was the dry thickness.

(density)

Samples of 10cm × 10cm size were sampled from the finished non-woven fabric Test body. The weight of the measurement test body was measured, and the density of the nonwoven fabric was calculated from the above dry thickness.

(dry tensile strength)

From the prepared non-woven fabric, an elongated test piece having a length of 25 mm in the machine direction of the paper layer was cut out, and a test piece having a length of 25 mm in the width direction of the paper layer was cut out to prepare a test piece for measurement. body. A tensile tester (Shimadzu Corporation, an autostereograph type AGS-1kNG) with a weight sensor with a maximum load capacity of 50 N, three test bodies and a width direction for the machine direction Three test specimens were measured for tensile strength of each test specimen under the conditions of a gripping pitch of 100 mm and a tensile speed of 100 mm/min. The average tensile strength of the three measuring test bodies in the machine direction and the three measuring test bodies in the width direction was taken as the dry tensile strength in the machine direction and the width direction.

(dry stretch extension)

From the prepared non-woven fabric, an elongated test piece having a length of 25 mm in the machine direction of the paper layer was cut out, and a test piece having a length of 25 mm in the width direction of the paper layer was cut out to prepare a test piece for measurement. body. A tensile tester (Shimadzu Corporation, an autostereograph type AGS-1kNG) with a weight sensor with a maximum load capacity of 50 N, three test bodies and a width direction for the machine direction 3 measuring test bodies with a gripping distance of 100 mm and 100 mm/min The conditions of the stretching speed were measured for the tensile elongation of each of the measuring test bodies. Here, the term "stretching and stretching" refers to a value calculated by dividing the maximum stretching amount (mm) of the measuring test body by the gripping pitch (100 mm) when the tensile testing machine stretches the measuring test body. The average tensile elongation of the three measuring test bodies in the machine direction and the three measuring test bodies in the width direction was taken as the dry stretched stretch in the machine direction and the width direction.

(wet tensile strength)

From the prepared non-woven fabric, an elongated test piece having a length of 25 mm in the machine direction of the paper layer was cut out, and a test piece having a length of 25 mm in the width direction of the paper layer was cut out to prepare a test piece for measurement. The test test body was impregnated with water (water-containing magnification: 250%) having a mass of 2.5 times the mass of the test object for measurement. Next, using a tensile tester (Shimadzu Corporation, an autostereograph type AGS-1kNG) with a weight sensor with a maximum load capacity of 50 N, three test bodies and widths for the machine direction In the three measurement test bodies in the direction, the tensile strength of each test object was measured under the conditions of a gripping pitch of 100 mm and a tensile speed of 100 mm/min. The average tensile strength of the three measuring test bodies in the machine direction and the three measuring test bodies in the width direction was taken as the wet tensile strength in the machine direction and the width direction.

(wet stretch extension)

From the finished non-woven fabric, an elongated test piece having a length of 25 mm in the machine direction of the paper layer was cut out, and the length direction was a paper layer. An elongated test piece having a width of 25 mm in the width direction was used to prepare a test object for measurement, and the measurement test body was impregnated with water (water content ratio: 250%) of 2.5 times the mass of the test object for measurement. Next, using a tensile tester (Shimadzu Corporation, an autostereograph type AGS-1kNG) with a weight sensor with a maximum load capacity of 50 N, three test bodies and widths for the machine direction For the three measurement test bodies in the direction, the tensile elongation of each test specimen was measured under the conditions of a gripping pitch of 100 mm and a tensile speed of 100 mm/min. The average tensile elongation of the three measuring test bodies in the machine direction and the three measuring test bodies in the width direction was taken as the wet tensile stretch in the machine direction and the width direction.

(High-pressure steam jet surface decontamination rate)

The decontamination rate of the surface (high-pressure water vapor ejection surface) on which the high-pressure steam of the nonwoven fabric was sprayed was measured by the following procedure.

(1) A carbon black (Carbon Black, manufactured by Mishan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and 20.8% by weight of tallow extremely hardened oil [manufactured by Nippon Oil & Fats Co., Ltd.] and 66.6 wt% of fluid paraffin (Nacalai) were produced. Tesque (share) system] simulates a slurry of dirt. The soil slurry was diluted with hexanoic acid [Nacalai tesque] to make a weight ratio of soil slurry to hexanoic acid of 85:15, thereby preparing a simulated soiling agent.

(2) 0.05 ml of simulated soiling agent was dropped on the microscope specimen, and the microscope specimen with the simulated soiling agent was dried in an ambient gas at a temperature of 20 ° C and a humidity of 60% for 24 hours.

(3) After drying, use a scanner (Calario GT-750, manufactured by Epson Co., Ltd.) to type the original: negative film; type: positive film; image: 16 bit gray; Quality: Image quality priority; Resolution: 1200dpi; Original size: 68.6×237mm; Output: Equal magnification conditional image of the specimen used for the microscope, from the image data of the recorded image, calculate the attachment of the microscope specimen The color of the range of 16.9 × 16.9 mm in the part of the dirt. Here, the color is calculated in the following manner. The specified threshold is set and the image taken with the gradation correction is binarized. In order to binarize the image, the threshold is set such that the gradation of the portion to which the dirt is attached is 0 (black), and the gradation of the portion where the dirt is not attached is 255 (white). Next, using Excel 2007 (manufactured by Microsoft Corporation), a rectangular diagram in which the horizontal axis is the color gradation and the vertical axis is the color frequency is used. The color frequency of the 0 gray scale is the color.

(4) Non-woven fabric The wiping of the simulated soiling agent attached to the microscope specimen was carried out by applying a plastic film and a sheet-friction coefficient test method (JIS-K-7125: 1999). A measurement test body having a size of 140 × 190 mm was sampled from the produced non-woven fabric, and the measurement test object was mounted on a platform of a friction coefficient measuring device (manufactured by TESTER Industries Co., Ltd.) with the high-pressure water vapor-ejecting surface as the upper surface. At this time, the measurement test body is arranged such that the moving direction of the slide piece is the wiping direction [machine direction (MD) or width direction (CD)] of the measurement object for measurement. The surface on which the simulated soiling agent is attached is placed in contact with the measuring test body, and the microscope specimen is placed on the measuring test body, and the sliding sheet is attached to the surface of the microscope specimen opposite to the surface on which the simulated soiling agent is adhered. Weight sensor. Next, the friction coefficient measurement was performed once at a conveying speed of 150 mm/min and a load of 60 g, whereby the measuring test body was wiped off by the measuring test body attached to the microscope specimen.

(5) After wiping off the simulated dirt attached to the microscope specimen, The image of the microscope specimen was taken under the same conditions using the scanner described above, and the color in the same range as the range of the color to be calculated in the specimen for the microscope before the simulated soiling agent was not erased was calculated based on the image data of the image to be taken.

(6) After subtracting the color of the simulated soil agent attached to the microscope specimen from the color before the simulated soil agent attached to the microscope specimen is not erased, the value is further divided by the specimen attached to the microscope. The simulated dirt on the upper surface was not erased, thereby calculating the rate of change of color. The value of the rate of change is the decontamination rate of the test body for measurement. When the wiping property of the measuring test body is good, the simulated dirt adhering to the microscope specimen is wiped off by the measuring test body, so that the color change rate, that is, the decontamination rate, becomes large. On the other hand, when the wiping property of the measuring test body is not good, a large amount of simulated soiling agent remains on the microscope specimen after the simulated soiling agent is removed by the measuring test body, so the color change rate is decontamination. The rate will be smaller. According to the value of the decontamination rate as described above, the ability to remove dirt of the test object for measurement can be evaluated. The decontamination rate measurement was performed for the three measurement test bodies, and the average value thereof was the decontamination rate of the measurement test body.

(High-pressure water jet surface decontamination rate)

Except that the measuring test body is mounted on the platform of the friction coefficient measuring device with the high-pressure water jet surface (the surface jetted by the high-pressure water jet) as the upper state, the other methods are the same as the high-pressure steam jet surface decontamination rate. The decontamination rate of the high pressure water jet surface was measured.

Hereinafter, the production methods of the examples and the comparative examples will be described.

(Example 1)

The first embodiment was produced using the nonwoven fabric manufacturing apparatus 1 of one embodiment of the present invention. First, a papermaking raw material containing 70% by weight of conifer bleached kraft pulp (NBKP) and a fineness of 1.1 dtex and a fiber length of 7 mm of 30% by weight of 嫘萦 [DAIWABO RAYON Co., corona] was prepared. Next, the papermaking raw material was supplied to a paper layer forming belt [manufactured by FILCON Co., Ltd., OS80] using a raw material head, and the papermaking raw material was dehydrated using a suction box to form a paper layer. At this time, the paper layer moisture content of the paper layer was 80%. Then, two high pressure water jet nozzles are used to spray a high pressure water stream onto the paper layer. The high-pressure water flow energy of the high-pressure water jet to the paper layer using two high-pressure water jet nozzles was 0.2846 kW/m ² . Here, the high-pressure water flow energy is calculated from the following formula.

High-pressure water flow energy (kW/m ² ) = 1.63 × injection pressure (kg/cm ² ) × injection flow rate (m ³ /min) / treatment speed (M / min) / 60

Here, the injection flow rate (m3 / min) = 750 × total opening area of the orifice (m ² ) × injection pressure (kg / cm ² ) ^0.495 .

In addition, the distance between the front end of the high pressure water jet nozzle and the top of the paper layer was 10 mm. Further, the nozzle hole of the high pressure water jet nozzle has a hole diameter of 92 μm, and the nozzle hole has a hole pitch of 0.5 mm.

The paper layer, which was conveyed to the two paper layer conveyance conveyors, was conveyed to a Yankee dryer heated to 160 ° C and dried there. The line speed of the Yankee dryer is 80 m/min. Next, the paper layer adhered to the surface of the Yankee dryer was pulled from the surface thereof by means of a regulating blade to perform boring processing to form ruthenium on the paper layer. The high pressure steam sprayed paper layer described below The drying speed of the Yankee dryer for drying was 68 m/min. By using the speed difference of the line speeds of the two Yankee dryers, the defect rate of the formed crucible can be 14%.

Next, a steam nozzle is used to spray high-pressure steam onto the surface of the paper layer opposite to the surface on which the high-pressure water stream is sprayed (the reverse side of the high-pressure water jet surface). At this time, the vapor pressure of the high-pressure steam was 0.7 MPa, and the vapor temperature was 210 °C. Further, the distance between the front end of the vapor nozzle and the upper surface of the paper layer was 2.0 mm. The nozzle holes of the steam nozzle are arranged in three rows in the machine direction (MD). Further, the nozzle hole of the steam nozzle has a pore diameter of 500 μm and a hole pitch of 4.0 mm. In addition, the suction force of the suction cylinder when it is attracted to the paper layer is -5 kPa. For the outer periphery of the suction cylinder, a 18 mesh open-hole sleeve made of stainless steel is used.

Next, the paper layer was transferred to a Yankee dryer heated to 150 ° C where it was dried. The dried paper layer became Example 1.

(Comparative Example 1)

Comparative Example 1 was produced by the same method as the production method of Example 1 except that the paper layer was not sprayed with a high-pressure water stream.

(Comparative Example 2)

Comparative Example 2 was produced by the same method as the production method of Example 1 except that the formation step of the crucible was not carried out.

(Comparative Example 3)

Comparative Example 3 was produced by the same method as the production method of Example 1 except that high-pressure water vapor was not sprayed.

The manufacturing conditions of the above examples and comparative examples are shown in Table 1.

[Table 1]

The water layer before the steam injection of the above examples and comparative examples The fraction, the basis weight of the paper layer before creping, the basis weight of the paper layer after creping, the dry thickness, the density, the dry tensile strength, the dry tensile elongation, the wet tensile strength and the wet tensile elongation are shown in Table 2. .

[Table 2]

High pressure water vapor ejection surface of the above examples and comparative examples The decontamination rate and the high-pressure water jet surface decontamination rate are shown in Table 3.

(1) Comparison between Example 1 and Comparative Example 1

Since the strength of Comparative Example 1 was weak, the measurement of the decontamination rate of the high-pressure water vapor ejection surface and the measurement of the decontamination rate of the high-pressure water jet ejection surface were not possible in Comparative Example 1. Further, in Comparative Example 1, the dry tensile strength and the wet tensile strength were both very low. On the other hand, in Example 1, since both the dry tensile strength and the wet tensile strength were extremely high, the measurement of the decontamination rate of the high-pressure water vapor ejection surface and the measurement of the decontamination rate of the high-pressure water jet surface were carried out. Based on these evaluations, it was found that the strength of the non-woven fabric can be improved by carrying out the step of spraying the high-pressure water stream on the paper layer.

(2) Comparison between Example 1 and Comparative Example 2

In Comparative Example 2, the dry thickness was small and the density was high. Further, in Comparative Example 2, the decontamination rate in the width direction (CD) of the non-woven fabric was large, but the decontamination rate in the machine direction (MD) of the non-woven fabric was small. On the other hand, in Example 1, the dry thickness was large and the density was low. Further, in Embodiment 1, not only the decontamination rate in the width direction (CD) but also the decontamination rate in the machine direction (MD) is large. Also big. Based on these evaluations, it is known that by performing the formation step of the crucible, the bulkiness of the non-woven fabric can be increased, and the ability to lift the dirt not only in the width direction (CD) but also the mechanical direction (MD) can be improved. Wipe off dirt.

(3) Comparison between Example 1 and Comparative Example 3

In Comparative Example 3, the dry thickness was small and the density was high. Further, in Comparative Example 3, the decontamination rates in the width direction (CD) and the machine direction (MD) of the non-woven fabric were small. On the other hand, in Example 1, the dry thickness was large and the density was low. Further, in the first embodiment, the decontamination rates in only the width direction (CD) and the machine direction (MD) are large. Based on these evaluations, it was found that even if the step of forming the crucible was carried out, if the step of spraying high-pressure water vapor was not performed on the paper layer, the ability to remove the dirt in the machine direction (MD) of the nonwoven fabric could not be improved. Further, it has been found that by performing the step of applying high-pressure steam injection to the paper layer, it is possible to increase the bulkiness of the nonwoven fabric and to improve the dirt-removing ability of the nonwoven fabric in the width direction (CD).

1‧‧‧Nonwoven manufacturing equipment

11‧‧‧Material supply head

12‧‧‧High pressure water jet nozzle

13‧‧‧ suction tube

14‧‧‧Vapor nozzle

15‧‧‧Attraction box

16‧‧‧Conveyor belt for paper layer formation

17‧‧‧Attracting Pickup

18,19‧‧‧Conveyor belt for paper layer handling

20, 22‧‧‧ Drying dryer

21‧‧‧Winding machine

23‧‧‧paper layer

24‧‧‧The position of the paper layer 23 after passing between the two high-pressure water jet nozzles 12 and the two suction boxes 15

25‧‧‧Paper layer 23 after high pressure steam injection

26‧‧‧Adjusting knife

MD‧‧‧Mechanical direction

Claims (6)

A method for manufacturing a non-woven fabric, comprising: a step of supplying a papermaking material containing moisture to a belt moving in a direction, forming a paper layer on the belt; and spraying a high-pressure water stream on the paper layer to form a surface thereof a step of extending in the machine direction and intermittently arranging the recesses in the width direction; attaching the paper layer sprayed by the high-pressure water stream to the surface of the rotating cylindrical dryer, thereby drying the paper layer after the high-pressure water jet a step of forming a moisture content of 10% to 45% or less; a step of forming the paper layer attached to the surface of the cylindrical dryer from the surface by means of a regulating blade to form a flaw on the paper layer; and The steam nozzle sprays the high-pressure water vapor on the paper layer on which the crucible is formed, whereby the groove portion having a width larger than the width of the concave portion and extending in the machine direction retains the flaw formed in the paper layer while remaining The step of forming on the surface of the above paper layer. The method for producing a nonwoven fabric according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein the nozzle hole of the steam nozzle has a nozzle pitch of 3.0 to 7.0 mm. The method for producing a nonwoven fabric according to the first or second aspect of the invention, wherein the steam nozzle is a nozzle hole array having a nozzle hole arranged in a width direction in a plurality of rows in a machine direction. A non-woven fabric, characterized by having a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction intersecting the longitudinal direction; a thickness direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction and the lateral direction; and a vertical direction of the thickness direction And a surface of the one surface facing the other surface in the thickness direction, wherein the one surface has a groove portion extending in the lateral direction in the lateral direction, and the one surface and the other surface The face has a weir that is arranged in the above-mentioned longitudinal direction and extends in the above-mentioned longitudinal direction. The nonwoven fabric according to claim 4, wherein the crucible is provided between the adjacent groove portions. The non-woven fabric according to the fourth or fifth aspect of the invention, wherein the fiber of the nonwoven fabric has a fiber length of 20 mm or less, and the nonwoven fabric has fluffing.