TW201104948A - Heterogeneous hydrogen-catalyst reactor - Google Patents

Abstract

A power source and hydride reactor is provided comprising a reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, a source of atomic hydrogen, a source of a hydrogen catalyst comprising a solid, liquid, or heterogeneous catalyst reaction mixture. The catalysis reaction is activated or initiated and propagated by one or more chemical other reactions. These reactions maintained on a electrically conductive support can be of several classes such as (i) exothermic reactions which provide the activation energy for the hydrino catalysis reaction, (ii) coupled reactions that provide for at least one of a source of catalyst or atomic hydrogen to support the hydrino catalyst reaction, (iii) free radical reactions that serve as an acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the hydrino catalysis reaction, (iv) oxidation-reduction reactions that, in an embodiment, serve as an acceptor of electrons from the catalyst during the hydrino catalysis reaction, (v) exchange reactions such as anion exchange that facilitate the action of the catalyst to become ionized as it accepts energy from atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, and (vi) getter, support, or matrix-assisted hydrino reaction that may provide at least one of a chemical environment for the hydrino reaction, act to transfer electrons to facilitate the H catalyst function, undergoes a reversible phase or other physical change or change in its electronic state, and binds a lower-energy hydrogen product to increase at least one of the extent or rate of the hydrino reaction. Power and chemical plants that can be operated continuously using electrolysis or thermal regeneration reactions maintained in synchrony with at least one of power and lower-energy-hydrogen chemical production.

Description

201104948 VI. Description of the Invention: [Technical Field] The present invention is directed to a catalyst system comprising a hydrogen catalyst capable of causing atomic hydrogen in the η=ι state to form a lower energy state, an atomic hydrogen source, and capable of initiating The other substance f which forms a reaction of lower energy hydrogen is expanded. In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to a reaction mixture comprising at least one source of atomic hydrogen and a catalyst or catalyst source that promotes the catalysis of nitrogen to form a low energy hydrino. The reactants and reactions of the solid and liquid fuels disclosed in this X are also the reactants and reactions of the non-homogeneous fuels comprising the mixtures of the phases. The reaction mixture comprises two components selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen catalyst or a hydrogen catalyst source and an atomic gas source, wherein at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst is formed by the reaction of the reaction mixture. In other embodiments, the reaction mixture further comprises a carrier that can have electrical conductivity in certain embodiments, a solvent including a molten salt such as an organic solvent or an inorganic solvent, a getter, and at least one catalytic activation due to the reaction. Reactant. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The reaction of forming low energy hydrogen can be activated or initiated and expanded by one or more chemical reactions. These reactions may be selected from the following: (1) an exothermic reaction that provides an activation energy for a low energy chlorine reaction; (9) a coupling reaction that provides at least one of a catalyst source or an atomic hydrogen source to maintain a low energy hydrogen reaction; (1) 丨) A free radical reaction, in some embodiments, it acts as a acceptor for electrons from the catalyst during a low energy hydrogen reaction; (iv) a redox reaction, in some embodiments, it is used during a low energy hydrogen reaction As a receptor for electrons from the catalyst; (v) exchange reaction, such as anion exchange, including halide ion, sulfur ion 142257.doc 201104948 2 gas ion, kun ion, oxygen ion, scale ion and nitrogen ion exchange, in-through In the case where the exchange reaction promotes ionization of the catalyst to form low energy hydrogen when the catalyst receives energy from atomic hydrogen; and (vi) a getter, carrier or matrix assisted low energy I hydrogen reaction which provides for low energy nitrogen reaction J to a chemical environment for transferring electrons to promote rhodium catalyst function, undergoing reversible phase transitions or other physical changes or changes in their electronic states, combined with lower energy hydrogen production To increase the extent or rate of low-energy hydrogen reactions. In certain embodiments, the electrically conductive load is activated by a reaction. In other embodiments, the invention is directed to a powertrain comprising at least two components selected from the group consisting of: a catalyst source or a catalyst; an atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; a catalyst source or catalyst and an atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; a reactant, or a plurality of reactants that initiate atomic hydrogen catalysis; and a carrier for starting the catalyst, wherein the power system may further comprise any one of the following: a reaction vessel, a vacuum pump, a power converter, and an electrolyzer such as a separator system A system for reversing the thermal system of the exchange reaction and the chemical synthesis reaction of the fuel from the reaction product. In other embodiments, the invention is directed to a system for forming a compound having a lower energy state chlorine, comprising at least two components selected from the group consisting of: a catalyst source or a catalyst; an atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; forming a catalyst a source or catalyst and a reactant of an atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants that initiate atomic hydrogen catalysis; and a carrier for starting the catalyst, wherein the system for forming a compound having a lower energy state hydrogen may further comprise the following One: a reaction vessel, a vacuum pump, and a system such as a separator system, I42257.doc 201104948 electrolysis, a thermal system for reversing an exchange reaction, and a chemical synthesis reactor for regenerating fuel from a reaction product. Other embodiments of the invention are directed to a battery or fuel cell system for forming a compound having lower energy hydrogen, comprising at least two components selected from the group consisting of: a catalyst source or a catalyst; an atomic chlorine source or an atomic chlorine a reactant for forming a catalyst source or catalyst and an atomic hydrogen source or atomic hydrogen; or a plurality of reactants for initiating atomic hydrogen catalysis; and a carrier for starting the catalyst, wherein the battery for forming a compound having a low-energy hydrogen of the vehicle or The fuel cell system may further comprise any one of a reaction vessel, a vacuum pump, and a system such as a separation m electrolyzer, a thermal system for reversing the exchange reaction, and a chemical synthesis reactor for regenerating the fuel from the reaction product. [Embodiment] The present invention is directed to a catalyst system that releases energy from atomic hydrogen to form a lower energy state in which electrons 2 are closer relative to the nucleus. The released b is used to generate power and additional new hydrogen species and compounds are the desired products. These energy states are predicted by classical physical laws and require the catalyst to accept energy from hydrogen to undergo a corresponding energy release transfer. The classical physics shows a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen anion, a hydrogen molecular ion, and a hydrogen atom, and forms a solution, and predicts a corresponding substance having a fractional main quantum number. Maxwell, s equati〇n, pushes the electronic structure: a boundary value problem in which the electron contains changes over time during the transition: the source current of the magnetic field, the limitation being that the bound (four) state electrons are not emitable = The second rt solution predicts that the reaction consists of a resonance, non-radio energy transfer from a helium atom to a catalyst capable of accepting this energy, thus 142257.doc 201104948. The energy state is lower than the energy that is previously considered to be possible. In particular, classical physics predicts that atomic hydrogen can be catalyzed by certain atoms, excimers, ions, and diatomic hydrides that provide a net reaction to an integral multiple of the atomic hydrogen potential. ^27.2 #, where A Hartree. Specific materials (e.g., He+, Ar+, Sr+, K, Li, HCI anti-NaH) are required to be present along with atom I to catalyze the process, and such materials can be identified based on their known electronic energy levels. The reaction involves non-radiative energy transfer followed by g.13.6 continuum emission or g.13.6 eF transfer to ugly to form a very hot excited state ugly and energy lower than the unreacted atomic hydrogen corresponding to the fractional primary quantum number of hydrogen atoms. That is, in the formula of the main energy level of a hydrogen atom:

.En =__g2 _ _ 13.598 eV "n2^0aH ~^ (1) « = 1,2,3,... (2) where is the Bohr radius of the hydrogen atom (52 947 pm) , e is the electronic charge size 'and is the vacuum permittivity, the number of sub-numbers:

Where 7^137 is an integer

Instead of the familiar parameter in the Rydberg equaU〇n equation for hydrogen excited states, the integer is a low-energy hydrogen atom called a low-energy enthalpy. Although the "=1 state of hydrogen and the „=4 state of hydrogen are non-radiative, transfer between two non-radiative states (eg, 12 1 to ^2-1/2) may be achieved via non-radiative energy transfer. Hydrogen is a special case of the steady state shown by equations (1) and (3) where the corresponding radius of hydrogen or low energy hydrogen atoms is as follows: 142257.doc 201104948

r = aH ~~P, (4) where p=l, 2, 3,... In order to conserve energy, energy must be in normal „=1 state hydrogen

The atomic energy unit is transferred from the hydrogen atom to the catalyst, and the radius is changed to aH. The low-energy hydrogen system is formed by reacting a common hydrogen atom with a suitable catalyst having the following net reaction enthalpy to form m.ll.2 eV (5) wherein m is an integer. The rate of catalysis increases when the net reaction 焓 is more closely matched to the .27.2. It has been found to have 22 at w.27. The catalyst with a net reaction enthalpy of %, preferably ±5 〇 / 适合 is suitable for most applications. The catalyst reaction involves two energy release steps: non-radiative energy is transferred to the catalyst, followed by additional energy release as the radius is reduced to the corresponding stable final state. Therefore, the general response is as follows:

27.2 eV + Cat1^ + Η -> Cat(4)+ + re~ + η * .aH L^" _(m + p) + /W-27.2 eV (6) (7) (8)

Cai (called + + + w‘27.2 eF and the total response is

H a " 4H aH JL(m + /7) + [(P + m)2-p2].U.6eV im+p) im+p) Atomic radius to 1 with hydrogen atom radius (corresponding to the point "" Ί) and equal to the beijing ball ECG, the ... + household) times the ball heart electric field, and the corresponding steady state of the radius / / radius (w + /?). When the electrons from the hydrogen radius of this distance radial acceleration At the time, the energy is released by the characteristic 142257.doc 201104948 light emission or the third body kinetic energy f. The emission may be performed with l(P + m) ~P ~2m]13-6eV ({(JTmy -p2_ 2m] nm) a continuous (four) form of far ultraviolet rays that extends to a longer wavelength. In addition to light shots, a common vibrational energy transfer can occur to form a fast. (4) These fast-splitting atoms are excited by collision with the background & 3) Fast atomic emission produces a broadened Balmer a emission. A significant barley was observed consistent with the prediction: the line broadened (>10〇 eV). Therefore, a suitable catalyst can provide a net reaction of w.27.2 #. That is, the catalyst resonance accepts a non-light-emitting energy transfer from a hydrogen atom and releases the energy to the surroundings to achieve an electronic transition to a fractional quantum energy level. Due to the non-radiative energy transfer, the hydrogen atoms become unstable and further emit energy until they reach a lower energy non-radiative state having the main energy levels shown by equations and (3). Therefore, the catalysis of the release of energy from a hydrogen atom is accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the size of the hydrogen atom, where „ is shown by the equation. For example, catalysis of //(«=1) to pay („=1/4) Release 2〇4 eV and the hydrogen radius is reduced from αΗ. The catalyst product may also react with electrons to form a low energy hydrazine anion X1/p) or two (1/ρ) which react to form a corresponding molecule of low energy hydroquinone 2 (1/ρ). In particular, the catalytic product / / (1) can also react with electrons to form a novel hydrogen anion / Γ (1/ρ) with binding energy: ν _ fi2^s(s + Y) πμ^ίϊ1 ( 1 -L 22 a ^eal \ + yjs(s + \) 2; 4 «ο3 \ 1 + yjJ(s + 1) 3 PL p 142257.doc -10· (10) 201104948 One of the integers > ' π1/2 ' is the pianck, s constat bar, a is the vacuum permeability, ~ is the low electron mass shown by the electron mass m v v ^ 1+5, where % is the proton mass, ... is the Boer radius, and the ionic radius is from the equation (1〇), and the ionization energy of the hydride anion is calculated to be 0·75418 ep, and the experimental value is 6〇82 99±0.15 cm·1 (0.75418 eV). The shifted NMR peak is direct evidence that the radius is reduced relative to the common hydride anion and the lower energy state of the proton diamagnetic shield increases. The displacement is caused by the displacement of the common hydrogen anion 7 与 and the component attributed to the lower energy state. And shown: Code_ , &+ν^](1+α 〜)=-(29.9+i.3 〜), 01) where p=0 for π, and for the strict integer y , and α is a fine structure constant. 孖(Ι/p) Proton reaction and two / / (1/ρ) can react, forming 2 (1/household) + and / fKl / p respectively. Under the constraint of non-radiation, the Laplacian operator is used in the ellipsoid coordinates ( Laplacian) solves the hydrogen molecular ion and molecular charge and current density function, bond distance and energy. (12) The total energy of the hydrogen molecular ion with a spherical electric field at each focus of the long-sphere orbital is 142257.doc -11. 201104948 E. r-~p - e ^πε„α. -(41n3-l-21n3) _ 2, 2, 4 shelter. (23⁄4)3 called we mec2 pe (13) pe 2a, μ

~ρ216.13392 βΚ-ρ30.118755 eV where P is an integer, c is the speed of light in the vacuum, and “for the reduction of the nuclear mass. The total energy of a hydrogen molecule having a spherical electric field of +pe at each focus of the long-sphere molecular orbit is 4 εα03 1 + ^ ET = ~~p2 2V2 — V2 + pe2 pe2 8^0 f \3 ao 'P 8 ^〇(1 +Sword Ρ Ρ (14)

= -/7231.351eF -p30.326469 eV hydrogen molecule / / 2 (l / p) bond dissociation energy five D is the difference between the total energy of the corresponding hydrogen atom and the heart (15)

ED = E(2H(l/p))-ET where

E(2H(l/p)) = -p227.20 eV Five is shown by equations (15-16) and (14): 142257.doc -12· (16) 201104948

ED=-p221.20 eV-ET = -^227.20 eF-(-/7231.351 eF-^0.326469 eV)

(17) NMR of the catalytic product gas provides a clear test of the theoretically predicted horse (1/4) chemical shift. In general, the predicted (1/p) NMR resonance is due to the fractional radius in the elliptical coordinates and the high magnetic field of the resonance of the 2nd, where the electrons are significantly closer to the nucleus. The displacement f predicted for horses (1/;?) is shown by the sum of the horse displacement and the term of the household = integer for //2 (1/P): λ/2+O e2

VZ+丄e (λ , Ίϊ~\μβαϋτη}Χ + παρ^ (19) where 沁 is /7 = 0. Experimental absolute 沁 gas phase resonance displacement -28 〇ppm and predicted absolute gas phase displacement · 28.01 ppm ( The equation (丨9)) is extremely consistent. Hydrogen type molecule wan 2 (1/p) from υ = 0 transition to υ = ι vibration energy five (10)

^ro^Ej^-Ej =y[^ + lj = (^ + 1)0.01509 eK (2 1) where P is an integer and / is the moment of inertia. The dependence of the rotational energy is caused by the reciprocal p-dependence of the nuclear spacing and the corresponding effect on the moment of inertia. Predict the core spacing 2c' of i/2(l/p) as

2c'=^H P 〇 (22) 142257.doc ‘13· 201104948 Information from many research techniques strongly and consistently states that hydrogen can exist in energy states that are lower than previously thought possible. This data demonstrates the existence of the lower energy states of the "small hydrogen" called low-energy hydrogen and the presence of corresponding hydrogen anions and low-energy hydrogen. Some previous related studies have demonstrated the possibility of reacting with novel atomic hydrogens of hydrogen in the fractional quantum state of the traditional "base" («= low-energy energy, including extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopy, from catalysts and hydrogen. Characteristic emission of anion products, lower energy hydrogen emission, chemically formed plasma, barley 〇: broadening of spectral lines, inversion of open-line particle number, increasing electron temperature, duration of irregular plasma afterglow, power generation And analysis of novel compounds. The catalytic lower energy hydrogen transition of the present invention requires a catalyst which can be in the form of an integral w endothermic chemical reaction of uncatalyzed atomic hydrogen potential energy 27 2, accepting energy from the atomic enthalpy to cause a transition. The endothermic catalyst reaction can ionize one or more electrons from a substance such as an atom or an ion (for example, w = 3), and can further include a bond splitting and one or more electrons from one or more initials. The synergistic reaction of the bond into the bond body ionization (for example, 'state = 2 for the claw ugly'). The catalyst meets the catalyst standard - the enthalpy is equal to 27.2 # integer multiple of the chemical or physical process, It is ionized at 54.417 ^ (2.27.2. Two hydrogen atoms can also be used to catalyze the same hydrogen atom, ie, /, = 1, 2, 3, 137 can be further transitioned to by equation (1) And (3) the lower energy state in which one atomic transition is resonantly and non-radiatively accepting _27 2 and the accompanying potential energy is catalyzed by the first atom. Transfer from w.27.2 eK resonance to mortar The entire general equation for the induced (1/P) transition to 7/(1/〇? + w)) is shown in the following table 142257.doc -14· 201104948: + 6er. The (η) hydrogen atom can be used as a catalyst in which, for one or two atoms, m = 1 and m = 2 ', respectively, act as a catalyst for the other. When the extremely fast η collides with the molecules to form 2/f, the rate of the two-atom catalyst 2 can be high, wherein the two atoms resonate and non-radiatively accept 544 eK from the third hydrogen atom of the collision pair. At w=2, the catalyst / / e + and 2 ugly products are open (1/3), which reacts rapidly, forming ugly (1/4), followed by formation of molecular low-energy hydrogen (1/4) as a better status. In particular, in the case of high hydrogen atom concentration, i/(1/3) (p=3) which is not in the equation (23) further jumps to 1/4 Settlement+==4) The catalyst 〇'=1; w=1) can be fast:

//(1/3)—//(1/4) + 95.2 eF. (24) And observations - the corresponding molecules low-energy hydrogen horse (1/4) and low-energy hydrogen hydride anion / f (1/4) are the final products 'this system because (4) quantum states have more than four polarities' Let 叩/4) have a long theoretical lifetime to carry out the catalysis. Predicting the transfer of non-radiative energy to the + and (10) of the catalyst - in the plasma-plasma, for the two catalysts, the intermediate 孖* atomic radius (corresponding to 1 in the denominator) and equal to f The sub-ball heart electric field is 3 times; the cardiac electric field is the corresponding steady state with a radius of 1/3 of the opening radius; aH • 2 + 1 P white charges and increases the electronic excitation temperature of 孖. For (Equation (6), w =2) With 矣 142257.doc •15· 201104948 From the radius of the hydrogen atom to the radius of 1/3 of this distance, when the radial acceleration, the energy is released by characteristic light emission or third body kinetic energy. The emission can be found with 54 4 6 plants ( The far-ultraviolet continuous radiation form of the boundary of 22.8 nm and extending to longer wavelengths. The emission can be in the form of far-ultraviolet continuous radiation with a boundary of 54.4 (22.8 nm) and extending to longer wavelengths. Or, due to the transfer of co-vibration energy The prediction is fast. The predicted second continuation band is generated by the rapid transition of the subsequent catalytic products (equations (4-7) and (23)) to the | state (where the atomic hydrogen accepts 27.2 eK from t). About microwaves and glows And provide catalyst opening and 2/f 氦-hydrogen and hydrogen alone Pulse release to record extreme ultraviolet (euv) spectroscopy and high-resolution visible spectroscopy. The charge of the ion line occurs with the addition of hydrogen' and the excitation temperature of the hydrogen plasma is extremely high under certain conditions. Observed 22· EUV continuum at 8 nm and 4 〇.8 nm, and significant (>5〇eV) Balm "line broadening was observed. The hydrogen plasma was collected from hydrazine-hydrogen, hydrogen and water vapor. On the CDC/3 gas, a private (1/4) was observed at 丨.25 ppm by a solution. Similarly, the reaction of Jr+ to jr2+ has a net reaction enthalpy of 27.63 eF, which is in the equation (4). In -7), it is equivalent to m=l. When used as a catalyst, the predicted 91.2 nm and 45.6 nm continuum and other characteristic signs are observed: low energy hydrogen transition, energization of the excited state of the catalyst, fast enthalpy and solution The predicted low-energy hydrogen product (1/4) of the gas observed at 12.5% at 1.25 ppm. Considering these results and the results of the tantalum plasma, it is observed that the threshold is 54.5 for the 6+ catalyst. The ^13 6 continuum at eF ("4) and 40.8 eK (g = 3) and for the jr+ catalyst with a threshold of 27.2 eF (g = 2) and 13.6 eFQM). In the case of low-energy hydrogen transitions to lower energy states, causing high energy in the broad spectral range, 142257.doc • 16 · 201104948 continuous radiation may have a much higher 9 value. In recent studies of power generation and product characterization, atomic and molecular secrets have been used as catalysts because they conform to the catalyst standard, ie chemical or physical processes in which the enthalpy is equal to an integer w times the atomic hydrogen potential of 27.2 eF (eg , for that, (four); and for that, ... 2). Using chemically generated catalytic reactants, the corresponding low-energy hydrogen hydride anion ugly-(1/4) and molecular low-energy hydrogen (1) based on the novel alkali-toothed low-energy hydro hydride physicochemical compound (Na Guangsu) can be tested. The specific prediction of the closed form equation of the order. First, the h catalyst was tested. Use Ζζ· and see as a source of atomic lithium and hydrogen atoms. Using the water flow batch calorimetry, the measured power of i g h·, 〇 5 g 10 g h·do and 15 g P^4/2〇3 is about 16 〇 w, and the energy balance is β=-19·1 M. The observed energy balance is 4.4 times the maximum theoretical value based on known chemistry. Next, when a kinetic reaction mixture is used in chemical synthesis, Raney nickel (R-Ni) is used as a dissociator, wherein h is used as a getter of the catalytic product ugly (1/4) to form Especially as well as trapping horses (1/4) in the crystal. ToF-SIM shows the peak.仏 尤 尤 之 开 MAS MAS MAS MAS NMR shows a large unique high magnetic field resonance of about _2 5 ppm * matched with //-(1/4) in the U matrix. NMR peaks and gaps at 1 · 1 3 ppm: good 2 〇 / 4) match, and in the FTIR spectrum, a jerk frequency of 42 times the normal 2 rotation frequency was observed at 1989 (10)-1. The XPS recorded on the crystal is shown to peak at about 9.5 eV and 12.3 eV. Based on the lack of any other major element peaks, these peaks are not attributable to any known element, but they are in two chemical environments. /4) The combination can match. Another high-energy process 142257.doc -17-201104948 3 is observed when the atom and atomic hydrogen are present at low temperatures (for example, (8) magical and about 1-2 V/cm at very low electric field strength is called Resonance transfer electropolymerization or η plasma plasma. Time-dependent spectral line broadening (>40 eV) corresponding to the very fast and good Babel line was observed. For example, W contains hydrogen and at least hydrogen. The element a of the present invention is used as a hydrogen source for forming low-energy hydrogen and a catalyst source. The ionization of the bond energy from the electrons is made by the bond cleavage plus the electrons from the atomic enthalpy to the continuous energy level. The sum of the energies is about m.27.2 eF (where m is an integer) to provide a catalytic reaction. One such catalytic system comprises a sodium bond energy of 1.9245 eF' and a first and second ionization energy of 5139 〇 8 and 47.2864 eK ^ Based on this energy, ^^ ugly molecules can be used as a catalyst source and a hydrogen source' because the secondary ionization (?=2) to which the bond can be applied is 54·3 5 eF (2'27.2 eF). The catalyst reaction is as follows:

5435 eV + NaHNa2++2e~+H +[32-12]·13.6 eF (25) (26) Να2* +2e~ + ΗΝαΗ + 54.35 eV and the total response is Η — Η4

+ [32-l2]-13.6eK (27) The product / / (1/3) rapidly reacts to form 幵 (1/4), followed by the formation of low molecular energy hydrogen / /2 (1/4), as a preferred state ( Equation (24)). The catalyst reaction can be a synergistic reaction because the sum of the ugly bond energy, the secondary ionization to iVa2+ (ί=2), and the open energy is 81.56 eF (3.27.2 eF). The catalyst reaction is as follows: 142257.doc -18· 201104948

+ [42-l2]13.6eF (28)

81.56 eV + NaH + H ^Na2++2e'+H+,,+e~+H jQSt 4

Na2+ +2e'+H + H}ast +e~NaH + // + 81.56 eF (29) and the total response is

+ [42-l2]-13.6eF (30) where is a fast hydrogen atom having a kinetic energy of at least 13.6 eV. /^(1/4) forms a stable halohydride and reacts with 2//(1/4)-open 2(1/4) and π(1/4)+/Τ-^//2(1/ 4) The corresponding molecules formed together are advantageous products. Sodium hydride is usually in the form of an ionic crystalline compound formed by the reaction of gaseous hydrogen with sodium metal. And in the gaseous state, sodium contains a covalent molecule having a bond energy of 74.8048 kJ/mol. It was found that when heated at a very slow heating rate (0·1 ° C /min) to form 7 Va / / (g) in a helium atmosphere, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was observed at a high temperature by equation (25). -27) The predicted exothermic reaction shown. To achieve high power, design a chemical system that greatly increases the amount and rate of formation. Calculated by the heat generated to Να20 Good nitrogen release 1&Η=-ΔΛ.Ί kJ/mol NaOH ..

NaOH + 2Na Na20 + NaH(s) AH = -44.7 kJ I mole NaOH ^ This exothermic reaction can be deduced to form and is used to derive the complete exothermic reaction shown by equation (25-27). The regeneration reaction in the presence of atomic hydrogen is

Na20 + H ^ NaOH + Na AH =-\\.6 U/mole NaOH (32)

NaH -^Na + H(V3) AH = -10,500 kJ/mole H (33) 142257.doc -19- (34) 201104948

NaH -^Na + H(\/A) -\%ΊΟΟ kJ I mole H iWz/ί achieves high kinetics in a unique way, because the catalyst extension & long time depends on the release of the inherent ugly, the intrinsic / / at the same time The transition is formed "(1/3) one step reaction is formed //(1/4). High-temperature differential scanning thermal efficiency (DSC) was performed on the ions at very slow rises (0.1 °C/min) under a helium atmosphere to increase the amount of molecular formation. At 640. A novel exothermic effect of -177 was observed in the temperature range of (from 825.) t, the Vii horse obtained high power, and the surface of R-Ni having a surface area of about 100 w3/g was coated with L, I and Να〇Η and It reacts with #α metal to form iVa//. Uses water to batch heat, then & When reacting with iVa metal, the measured power from 15 g R-Ni is about n ' J υ · 5 kW , energy balance is 2 //=-36 A:·/, and the energy balance from the R-Ni starting material R_Ni 1 o is H. The observed ugly reaction can be 瞀, the balance is -1.6X 104 ' exceeds -241.8 AJ7wo/ In the case of /6 burning 烚66 doping increased to 0.5 wt%, the R-Ni intermetallic metal was used as a reducing agent to produce the iVo"catalyst. When heated to 6〇1, 15 g of composite catalyst material No additives were required to release 11.7 kJ of excess energy and produce a power of 〇25 kW. The solution NMR for the product gas dissolved in DMF-d7 showed i/2 (l/4) at 1.2 ppm.

ToF-SIM shows the low energy hydrogenated sodium claw 2/^ peak and A^/f*C7 // MAS NMR spectrum shows a huge match with the ruler (1/4) at -3.6 ppm and -4 ppm, respectively. Unique high magnetic field resonance and NMR peak matched to i/2 (1/4) at 1.1 ρριη. The C/, which is the sole source of hydrogen from the reaction with the solid acidity, contains two hydrino states. The /Γ(l/4) NMR peak was observed at -3.77 ppm, and the /Γ(l/3) peak was also present at -3.15 ppm. Points 142257.doc •20· 201104948 Do not observe the corresponding //2(1/4) and //:(1/3) peaks at 1.15 ppm and 1.7 ppm. 1 NMR of #aH*F in DMF-d7 shows isolated horses (1/4) and /Γ (1/4) at 1.2 ppm and -3.66 ppm, respectively, where any solid matrix effect is lacking or may be replaced The assignment confirmed solid NMR assignment. The recorded XPS spectra showed a /T(l/4) peak matched to the results produced by ZzUr and A://*/ at about 9.5 eV and 12.3 eV; however, low energy sodium hydride exhibited a lack of halide peaks. In the case of the other two hexahydrogen states of the 6 eVT^-U/S) XPS peak, "the predicted rotational rotation of the energy is 42 times the ordinary enthalpy energy from the private (1/4) of the 12.5 keV electron beam excitation. The data such as NMR shift, ToF-SIM mass, XPS binding energy, ftir and emission spectrum characterize and identify the low energy chlorine product of the catalyst system comprising one aspect of the invention. I. Low-energy hydrogen A hydrogen atom (i/p) 2 binding energy having a binding energy as shown below (wherein P is an integer greater than i, preferably 2 to 137) is a hydrazine product of the present invention. The binding energy (also known as ionization energy) of an atom, ion or molecule. The energy necessary to remove an electron by an ion or molecule. A hydrogen atom having a shoulder and a combination energy not in the formula (5) is hereinafter referred to as "low cut = sub: or "low energy hydrogen". The name of the low-energy argon having a radius, which is a common 耋: semi-custom and ρ is an integer, is ugly. The hydrogen atom having a shoulder diameter is hereinafter referred to as "ordinary hydrogen atom" or ~ general | 142257.doc -21 - 201104948 sub. Ordinary atomic hydrogen is characterized by a binding energy of 13 6 eV. Low-energy hydrogen formation is formed by the reaction of a common hydrogen atom with a suitable catalyst having the following net reaction enthalpy

TTi.27.2eF (36) where W is an integer. The rate of catalysis is increased when the net reaction is more closely matched to m.27.2 eF. Catalysts with a net reaction enthalpy of m. 27.2 ± 10%, preferably ± 5% have been found to be suitable for most applications. This catalysis releases energy from the hydrogen atoms, which decreases with the size of the hydrogen atoms. For example, „=1) can be catalyzed into ugly („=1/2) release 4〇8#, and the radius of the crucible is reduced from αΗ to jade%. By M-electrons each ionizing from atom to continuous energy level, so that? The sum of the electron ionization energies is about w.27.2 (where w is an integer)' to provide the catalytic system. Another example of such catalytic systems as shown above (Equation (6-9)) comprises metallic lithium. The first and second ionization energies of lithium are 5 39172 # and 75·_8, respectively, and thus Lz· to the second ionization of 2+ (the reaction has a net reaction enthalpy of 81.0319, which is equivalent to 3 in equation (36). 81.0319 eV + + ^ Li2++2e Li(m)+si.0319 eV and the total response is LP.

-^Li2+ + 2e-+H

〇H .(P + 3),

+ Do + 3) 2-p2].13.6eF (37) (38)

aH — Η JL(P + 3)_ + [(P + 3)2-p2]13.6eF (39) Absolute first and second electricity and thus Cs to Ci2+ in another embodiment, the catalytic system contains plane. The energy dissipation is 3.89390 eF and 23.15745 eF, respectively. 142257.doc -22- 201104948 The secondary ionization (ί=2) reaction has a net reaction enthalpy of 27.05135 eF, which is equivalent to m=l in equation (36). ^•Cs2++2e' + //

27.05135 eF+Ci(»i) + // Cs2++2e-4 Cj(w) + 27.05135 eF

aH (corpse +1).

+[(P + W].13.6eK (40) (41) and the total response is Η

aH Η °H (corpse +1)

[(p + l)2-/72] 13.6eF (42) Another catalytic system contains potassium metal. The first, second and third ionization energies of potassium are 4.34066, 31.63 eF and 45.806 eF, respectively. Thus the cubic ionization (ί = 3) reaction of the ruler to the ruler 3 + has a net reaction enthalpy of 81.7767, which is equivalent to equation (36); 72 = 3.

81.7767 eV + K(m)^H Ρ ~^Κ3+ (43) (44) Κ3+ +3e~ K(m) + Sl.7426 eV and the total response is Η °Η -^Η _ 1 ρ 1 L(P + 3) + [(p + 3)2-p2].i3.6eK 〇(45) As a power source, the energy released during the catalysis is much greater than the energy lost by the supply of the catalyst. The energy released is enormous compared to conventional chemical reactions. For example, when hydrogen and oxygen are burned to form water, HAg) + \〇2{g)-^H20 (/) (46) It is known that the formation of water is △ 宽 · 286 W per hydrogen atom or 1 相比 In contrast, each of the catalyzed ("=1) ordinary hydrogen atoms released 40.8 I42257.doc • 23- 201104948 eF net enthalpy. This " = i - i 丄 ~ 丄丄 % Bu, can occur into the - step catalytic conversion: 2 3 ^ 4 4 Bu 5, etc. Once the catalysis begins, the low-energy hydrogen is called the process of disproportionation into a cow 6 乂 automatic Catalysis "This mechanism is similar to inorganic ion-protonated arsenic. Because yttrium is better matched with m.27.2 eF, the low-energy hydrogen catalyzed reaction material will be higher than the money ion catalyst. The g-hydrogen anion of this month can be obtained by electron source and A low-energy gas (that is, a hydrogen atom having a binding energy of about f, wherein p is an integer greater than 1) is formed by reacting. The low-energy hydrino hydride is represented by ie = 1 (8) or (I//7): 47) (48) Order]+. The low hydrazine 1 hydrino hydride ion is different from the ordinary hydrogen anion containing an ordinary hydrogen nucleus and two electrons having a binding energy of about 0.8 eV. The latter is hereinafter referred to as "ordinary hydride anion" or "general Hydrogen anion". The low-energy hydrogen-hydrogen anion contains nucleus, or nucleus, and two indistinguishable electrons; the electrons at the binding energy according to the equation (49-50). The binding energy of low-energy hydrino hydrides can be expressed by the following formula:

^y[s(s + \) ^JU〇e2n2 1 22 1 + ^(s +1) 2 m] 3 + aN al \ 1 + fys + l) 3 . P . _ PJ (49) where P is greater than The integer of 1 , ί = 1/2 ' is the pi, the square is the reduced gram constant, the vacuum permeability, we are the electron mass, a is 142257.doc •24· 201104948

The low electron mass shown by Me memp 'where % is the proton mass' atomic radius, 々 is the Boer radius, and e is the base charge. The radius is as shown below

(50) The binding energy of the low energy hydrogen hydride opening 1 / p) with the corpse is shown in Table 1, where p is an integer. Table 1. Representative binding energies of low-energy hydrino hydride nucleus with P, equation (49) to U "cloudy butyl η binding energy wavelength (α〇) (eV)b (nm) H' ( n= =1) 1.8660 0.7542 1644 Η·(η= = 1/2) 0.9330 3.047 406.9 Η·(η= = 1/3) 0.6220 6.610 187.6 Η·(η= = 1/4) 0.4665 Π.23 110.4 Η '(η= = 1/5) 0.3732 16.70 74.23 Η'{η~ = 1/6) 0.3110 22.81 54.35 Η(η= = 1/7) 0.2666 29.34 42.25 Η(η= = 1/8) 0.2333 36.09 34.46 Η '(η = = 1/9) 0.2073 42.84 28.94 Η(η= =1/10) 0.1866 49.38 25.11 Η'(η= =1/11) 0.1696 55.50 22.34 142257.doc -25· 201104948 //•(«= 1/12) 0.1555 60.98 20.33 H'(n=\/13) 0.1435 65.63 18.89 /Γ(« = 1/14) 0.1333 69.22 17.91 Η-(η=\/\5) 0.1244 71.55 17.33 Η'(η=\ /16) 0.1166 72.40 17.12 //'(«=1/17) 0.1098 71.56 17.33 /Γ〇=1/18) 0.1037 68.83 18.01 //(«=1/19) 0.0982 63.98 19.38 //'(«=1/ 20) 0.0933 56.81 21.82 Η·(η=1/21) 0.0889 47.11 26.32 Η'(η=1/22) 0.0848 34.66 35.76 //•0=1/23) 0.0811 19.26 64.36 ·ίΓ〇=1/24) 0.0778 0.6945 1785 a Equation (50) b Equation (49) λ/Γ, the present invention provides a low-energy hydrino hydride (Η·) having a binding energy according to the equation (49-5〇), which is greater than 2 to 23 in the factory. Ordinary gas anion, ', ° 5 (about 0.75 eV) and less than the ordinary hydrogen anion 5 nti at ?? 24 (Η-) for the corpse = 2 to p = 24 in the equation (49-50), hydrogen The anionic binding energies were 3, 6.6, 11.2, 16.7, 22.8, 29.3, 36.1, 42.8, 49.4, 55.5, 61 〇, 65.6, 69.2, 71.6, 72.4, 71.6, 68.8, 64_〇, 56.8, 47 j, 34.7, respectively. , 19.3 and 0_69 eV. Exemplary compositions comprising the novel hydrogen anion are also provided herein. 142257.doc .26- 201104948 Also provided are exemplary compounds comprising - or a plurality of low energy hydrino hydride ions and / or a plurality of other elements. Such compounds are referred to as "low energy hydrogen hydride compounds." Ordinary hydrogen species are characterized by the following binding energies: (4) hydride anions, 〇.754 eV ("ordinary hydrogen anions"); (b) hydrogen atoms ("ordinary hydrogen atoms")' 136 ::; (4) diatomic hydrogen molecules ' 15.3 eV ("Ordinary hydrogen molecule"); (4) Hydrogen molecular ion, 16.3 eV ("Bian 8:2 (曰通虱刀离子)); and (4) and, 22.6 eV ("Ordinary trihydrogen early morning" fly knife Ion"). In this context, the form of hydrogen is generally synonymous with "ordinary." According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided at least one gas species such as ί γ ^ λ» a 13.6 bV ° 5 The compound: (4) has a hydrogen atom of about 13.6 eV as a binding energy in the range of about 〇·9 to 1. 丨1^~, where P is an integer from 2 to 137. Strict number, (8) has a binding energy m0e2h2 P is 2 to 1 h2Ms + \) ^Mece〇i+VHs+i)2 _ P 1 · 1 times binding energy 21 ao

P such as hydrogen in the range of about 0.9 to 8 Mea ^ Ρ «, 2 α Η + · 21 1 + yls (s + l), 虱 ^ 221 (8)) 'where P is an integer from 2 to 24, such as in The banknotes in the range of about 0.99 to 1.1 times are from _ KPJ, α D t·, and two low-energy hydrogen molecular ions 1 (1~), of which 22.6 r , 72.6 T kP. 142257.doc -27- 201104948 15.3 is an integer from 2 to 137; (e) has an approximate

eV, such as about 0.9 to 1 i 15.3

The lower bound of the binding energy in the range of eV times ίι] UJ is low in milk' where P is an integer from 2 to 137 16·3.π 16.3; (1) has about [iJ, such as about. The two low-energy hydrogen molecules with a binding energy of .9 to U times are preferably integers from 2 to 137. According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a compound comprising at least one hydrogen species with increased binding energy: (&) having an ion, wherein P is an integer, compared to Ετ = -Ρ1 name πε〇αΗ 1 + Ρ

(41η3-1-21η3) pe2 pe1 4% 2«h l p , 3 πε0 3% , Ρ , -/7216.13392 eF-/〇.l 18755 eV

The total energy in the range (51) 1.1 times the amount of the two low-energy hydrogen molecular ions, where p is an integer, h is about the lang 142257.doc • 28 · 201104948 constant ' is the electron mass, c is the speed of light in the vacuum And μ is the reduced nuclear mass; and (b) has about 8 εα0 V2 + 1 V2-1 1+P e2 Η ^ε0α\ me Ετ = -ρ2 2 η

In •>/2 ...2 pe pe1 r V ( 1 , \ 3 8% uo 1+ «0 ^ P j name πε0 v V2 JP -ρ231.351 eV-ρ30326469 eV μ as about 0.9 to 1.1 (52) times 2V2 — V2 + Er=-P2

= -p231.351 eF-p30.326469 eV pe [spit > a〇, P. 2h\ ^ε0α\ 1 + p* The total energy of the two low-energy hydrogen molecules 'where p is an integer and ~ is Bore radius. According to one embodiment of the invention wherein the compound comprises a negatively charged substance having increased binding energy, the compound further comprises one or more cations such as protons, normal or ordinary H3+. Methods for preparing compounds comprising at least one low energy hydrino hydride anion are provided herein. These compounds are hereinafter referred to as "low-energy chlorochlorinated 142257.doc •29·201104948 compound". The method comprises reacting atomic hydrogen with a catalyst having a net reaction enthalpy of about y·27 # (where m is an integer greater than 1, preferably less than 400

13.6 eV integer) produces a hydrogen atom having an increased binding energy with an approximate binding energy, wherein p is an integer, preferably an integer from 2 to 137. Another catalytic product is energy. The hydrogen atom with increased binding energy can react with the electron source to produce a hydrogen anion with increased binding energy. The hydrogen anion having increased binding energy can react with one or more cations to produce a compound comprising at least one hydrogen anion having increased binding energy. The novel novel hydrogen composition may comprise: (a) at least one neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species (hereinafter referred to as "hydrogen species with increased binding energy") capable of satisfying the following conditions: (i) the binding energy is greater than the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species The binding energy, or (ii) the binding energy is greater than the binding energy of any hydrogen species. For any hydrogen species, the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species is less than the thermal energy due to the combination of common hydrogen species under ambient conditions (standard temperature and pressure, STP). Stable or unobserved; or negative; and (b) at least one other element. The compound of the present invention is hereinafter referred to as "a hydrogen compound having an increased binding energy". In the context of "other elements" means elements other than hydrogen species that can be combined with increased energy. Therefore, other elements may be ordinary hydrogen species or any element other than hydrogen. In a group of compounds, other elements and hydrogen species with increased binding energy are neutral. In another group of compounds, other elements are charged with the increased binding energy of the hydrogen species, allowing other elements to provide a neutral compound to form a 142257.doc • 30· 201104948 equilibrium charge. The former group of compounds are characterized by molecules and coordinate bonds; the latter group of features are ionic bonds. Novel compounds and molecular ions are also provided which comprise: (a) at least one neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species having a total energy (hereinafter referred to as "hydrogen species with increased binding energy"): (i) total energy Greater than the total energy of the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species, or (Π) total energy is greater than the total energy of any hydrogen species. For any hydrogen species, the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species is unstable due to the total energy of ordinary hydrogen species under ambient conditions being less than thermal energy. Not observed; or negative; and (b) at least one other element. The total energy of the hydrogen species is the sum of the energy of all electrons removed from the hydrogen species. The hydrogen species according to the invention have a total energy greater than the total energy of the corresponding common hydrogen species. Even though some embodiments of the total energy-increasing hydrogen species may have a first electron binding energy that is less than the first electron binding energy of the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species, the total energy increased hydrogen species according to the present invention is also referred to as "increase in binding energy. Hydrogen substance". For example, the hydride anion of equation (49-50) of p=24 has a first binding energy smaller than the first binding energy of the ordinary hydride anion, and the total hydride anion of equation (49-50) of the household =24 The energy is much greater than the total energy of the corresponding common hydrogen anion. Also provided herein are novel compounds and molecular ions comprising: (a) a plurality of neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species having a binding energy that satisfies the following conditions (hereinafter "hydrogen species with increased binding energy") (i) binding Can be greater than the binding energy of the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species, or (ii) the binding energy is greater than the binding energy of any hydrogen species, for any hydrogen species 142257.doc -31 - 201104948 the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species due to the ordinary hydrogen species under ambient conditions The binding energy is less than thermal energy and is unstable or unobservable; or negative; and (b) another element selected as appropriate. The compound of the present invention is hereinafter referred to as "a hydrogen compound having an increased binding energy. The hydrogen energy added by the binding energy can be a chlorine species which increases one or more low-energy hydrogen atoms with electrons, low-energy hydrogen atoms, and at least one of these binding energies. The compound is formed by reacting one or more of at least one other atom, molecule or ion other than the hydrogen species with increased binding energy. Novel compounds and molecular ions comprising the following are also provided: (a) having a total of the following conditions A plurality of neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species of energy (hereinafter referred to as "hydrogen species with increased binding energy") (1) The total energy is greater than the total energy of ordinary molecular hydrogen, or (ϋ) the total energy is greater than the total energy of any hydrogen species. 'For any hydrogen species: the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species is unstable or unobserved because it is less than the thermal energy in the total energy of the ambient hydrogen under ambient conditions; or is negative; and (b) the other element selected as appropriate. The compound of the present invention is hereinafter referred to as "a hydrogen compound having an increased binding energy". In an embodiment, a compound comprising at least one hydrogen species having an increased binding energy selected from the group consisting of: (4) having a binding energy (about ev) greater than that of the f-hydrogen anion according to the equation (MM) versus Yan 2 to = For Yan _ : a hydrogen anion that has a lower binding energy than a common hydrogen anion ("bonding month", "day plus hydrogen anion" or "low-energy hydrino hydride"); (8) has a large "combination of ordinary hydrogen atoms ( A hydrogen atom of a binding energy of about 13 6 ev) can be increased by a hydrogen atom or a "low energy hydrogen"; (4) a hydrogen molecule having a first binding energy of more than 142257.doc -32 · 201104948 and about 15.3 eV ("combination a hydrogen molecule that can be added" or "two low-energy hydrogen"; and (d) a molecular hydrogen ion having a binding energy greater than about 16.3 eV ("molecular hydrogen ion with increased binding energy" or "two low-energy hydrogen molecule ion" II. Power Reactor and System According to another embodiment of the present invention, a hydrogen catalyst reactor for generating energy and lower energy hydrogen species is provided. As shown in FIG. 1, hydrogen catalyst reactor 70 includes a vessel 72 containing an energy reaction mixture 74, a heat exchanger 80, and a power converter, such as steam generator 82 and turbine 90. In one embodiment, catalyzing comprises reacting atomic hydrogen from source 76 with catalyst 78 to form a lower energy hydrogen "low energy hydrogen" and generating power. When the reaction mixture comprising hydrogen and the catalyst reacts to form a lower energy hydrogen, the heat exchanger 80 absorbs the heat released by the catalytic reaction. The heat exchanger exchanges heat with a steam generator 82 that absorbs heat from the exchanger 80 and produces steam. The energy reactor 70 further includes a turbine 90 that receives steam from the steam generator 82 and provides mechanical power to the generator 100, which converts the steam energy into electrical energy that can be received by the load 110 to produce work or power. In an embodiment, the energy reaction mixture 74 comprises an energy release material 76, such as fuel supplied via a supply passage 62. The reaction mixture may comprise a hydrogen isotope atom source or a molecular hydrogen isotope source and a source of a catalyst 7 8 that removes about τ27·2 eF (wherein an integer, preferably less than 400 integer) to form a lower energy atomic hydrogen, wherein The reaction to form lower energy hydrogen is carried out by contacting hydrogen with the catalyst. The catalyst can be in the form of a melt, a liquid, a gas or a solid state of 142257.doc -33 - 201104948. The catalysis releases energy in a form such as heat and forms at least one of the following: a lower energy hydrogen isotope atom, a lower energy hydrogen molecule, a hydrogen anion, and a lower energy hydrogen compound. Therefore, the power unit also contains a lower energy hydrogen chemical reactor. The hydrogen source can be hydrogen, hydrolyzed (including thermal dissociation), water electrolyzed, hydrogen from a hydride or hydrogen from a metal-hydrogen solution. In another embodiment, the molecular hydrogen dissociation catalyst of mixture 74 dissociates the molecular hydrogen of energy release material 76 into atomic hydrogen. The dissociation catalysts or dissociaters may also absorb hydrogen, helium or neon atoms and/or molecules, and include, for example, elements, compounds, alloys or mixtures of the following metals: noble metals such as kiln; refractory metals such as molybdenum and tungsten; Transition metals such as nickel and titanium: and internal transition metals such as ruthenium and osmium. The dissociator preferably has a high surface area such as Al2〇3, Si〇2 or a combination thereof such as Pt, Pd, Ru, Ir, a noble metal or Ni. In a consistent embodiment, the r electrons are ionized from atoms or ions to a continuous energy level such that the sum of the enthalpy electron ionization energies is about w.27.2 (wherein and each is an integer) to provide catalysis. Catalysis can also provide "electron transfer from one ion to another ion to provide ions for electrons in the net reaction H, the sum of electron ionization energy minus the electron-receiving ion." The electron ionization energy is equal to about m.27.2, where ί and each are integers. In another embodiment, the catalyst comprises a combination of atomic ruthenium and hydrogen, such as (10), and the sum of the Μ-function and the electron ionization energy. To provide w.27.2 eF. In one embodiment, the catalytic material 78, the catalyst source is included via the catalyst supply channel 61 for the catalytic material 78 to typically provide about f.27·2# plus I42257.doc-34 - 201104948 or subtracting the net enthalpy of 1 eK. The catalyst comprises atoms, ions, molecules and low energy hydrogen which accept energy from atomic hydrogen and low energy hydrogen. In an embodiment, the catalyst may comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of molecules A1H, BiH , C1H, CoH,

GeH, InH, NaH, RUH, SbH, SeH, SiH, SnH, C2, #2, 〇2, C6>2, AT〇2 and JV03 and atoms or ions Li, Be, K, Ca,

Ti V, Cr, Mn, pe, c〇, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, pr, Sm, Gd,

Dy ' Pb ^ Pt > Kr > 2K+ > He+ > Ti2+ ^ Na+ > Rb+ ^ Sr+ ^ , From 〇2+, M〇4+, /„3+, 々2+ and Kai+# In one embodiment of the power system, heat is removed by heat exchange with a heat exchange medium. The heat exchanger can be a water wall and the medium can be water. The heat can be directly transferred for space heating and Process heating. Alternatively, a heat exchanger f such as water undergoes a phase change, such as conversion to steam. This conversion can occur in steam generators where it can be used to generate electricity in a turbine such as a steam turbine and generator. An embodiment of a reactor 5 for recirculating or regenerating a fuel cell to circulate a lower amount of hydrogen species in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 2, an 8-pack boiler 10 containing a hydrogen source , catalyst source and, as appropriate, 12; 1 = fuel reaction mixture 11 of a mixture of chemical solvents; hydrogen source 々 fly s and 瘵 steam generator 13; - power converter, such as turbine 14 | 'b: _ γ shouter 16, a water supply source 17; a fuel recycler 丨8; and a gas separator 19. In step 1, a material comprising a source of catalyst source, such as a gas, a liquid, a solid, or a fuel comprising a heterogeneous mixture of non-142257.doc-35-201104948, is reacted to form a low energy hydrogen and a lower energy hydrogen product. . In step 2, the used fuel is reprocessed to supply the pot (4) again, thereby maintaining thermal power generation. The heat generated in the boiler 10 forms steam in the tubes and steam generators 13, is transferred to the turbines 14, and is also powered by the supply generator. In step 3, the water is condensed by a water condenser 16. Any water flow is lost by the water source 17 to recirculate, thereby maintaining the heat-to-electricity energy conversion. In step 4, lower energy hydrogen products, such as low energy hydrogen hydride compounds and two low energy hydrogen gases, may be removed, and unreacted hydrogen may be returned to fuel recycler 18 or hydrogen source 12 for addition. Refueling is used to replenish the recycled fuel. The gaseous product and unreacted hydrogen may be separated by a hydrogen-two low energy hydrogen gas separator 19. Any product low energy hydrogen hydride compound product can be separated and removed using fuel recycler 18. It can be processed in the boiler or outside the boiler and the fuel can be returned. Accordingly, the system can further include at least one gas and bulk conveyor to move reactants and products for spent fuel removal, regeneration, and resupply. The hydrogen additive consumed in the formation of low energy hydrogen is added from source 12 during fuel reprocessing and may include recycled unconsumed hydrogen. The recirculated fuel maintains thermoelectric generation to drive the power plant to generate electricity. The reactor can be operated in a continuous mode of hydrogen addition and separation and addition or replacement to resist minimal degradation of the reactants. Alternatively, the reaction fuel is continuously regenerated from the product. In one embodiment of the latter process, the reaction mixture comprises a material which produces a reactant which further reacts to form a low energy hydrogen atom or molecular catalyst with atomic hydrogen' and the product material formed by the catalyst and atomic hydrogen is at least The step of reacting the products with hydrogen is regenerated. In one embodiment, the reactor comprises a moving bed reactor, and the moving bed reaction 142257.doc-36-201104948 can further comprise a fluidized reactor section in which the reactants are continuously supplied and the by-products are removed and The reactants are regenerated and returned to the reactor. In one embodiment, a lower energy chlorine product, such as a low energy hydrogen hydride compound or a second low energy gas molecule, is collected as the reactants are regenerated. In addition, during the regeneration of the reactants, the low energy hydrino hydride anion can form other compounds or be converted to 'two low energy hydrogen molecules. • Reaction 11 can include a separator such as a component that separates the product mixture by evaporating the solvent if a solvent is present. The separator may comprise, for example, a sieve to mechanically separate by physical differences such as size. The separator may also be a separator that utilizes the difference in density of the components of the mixture, such as a vortex separator. For example, at least two selected from the group consisting of carbon, a metal such as Eu, and a group of inorganic products such as KBr can be separated based on a difference in density in a suitable medium such as a pressurized inert gas and by centrifugal force. Component separation can also be based on differences in dielectric constant and chargeability. For example, carbon and metal can be separated based on the application of an electrostatic charge to the former and removal from the mixture by an electric field. Separation can be achieved using a magnet in the event that one or more of the components are magnetic. The mixture may be agitated on a series of strong magnets, alone or in combination with one or more screens, to cause separation based on at least one of the stronger adhesion or attraction of the magnetic particles to the magnets and the difference in size between the two types of particles. In embodiments where a screen and an applied magnetic field are used, K adds additional force in addition to gravity to draw smaller magnetic particles through the screen, while other particles of the mixture remain on the screen due to their larger size. The reactor may further comprise a separator that separates one or more components based on different phase changes or reactions. In one embodiment, the phase change comprises melting using a heater 142257.doc -37·201104948 and by methods known in the art, such as gravity, filtration using pressurized gas, centrifugation, and by means of Vacuum is applied to separate the liquid from the solid. The reaction may include a reaction such as decomposition of hydride decomposition or formation of a hydride, and separation may be achieved by separately melting the corresponding metal, then separating it, and mechanically separating the hydride powder. The latter (by mechanical separation) can be achieved by screening. In one embodiment, a phase change or reaction can produce the desired reactant or intermediate. In certain embodiments, regeneration including any desired separation steps can occur inside or outside the reactor. The separation of the present invention can be carried out by applying conventional methods known to those skilled in the art by applying routine experimentation. In general, mechanical separation can be divided into groups: sedimentation, centrifugation, percolation, and screening. In one embodiment, particle separation is achieved by at least one of discriminating and using a classifier. The particle size and shape can be selected among the starting materials to achieve the desired product separation. The power system may further comprise a catalyst condenser to maintain the catalyst vapor pressure by a temperature controller at a surface temperature controlled reaction battery temperature. The surface temperature is maintained at the desired value to provide the desired vapor pressure of the catalyst. In one embodiment, the condensed state is the tube gate of the early enthalpy (tubi (four). In the case of using a heat exchanger - the flow rate of the controllable medium is maintained and lowered by the condenser At the rate of the operation, the working medium is water at the required temperature of the implementation 2, and the flow rate in the condenser is lower than that in the water-cooled wall. """ The masses are recombined and transferred for space heating and phase heating or material conversion to steam. The unit of the present invention is directed to a catalyst, reaction mixture 142257.doc-38·201104948 method and system disclosed herein, wherein The specific unit is used as a reactor and at least one component that activates, expands, expands, and/or sustains the reaction and regenerates the reactants. According to the present invention, the #元 includes at least one catalyst or catalyst source, at least: a source of hydrogen atoms and Containers. The operation of such units and systems is known to those skilled in the art. Electrolytic cell energy reactors of the present invention (such as eutectic salt: cell, plasma electrolysis reactor, barrier electrode reactor, crucible plasma) Should be fast, pressurized gas energy reactor, gas discharge energy reactor (preferably pulse discharge and better pulse compression electropolymerization discharge), microwave battery energy reactor and glow discharge battery and microwave and / or ^ plasma reactor Combination of: comprising: a source of hydrogen; one of a solid, a smelting, a liquid, a gas, and a non-homogenous source of a catalyst or reactant, which in any of these states causes a low energy hydrogen reaction by a reaction between the reactants; Or a vessel containing at least hydrogen and a catalyst wherein a reaction to form a lower energy hydrogen occurs by contacting hydrogen with a catalyst or by reacting a catalyst; and optionally removing a lower energy hydrogen product The reaction of the component to form a lower energy state is promoted by an oxidation reaction which can be improved by accepting at least one of electrons from the catalyst and neutralization of a high charge yoke formed by accepting energy from atomic hydrogen. The reaction rate of low energy hydrogen is formed. Therefore, these units can operate in such a manner as to provide such an oxidation reaction. In one embodiment, the electrolysis or plasma pool can be in the anode An oxidation reaction is provided in which hydrogen supplied by a method such as bubbling reacts with a catalyst to form low energy hydrogen via participation in an oxidation reaction. In one embodiment of the liquid fuel, the rate of solvent decomposition in the battery is relative to solvent regeneration associated with battery power. Operating at negligible temperature. At 142257.doc -39·201104948: below the temperature at which the temperature at which satisfactory energy conversion efficiency is obtained by more conventional methods, such as the use of steam cycles, A lower > ergonomic medium can be used. In another embodiment, the temperature of the tempering medium can be increased using a heat pump. Because &, the battery supply space heating and process operating at temperatures above ambient can be used. Heating, using components such as heat pumps in # increases the temperature of the working medium. In the case of a sufficiently high temperature, a liquid to gas phase change can occur and the gas can be used for pressure volume (pv) work. The pv function can include supplying generator power to generate electricity. The medium can then be condensed and the condensed working medium can be returned to the reactor unit for reheating and recirculation in the power cycle. In one embodiment of the reactor, a non-homogeneous catalyst mixture comprising a liquid phase and a solid phase is passed through the reactor. Flow can be achieved by pumping. The mixture can be a slurry. The mixture can be heated in a hot zone to cause hydrogen to catalyze hydrogen into low energy, thereby releasing heat to maintain the hot zone. The product can be passed out of the hot zone and the reaction mixture can be regenerated from the products. In another embodiment, at least one solid of the heterogeneous mixture can be fed into the reactor by gravity feed. The solvent can be introduced into the reactor either alone or in combination with one or more solids. The reaction mixture may comprise at least one of a dissociator, a high surface area (HSA) material, a group of R_Ni, See, NaH, Na, NaOH, and a solvent. In the actual example, one or more reactants, preferably a halogen source, a halogen gas, an oxygen source or a solvent are injected into a mixture of other reactants. The injection is controlled to optimize the excess energy and power from the reaction to form low energy hydrogen. Battery temperature and injection rate can be controlled for optimization during injection. Further optimization of the process parameters and mixing can be carried out using methods known to those skilled in the art of the process. 142257.doc -40· 201104948 In the case of Yuli conversion, 'all types of batteries can be connected to any known converter of thermal energy or plasma to mechanical power or power, including, for example, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, The Terry engine (SterHng eng) ne) or thermionic or thermoelectric converter. Other plasma transformers include a magnetic mirror power dynamics converter, a plasma dynamics power converter 'magnetic rotation f, a photonics microwave power converter, a charge drift power machine or a photoelectric conversion-in a consistent column, 胄The pool contains at least one internal combustion engine cylinder. III. Hydrogen Battery and Solid, Liquid, and Non-Uniform Fuel Reactors In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a reactor for producing low energy hydrogen and power may take the form of a reactor cell. The reactor of the present invention is shown in Figure 3. The reactants provide a low energy hydrogen of the reactants. The catalysis can be carried out in the gas phase or in a solid or liquid state. The reactor of Figure 3 contains a reaction vessel grip that has a chamber chest that can contain a vacuum or a force that exceeds the atmosphere. A hydrogen source 221 in fine communication with the chamber transfers the helium to the chamber via the hydrogen supply passage 242. The controller 222 is positioned to control the pressure and hydrogen flow into the container via the hydrogen supply channel μ. The force sensor 223 monitors the pressure in the container. Use vacuum fruit 25 = evacuate the chamber from vacuum line 257. In the examples, the catalysis is carried out in the gas phase. The catalyst can be made into a gas by maintaining the battery temperature at a high temperature, which in turn determines the vapor pressure of the catalyst. The atomic and/or molecular hydrogen reactants are also maintained at the desired pressure within any pressure range. In the embodiment, the pressure is less than atmospheric, preferably in the range of from about 10 mTorr to about 100 Torr. In another embodiment ΐ & 142257.doc • 41. 201104948, the determination is made by maintaining a mixture of a catalyst source such as a metal source and a corresponding hydride such as a metal hydride in a battery maintained at the desired operating temperature. pressure. A suitable catalyst source 25 for producing low energy hydrogen atoms can be placed in the catalyst storage state 295' and a gaseous catalyst can be formed by heating. The reaction vessel 207 has a catalyst supply passage 241 for transferring the gaseous catalyst from the catalyst reservoir 295 to the reaction to 200. Alternatively, the catalyst can be placed in a chemically resistant open container, such as a boat, inside the reaction vessel. The hydrogen source can be hydrogen and molecular hydrogen. Hydrogen can be dissociated into atomic hydrogen by the molecular hydrogen dissociation catalyst. The dissociation catalysts or dissociators include, for example, Raney Nickel (R_Ni), a metal, and a noble metal on a support. The noble metal may be pt, pd, Ru, Ir, and Rh' and the carrier may be at least one of Ti, Nb, Al2?3, SiO2, and combinations thereof. Other dissociators are Pt or Pd, nickel fiber mats, Pd flakes, Ti sponges, pt or Pd, TiH, platinum black, and electroplated on 71 or 海绵 sponge or mat, which may contain hydrogen overflow catalyst on carbon. Black, refractory metals (such as la and tungsten), transition metals (such as nickel and titanium), internal transition metals (such as cerium and zirconium), and other such materials known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the dissociation of hydrogen on Pt or Pd may be coated on a support material such as titanium or Al2〇3. In another embodiment, the dissociator is a refractory metal such as tungsten or molybdenum. The dissociated material can be maintained at a high temperature by temperature control assembly 230. The temperature control assembly 230 can take the form of a heating coil as shown in cross-section in FIG. The heating coil is powered by a power source 225. The dissociated material is preferably maintained at the operating temperature of the battery. The dissociator can be further operated at temperatures above the battery temperature for more efficient dissociation, and the high temperature 142257.doc -42- 201104948 prevents the catalyst from condensing on the dissociator. The hydrogen dissociator can also be provided by a hot filament such as 280 powered by a power source 285. In one embodiment, hydrogen dissociation occurs such that the dissociated hydrogen atoms are in contact with the gaseous catalyst to produce low energy hydrogen atoms. The catalyst vapor pressure is maintained at the desired pressure by controlling the temperature of the catalyst reservoir 295 using a catalyst reservoir heater 298 powered by a power source 272. When the catalyst is contained in the inner vessel of the reactor, the temperature of the catalyst boat is controlled by adjusting the power supply of the boat m to maintain the catalyst vapor pressure at a desired value. A heating coil 230 powered by a power source 225 controls the battery temperature to the desired operating temperature. The battery (referred to as an osmotic battery) can further include an internal reaction chamber 200 and an external hydrogen reservoir 290 such that hydrogen can be supplied to the battery by diffusion of hydrogen through the walls 291 separating the two chambers. The temperature of the wall can be controlled by a heater to control the rate of diffusion. The rate of diffusion can be further controlled by controlling the hydrogen pressure in the hydrogen reservoir. To maintain the catalyst pressure to the desired extent, the battery that will permeate as a source of hydrogen can be sealed. Alternatively, the battery further includes a high temperature valve at each inlet or outlet to maintain the valve contacting the reactive gas mixture at the desired temperature. The battery may further include an aspirator or collector 255 to selectively collect lower energy hydrogen species and/or a combination of increased hydrogen compounds, and may further comprise a selector valve 206 for releasing the two low energy hydrogen gas products. . In one embodiment, reactant 260, such as a solid fuel or a non-homogeneous catalyst fuel mixture, is reacted in vessel 200 by heating with heater 230. Additional reactants, such as at least one exothermic reactant, preferably having fast kinetics, can flow into battery 200 142257.doc-43-201104948 via control valve 232 and connection 233. The reactant added may be a source of a pheromone, a source of ii, an oxygen source or a solvent. Reactant 260 can comprise a substance that reacts with the added reactants. For example, a halogen may be added to form a halide with reactant 260, or an oxygen source may be added to reactant 260 to form an oxide. The catalyst can be at least one of the group consisting of atomic lithium, unloading or planing, NaH molecules, 2 Å and low energy hydrogen atoms, wherein the catalysis comprises a disproportionation reaction. It maintains the battery temperature within a range of about 50,000 -1 〇 〇 , to make the catalyst a gas. The battery is preferably maintained in the range of about 500-7501. The cell pressure can be maintained in the range of less than atmospheric pressure, preferably from about 1 Torr to about 1 Torr. Optimally, at least one of the catalyst pressure and the pressure is maintained by maintaining a mixture of the catalyst metal and the corresponding hydride (such as hydride and hydrogenation clock, sodium hydride, sodium and sodium hydride, and planer and hydrogenation planer). Determine the battery at the required operating temperature. The catalyst in the gas phase may comprise a clock atom from a source of metal or metal. Preferably, the catalyst is maintained at a pressure determined by a mixture of metallic lithium and lithium hydride in an operating temperature range of about 500-1000 C and is preferably maintained at a temperature within a temperature range of about 50 〇 75 〇 ° C. Under the pressure. In other embodiments, κ, ^, and ^^ are substituted for Li, wherein the catalyst is atomic κ, atomic Cs, and molecular NaH. In one embodiment comprising a catalyst reservoir or a gas cell reactor, the gas Na, NaH catalyst or a gaseous catalyst such as Li, and Cs vapor is maintained in the battery relative to the reservoir as a battery vapor source Or under the condition that the steam in the boat is overheated. In one embodiment, the superheated vapor reduction catalyst is condensed on a dissociator of at least one of a hydrogen dissociator or a metal and metal hydride molecule disclosed below. In one embodiment of the catalyst comprising u as a reservoir or a boat 142257.doc • 44 - 201104948, Jianmuyi or boat is maintained at a level that vaporizes Li. Hey. It can be maintained at a pressure lower than the pressure of LiH which forms a significant molar fraction at the storage temperature.眚 u, s The pressure and temperature of this condition can be determined by the = curve of the H2 pressure versus the uh molar fraction at the established isotherm known in the surgery. In an embodiment, the cell reaction chamber containing the dissociator operates at a higher temperature such that Li does not condense on the wall or dissociator. % can flow from reservoir H to the cell to increase catalyst delivery rate. Flowing from the catalyst reservoir to the cell and then out of the cell is a method of removing low energy gas products to prevent inhibition of the low energy hydrogen product of the reaction. In other embodiments, 'K, Cs, and Na are substituted for Li, wherein the catalyst is atom K, atom Cs, and molecule NaH. Hydrogen is supplied to the reaction from a hydrogen source. For example, hydrogen is supplied by permeation from a hydrogen reservoir. The pressure of the hydrogen reservoir can be in the range of 10 Torr to 1 Torr, preferably in the range of Torr to 1000 Torr and most preferably at about atmospheric pressure. The battery can be operated at a temperature of about 100 C to 300 ° C, preferably about 1 Torr (rCi 15 Torr (temperature of rc and preferably about 500 ° C to 800 ° C. The hydrogen source can be derived from the added hydride) Decomposition. The battery by permeation supply is designed as a battery containing an internal metal hydride placed in a sealed container, wherein the atomic helium oozes at a high temperature. The container may comprise pd, Ni, ^ or Nb. In an embodiment The hydride is placed in a sealed tube, such as a Nb containing hydride, and sealed at both ends with a seal such as swagei 〇 ck 2. In the sealed condition, the hydride may be an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydride. In this case and the condition of the internal hydride reagent, the hydride may be at least one of the following groups: physiological saline hydride, titanium hydride, hydrogen 142257.doc -45-201104948 hunger, hydrogenation sharpening and hydrogenation group Hydrogenation and hydrazine hydride, rare earth metal hydrides, hydrogenation and hydrogenated hydrazine, transition element hydrides, intermetalic hydrides and alloys thereof. In one embodiment, the hydride and the decomposition temperature based on each hydride It The temperature ± 200 ° C is selected from at least one of the following items: rare earth metal hydride and operating temperature of about 800 ° C; hydrazine hydride and operating temperature of about 700 ° C; hydrazine hydride and about 750 ° C Operating temperature; hydrazine hydride and an operating temperature of about 750 ° C; hydrazine hydride and an operating temperature of about 800 ° C; hydrazine hydride and an operating temperature of about 800 ° C; hydrazine hydride and an operating temperature of about 850-900 ° C; Titanium hydride and an operating temperature of about 450 ° C; hydrazine hydride and an operating temperature of about 950 ° C; hydrazine hydride and an operating temperature of about 700 ° C; zirconium hydride - titanium hydride (50% / 50 ° / 〇) and about 600 Operating temperature of °C; an alkali metal/alkali metal hydride mixture such as Rb/RbH or K/KH, and an operating temperature of about 450 ° C; and an alkaline earth metal/alkaline earth metal hydride mixture such as Ba/BaH 2 , and Operating temperature of 900-1000 ° C. The gaseous metal may comprise diatomic covalent molecules. The object of the present invention is to provide atomic catalysts such as Li and K and Cs. Therefore, the reactor may further comprise metal molecules ("MM") and Metal hydride molecule ("MH") One of the dissociators. The catalyst source, the H2 source, and the MM, MH, and HH dissociators (wherein the ruthenium is the atomic catalyst) are preferably matched to operate under the desired battery conditions such as temperature and reactant concentration. In the case of a hydride source of Η2, in one embodiment, the decomposition temperature is within a temperature range that produces a desired vapor pressure of the catalyst, and is used for continuous operation in the case where hydrogen is infiltrated into the reaction chamber by the hydrogen reservoir. Preferred catalyst sources are Sr and Li metals, since 142257.doc • 46-201104948 is such that their respective vapor pressures can range from 0.01 to 100 Torr at the temperature at which the permeation occurs. In other embodiments of the osmotic battery, the battery operates at a high temperature that allows permeation, and then the battery temperature is reduced to a temperature that maintains the vapor pressure of the volatile catalyst at the desired pressure. In one embodiment of the gas cell, the dissociator comprises a component that produces a catalyst and H from the source. A surface catalyst such as Pt on Ti or Pd, ruthenium or osmium alone or on a substrate such as Ti can also be used as a dissociator for a molecule in which a catalyst and a hydrogen atom are combined. The dissociator preferably has a high surface area, such as a Pt/Al203 or Pd/Al2〇3 〇2 source, which may also be hydrogen. In this embodiment, the pressure can be monitored and controlled. This is possible in the case of catalysts and catalyst sources such as ruthenium or Cs metal and LiNH2, respectively, since these materials are volatile at low temperatures, allowing the use of a temperature-regulating valve. UNH2 also reduces the operating temperature of the Li battery and is less corrosive, allowing long-term operation of feedthroughs in the presence of plasma and filament batteries where filaments are used as hydrogen dissociators. Other embodiments of a gas cell chlorine reactor having NaH as a catalyst include filaments and a dissociator in the reactor cell and a reservoir in the reservoir that can flow through the reservoir to the main chamber [by control Gas flow rate, Η2 pressure and Na vapor house to control power. The latter (10) vapor pressure river controls Q by controlling the reservoir temperature. In another embodiment, the low energy hydrogen reaction is caused by heating using an external heater and the atomic enthalpy is provided by the dissociator. The reaction mixture can be agitated by methods known in the art, such as mechanical agitation or mixing. Searching for 锑 锑 Γ Γ 人 人 人 人 人 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Each piezoelectric transducer provides ultrasonic sound broadcasting. Order #c10 Chopper agitation can cause the reaction cell to vibrate and its progress 142257.doc -47- 201104948 One step contains a component, such as a residual spherical sphere, which vibrates the ball to impart a reaction mixture. In another embodiment, the machine (4) comprises a ball mill. These methods can also be used, preferably by ball milling to mix the reactants. In an embodiment, by mechanical agitation (such as by agitating the element vibrating, ultrasonic (four) and ball milling at least), forming a mechanical (four) or supersonic wave, the pressure or contraction may cause a reaction, reaction or The materialization causes the formation of a catalyst, preferably a NaH molecule. The reaction mixture may or may not contain a solvent. The reactants can be solids, such as solid NaH, which are mechanically agitated to form NaH molecules. Alternatively, the reaction mixture can be filled with a liquid. The mixture can have at least one Na species. The Na substance may be a component of a liquid mixture, or it may be in a dissolved state. In one embodiment, the sodium metal is dispersed by a suspension of the metal in a stalking agent such as a sulphur, a hydrocarbon, a deficient hydrocarbon, an aromatic or a heterocyclic aromatic solvent. The solvent temperature can be kept just above the melting point of the metal. IV. Fuel Types One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a fuel comprising at least one source of hydrogen and at least at least one of a gas phase, a liquid phase, and a solid phase of a mixture of possible phases that maintain a source of hydrogen catalyzed to form a low energy hydrogen catalyst. One phase of the reaction mixture. The reactants and reactions of the solid and liquid fuels given herein are also the reactants and reactions of the non-homogeneous fuel comprising the mixture of phases. One object of the present invention is to provide an atomic catalyst such as Li and K and Cs and a molecular catalyst NaH. The metal forms a diatomic covalent molecule. Thus, in solid fuel, liquid fuel, and non-homogeneous fuel embodiments, the reactants may be reversibly formed and decomposed or reacted using a metal catalyst to provide such as J42257.doc • 48* 201104948

Alloys, complexes, complex sources, mixtures, suspensions and solutions of Li or NaH catalysts. In another embodiment, at least one of the catalyst source and the source of atomic hydrogen further comprises at least one reaction to form a reactant in the catalyst and atomic hydrogen to >. In another embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst or a NaH catalyst source or other catalyst such as a ruthenium, which may be formed by reaction of one or more reactants or species of the reaction mixture or may be formed by physical transformation. The conversion can be solvated with a suitable solvent. The reaction mixture may further comprise a solid that promotes a catalytic reaction on the surface. A catalyst such as NaH or a catalyst source can be coated on the surface. Coating can be achieved by mixing a carrier such as activated carbon, Tic, wc, R_Ni with NaH by, for example, ball milling. The reaction mixture may comprise a heterogeneous catalyst or a source of non-homogeneous catalyst. In one embodiment, a catalyst such as NaH is coated onto a support such as activated carbon, TiC, WC or a polymer by a micro wet method, preferably by using an aprotic solvent such as ether. The support may also comprise an inorganic compound such as a halide, preferably at least one of H? and HNaF? wherein NaH is used as a catalyst and a fluorinated solvent is used. In one embodiment of the liquid fuel, the reaction mixture comprises at least one of a catalyst source, a catalyst, a hydrogen source, and a catalyst solvent. In other embodiments, the solid fuel and liquid fuel of the present invention further comprise a combination of the two and further comprise a gas phase. The reaction is referred to as a heterogeneous reaction mixture using a reactant such as a catalyst and atomic hydrogen and its source of the eclipse phase, and the fuel is referred to as a non-homogeneous fuel. Therefore, the fuel contains at least a reaction mixture of a hydrogen source which is converted into a low-energy hydrogen (state given by the equation (5)) and a catalyst source 142257.doc • 49-201104948 which causes the conversion, and the reactant is a liquid phase and a solid. At least one of a phase and a gas phase. Catalysts from different phases of the reactants are used to catalyze what is commonly referred to in the art as non-homogeneous catalysis, which is an embodiment of the invention. The heterogeneous catalyst provides a surface upon which a chemical reaction takes place and constitutes an embodiment of the invention. The reactants and reactions of the solid and liquid fuels given herein are also the reactants and reactions of the non-homogeneous fuel. For any of the fuels of the present invention, a catalyst such as NaH or a catalyst source may be mixed with other components of the reaction mixture, such as a carrier (such as an HSA material), by methods such as mechanical mixing or by ball milling. In all cases, additional hydrogen may be added to sustain the reaction to form low energy hydrogen. Hydrogen can be at any desired pressure, preferably in the range of 〇" to 2 〇〇 atrn. The alternative hydrogen source comprises at least one of the group consisting of NH4X (X is an anion, preferably ionic), NaBH4, NaAlHU, borane, and metal hydrides, such as metal hydrides, alkaline earth metal hydrides (preferably MgH2) and rare earth metal hydride (preferably LaH2 and GdH2). A. Carriers In certain embodiments, the solid, liquid, and non-homogeneous fuels of the present invention comprise a carrier. The vector contains properties specific to its function. For example, in the case where the carrier serves as an electron acceptor or a conduit, the carrier preferably has electrical conductivity. Further, the carrier preferably has a high surface area in the case where the carrier disperses the reactants. In the former case, a carrier such as an HS A carrier may contain a conductive polymer such as activated carbon, graphene, and a heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon which may be a macromolecule. Although carbon preferably comprises activated carbon (AC), it may also comprise other forms such as mesoporous carbon, vitreous carbon, coke, graphitic carbon, and dissociation with a weight percentage of 142257.doc -50 - 201104948 0.1 to 5 wt%. Carbon of a metal such as pt or pd, a transition metal powder having preferably one to ten carbon layers and more preferably three layers, and a metal or alloy coated carbon 'preferably nano powder, such as preferably Ni, c and Μ At least one of the transition metal coated carbon. Metal can be inserted into carbon. In the case where the intercalation metal is \& and the catalyst is NaH, it is preferable that the Na insertion is saturated. The carrier preferably has a high surface area. A common class of organic conductive polymers that can be used as a carrier is at least one of the following groups: poly(acetylene), poly(pyrrole), poly(thiophene), poly(aniline), poly(苐), poly(3) -alkylthiophene), polytetrathiafulvalene, polynaphthalene, poly(p-phenylene sulfide) and poly(p-phenylenevinyl). Such linear primary bond polymers are generally known in the art as "black" or "melanin" such as polyacetylene or polyaniline. The carrier can be a mixed copolymer such as one of polyacetylene, polypyrrole and polyaniline. The conductive polymer carrier is preferably at least one of a fast derivative, a polyamine, and a specific ratio of each of the specific derivatives of σ. The other carrier contains an element other than carbon, such as a conductive polymer polythiazide (S). , N) X). In another embodiment, the carrier is a semiconductor. The carrier may be an Iv row element such as carbon, ruthenium, osmium and alpha ash tin. The semiconductor carrier contains a compound material such as gallium arsenide and indium phosphide or an alloy such as erbium or aluminum arsenide, in addition to elemental materials such as bismuth and antimony. In one embodiment, the conductivity of a substance such as a stone and a germanium crystal may be enhanced by adding a small amount (e.g., 丨 〇 百万 parts per million) of a dopant such as boron or phosphorus during crystal growth. The doped semiconductor can be ground into a powder and used as a carrier. In certain embodiments, the HSA support is a metal such as a transition metal, a noble metal, a meta-metal, a rare earth metal, a lanthanide metal, a lanthanide metal (preferably 142257.doc -51 - 201104948)

One of La, Pr, Nd, and Sm), A, Ga, In, N, Sn, pb, metalloid, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Rn,

Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, 〇s, Ir, pt, Au:

Hg, metal test, soil test metal and alloys comprising at least two metals or elements of the group, such as lanthanide alloys, preferably LaNis and Y-Ni. The support may be a noble metal such as at least one of Pt, Pd, Au, Ir and Rh, or a supported noble metal such as Pt or Pd (Pt/Ti or Pd/Ti) on titanium. In other embodiments, the 'HSA material comprises at least one of the following: cubic boron nitride, hexagonal boron nitride' wurtzite boron nitride powder, heterodiamond, boron nitride nanotube, tantalum nitride, Titanium nitride titanium nitride (TiN), titanium aluminum nitride (TiAIN), tungsten nitride, carbon coated metal or alloy (preferably nano powder, such as Co having a preferred one to ten carbon layer and more preferably three layers) , at least one of Ni, Fe, Μη, and other transition metal powders, metal or alloy coated carbon (preferably nano powder, such as transition metal, preferably at least one of Ni, Co, and 涂布N coated carbon) , carbide (preferably powder), beryllium oxide (BeO) powder, rare earth oxide powder (such as La2〇3, ZQO3 'A!2〇3, sodium aluminate) and carbon (such as Fu, graphene or nanotube) , preferably single wall). The carbide may comprise one or more bond types such as salts of calcium carbide (CaC2), covalent compounds such as strontium carbide (Sic) and boron carbide (BaC^'bC3), and interstitial compounds such as tungsten carbide. The carbide may be an alkyne such as Au2c2, ZnC2 and CdQ or a ruthenium-based metal compound such as Be/, aluminum carbide (AUC3) and a carbide of the A3MC type, wherein μ is a rare earth metal or a transition metal such as a compound ^卜钱为金属或142257.doc •52· 201104948 Semi-metallic main elements, such as Ab Ge, In, Ding Bu and flutter. Carbides with q2_ ions may comprise at least one of the following: carbide 岣ς, The cation M1 comprises one of a metal or coin metal; a carbide wherein the cation ruthenium comprises an alkaline earth metal; and a preferred carbide, wherein the cation ruthenium comprises Al, La, pr or Tb. The carbide may comprise ions other than C-- An ion such as YC2, Tbc2, YbC2, UC2' Ce2c3, Pr2C3ATb2c3. The carbide may comprise sesquicarbones such as Mg2c3, ScsC4 and LUC3. The carbide may comprise ternary carbides, such as containing lanthanide metals and transitions a carbide of a metal which further comprises a c2 unit such as L«3M(C2)2 wherein Μ is Fe, Co, Ni, RU, Rh, 〇s and Ir),

Dy12Mn5C15, Ln3.67FeC6, Shi (C2)2 (Ln=Gd and Tb) and

ScCrC2. The carbide may further have an "intermediate" transition metal carbide type such as iron carbide (FesC or FeCyFe). The carbide may be at least one carbide from the group: lanthanide (MC2 & M2C3), such as lanthanum carbide (LaC2 or LaA); lanthanum carbide; lanthanide carbide; transition metal carbide, such as lanthanum carbide, titanium carbide (TiC), vanadium carbide, chromium carbide, manganese carbide and cobalt carbide, tantalum carbide, molybdenum carbide, tantalum carbide, tantalum carbide and tantalum carbide. Other suitable carbides include at least one of the following: Ln2FeC4, Sc3c〇C4,

Ln3MC4 (M=Fe, Co, Ni, RU, Rh, 〇s, Ir), Ln3Mn2C6, Ew.uNA, ScCrC2, Th2NiC2 'Y2ReC2, Ln12M5C15 (M=Mn, Re), YCoC, Y2ReC2 and in this technology Know other carbides. In a consistent application, the carrier is a conductive carbide such as Tic or wc and

HfC, Mo2C 'TaC, YC2, ZrC, A14C3 and B4C. The carrier may be gold 142257.doc -53- 201104948 is a boride including, for example, MB2 boride. The support or HSA species may be an electrically conductive boride, preferably a two dimensional reticulated boride such as MB2, wherein Μ is a metal such as at least one of: Cr, Ti, Mg, Zr and Gd (CrB2, TiB2, MgB2) ZrB2, GdB2) 0 In the embodiment of the carbon-HSA substance, Na is not inserted into the carbon support or forms an acetylide by reacting with carbon. In a tenth embodiment, the catalyst or catalyst source, preferably NaH, is incorporated into the interior of the HS A species such as oxime, carbon nanotubes and zeolite. The HSA substance may further comprise graphite, graphene, diamond-like carbon (DLC), IU strontium, G-carbon (HDLC), jingang J-stone powder, graphite carbon, glassy carbon, and other metals (such as Co, Ni, Mn). a carbon of at least one of Fe 'Y, Pd, and Pt or a dopant containing other elements (such as a carbon fluoride, preferably fluorinated graphite, fluorinated diamond, or fluorinated tetracarbon (C4F)). The HS A material may be passivated by fluoride, such as a fluoride coated metal or carbon, or a II compound such as a metal fluoride, preferably a metal or a rare earth metal fluoride. A suitable carrier having a large surface area is activated carbon. Activated carbon can be activated or reactivated by physical or chemical activation. The previous activation may comprise carbonization or oxidation, and the latter activation may comprise impregnation with a chemical. The reaction mixture may further comprise a carrier such as a polymeric carrier. The polymeric carrier may be selected from the group consisting of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) such as TEFLONTM; polyethylene ferrocene; polystyrene; polypropylene; polyethylene; polyisoprene; poly(aminophosphazene); a polymer comprising an ether unit, such as polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide and polypropylene glycol or polypropylene oxide, preferably an aryl ether; a polyether polyol such as poly(tetradecyl ether) glycol (PTMEG, poly Tetrahydrofury 142257.doc -54- 201104948 methane, "Terathane", "polyTHF"); polyvinyl phthalic acid; and polymers derived from epoxide reactions, such as polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. In one embodiment, HS A comprises fluorine. The carrier may comprise at least one of the group consisting of fluorinated organic molecules, fluorinated hydrocarbons, fluorinated alkoxylates, and fluorinated ethers. Exemplary fluorinated HSAs are TEFLONTM, TEFLONTM-PFA, polyvinyl fluoride, PVF, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene), and perfluoroalkoxy polymers. B. Solid fuel solid fuel comprises a catalyst or catalyst source forming low energy hydrogen (such as at least one catalyst such as a catalyst selected from the group consisting of LiH, Li, NaH, Na, KH, K, RbH, Rb and CsH), an atomic hydrogen source and At least one of the following: an HSA carrier, a getter, a dispersant, and other solid chemical reactants that perform one or more of the following functions: (i) by performing a reaction, such as between one or more components of the reaction mixture. The reaction is carried out, or physical or chemical changes are made by at least one component of the reaction mixture, the reactants form a catalyst or atomic hydrogen; and (ii) the reactant initiates, expands and maintains a catalytic reaction that forms low energy hydrogen. The battery pressure is preferably in the range of from about 1 Torr to 100 atm. The reaction temperature is preferably in the range of about 10 ° C to 900 ° C. Many examples of solid fuels given in the present invention, including liquid fuel reaction mixtures comprising a solvent and no solvent, are not intended to be exhaustive. Other reaction mixtures are taught by those skilled in the art based on the present invention. The hydrogen source may comprise hydrogen or a halide and a dissociator such as Pt/Ti, hydrided Pt/Ti, Pd, Pt or Ru/A 1203, Ni, Ti or Nb powder. At least one of the HSA carrier, the getter, and the dispersing agent may comprise at least one of the following groups: 142257.doc -55-201104948: metal powder (such as Ni, Ti or Nb powder), R-Ni, Zr02, Α12〇3, NaX (X=F, Cl, Br, I), Na20, NaOH and Na2C03. In one embodiment, the metal catalyzes the formation of NaH molecules from sources such as Na and H sources. The metals may be transition metals, noble metals, intermetallics, rare earth metals, lanthanide metals and lanthanide metals, and other metals such as aluminum and tin. C. Low Energy Hydrogen Reaction Activator The low energy hydrogen reaction can be activated or initiated and extended by one or more other chemical reactions. Such reactions can have several classes, such as: an exothermic reaction that provides activation energy for a low energy hydrogen reaction; (ii) a coupling reaction that provides at least one of a catalyst source or an atomic hydrogen source to maintain a low energy hydrogen reaction; Iii) a free radical reaction, in one embodiment it acts as a acceptor for electrons from the catalyst during a low energy hydrogen reaction; (iv) a redox reaction, in one embodiment it is used as a source during a low energy hydrogen reaction a receptor for electrons of the catalyst; (v) an exchange reaction, such as anion exchange, including a halide ion, a sulfur ion, a hydrogen ion, an arsenic ion, an oxygen ion, a phosphorus ion, and a nitrogen ion exchange, which in one embodiment promotes the catalyst in acceptance Ionization from the energy of atomic hydrogen to form low energy hydrogen; and (vi) getter, carrier or matrix assisted low energy hydrogen reaction, which provides at least one chemical environment for low energy hydrogen reactions, Transfer electrons to promote 11 catalyst functions, undergo reversible or other physical changes or changes in their electronic states, and combine lower energy hydrogen products to increase low energy hydrogen reactions At least one of degree or rate. In an embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a support, preferably an electrically conductive support, to initiate the activation reaction. In an embodiment, using a catalyst such as a dip, the electrons are removed from the catalyst to form a low energy by the 142257.doc α 201104948 acceleration rate limiting step, when the catalyst is ionized by accepting a non-light t resonance energy transfer from atomic hydrogen. The gas comes to form a low-energy hydrogen at a south rate. #由使用(四) or 嶋 substances, such as activated carbon (AC), Pt/C, PH/r X - λ, γο

Pd/C, TiC or WC can be converted into an atomic form by a typical metal form of a catalyst, such as a catalyst and a molecule, and the ionic form can be converted into a molecular form. The carrier preferably has a high surface area and electrical conductivity in view of surface modification upon reaction with other materials of the reaction mixture. The reaction of the atomic hydrogen to form a low-energy hydrogen requires a catalyst such as h, [or an open catalyst, and an atomic hydrogen, which serves as a catalyst in a synergistic reaction and an atomic hydrogen source. The reaction step of atomic hydrogen to an integral multiple of the catalyst of 27.2 eF for non-radiative energy transfer produces an ionization catalyst and free electrons that cause the reaction to stop rapidly due to charge buildup. A carrier such as AC can also act as a conductive electron acceptor and add a final electron acceptor reactant comprising an oxidant radical or its source to the electrons in the reaction mixture to ultimately remove the catalyst released from the formation of low energy hydrogen. 'A reducing agent can be added to the reaction mixture to promote the oxidation reaction. The synergistic electron acceptor reaction is preferably an exothermic reaction to heat the reactants and increase the rate. The activation energy and expansion of the reaction can be provided by a reaction of a fast, exothermic, oxidative or free radical reaction such as 02 or 〇4 with Λ/g or J/, wherein radicals such as CFX&F and 〇2 and hydrazine are ultimately used via The carrier such as AC accepts electrons from the catalyst. "Other separate or combined gasifying agents or free radical sources may be selected from the group consisting of: 〇 2 ' 〇 3, see p3, M2S 208 (M is an alkali metal), S, CS 2 and S02, Mnl2, EuBr2, AgCl and other oxidant or free radical sources given in the electron acceptor reaction section. 142257.doc •57· 201104948 The oxidant preferably accepts at least two electrons. The corresponding anion can be <, s (tetrathiorutate), 5 〇 32' and sof. Catalysts derived from one-human ionization during the catalyst, such as Nan and u (equations (25-27) and (37-39)), can be accepted. Addition of an electron acceptor to a reaction mixture or reactor is suitable for all battery embodiments of the invention, such as solid fuel and heterogeneous catalyst embodiments, as well as electrolytic cells and plasma batteries, such as glow discharge, RF, microwave, and barrier electrode plasma batteries And a plasma electrolytic cell operating in continuous or pulsed mode. Electronically conductive, preferably non-reactive carriers such as AC may also be added to the reactants of each of these battery embodiments. An embodiment of a microwave plasma battery includes a hydrogen dissociator, such as a metal surface inside a plasma chamber, to support hydrogen atoms. In the examples, the substance mixture, the compound or the substance of the reaction mixture such as a catalyst source, an energy reaction source such as at least one of a metal and an oxygen source, a halogen source, and a radical source, and a carrier may be used in combination. The reaction elements of the compound or the substance of the reaction mixture may also be used in combination. For example, the fluorine source or chlorine source may be a mixture of NxFj^NxCly, or the dentate may be mixed in, for example, the compound NxFyClr. Combinations can be determined by routine experimentation by those skilled in the art. a. Exothermic Reaction In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a catalyst source or catalyst (such as at least one of NaH, K, and Li) and a hydrogen source or hydrogen and at least one species that reacts. The reaction is preferably completely exothermic and preferably has a fast kinetics to provide activation energy for the low energy hydrogen catalyst reaction. The reaction can be an oxidation reaction. Suitable oxidation reactions are those comprising oxygen (such as solvents, preferably 142 257 257 - doc - 58 - 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 The reaction). The exothermic reaction is more preferred to form an alkali metal or soil metal halide, preferably MgF2, or a Si, P and a rare earth metal halide. Suitable reactants are at least one of a halogen-containing material (such as a solvent, preferably a fluorocarbon solvent) and a metal and metal hydride (such as at least one of A1, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal, and an alkaline earth metal). Reaction. The metal or metal hydride can be a catalyst or a catalyst source such as NaH, K or Li. The reaction mixture may comprise at least NaH and NaAlCU or NaAlF4 having the products NaCl and NaF, respectively. The reaction mixture may contain at least NaH, a fluorine-containing solvent having the product NaF. In general, the product of the exothermic reaction which provides activation energy for the low energy hydrogen reaction may be a metal oxide or a metal complex, preferably a metal fluoride. Suitable products are Al2〇3, M2〇3 (M=sparse metal), Ti02, Ti2〇3, SiO2, PF3 or PF5, A1F3, MgF2, MF3 (M=sparse metal), NaF,

NaHF2, KF, KHF2, LiF and LiHF2. In one of the exothermic reactions of Ti, the catalyst is a ruthenium 2+ having a second ionization energy of 27.2 eV (m = 1 in the equation (5)). The reaction mixture may comprise at least two of: NaI1, Na, NaNH2, NaOH, Teflon, carbon fluoride, and Ti sources (such as Pt/Ti or Pd/Ti). In one embodiment where A1 is subjected to an exothermic reaction, the catalyst is A1H given in Table 2. The reaction mixture may comprise at least two of the following: NaH, A1, carbon powder, fluorocarbon (preferably solvent such as hexafluorobenzene or perfluoroheptane), Na, NaOH, Li, LiH, K, KH and R- Ni. Preferably, the product of the exothermic reaction providing activation energy is regenerated to form a reactant for another cycle of forming low energy hydrogen and releasing corresponding power. Metal Fluoride 142257.doc •59· 201104948 The product preferably regenerates metal and fluorine by electrolysis. The electrolyte may comprise a eutectic mixture. The metal can be hydrided and the carbon product and any of the tobacco products can be fluorinated to form the initial metal hydride and fluorocarbon solvent, respectively. In an embodiment of the exothermic reaction for activating a low energy hydrogen shift reaction, at least one of the group of rare earth metals (Μ), Al, Ti, and Si is oxidized to a corresponding oxide 'such as M2〇3, AI2O3, Ti2〇, respectively. 3 and Si02. The oxidizing agent may be an ether solvent such as 1,4-benzodioxane (BDO), and may further contain a fluorocarbon such as hexafluorobenzene (HFB) or perfluoroheptane to accelerate the oxidation reaction. In an exemplary reaction, the mixture comprises at least one of NaH, activated carbon, at least one of Ti, and BDO and HFB. In the case of 8 丨 as a reducing agent, the product Si 〇 2 can regenerate Si by reduction of H 2 at a high temperature or by formation of Si and CO and C 〇 2 by reaction with carbon. An embodiment of the reaction mixture forming a low energy enthalpy comprises a catalyst or a catalyst source (such as at least one of Na, NaH, K, KH, Li, and LiH), preferably a catalytic reaction with fast kinetic activation enthalpy An exothermic reactant source or exothermic reactant and carrier that form low energy hydrogen. The exothermic reactant may comprise an oxygen source and a shell that reacts with oxygen to form an oxide. For the integers of X and y, the oxygen source is preferably h2o, 〇2, h2o2, Μπ〇2, oxide, carbon oxide (preferably or C〇2), oxynitride*NxOy (such as Ν2〇 and ν). 〇2), sulphur oxide 3 (preferably an oxidant such as M2SxOy (an alkali metal), which may optionally be used together with an oxidation catalyst such as silver ions), clx〇y (such as Ch〇 and preferably from NaCl) 〇2 of Cl 〇 2), concentrated acid and mixtures thereof (such as yoke 2, hn 〇 3, H 2 S 〇 4, H 2 S 〇 3, HC 丨 and HF, preferably acid nitrite (ton +)), 142257.doc •60- 201104948

NaOCl, Ix〇y (preferably I2〇5), px0y, Sx〇y, inorganic compounds (such as nitrites, nitrates, gasates, sulfates, phosphates, metal oxides (such as cobalt oxide) and catalysts An oxide or hydroxide (such as Na〇H) and an oxyanion, an organic compound (such as ruthenium, preferably dioxanyloxy) of a catalyst source (such as one of the perchlorates of Na'K and U). An oxygen-containing functional group of ethyl bromide and one of 1,4-benzodioxane (BDO), and the reactive material may comprise at least one of a group of rare earth metals (Μ), A, Ti, and Si. And the corresponding oxides are Μα; 丨 丨 2 〇 3, 匕仏 匕仏 and Si 〇 2, respectively. The reaction material may comprise a metal or an element of an oxide product of at least one of the following groups: Ah〇3 oxide, La2〇3 yttrium oxide, Mg lanthanum oxide, Ti2〇3 titanium oxide, DY203 yttrium oxide, Er2〇3 oxidation.铒, gU2〇3 yttrium oxide, u〇H lithium hydroxide, H〇2〇3 yttrium oxide, LUO lithium oxide, yttrium oxide lanthanum, lanthanum cerium oxide, Nd203 titanium oxide, SiO2 yttrium oxide, Pr2 〇3 yttrium oxide, Sc2〇3 yttrium oxide, srsi〇3 bismuth citrate, 8 〇3 yttrium oxide, “2〇3 yttrium oxide,

Tm2〇3 yttrium oxide, yttrium oxide yttrium and ^5 oxidized button, B2 〇3 boron oxide and oxidation record. The support may comprise carbon, preferably activated carbon. Metal or element can be

Dy, Er, Eu, Li, Ho, at least one of the following: Al, La, Mg, ή,

Lu, Nb, Nd, Si, Pr, Sc,

Sr, Sm, Tb, Tm, Y, Ta, B, Zr, S, P, C and their hydrides. In another embodiment, the 'oxygen source' may be at least one of: an oxide such as M2, wherein Μ is a metal, preferably U2〇, Na2(^K2〇; peroxide, such as M2〇2, wherein M is a metal, preferably Li2〇2, Na2〇2 and κ2〇2; and superoxide such as M〇2, wherein the alkali metal, preferably Li2〇2, Na202 and K2〇2. Further comprising a peroxide of 142257.doc -61 - 201104948 or B a. In another embodiment, the exothermic reaction of the oxygen source with a catalytic reaction which preferably forms a low energy hydrogen with fast kinetic activation enthalpy At least one of the source or exothermic reactants comprises one or more of the following groups: ΜΝ〇3, ΜΝΟ, μνο2, Μ3Ν, Μ2ΝΗ, ΜΝΗ2, MX, ΝΗ3, ΜΒΗ4, ΜΑ1Η4, Μ3Α1Η6, ΜΟΗ, M2S, MHS, MFeSi, M2C〇3, mhco3 ' m2s〇4 ' mhs〇4 ' Μ3ΡΟ4 ' μ2ηρο4 ' μη2ρο4 ' Μ2Μ0Ο4, MNb〇3, Μ2Β4〇7 (four-deletion chain), ΜΒ〇2, M2WO4, MA1C14, MGaCl4, M2Cr04, M2Cr207, M2Ti03, MZr03, MAIO2, MC0O2, MGa〇2, M2Ge〇3, MM112O4, M4Si〇4, M2S I03, MTa03, MCuC14, MPdCl4, MV03, MI〇3, MFe02, MI04, MC1〇4, MScOn, MTiOn, MVOn, MCrOn, MCr2On, MMn2〇n, MFeOn, MCoOn, MNiOn, MNi2On, MCuOn, and MZnOn (where M Is Li, Na or K and n = 1, 2, 3 or 4), oxyanion, strong acid oxyanion, oxidant, molecular oxidant (such as V2〇3, I2O5, Mn02, Re2〇7, Cr〇3, Ru〇2 , AgO, PdO, Pd02, PtO, Pt02, I204, I205, I209, S〇2, S03, CO 2, N 2 O, NO, N 〇 2, N 2 O 3, N 2 O 4, N 2 〇 5 , C12 〇, C102, CI2O3, Cl2〇6 'CI2O7, P〇2, P2O3 and P2O5) 'NH4X (where X is nitrate or other suitable anion known to those skilled in the art, such as containing F_, cr, Br_, Γ, N〇3_, NO/, S〇42·, HS04-, Co02, ICV, I04, Ti03_, Cr (V, Fe02-, P043·, HP042·, Η2Ρ〇4·, ν〇3·, C104- And one of the groups of Cr2〇72· and other anions of the reactants). The reaction mixture may additionally comprise a reducing agent. In a 142257.doc-62-201104948 embodiment, N2〇5 is formed by the reaction of a reactant mixture, such as hn〇3 and P2O5, according to 2P2〇5 + 12 HN03 to 4H3P04+6N205. In an embodiment where oxygen or a compound comprising oxygen participates in an exothermic reaction, ruthenium 2 can be used as a catalyst or catalyst source. The oxygen molecular bond energy is 5.丨65 eV, and the first, second and third ionization energies of the oxygen atom are 13 618〇6, 35.1 1730 eF and 54.9355 respectively (924+〇2+, Shanghai and 2〇— 2〇+ provides a net enthalpy of about 2, 2, and 1 times, respectively, and contains a low-energy hydrogen-forming catalyst reaction by accepting such energy from hydrazine to cause low-energy hydrogen formation. The exothermic reaction source of the energy hydrogen reaction may be a metal alloy forming reaction, preferably a metal alloy formed by melting the ruthenium 1 between Pd and Α 1. The exothermic reaction preferably produces high energy particles to activate the low energy hydrogen to form a reaction. The material may be a pyrogen or pyrotechnic composition. In another embodiment, it may be at an extremely high temperature, such as in the range of about 1000·5000 Å: preferably about 1500-2500 °C. The reactants are operated to provide activation energy. The reaction vessel may comprise a high temperature stainless steel alloy, a refractory metal or alloy, alumina or carbon. The high reactant temperature may be achieved by heating the reactor or by an exothermic reaction. The exothermic reactant may comprise teeth , preferably fluorine or chlorine And a substance which reacts with fluorine or chlorine to form a fluoride or a chloride, respectively. Suitable fluorine sources are carbon oxides (such as CF4, hexafluorobenzene and hexadecane heptane), and cesium fluoride (such as #22).

XeF4 and XeF6), BxXy (better Bf3, BA, π! or version 3), SFX (such as fluorodecane), nitrogen fluoride NxFy (preferably NF3), nf3〇 ',

SxXy (better SC12 or

BiFx (better BiF5), NxCly (better Nci3) 142257.doc .63- 201104948

SxFy, X is halogen; X and y are integers, such as SF4, SF6 or S2F10), phosphorus fluoride, M2SiF6 (wherein strontium is an alkali metal, such as ft 2 F6), M57F6 (where Μ is an alkaline earth metal, such as, De-PF6 (wherein strontium is an alkali metal), Μ/^2 (where Μ is an alkali metal such as NaHF2 anti-KHF2), K2TaF7, KBF4, K2MnF6 anti-K2ZrF6 (a similar compound can be used in the sputum), such as having another test Metal or soil-replacement metal substitution, such as one of Li, Na or K as an alkali metal compound. Suitable gas sources are gas, SbCls and carbon gas compounds such as CC14 and gas. The reaction substance may comprise the corresponding fluoride. Or at least one of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal of a vapor or a group of hydrides 'rare earth metal (Μ), A, Si, Ti, and P. The alkali metal of the reactant preferably corresponds to an alkali metal of the catalyst, an alkaline earth metal hydride It is MgH2 'the rare earth metal is La, and Ai is a nano powder. The carrier may contain carbon, preferably activated carbon, mesoporous carbon and carbon used in the ion battery. The reactant may be in any molar ratio. Fluorine or chlorine is preferably about such as fluoride or gasification The stoichiometric ratio of the elements, the excess of the catalyst, preferably the molar ratio of the element which reacts with fluorine or gas, and the excess of the support. The exothermic reactant may comprise a halogen gas (preferably gas or desert) or a halogen gas ( Such as HF, Ha, HBr, HI, preferably CF4 or cci4) and substances which form halides with the elements. The acne source may also be an oxygen source, such as CAXr, where X is dentate and X, yAr are integers And is known in the art. The antimatter may comprise at least one of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal or hydrogen: a rare earth metal, a group of A1, si and p which form a corresponding compound. The reactants preferably correspond to the catalyst. Test (4), soil test metal hydride 142257.doc -64- 201104948

The MgH 2 ' rare earth metal is La, and ... is a nano powder. The carrier may contain, preferably, activated carbon. The reactants can be in any molar ratio. The reaction material is preferably about the same stoichiometric amount as the halogen, and the element of the catalytic reaction is almost the same molar ratio, and the carrier is in excess. In four embodiments, the reactants comprise: a catalyst source or a catalyst, such as Na,

NaH NK ' ΚΗ ' Li λ τ itj » u · ^ *_ Producing UH and &, halogen gas, preferably chlorine or bromine gas 'Mg, MgH2, rare earth metal (preferably La, (5) or A1 And a carrier, preferably carbon; such as activated carbon. b. Free radical reaction In the examples, the exothermic reaction is a free radical reaction, a preferred function or an oxygen radical reaction. The halogen radical source may be a halogen (preferably Hicid or fluorocarbon (preferably CF4) F from & base source is s2f10. The reaction mixture containing dentate gas may further comprise a free radical initiator. The reactor may comprise an ultraviolet light source to form a radical, preferably Halogen radicals and more preferably chlorine or fluorine radicals. Free radical initiators are free radical initiators generally known in the art, such as peroxides, azo compounds and metal ion sources, such as metal salts, preferably cobalt halides. For example, c〇cl2 as a source of c〇2+ or FeS〇4 as a source of Fe2+. The latter preferably reacts with an oxygen species such as H2〇2 or 〇2. The radical may be neutral. The source of oxygen may contain atoms. Oxygen source. Oxygen may be singlet oxygen. In one embodiment, singlet oxygen is N The reaction of aOCl with the oxime 2 is formed. In one embodiment, the oxygen source comprises ruthenium 2 and may further comprise a source of free radicals or a free radical initiator to extend the free radical reaction, preferably a free radical reaction of the ruthenium atom. Or the source of oxygen may be at least one of ozone or ozonide. In an embodiment 142257.doc • 65-201104948, the reactor contains an ozone source, such as a discharge in oxygen to provide ozone to the reaction mixture. Or the oxygen source may further comprise at least one of: a peroxy compound, a peroxide, H 2 〇 2, an azo group-containing compound, n20, Naocn, Fenton's reagent or the like, OH radical or Source, over acid ion or its source (such as metal or soil test metal perrhenate, preferably sodium perrhenate (Na4Xe〇6) or potassium perrhenate (K:4Xe〇6), osmium tetroxide (xe〇4) and perrhenic acid (H4Xe〇6)) and a source of metal ions (such as a metal salt). The metal salt may be at least one of: FeS〇4, A1C13, TiCl3, and preferably cobalt halide, such as c 〇2+ source of CoCl2. In an embodiment, The radical of C1 is formed by a halogen such as Ch in a reaction mixture such as a carrier of NaH+MgH2+ such as activated carbon (AC) + a halogen gas such as Cl2. The radical may be a mixture of ci2 and a hydrocarbon such as CH4 at, for example, over 200 °C. The reaction is formed at a high temperature. The halogen may be excessive relative to the hydrocarbon mole. The chlorocarbon product and the C1 radical may be reacted with a reducing agent to provide an activation energy and a pathway for forming low-energy hydrogen. Syngas (syngas) may be used. And the Fischer-Tropsch reaction or the regeneration of the carbon product by direct hydrogen reduction of carbon to methane. The reaction composition may comprise a mixture of ruthenium 2 and Cl 2 at a high temperature such as over 200 °C. The mixture can react to form ClxOy (x and y are integers) such as CIO, C120 and C102. The reaction mixture may comprise private and Cl2 which are reactive to form HCl at elevated temperatures such as over 200 °C. The reaction mixture may comprise H2 and 02 and a complexing agent (such as Pt/Ti, Pt/C or Pd/C) which are reactive to form H20 at a slightly elevated temperature such as above 50 °C. The compounding agent can be operated at a high pressure such as in the range of 142257.doc -66 - 201104948, preferably in the range of about 2 to 100 atmospheres. The reaction mixture can be non-stoichiometric to facilitate free radical and singlet oxygen formation. The system may further comprise an ultraviolet or plasma source to form free radicals, such as RF, microwave or glow discharge, preferably high voltage pulses, plasma sources. The reactant may further comprise a catalyst to form at least one of atomic radicals such as C1, lanthanum and cerium, singlet oxygen and ozone. The catalyst can be a precious metal such as Pt. In an embodiment in which a C1 radical is formed, the Pt catalyst is maintained at a temperature exceeding the chlorination cleavage temperature (such as PtCl2, PtCl3, and Ptcu having a decomposition temperature of 5,81 ° C, 4 3 51, and 3 2 7 , respectively). At the temperature. In one embodiment, Pt can be recovered from a product mixture comprising a metal halide by dissolving the metal halide in a suitable bath in which Pt, pd or its halide is insoluble and removing the solution. The solid which may comprise carbon and Pt or Pd halide may be heated to form pt or Pd on the carbon by decomposition of the corresponding halide. In one embodiment, the AO, N〇2 or N◦ gas is the added reaction mixture. AO and N〇2 can be used as a source of NO radicals. In another embodiment, the N 自由基 radical is preferably produced in the battery by oxidation of NH 3 . The reaction can be a reaction of nH3 with 〇2 on platinum or platinum rhodium at elevated temperatures. β N〇, n〇2 & N2 〇 can be determined by known industrial methods, such as by Haber process, followed by Ostwald The Austrian process is produced. In one embodiment, the exemplary sequence of steps is: ^ Newton 3 ΪΓ ΪΓ ΪΓ ¥ ¥ ¥ 册 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 (53) In particular, the 'Haber method can be used to use & and produce NH3 under high temperature and high pressure using a catalyst such as alpha iron containing an oxide. Osterwa 142257.doc •67- 201104948

The method can be used to oxidize ammonia to NO, >102 and N2〇 under a catalyst such as a sV, 4a Υώ I, a ruthenium platinum or a platinum-ruthenium catalyst. You can use the dip-- ▲ J to regenerate the alkali metal nitrate using the method disclosed above. The system and reaction mixture can initiate and maintain a (four) firing reaction to provide at least one of a single line of oxygen and free radicals. The combustion reactants may be non-stoichiometric: facilitating the formation of free radicals and mono-oxygens that react with other reduced hydrogen reactants, and the use of a single-oxygen reaction to facilitate long-term reaction, or suitable reactants and molar ratios. The reaction is blown up to achieve the desired low energy hydrogen reaction rate. In an embodiment t, the battery contains at least one internal combustion engine cylinder. C. Electron Acceptor Reaction In one embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises an electron acceptor. When energy is transferred from atomic hydrogen to a catalyst during the catalytic reaction to form low energy hydrogen, the electron acceptor can act as a acceptor for electrons ionized from the catalyst. The electron acceptor may be at least one of a conductive polymer or a metal carrier, an oxidizing agent (such as a Group V! element, a molecule and a compound), a radical, a substance forming a stable radical, and a substance having a high electron affinity such as a halogen. Atom, 〇2, C, CFl 'CF2, „3 or such compounds with 4, Si, s, PxSy, CS2, SxNy and further comprising 0 and H, Au, At, Alx〇y (x&y is an integer ), preferably A 丨 OK, in one embodiment, it is an intermediate between the 八 沁 八 8 1 (〇 11) 3 and A1), cl〇, Cl2, F2, A1〇2, in, CrC2 C2H, CuCl2, CuBr2, MnX3 (X = halogen), Μ〇χ3 (χ = halogen), NlX3 (X = dentate), RuF4, RuF5 or RuF6, ScX4 (X = self-prime), W〇3 and heat Other atoms known by the skilled artisan having high electron affinity are 142257.doc -68-201104948 and molecules. In one embodiment, the support acts as a catalyst when the catalyst is ionized by accepting non-radiative resonance energy transfer from atomic hydrogen. The electron acceptor. The carrier is preferably at least one electrically conductive substance and forms a stable free radical. Suitable such carriers are An electropolymer. The support can form an anion on a macrostructure, such as a carbon of a u ion battery that forms a C6 ion. In another embodiment, the support is a semiconductor, preferably a rod to improve conductivity. The reaction mixture further comprises Free radicals or sources thereof, such as hydrazine, OH, hydrazine 2, hydrazine 3, hydrazine 2, F, C1, and NO, which are useful as scavengers for catalyzing free radicals formed by the support during the process. In one embodiment, such as The free radical of N0 may form a complex with a catalyst such as a metalloid or a catalyst source. In another embodiment, the support has an unpaired electron. The support may be paramagnetic, such as a rare earth element or a compound such as Ει*2〇 3. In one embodiment, a catalyst or catalyst source such as Li, NaH, K, Rb or Cs is impregnated into an electron acceptor such as a support and the other components of the reaction mixture are added. The support is preferably inserted with NaH. Or AC of Na. d. Redox Reaction In one embodiment, the low energy argon reaction is activated by a redox reaction. In an exemplary embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises at least two of the following groups: a chemical, a hydrogen source, an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent and a carrier. The reaction mixture may also comprise a Lewis acid, such as a Group 13 trihalide, preferably at least one of A1C13, BF3, BCI3 and BBr3. In some embodiments, each reaction mixture comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of components (i) to (iii): (1) selected from the group consisting of Li, H κ, 尺 i/, ugly, Rb, RbH, Cs, and CsH 142257.doc •69- 201104948 catalyst; (ii) hydrogen source selected from hydrogen, hydrogen source or hydride; (iii) and an oxidant selected from the group consisting of metal compounds such as halides, glazes, sheds, Oxide, hydroxide, cerium, nitride, arsenide, selenide, telluride, telluride, carbide, sulfide, hydride, carbonate, argon carbonate, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate , hydrogen sulphate, dihydrogen salt, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, chlorate, perchlorate, chlorite, peroxyacid salt, hypogaslate, bromine Acid salt, perbromate, bromate, perbromate, acid salt, peroxy acid salt, Ionite, persalt, chromate, dichromate, citrate, selenate, arsenate, citrate, borate, cobalt oxide, cerium oxide and other oxygen anions (such as a metal compound of halogen, P, B, Si, N, As, S, Te, Sb, C, S, P, Μη, Cr, Co and Te oxyanion) wherein the metal preferably comprises a transition metal, Sn, Ga, &, metal or alkaline earth metal; the oxidizing agent further comprises: a lead compound such as a chemical boat; a hydrazine compound such as a dentate, an oxide or a sulfide, such as

GeF2, GeCl2, GeBr2, Gel2, GeO, GeP, GeS, Gel4 and

GeCl4; fluorocarbons such as c• corpse 4 or C1CF3; carbon gas compounds such as cci4; 〇2; 〇3; mc/o4; mo2; milk; N2〇; NO; N〇2; For example; sulfur-containing compounds such as SF6, 5Ό2, so3, s2o5ci2, F5SOF, m2s2o8, Sxxy (such as S2C12, SC12, S2Br24 S2F2), CS2, SOxXy (such as SOCl2, S〇F2, S02F2 or SOBr2); XxX,y , such as C1F5; XxX, y〇z, such as C102F, cio2F2, C10F3 'C103F and C102F3; boron·nitrogen compound, 142257.doc ·70·201104948 such as B3N3H6; Se; Te; Bi; As; Sb; Bi; TeXx, Preferred TeF4, TeF6; TeOx' is preferably Te02 or Te03; SeXx, preferably SeF6; SeOx' is preferably Se〇2 or Se〇3; niobium oxide, halide or other antimony compound such as Te02, Te03, Te ( OH) 6, TeBr2, TeCl2, TeBr4 'TeCl4, TeF4, Tel4, TeF6, CoTe or NiTe; selenium oxides, halides, sulfides or other antimony compounds such as Se02, Se03, Se2Br2

Se2Cl2, SeBr4, SeCl4, SeF4, SeF6, SeOBr2, SeOCl2, SeOF2, Se02F2, SeS2, Se2S6, Se4S4 or Se6S2; P; P2〇5; P2S5; PxXy ' such as PF3, PC13, PBr3, PI3, PF5, PC15, PBr4F Or PC14F; POxXy, such as POBr3, POI3, P0C13 or POF3; PSxXy (M is an alkali metal 'x, y and z are integers, x and x are halogens) such as PSBr3, PSF3, PSC13; phosphorus-nitrogen compounds such as p3N5 , (C12PN)3, (C12PN)4 or (Br2PN)x; Shishen oxides, halides, sulfides, selenides or tellurides or other arsenic compounds, such as AlAs, AS2I4, As2Se, AS4S4, AsBr3, ASCI3, ASF3, ASI3,

As2〇3, As2Se3, AS2S3, As2Te3, ASCI5, ASF5, AS2O5,

As2Se5 or AS2S5; recording oxides, dentates, sulfides, sulfates, compounds, arsenides or other antimony compounds such as SbAs, SbBr3, SbCl3, SbF3, Sbl3, Sb203, SbOCM, Sb2Se3, Sb2(S04)3, Sb2S3, Sb2Te3, Sb204, SbCl5, SbF5, SbCl2F3, Sb205 or Sb2S5; secret oxides, halides, sulfides, tellurides or other compounds, such as BiAs04, BiBr3, BiCl3, BiF3, BiF5, Bi(OH)3, Bil3, Bi203, BiOBr 'BiOCl, BiOI, Bi2Se3, Bi2S3, Bi2Te3 or Bi204; SiCl4, SiBr4; metal oxide, hydroxide 142257.doc 201104948 compound or halide, such as transition metal halides, such as CrCl3, Z11F2, ZnBr2 Z11I2, MnCh, MnBr2, Mnl2, CoBr2, CoI2, CoCl2, NiCl2, NiBr2, NiF2, FeF2, FeCl2, FeBr2, FeCl3, TiF3, CuBr, CuBr2, VF3 and CuCl2; metal halides such as SnF2, SnCl2, SnBr2, Snl2 , SnF4, S11CI4, SnBr4, S11I4, InF, InCl, InBr, Ini, AgCl, Agl, AIF3, AlBr3, A1I3, YF3, CdCl2, CdBr2, Cdl2, InCl3, ZrCl4, NbF5, TaCl5, MoC13, MoC15, NbCl5, AsC13 , Ti Br4, SeCl2, SeCl4, InF3, InCl3, PbF4, Tel4, WC16, OsCl3, GaCl3, PtCl3, ReCl3, RhCl3, RuC13; metal oxides or hydroxides such as Y203, FeO, Fe203 or NbO, NiO, Ni203, SnO , Sn02, Ag20, AgO, Ga20, As203, Se02, Te02, In(〇H)3, Sn(OH)2, In(OH)3, Ga(OH)3 and Bi(OH)3; C02; As2Se3; SF6; S; SbF3; CF4; NF3; permanganate such as KMn04 and NaMn04; P205; nitrates such as LiN03, NaN03 and KN〇3; and boron halides such as BBr3 and BI3; Group 13 halides Preferred indium halides, such as InBr2, InCl2 and Inl3; silver halide, preferably AgCl or Agl 'halogenation, functionalized ore; self-deformation; preferred transition metal oxides, sulfides or halides (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn with F, Cl, Br or I); second or third transition series halide (preferably YF3), oxide, sulfide (preferably Y2S3) or hydrogen Oxides (preferably hydroxides of γ, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ag, Cd, Hf, T, W, Os) 'in the case of dentate such as NbX3, NbX5 or TaX5; metal sulfides' Such as Li2S, Z nS, FeS, NiS, MnS, Cu2S, CuS and 142257.doc -72- 201104948

SnS; soil test metal halides such as BaBr2, BaCl, Bal2, SrBr2, Srl2, CaBr2, Cal2, MgBr2 or Mgl2; rare earth metal halides such as EuBr3, LaF3, LaBr3, CeBr3, GdF3, GdBr3, preferably II State, such as Cel2, EuF2, EuC12, EuBr2, E11I2, Dyl2, Ndl2, Sml2, Ybl2, and Tml2, which are II state halides; metal borides, such as sheds; MB sheds, such as CrB2, TiB2, MgB2 , ZrB2 and GdB2; alkali metal halides such as LiCb RbCl or Csl; and metal fillers such as Ca3P2; noble metal halides, oxides, sulfides such as PtCl2, PtBr2, Ptl2, PtCl4, PdCl2, PbBr2 and Pbl2; Rare earth metal sulfides, such as CeS, other suitable rare earth metal sulfides are sulfides of La and Gd; metals and anions such as Na2Te04, Na2Te03, Co(CN)2, CoSb, CoAs, Co2P, CoO, CoSe, CoTe, NiSb , NiAs, NiSe, Ni2Si, MgSe; rare earth metal telluride such as EuTe; rare earth metal selenide such as EuSe; rare earth metal nitride such as EuN; metal nitrides such as AIN, GdN and Mg3N2; containing at least two from oxygen And compounds of atoms of different halogen atoms, such as f2o, ci2o, C102, Cl2〇6, C1207, C1F, C1F3, C10F3 'C1F5, C102F, CIO2F3 'C103F, BrF3, BrF5, I205, IBr, ICM, IC13, IF, IF3, IF5, IF7; and a second or third transition metal halide of the metal, such as 〇sF6, PtF6 or IrF6; an alkali metal compound such as a ii compound, an oxide or a sulfide; and a metal which can be formed after reduction, Compounds such as metal, earth metal, transition metal, rare earth metal, Group 13 metal (preferably In) and Group 14 metal (preferably Sn); metal hydrides, such as rare earth metal hydrides, soil test metal hydrogenation Metal or metal 142257.doc -73- 201104948 hydride wherein the catalyst or catalyst source may be a metal such as an alkali metal when the oxidant is a hydride, preferably a metal hydride. Suitable oxidizing agents are metal halides, sulfides, oxides, hydroxides, nitrites and scalys, such as soiled metal halides (such as BaBr2, BaCl2, Bal2, CaBr), MgBr2 or Mgl2), rare earth metal halides ( Such as EuBr2, EuBr3, EuF3, LaF3, GdF3, GdBr3, LaF3, LaBr3, CeBi*3), second or third series of transition metal halides (such as YF3), metal borides (such as CrB2 or TiB2), alkali metal halogenation (such as LiCl, RbCl or Csl), metal sulfides (such as Li2S, ZnS, Y2S3, FeS, MnS, Cu2S, CuS and Sb2S5), metal phosphides (such as Ca3P2), transition metal halides (such as CrCl3, ZnF2) ZnBr2, Znl2, MnCl2, MnBr2, Mnl2, CoBr2 'C0I2 'C0CI2 ' Ν1ΒΓ2 'NiF2 'FeF2 'FeCl2 'FeBr2, FeF2, TiF3, CuBr, VF3 and CuCl2), metal halides (such as SnBr2, Snl2, InF, InCl, InBr, Ini, AgCl, Agl, A1I3, YF3, CdCl2, CdBr2, Cdl2, InCl3, ZrCl4, NbF5, TaCl5, MoC13, MoC15, NbCl5, AsC13, TiBr4, SeCl2, SeCl4, InF3, PbF4 and Tel4), metal oxide or hydrogen Oxide (such as Y203 FeO, NbO, In(OH)3, AS2O3, Se〇2, Te〇2, BI3, C〇2, As2Se3), metal nitrides (such as Mg3N2 or AIN), metal phosphides (such as Ca3P2, SF6, S, SbF3, CF4, NF3, KMn〇4, NaMn〇4, P205, LiN03, NaN03, KNO3) and metal sheds (such as BBr3). Suitable oxidizing agents include at least one of the following: BaBr2, BaCl2, EuBr2, EuF3, YF3, CrB2, TiB2, LiCl, RbCl, Csl, Li2S, ZnS, Y2S3, Ca3P2, M11I2, C0I2, NiBr2, 142257.doc -74 201104948

ZnBr2, FeBi: 2, Snl2, Ιηα, Aga, γ2〇3, Te〇2, C〇2, SF6, s, CF4, NaMn04, P2〇5, UN〇3. Suitable oxidizing agents include at least one of the following: EuBr2, BaBr2, CrB2, Mnl2, and AgC. Suitable sulfide oxidizing agents comprise at least one of Lij, ZnS & Ah. In certain embodiments the 'oxide oxidant is gamma 2 〇3. In other embodiments, each reaction mixture comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of the following categories (i) to (iii) and further comprises (iv) at least one selected from the group consisting of a metal such as a base. Metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, second and third series of transition metals and rare earth metals and aluminum. The reducing agent is preferably a reducing agent from the group consisting of A', your, along, La, B, Zr and Ti powders and h2. In other embodiments, each reaction mixture comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of components (i)-(iv) of the above categories and further comprises (v) a carrier such as selected from the group consisting of AC, 1% Pt/carbon or Pd/ Conductive carrier of carbon (Pt/C, Pd/C) and carbide (preferably TiC or WC). While the reactants may be in any molar ratio, they preferably have about the same molar ratio. A suitable reaction system comprising (1) a catalyst or catalyst source, (ii) a hydrogen source, (iii) an oxidizing agent, (iv) a reducing agent and (v) a carrier comprises NaH or KH as a catalyst or catalyst source and a ruthenium source, BaBr;j, BaC 〖2, MgBr:, Mgl2

CaBr2, EuBr2, EuF3, YF3, CrB2, TiB2, LiCl, RbCl, Csl, Li2S, ZnS, Y2S3, Ca3P2, Mnl2, CoI2' NiBr2

One of ZnBr2, FeBr2 'Sn2, InCl, AgCl, Y2O3, Te02, C〇2, SF6, S, CF4, NaMn〇4, P2〇5, LiN03 as oxidant, 142257.doc -75- 201104948

Mg or MgH2 is used as a reducing agent (where Mg% can also be used as a source of cerium), and AC, TiC or WC is used as a carrier. In the case where the tin halide is an oxidizing agent,

The Sn product can be used as at least one of a reducing agent and a conductive support in a catalytic mechanism. In another suitable reaction system comprising (1) a catalyst or catalyst source, a hydrogen source '(iii) an oxidant and (iv) a carrier, NaH or KH is included as a catalyst or catalyst source and a ruthenium source, EuBr2, BaBr, CrB2, Mnl2 and One of AgCl is used as an oxidizing agent, and ac, TiC or WC is used as a carrier. While the reactants may be in any molar ratio, they preferably present about the same molar ratio, 〇 catalyst, hydrogen source, oxidizing agent, reducing agent, and carrier in any desired molar ratio. a metal halide, preferably a bromide or an iodide (such as EuBr2, BaBo, and MnlO) having a reactant, a catalyst comprising KH or NaH, comprising CrB2, AgCh, and a group from a soil metal, a transition metal or a rare earth metal halide. In one embodiment of at least one of the oxidizing agent, the reducing agent comprising M^l MgH2, and the support comprising AC, TiC or WC, the molar ratio is substantially the same. The rare earth metal halide can be derived from the corresponding halogen with a metal or a hydrogen halide (such as HBr) is formed by direct reaction. The dihalide can be formed by tri-reduction by % reduction. Other oxidants are substances having a high dipole moment or forming an intermediate having a high dipole moment. The material of the dipole moment is preferably readily accessible from the electrons of the catalyst. The materials may have a high electron affinity. In one embodiment, the electron acceptor has a semi-filled or approximately half-filled electron shell, such as having a half Filled with sp3, 3 (Sn, Mn and 142257.doc • 76 · 201104948

Gd or Eu compound. A representative type of oxidant is a metal corresponding to: LaF3, LaBr3, GdF3, Gdci3, a%, EuB〇,

Eul2, EuCl2, EuF2, EuBr3, Eul3, EuCi^EuF3 In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent comprises a compound which preferably has a high oxidation state of a non-metal such as at least one of p, S, Si and C, and A negatively charged atom, such as at least one of F, c, or 〇. In the case of ^1 = 'the oxidant comprises a compound having a low oxidation state (such as π state) of a metal (such as at least one of % and Fe) and further comprising an atom having a low electronegativity such as at least one of BbIU . An ion with a negative charge (such as a 4-, C- or technique) is preferred over an ion with two negative charges (such as a nick or a 岣). In one embodiment, the oxidant comprises a metal halide such as a metal halide that corresponds to a metal having a low refining point so that it can be dissolved as a reaction product and removed from the t-cell. A suitable oxidizing agent for the low-point metal is a complex of In, Ga, Ag & Sn. While the reactants may be in any molar ratio, they preferably have about the same molar ratio. In a mere example, the reaction mixture comprises: (1) a catalyst or catalyst source 'which contains a metal or hydride from a λ element; (8) a hydrogen source such as a hydrogen or hydrogen source or hydride; and (iv) an oxidant comprising Species from Group 13, Group 14, Group 15, Group 16, and 17, preferably selected from F, c, Br'mmsi ps,

An atom or ion or a compound»reducing agent of an element of the group of Se and Te, which contains an element or a hydride, preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of Mg and MgH2.

Sl B, Zr, and rare earth metals (such as elements or hydrides; and (v) carriers' are preferably electrically conductive and preferably do not react with other 142257.doc • 77-201104948 materials of the reaction mixture to form additional compounds. Suitable supports preferably comprise carbon, such as AC, graphene, carbon impregnated with a metal such as Pt/c or Pd/c, and carbides (preferably TiC or WC). In a shell embodiment, the 'reaction mixture contains (1) a catalyst or catalyst source comprising a metal or hydride from a Group ** element; (H) a hydrogen source such as a hydrogen or hydrogen source or hydride; (Hi) an oxidant comprising a dentate, oxide or sulfide a compound, preferably a metal dentate, an oxide or a sulfide, more preferably from the group of the eighth, the third, the third, the fourth, the fifth, the sixth, the sixth, the seventh, the seventh a halide of an element of Group 8 (Group 1, Group 4, Group Id, Group 11 d, Group 12d and a lanthanide element, and an optimum transition metal halide or lanthanide halide; (iv) a reducing agent comprising an element or a nitride, preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of Mg, MgH2, A, Si, B, Zr, and a rare earth An element or hydride of the genus (such as La); and (v) a carrier which preferably has electrical conductivity and preferably does not react with other materials of the reaction mixture to form another compound. Suitable carriers preferably comprise carbon, such as AC, Metal impregnated carbon (such as Pt/C or Pd/C) and carbide, preferably TiC or WC. e. Exchange reaction, thermoreversible reaction and regeneration In one embodiment, 'oxidant and reducing agent, catalyst source and catalyst At least one of them may be subjected to a reversible reaction. In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent is a halide, preferably a metal dentate, more preferably at least one of a transition metal, tin, indium, an alkali metal, a soil test metal, and a rare earth metal tooth. - the best rare earth metal halide. The reversible reaction is preferably a tooth exchange reaction. The reaction energy is preferably low so that the ambient temperature is between 3 〇〇 (rc, preferably between ambient temperature and 1000 c). The halide at a temperature can be reversibly exchanged between the oxidant and the reducing agent, at least one of the source of the catalyst and the catalyst. The equilibrium of the reaction can be shifted to drive the low energy hydrogen reaction. Temperature change Or the reaction concentration or ratio changes and shift. The reaction can be maintained by adding hydrogen. In a representative reaction, the exchange is niM〇xXx + n2Mca^ed^nlMox + n2Mcat/redXy. (54) where n!,~ , 乂 and 丫 are integers, χ is a halogen, and Μ〇χ is an oxidant metal ' Mred / eat is a metal of at least one of a reducing agent, a catalyst source, and a catalyst. In one embodiment, one or more reactants In addition to the hydride and the removal of the halide, the reaction further comprises a reversible hydride exchange. In addition to other reaction conditions (such as temperature and reactant concentration), the reversible reaction can also be controlled by controlling the hydrogen pressure. An exemplary reaction is n'MoxXx + n2Mcat/redH^±niMoxH+n2Mcat/redXy. (55) In the κ application, 'oxidant (such as metal complex, soil metallization or rare earth metal halide, preferably RbCl, BaBr2, Baci2, EuX2 or GdX3, where hydrazine is halogen or sulphur, optimal EuBr2 Reaction with a catalyst or catalyst source (preferably NaH or KH) and optionally a reducing agent (preferably Mg or MgH2) to form a ruthenium or ruthenium or a catalyst halide such as NaX or ruthenium . The rare earth metal halide can be regenerated by selectively removing the catalyst or catalyst source and optionally a reducing agent. In one embodiment, MoxH2 is thermally decomposable and hydrogen is removed by a method such as suction. The halide exchange (Equation (54-55)) forms the metal of the catalyst. The metal can be removed as a molten liquid or as a vaporized or sublimed gas leaving a metal halide such as an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth metal halide. The liquid can be removed, for example, by a method such as centrifugation or by a pressurized inert gas stream. If appropriate, the catalyst or 142257.doc -79 - 201104948 catalyst source can be rehydrogenated to regenerate the initial reactants, which are recombined with the rare earth metal dentate and support into the initial mixture. In the case where Mg or Mg% is used as the reducing agent, the hydride can be fused and the liquid removed by adding a hydride formation, which is first removed. In the case of X = F, by the ρ exchange with a rare earth metal such as guH2, the MgF2 product can be converted to Mg%, wherein the molten MgH2 is continuously removed. The reaction can be carried out at a pressure of % to facilitate the formation and selective removal of MgH2. The reducing agent can be rehydrogenated and added to other regeneration reactants to form an initial reaction mixture. In another embodiment, the exchange reaction is carried out between at least one of a metal sulphide or oxide of the oxidant and a reducing agent, a catalyst source, and a catalyst. One exemplary system of each type is 166 g KH+1 g

Mg + 2.74 g Y2S3 + 4 g AC and 1 g NaH + 1 g Mg + 2.26 g Y2 〇 3 + 4 g AC. The selective removal of the catalyst 'catalyst source or reducing agent can be continuous, wherein the catalyst, catalyst source or reducing agent can be at least partially recirculated into the reactor. The reactor may further comprise a vaporizer or reflux assembly to remove the catalyst (such as the vaporizer 34 of Figure 4), the catalyst source or the reductant and return it to the battery. It may be hydrogenated or further reacted as appropriate and the product may be recovered. The reaction temperature can be cycled between the two extremes to continuously recycle the reactants by equilibrium shifting. In one embodiment, the system heat exchanger has the ability to rapidly vary the battery temperature between high and low values to shift the balance back and forth, thereby expanding the low energy hydrogen reaction. The regeneration reaction may comprise a catalytic reaction with an added substance such as hydrogen. In one embodiment, the source of the catalyst and rhodium is KH and the oxidant is EuBr2. Heat 142257.doc •80- 201104948 The regenerative reaction driven can be 2KBr+Eu to EuBr2 + 2K (56) or 2KBr+EuH2 to EuBr2 + 2KH. (57) Alternatively, H2 may be used as a regenerated catalyst for a catalyst or catalyst source such as KH and EuBr2, respectively, and an oxidant: 3KBr+l/2H2+EuH2 to EuBr3 + 3KH. (58) Further, EuBr2 is formed by reducing EuBr3 by H2. One possible route is EuBr3 + 1/2H2 to EuBr2+HBr 0 (59) HBr can be recycled: HBr + KH to KBr + H2 (60) wherein the total reaction formula is: 2KBr + EuH2 to EuBr2 + 2KH. (61) The rate of regenerative reaction of the heat drive can be increased by using different pathways known to those skilled in the art having lower energy: 2KBr+H2+Eu to EuBr2 + 2KH (62) 3KBr+3/2H2+Eu to EuBr3 + 3KH or (63)

EuBr3 + 1/2H2 to EuBr2+HBr. (64) The reaction given by equation (62) is possible because there is a balance between the metal and the corresponding hydride in the presence of H2, such as

Eu+H2 #EuH2. (65) The reaction pathway may comprise intermediate steps known to those skilled in the art having lower energy, such as 2KBr+Mg+H2 to MgBr2 + 2KH and (66) 142257.doc -81 - 201104948 (67)

MgBr2+Eu+H2 to EuBr2+MgH2. The KH or K metal may melt the liquid or evaporate or sublimate the gas leaving a metal dentate such as an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth metal hydride. The liquid can be removed by methods such as centrifugation or by a pressurized inert gas stream. In other embodiments, another catalyst or catalyst source (such as NaH, UH, RbH,

CsH, Na, Li, Rb 'Cs) may be substituted for ruthenium or ruthenium, and the oxidant may comprise another metal dentate such as another rare earth metal dentate or alkaline earth metal hydride, preferably BaCl2 or BaBr2. In other implementations, the thermoreversible reaction involves other exchange reactions, preferably an exchange reaction between two materials each containing at least one metal atom. The exchange can take place between the metal of the catalyst, such as an alkali metal, and the metal of the exchange partner, such as an emulsifier. Exchange can also be carried out between the oxidant and the reducing agent. The exchange substance may be an anion such as an ion, a hydrogen ion, an oxygen ion, a rock dangerous ion, a nitrogen ion, a scorpion ion, a carbon ion, a scorpion ion, a kun ion, a (four) sub, a «sub, a phosphorus ion, a _ root, a sulfur hydride. Roots, carbonates, sulfates, hydrogen sulfate, phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, dihydrogen phosphates, peroxyacids, chromates, dichromates, cobaltates, and other oxygen-tolerant scorpions known to those skilled in the art. And anions. The at least one exchange partner may comprise an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a transition metal, a second series of transition metals, a second series of transition metals, a noble metal, a rare earth metal, A1, Ga, In, Sn, As, Se, and Te. Suitable exchange anions are halides, oxygen ions, sulfur ions, nitrogen ions, phosphorus ions and boron ions. Suitable metals for exchange are alkali metals (preferably!^3 or ", alkaline earth metals (preferably Mg4Ba) and rare earth metals (preferably Eu or Dy), each in the form of a metal or hydride. Hereinafter 142257. Doc-82-201104948 Exemplified exemplary catalyst reactants and exemplary exchange reactions. These reactions are not intended to be exhaustive and other examples will be known to those skilled in the art. • 4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.5 g Dyl2 > Ein : 135.0 kJ,dE : 6.1 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 403 ° C, theoretical energy 1.89 kJ, gain 3.22 times,

DyBr2+2K 32KBr+Dy. (68) -4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.09 g EuF3, Ein : 185.1 kJ,dE : 8.0 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 463°C, theoretical energy 1.69 kJ, gain 4.73 times,

EuF3 + 1.5Mg ^1.5MgF2+ Eu (69)

EuF3 + 3NaH #3NaF+ Eu H2 ° (70) KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+CrB2 3.7 gm, Ein: 3 17 kJ, dE: 19 kJ, no TSC, Tmax is about 340 ° C, The theoretical energy is 0.05 kJ, and the gain is unlimited.

CrB2+Mg Art MgB2. (71) 0.70 g of TiB2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-4) were used. The energy gain was 5.1 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 431 ° C and the theoretical energy is 〇.

TiB2+Mg 0MgB2. (72) 0.42 g of LiCn, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of AC3-4 were used. The energy gain was 5.4 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature was 412 °C, the theoretical energy was 〇, and the gain was infinite.

LiCl+KH aKCl+LiH. (73) 1.21 g RbCl, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g AC3-4, energy 142257.doc -83·201104948 The gain was 6.0 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 442 ° C and the theoretical energy is 〇.

RbCl+KH #KCl+RbH. (74) 4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+0.87 g LiBr ; Ein · ♦ · « 146.0 kJ ; dE : 6.24 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 439 ° C, theoretically endothermic,

LiBr+KH ^KBr+LiH (75). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+YF3 7.3 gm ; Ein : 320 kJ ; dE : 17 kJ ; without TSC, Tmax is about 340 ° C; energy gain is about 4.5 X (X is about 0.74 kJ) * 5=3.7 kJ) ' YF3+1.5Mg+2KH g 1.5MgF2+YH2 + 2K. (76)

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+BaBr2 14.85 gm (dry); Ein: 328 kJ; dE: 16 kJ; no TSC, Tmax is about 320 ° C; energy gain is 160X (X is about 0.02) kJ*5=0.1 kJ),

BaBr2 + 2NaH 32NaBr + BaH2. (77) -KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+BaCl2 10-4 gm ; Ein : 331 kJ ; dE : 18 kJ, no TSC, Tmax is about 320 ° C. The energy gain is about 6.9X (X is about 0.52x5=2.6 kJ)

BaCl2+2KH 32KCl+BaH2. (78)

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20-0 gm+Mgl2 13.9 gm; Ein: 315 kJ; dE: 16 kJ, no TSC, Tmax is about 340 °C. The energy gain is about 1.8X (X is about 1.75x5=8.75 kJ)

MgI2+2NaH 32NaI+MgH2 » (79) -4 g AC3-2+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+0.97 g ZnS ; Ein : 132.1 142257.doc -84 - 201104948 kJ ; dE : 7.5 kJ ; TSC : none; Tmax: 370 ° C, theoretical energy is 1.4 kJ, gain is 5.33 times,

ZnS+2NaH ^2NaHS+Zn (80)

ZnS+Mg #MgS+Zn ° (81) _ 2.74 g Y2S3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 5.2 kJ, However, no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 444 ° C, the theoretical energy is 0.41 kJ, and the gain is 12.64 times. Y2S3 + 3KH ^3KHS + 2Y (82) Y2S3 + 6KH+3Mg ^3K2S + 2Y+3MgH2 (83) Y2S3 + 3Mg 33MgS + 2Y ° (84) 4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+1.82 g Ca3P2 ; Bin : 133.0 kJ ; dE : 5.8 kJ ; TSC : none; Tmax : 407 ° C, theoretically endothermic, gain infinite. • 20 g AC3-5 + 5 g Mg+8.3 g KH+9.1 g Ca3P2, Ein: 282.1 kJ, dE: 18.1 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 32 (TC, theoretically endothermic, gain infinite.

Ca3P2+3Mg Art Mg3P2+ 3Ca. (85) In one embodiment, the thermal regeneration reaction system comprises: (i) at least one catalyst or catalyst source selected from the group consisting of NaH and KH; (ii) at least one hydrogen source selected from the group consisting of NaH, KH, and MgH2; At least one oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal halides such as BaBr2, BaCL, Bal2, CaBr2, MgBr2 or Mgl2; rare earth metal halides such as EuBr2, EuBr3, EuF3, Dyl2, LaF3 or 142257.doc · 85· 201104948

GdF3; second or third series of transition metal halides such as Yp3; metal borides such as CrB2 or TiB2; alkali metal halides such as LiCl, RbCl or Csl; metal sulfides such as Li2S, ZnS or Y2S3; metal oxidation And a metal phosphide such as Ca3P2; (iv) at least one reducing agent selected from the group consisting of Mg and MgH2; and (v) a carrier selected from the group consisting of AC 'TiC and WC. f. Getter, Carrier or Matrix Assisted Low Energy Hydrogen Reaction In another embodiment, the exchange reaction is an endothermic reaction. In such embodiments the 'metal compound can be used as an advantageous carrier for a low energy hydrogen reaction or as a matrix or a getter for the product to increase the rate of low energy hydrogen reaction. Exemplary catalyst reactants and exemplary carriers, matrices or getters are provided below. Such reactions are not intended to be exhaustive and those skilled in the art will be aware of other examples. 4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.23 g Mg3As2 > Ein : .139.0 kJ,dE : 6.5 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 393 ° C, theoretically endothermic, gain infinite. 20 g AC3-5 + 5 g Mg+8.3 g KH+11.2 g Mg3As2, Ein: 298·6 kJ, dE: 21·8 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 315 °C, theoretically endothermic, gain infinite. 1 · 1.01 g Mg3N2 in a large capacity battery! 66 g KH, i邑Mg powder and 4 g AC3-4, the energy gain was 5 2 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 4〇rc, the theoretical energy is 〇, and the gain is infinite. Γ' Large capacity battery 0'41 g A1N, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder 142257.doc • 86 - 201104948 and 4 g AC3-5, energy gain is 4.9 kJ 'but no battery temperature spike is observed. The battery temperature is 4〇7. (: Theoretically endothermic. In one embodiment, the 'thermal regeneration reaction system comprises at least two components selected from (i) - (v): (1) at least one catalyst or catalyst source selected from the group consisting of NaH, KH and Mg% (ii) at least one hydrogen source selected from the group consisting of NaH and KH; (iii) at least one oxidant selected from a metal arsenide such as Mg3AS2 and a metal nitride such as MgsN2 or A1N, a matrix, a second carrier or a getter; (iv) at least one selected from the group consisting of reducing agents; and (v) at least one carrier selected from the group consisting of AC, TiC or WC. D. Liquid fuel: organic and molten solvent systems. Other embodiments comprise molten solids, such as contained in chamber 2 a molten salt or a liquid solvent in a crucible. The solvent can be vaporized by operating the battery at a temperature higher than the boiling point of the liquid solvent. The reactant such as a catalyst can be dissolved or suspended in a solvent, or a catalyst and H can be formed. The material may be suspended or dissolved in a solvent. The vaporizing solvent may act as a gas having a catalyst to increase the rate of reaction of the hydrogen catalyst forming the low energy hydrogen hydride. The smelting solid or vaporizing solvent may be maintained by heating with a heater 230. The composition may further comprise a solid support, such as an HSA material. The reaction may occur on the surface due to the interaction of the molten solid, liquid or gaseous solvent with the catalyst and hydrogen (such as ruthenium or Li plus η or NaH). The solvent of the mixture in one of the embodiments of the catalyst can increase the rate of catalyst reaction. 142257.doc -87- 201104948 In an embodiment comprising hydrogen, h2 can be bubbled through the solution. In another embodiment, the battery is pressurized Increasing the concentration of dissolved h2. In another embodiment, the reactant is preferably stirred at a high speed and at a temperature of about the boiling point of the organic solvent and about the melting point of the inorganic solvent. The organic solvent reaction mixture may preferably be at about 26 ° C to 400. Heating in a temperature range of ° C, more preferably in the range of about 1 〇〇 ° C to 300 ° C. The inorganic solvent mixture can be heated to a temperature higher than the temperature at which the solvent is liquid and lower than the temperature at which all NaH molecules are decomposed. a. Organic Solvent The organic solvent may comprise one or more moieties which may be modified to other solvents by the addition of functional groups. The moieties may comprise at least one of the following: hydrocarbons Such as alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, cyclic alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic hydrocarbons and combinations thereof; ethers; halogenated hydrocarbons (fluorinated hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, brominated hydrocarbons, filled hydrocarbons), preferably fluorinated hydrocarbons An amine; a thioether; a nitrile; a phosphoniumamine (for example, OP(N(CH3)2)3); and an aminoziridine. These groups may comprise at least one of the following: an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, Alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, amine fluorenyl, heterocyclic ring containing C, hydrazine, N, S, sulfonic acid group, sulfonyl group, alkoxy sulfonyl group, phosphonic acid group, trans group, halogen, burning Oxygen, thiol, ethoxy, aryl, dilute, aliphatic, aryl, sulfhydryl, amine, aryloxy, diazo, carboxyalkyl carbamide, olefin , cyanoalkoxycarbonyl, amine, mercaptoalkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, cyanoalkylamino, alkoxycarbonylalkylamino, carboxylic acid alkyl, decyl amine Alkylamino, oxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyanoalkyl, carboxyalkylthio, arylamino, heteroarylamine, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl Oxygen 142257.doc -88- 201104948 base, Alkoxy groups, alkoxy groups, alkoxy groups, amines, alkoxy groups, alkoxy groups, nitro groups, oxyaryl groups, haloaryl groups Aminoaryl, alkylaminoaryl, tolyl, alkenylaryl, allylaryl, alkenyloxy, allyloxyaryl, cyanoaryl, aminyl A carboxy group, a carboxyaryl group, an alkoxycarbonyl aryl group, an alkylcarbonyloxyaryl group, a sulfonic acid aryl group, an alkoxy sulfoaryl group, an amine sulfonyl aryl group, and a nitroaryl group. The group preferably comprises at least one of the group consisting of an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxy group, a cyano group, a heterocyclic ring containing C, 0, N, S, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphonic acid group, a vegetarian group, an alkoxy group, Sulfur-based, aryl, dilute, aliphatic, aryl, alkyl, dilute, aryl, heteroaryl, haloaryl, alkaryl, decylamine Alkyl aryl, diaryl aryl, dipropyl aryl, alkenyloxy, allyloxyaryl and cyanoaryl. In one embodiment comprising a liquid solvent, the catalyst NaH is at least one component of the reaction mixture and is formed from the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture may further comprise at least one of the group consisting of NaH, Na, NH3, NaNH2, Na2NH, Na3N, H20, NaOH, NaX (X is an anion, preferably a halide), NaBH4, NaAlH4, Ni, Platinum Black , Palladium black, R-Ni, doped Na substances (such as at least one of Na, NaOH and NaH) of R-Ni, HSA carrier ' getter, dispersant, hydrogen source (such as H2) and hydrogen dissociator . In other embodiments, Li, K, Rb, or Cs replaces Na. In one embodiment, the solvent has a dentate functional group, preferably fluorine. A suitable reaction mixture comprises at least one of hexafluorobenzene and octafluoronaphthalene which is added to a catalyst such as NaH and mixed with a carrier such as activated carbon, fluoropolymer or R-Ni. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises one or more of the following materials from the group 142257.doc-89-201104948: Na, NaH, a solvent, a preferred fluorinated solvent, and an HS A material. A suitable fluorinated solvent for regeneration is CF4. Suitable carriers or HSA materials for fluorinated solvents and NaH catalysts are NaF. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises at least NaH, CF4, and NaF. Other fluorine-based carriers or getters include: M257F6, wherein hydrazine is an alkali metal, such as iVMz under 6 and especially, wherein hydrazine is an alkaline earth metal, such as G<aF3, PF5; wherein hydrazine is an alkali metal; For alkali gold explosion, it is proposed to be NaHF2 & KHFi., K2TaFi, KBFa, K2MyiF6Sl ΑΖγ^Ρ6, wherein it is desirable to use other similar compounds, such as one with another metal or soil metal substitution, such as Li, Na or yttrium. A metal compound. b. Inorganic Solvent In another embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises at least one inorganic solvent. The solvent may additionally contain a molten inorganic compound such as a molten salt. The inorganic solvent may be molten NaOH. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a catalyst, a source of hydrogen, and an inorganic solvent of the catalyst. The catalyst may be at least one of NaH molecules, Li and K. The solvent may be at least one of a molten or dissolved salt or a co-float, such as at least one of an alkali metal ii compound and a molten salt of a group of alkaline earth metal halides. The inorganic solvent of the NaH catalyst reaction mixture may comprise a low melting point eutectic such as a mixture of an alkali metal halide of NaCl and KCl. The solvent may be a low melting salt, preferably a Na salt such as NaI (660 ° C), NaAlCl 4 (160 ° C), NaAlF 4 and a compound of the same class as NaMX 4 having a more stable metal dentate than NaX (wherein At least one of a metal and X is a halogen. The reaction mixture may further comprise a carrier such as R-Ni 142257.doc-90-201104948.

The inorganic solvent of the Li catalyst reaction mixture may comprise a low-rise co-brightness such as a mixture of metallographic compounds of LiCl and KCl. The dissolved salt solvent may contain a fluorine-based solvent which is stable to NaH. LaF3 has a melting point of 1493 ° C and a NaF melting point of 996 ° C. The ball mill mixture having a suitable ratio of other fluorides as the case comprises a fluoride-salt solvent which is stable to NaH and preferably melts in the range of from 600 °C to 700 °C. In the salt refinery embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a NaH+ salt mixture such as NaF-KF-LiF (11.5_42.0-46.5) MP = 454 °C, or a NaH+ salt mixture such as LiF-KF (52%-48%) MP = 492 〇 C ° V. Regeneration System and Reaction A schematic of a system for recycling or regenerating fuel in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. In one embodiment, the by-product of the low energy hydrogen reaction comprises a metal halide MX, preferably NaX or KX. Further, the fuel recycler 18 (Fig. 4) comprises a separator 21 for separating an inorganic compound such as NaX from a carrier. In one embodiment, the separator or component thereof includes a displacement or cyclone separator 22 that is separated based on the difference in material density. The other separator or component thereof includes a magnetic separator 23 in which magnetic particles such as nickel or iron are extracted by a magnet, and a non-magnetic substance such as MX flows through the separator. In another embodiment, the separator or component thereof comprises a differential product dissolution or suspension system comprising dissolved or suspended at least one component to the extent that the other component is dissolved or suspended to allow separation of the component solvent wash 25 24, and may further comprise a compound recovery system 26, such as solvent evaporator 27 and compound collector 28. Alternatively, the recovery system comprises a precipitator 29 and a compound drying 142257.doc-91 - 201104948 and collector 30. In one embodiment, the waste heat from the turbine 14 and water condenser 16 shown in Figure 2 is used to heat at least one of the evaporator 27 and the dryer 3 (Figure 4). The heat for any other stage of the recycler 18 (Fig. 4) may contain this waste heat. The fuel recycler 18 (Fig. 4) further includes an electrolyzer 31 that electrolyzes the recovered MX into metal and dentate gases or other halogenated products or halides. In one embodiment, electrolysis preferably occurs in the power reactor 36 from a melt, such as a co-melt. The electrolysis gas and the metal product are separately collected in the volatile gas collector 32 and the metal collector 33, and in the case of the metal mixture, the metal collector 33 may further comprise a metal distiller or separator 34. If the initial reactant is a hydride, the metal is deuterated by a hydrogenation reactor 35. The quenching reactor 35 contains a battery 36, a metal and a hydride capable of making the pressure less than, above and equal to atmospheric pressure. The inlet and outlet 37, an inlet 38 for hydrogen supply and its valve 39, a hydrogen supply 4, an outlet 41 and its valve 42, a pump 43, a heater 44, and a pressure and temperature meter 45. In one embodiment, the hydrogen supply 4A comprises an aqueous electrolyzer having a hydrogen and oxygen separator. The separated metal product is at least partially halogenated in a halogenation reactor 46, the halogenation reactor 46 comprising a pressure capable of making the pressure less than or equal to Atmospheric pressure battery 47...the population for carbon supply and the outlet for supplying the product 48, the inlet 49 for supplying fluorine gas and its valve 5〇, a halogen gas supply, an air outlet 52 and its valve 53, a pump 54. A heater 55 and a pressure and temperature meter 56. The reactor preferably also contains a catalyst and other reactants to cause the metal 57 to become a product having the desired oxidation state and stoichiometric amount of halide. Metal or metal hydride , metal halide, carrier, and others 142257.doc -92 - 201104948 At least two of the initial reactants are mixed in mixer 58 and recycled to boiler 1 '' for another power generation cycle. In the energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises a catalyst, Mg, Mnl2 and a support (activated carbon, wc or Tic). In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction source is a reaction in which a metal hydride is oxidized by MnL, such as 2KH^ΜηΙ2 2ΚΙλ. -Μπ + Η2 (86)

Mg + MnI2-^MgI2+Mn 〇 I. (87) KI and Mglz can be electrolyzed into L, κ and from the salt. Smelting electrolysis can be performed using a Downs cell or a modified Downs cell. Mn can be separated using a mechanical separator and optionally a sieve. Unreacted Mg or Mg% can be separated by melting and by separating the solid phase from the liquid phase. The iodide for electrolysis may be derived from rinsing the reaction product with a suitable solvent such as deoxygenated water. The solution can be filtered to remove a carrier such as Ac and, if appropriate, a transition metal. The solid can be centrifuged and preferably dried using waste heat from a power system. Alternatively, the halide can be cleaved by melting, followed by separation of the liquid phase from the solid phase. In another embodiment, the lighter Ac can be separated from other reaction products by a process such as vortex separation. The ruthenium is immiscible with Mg' and the separated metal such as κ can be hydrogenated with hydrogen preferably derived from Ηβ electrolysis. The metal iodide can be formed by a known reaction with a separated metal or with a metal that is not separated from AC. In one embodiment, ^11 reacts with m to form Mnh and Η2, and Η2 is recycled and reacts with I2 to form m. In other embodiments, other metals, preferably transition metals, are substituted. Another reducing agent such as A1 can be substituted for Mg. Another halide, preferably a vapor, can be substituted for 142257.doc -93·201104948. LiH, hydrazine, RbH or CsH can replace NaH. In an exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst, Mg, AgCl, and a carrier activated carbon. In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction is derived from the oxidation of a metal hydride by AgCl, such as KH + AgCl ~ ^ KCl + Ag + \/2H2 (8 8)

Mg + 2Aga->Mga2+2Ag 〇 (89) KC1 and MgCl2 can be electrolyzed into Cl2, bismuth and Mg from a molten salt. Melt electrolysis can be performed using a Towns cell or a modified Towns cell. Ag can be separated using a mechanical separator and, depending on the situation. Unreacted Mg or MgH2 can be separated by melting and by separating the solid phase from the liquid phase. The chloride for electrolysis can be obtained by rinsing the reaction product with a suitable solvent such as deoxygenated water. The solution can be filtered to remove a carrier such as AC and metal Ag as the case may be. The solid can be centrifuged and preferably dried using waste heat from a power system. Alternatively, the halide can be separated by melting, followed by separation of the liquid phase from the solid phase. In another embodiment, the lighter AC may initially be separated from other reaction products by methods such as vortex separation. K is immiscible with Mg, and the separated metal such as K can be hydrogenated with hydrogen preferably from H20 electrolysis. The metal chloride can be formed by a known reaction with a separated metal or with a metal not separated from AC. In one embodiment, Ag reacts with Cl2 to form AgCl, and H2 is recycled and reacts with 12 to form HI. In other embodiments, other metals, preferably transition metals or In replaces Ag. Another reducing agent (such as A1) can replace Mg. Another halide, preferably a vapor, can be substituted for the iodide. LiH, KH, RbH or CsH can replace NaH. In one embodiment, the reaction mixture is regenerated from a low energy hydrogen reaction product. 142257.doc • 94· 201104948 In an exemplary low-energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the solid fuel reaction mixture contains KH or NaH catalyst, Mg or MgH2 and soil metal halide (such as BaBi*2) and carrier (activated carbon, WC) Or preferably TiC). In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction source is a metal hydride or a reaction in which the metal is oxidized by BaBr2, such as 2KH + Mg -f BdBr 2 -> 2KBr η- Bq + A4gH2 ( 9 0 ) 2ΝαΗ 七Mg + BaBr2 2NaBr + Βα + MgH2 〇(91)

The melting points of Ba, Mg, MgH2, NaBr and KBr are 727 ° C, 650 C '327 C, 747 ° C and 734 ° C, respectively. Thus, MgH2 can be separated from the ruthenium and any Ba-Mg intermetallic by maintaining Mgl on the addition of Hz, preferentially melting MgH2 and separating the liquid from the reaction product mixture. It can be thermally decomposed into Mg as appropriate. The remaining reaction product can then be added to the electrolytic melt. The solid support and Ba precipitate form a preferred separable layer. Alternatively, it can be separated as a liquid by melting. Next, NaBr or KBr can be electrolyzed to form an alkali metal and Brp (Br*2) is reacted with Ba to form BaBr2. Or ' Ba is an anode, and BaBr 2 is formed directly in the anode chamber. The alkali metal can be formed in the chamber by hydrogenation after electrolysis or by bubbling h2 in the cathode chamber during electrolysis. Next, MgH2 or Mg, NaH or KH, BaBr2 and the carrier are re-adjusted to the reaction mixture. In other embodiments, another soil metal halide replaces BaBi"2' preferably BaCl2. In another embodiment, the regeneration reaction may occur without electrolysis because the energy difference between the reactants and the product is small. The reaction given by the equation (90-91) can be reversed by changing the reaction conditions such as temperature or hydrogen pressure. Alternatively, a molten or volatile material such as K or Na may be selectively removed to drive the reaction back up to further react and add back to the reactants of the initial reaction mixture formed in the cell or substance. In another embodiment, the volatile material can be continuously refluxed to maintain a reversible reaction between the catalyst or catalyst source (such as NaH, KH, Na or K) and the initial oxidant (such as a soil metallization or rare earth metal halide). . In one embodiment, reflux is achieved using a distiller such as the steamer 34 shown in Figure 4. In another embodiment, reaction conditions such as temperature or hydrogen pressure can be varied to reverse the reaction. In this case, the reaction proceeds initially to the formation of low energy hydrogen and the reaction mixture product. The product other than the lower energy hydrogen is then converted to the initial reactant. This can be accomplished by varying the reaction conditions and possibly adding or removing at least a portion of the product or reactant or other product or reactant that is identical to the product or reactant initially used or formed. Therefore, the positive reaction and the regeneration reaction are alternately cycled. Hydrogen can be added to replace the hydrogen consumed in forming low energy hydrogen. In another embodiment, the reaction conditions such as high temperature are maintained' wherein the reversible reaction is optimized such that both the positive and negative reactions occur in a manner that achieves a desired, preferably maximum, low energy hydrogen formation rate. In an exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the solid fuel reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst, Mg, FeBi:2, and a supported carbon. In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction is derived from the oxidation of a metal hydride by FeBr2, such as 2NaH + FeBr2 -^· INaBr + Fe + H2 ( 9 2 )

Mg + FeBr, ^ MgBr. + Fe 〇 (93)

NaBr and MgBr2 can be electrolyzed from molten salt to 2, Na & Mg. Melt electrolysis can be performed using a Downs cell or a modified Towns cell. Fe has iron 142257.doc •96- 201104948 Magnetic and can be magnetically separated using a mechanical separator and optionally a sieve. In another embodiment, ferromagnetic Ni can be substituted for Fe. Unreacted Mg or MgH2 can be separated by melting and by separating the solid phase from the liquid phase. The desertification for electrolysis can be obtained by rinsing the reaction product with a suitable solvent such as deoxygenated water. The solution can be filtered to remove a carrier such as AC and, if appropriate, a transition metal. The solid can be centrifuged and preferably dried using waste heat from a power system. Alternatively, the halide can be separated by melting, followed by separation of the liquid phase from the solid phase. In another embodiment, the lighter AC may initially be separated from other reaction products by methods such as vortex separation. Na and Mg are immiscible, and the separated metal such as Na can be hydrogenated with hydrogen preferably from H20 electrolysis. The metal bromide can be formed by a known reaction with a separated metal or with a metal that is not separated from AC. In one embodiment, Fe reacts with HBr to form FeBr2 and H2, and H2 is recycled and reacted with Br2 to form HBr. In other embodiments, other metals, preferably transition metals, replace Fe. Another reducing agent such as A1 can be substituted for Mg. Another halide, preferably a chloride, can be substituted for the bromide. LiH, KH, RbH or CsH can replace NaH. In an exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the solid fuel reaction mixture comprises a KH or NaH catalyst, Mg or MgH2 'SnBr2 and a support (activated carbon, WC or TiC). In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction is derived from a metal hydride or a reaction in which the metal is oxidized by SnBr2, such as 2KH H-SnBr2 -> 2KBr + Sn + H2 (94) 2NaH + SnBr2 - INaBr ^Sn + H2 (95) Mg + SnBr2 —> MgBr2 +Sn 〇(96) The melting points of tin, magnesium, MgH2, NaBr and KBr are 119 ° C, 650 ° C, 142257.doc -97 - 201104948 327 ° C, 747 ° C and 734 ° C. As given in the alloy phase diagram, for about 5 wt% Mg, the tin-magnesium alloy will smear at temperatures in excess of, for example, 400 °C. In one embodiment, metal tin and magnesium and alloys are separated from the support and halide by melting the metal and alloy and separating the liquid phase from the solid phase. The alloy can be reacted with H2 at a temperature at which MgH2 solids and tin metal are formed. The solid phase and the liquid phase can be separated to obtain MgH2 and tin. MgH2 can be thermally decomposed into Mg and H2. Alternatively, h2 can be added in situ to the reaction product at a temperature that selectively converts any unreacted Mg and any Sn-Mg alloy to solid MgH2 and liquid tin. The tin can be selectively removed. The MgH2 can then be heated and removed in liquid form. The toothing can then be removed from the carrier by methods such as: (1) melting and separating the phases; (2) vortex separation based on density differences, wherein a dense carrier such as WC is preferred; or (3) screening based on size differences . Alternatively, the compound can be dissolved in a suitable solvent' and the liquid phase and solid phase separated by methods such as transition. The liquid can be evaporated and the binder can be electrolyzed from the melt to an immiscible and separately separated metal Na or κ. In another embodiment, by using a metal regenerated by sodium halide electrolysis to reduce the halide, preferably in the same manner as in a low energy hydrogen reactor, K is formed, in addition to collecting from the electrolytic melt, such as A halogen gas of Βι*2, and reacted with the separated Sn to form SnBr2, which is recycled and/or another cycle in which a low-energy hydrogen is reacted, wherein the hydride is formed by hydrogenation with hydrogen. In an embodiment +, HBr is formed and HBr', Sn react to form SnBr2. HBr can be formed by the reaction of Bi"2 with Η2, or by bubbling at the anode η2 during the solution, which has the advantage of reducing the energy of the electrolysis. In other embodiments, another metal replaces Sn, preferably over 142257.doc • 98·201104948, and another halide may be substituted for Br, such as I. In another embodiment, in the initial step, all of the reaction products are reacted with an aqueous solution of HBr, and the solution is concentrated to precipitate SnBi*2 from the MgBr2 and KBr solutions. Other suitable solvents and separation methods can be used to separate the salts. Next, MgBi*2 and KBr are electrolyzed into Mg and κ. Alternatively, Mg or Mg% is first removed using mechanical methods or by solvent selection such that only KBr requires electrolysis. In one embodiment, 'Sn is removed from solid MgH2 in melt form. Solid MgH2 can be formed by the addition of Η2 during or after the low energy hydrogen reaction. Next, MgH2 or Mg, KBr and a carrier are added to the electrolytic melt. The carrier settles to the deposition zone due to the large particle size. MgH2 and KBr form part of the melt and are separated based on density. Mg and K are immiscible, and κ also forms a separate phase, so that Mg and K are collected separately. The anode can be Sn, such that κ, electrolysis products. The anode can be liquid tin, or liquid tin can be sprayed onto the anode to react with bromine and form SnBr2. In this case, the energy gap for regeneration is the higher elemental gap of the compound gap pair corresponding to the elemental product on the two electrodes. In another embodiment, the reactant comprises KH, a support, and Snl2 or SnBi*2. Sn can be removed in liquid form, and the remainder of the product such as hydrazine and carrier can be added to the electrolytic melt, wherein the carrier is separated based on density. In this case, a dense carrier such as WC is preferred. The reactants may comprise an oxygen compound to form an oxide product, such as an oxide of a catalyst or catalyst source (such as an oxide of NaH, Li or κ) and an oxide of a reducing agent (such as Mg 'MgH2, Al, Ti, B, Zr). Or La oxide). In one embodiment, the reactant 142257.doc •99-201104948 is regenerated by reacting an oxide with an acid such as a hydrohalic acid, preferably hydrochloric acid, to form a corresponding dentate, such as a vapor. In the examples - the oxidized carbon material (such as carbonate, bicarbonate), the carboxylic acid species (such as oxalic acid or oxalate) can be reduced by metal or metal hydride. Preferably, at least one of 'Li, K, Na, LiH, KH, NaH, Ab Mg and MgH2 reacts with a substance comprising carbon and ruthenium and forms a corresponding metal oxide or hydroxide and carbon. Each respective metal can be regenerated by electrolysis. Electrolysis can be carried out using, for example, a dissolved salt in a conjugate mixture. An electron gas product such as gas can be used to form a corresponding acid, such as hci, as part of the regeneration cycle. Hydrogen can be formed from the acid by reacting the neutrophil gas with hydrogen and, if appropriate, dissolving the functional hydrogen gas in water. Nitrogen is preferably formed by electrolysis of water. Oxygen can be a source of a low energy hydrogen reaction mixture or a source of oxygen that can react to form a low energy hydrogen reaction mixture. The step of reacting the low energy hydrogen hydride reaction product with the acid may comprise rinsing the product with an acid to form a solution comprising the metal salt. In the embodiment, the low energy gas reaction mixture and the corresponding product mixture comprise a carrier such as carbon, preferably activated carbon. The metal oxide can be separated from the carrier by dissolving the metal oxide in an aqueous acid solution. Thus, the product can be rinsed with an acid and further filtered to separate the components of the reaction mixture. The water can be removed by the use of heat, preferably waste heat evaporation from the power system, and a salt such as a metal chloride can be added to the electrolytic mixture 16 to form metal and edge gas. In one implementation, any hospital or hydrocarbon product can re-form hydrogen and carbon or carbon dioxide as appropriate. Alternatively, the methane is separated from the gaseous product mixture and sold as a commercial product. In another embodiment, the methylation can be formed into other hydrocarbon products by methods known in the art, such as the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. The formation of methane can be suppressed by the addition of interfering gases, such as inert gases, and by maintaining unfavorable conditions of 142257.doc -100·201104948, such as reduced hydrogen pressure or temperature. In another embodiment, the metal oxide is electrolyzed directly from the eutectic mixture. An oxide such as MgO can react with water to form a hydroxide such as Mg(OH)2. In one embodiment, the hydroxide is reduced. The reducing agent can be an alkali metal or hydride such as Na or NaH. The product hydroxide can be directly electrolyzed as a molten salt. Low energy hydrogen reaction products, such as alkali metal hydroxides, can also be used as commercial products and the corresponding dentates are obtained. The toothing can then be electrolyzed into a halogen gas and a metal. Halogen gas can be used as a commercial industrial gas. The metal can be hydrogenated by hydrogen electrolysis with better water and supplied to the reactor as part of a low energy hydrogen reaction mixture. The reducing agent can be regenerated from a product comprising the corresponding compound, preferably NaOH or Na2, using methods and systems known to those skilled in the art, such as the alkali metal method comprising electrolysis in a mixture such as a eutectic mixture. In another embodiment, the reduced product may comprise at least some oxides, such as a reduced metal oxide (e.g., MgO). The hydroxide or oxide is soluble in a weak acid such as hydrochloric acid to form a corresponding salt such as NaCl or MgCL. Treatment with an acid also has an anhydrous reaction. The gas can flow at low pressure. The salt can be treated with a product reducing agent such as a metal or alkaline earth metal to form an initial reducing agent. In one embodiment, the second reducing agent is an alkaline earth metal, preferably Ca, wherein NaC1 or MgCL is reduced to the metal Na or Mg. The CaCh by-product is recovered and also recycled. In an alternative embodiment, the oxide is reduced with & at elevated temperatures. In an exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst 'MgH2, 〇2 and a carrier activated carbon. In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction is derived from the oxidation of a metal hydride by ruthenium 2, such as 142257.doc -101 - 201104948

MgH2+02-^Mg(0H)2 (97)

MgH2 +\.502+C^ MgCO, + H2 (98) (99) (100) (101)

NaH + 3 / 202+C^ NaHC03 ΊΝαΗ + 〇2 ~>1NuOH 〇 Any MgO product can be converted to hydroxide Mg0 + H20-^Mg by reaction with water (0H\ sodium or magnesium carbonate, Bicarbonate and other substances containing carbon and oxygen can be reduced with Na or NaH:

NaH + Na2C03 3NaOH + C + l/H2 (102)

NaH + inMgCO^NaOH + VSC + XnMg 〇 (103) Mg(OH)2 can be reduced to Mg: INa + MgijDH'^^^l NaOH + Mg using Na or NaH. (104) NaOH can then be directly electrolyzed from the melt to metal Na and NaH and 02. The Castner process can be used. Suitable cathodes and anodes for use in the assay solution are nickel. The anode may also be carbon, a noble metal such as Pt, a support such as Ti coated with a noble metal such as Pt, or a dimensionally stable anode. In another embodiment, NaOH is converted to NaCl by reaction with HCl, wherein the NaCl electrolyte gas Cl2 can react with H2 from water electrolysis to form HC1. Molten NaCl electrolysis can be performed using a Downs cell or a modified Downs cell. Alternatively, HC1 can be produced by chloralkali electrolysis. The aqueous NaCl solution used for this electrolysis can be obtained by rinsing the reaction product with an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. The solution can be filtered to remove a carrier such as AC, and the carrier can be centrifuged and preferably dried using waste heat from a power system. In one embodiment, the reaction step comprises: (1) rinsing with aqueous hydrochloric acid 142257.doc -102- 201104948 product 'forming metal chlorides from substances such as hydroxides, oxides and carbonates; (2) by using The water gas shift reaction and the Fischer-Tropsch reaction are carried out to convert any released c〇2 into water and c, wherein C is recycled as a carrier in step 1 and water can be used in step 1. 4 or 5; (3) Filtering 'and drying a carrier such as AC, wherein drying may include a step of centrifuging; (4) electrolyzing water to & and 〇2 to supply steps 8 to 1; (5) by aqueous NaCl solution Electrolysis 'as appropriate to form HC1 to supply steps 1 and 9; (6) separate and dry metal chloride; (7) electrolyze the metal vapor melt into metal and gas; (8) by Ch and H2 Reacting to form HC1 to supply step 1; (9) hydrogenating any metal to form a corresponding starting reactant by reaction with hydrogen; and (10) separating from step 2 or using separation from the atmosphere 〇 2 forms the initial reaction mixture. In another embodiment, at least one of magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide is electrolyzed into Mg and 〇2 from the melt. The melt may be a NaOH melt, wherein Na may also be electrolyzed. In one embodiment, carbon oxides such as carbonates and bicarbonates can be decomposed into at least one of CO and C〇2, which can be added to the reaction mixture as a source of oxygen. Alternatively, carbon oxide species such as C〇2 and CO may be reduced to hydrogen and water by hydrogen. C〇2 and CO can be reduced by a water gas shift reaction and a Fischer-Tropsch reaction. In an exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst, MgH2, CF4, and a carrier activated carbon. In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction is derived from the oxidation of a metal hydride by CF4, such as (105) (106) 2MgH2 + CF, -^C + 2MgF2 + 2H2 2MgH2 + CFa CH4 + 2MgF1 142257.doc -103- 201104948 ANaH + CF^C + 4NaF + 2H2 (107) 4NaH + CF44CH4+4NaF 〇(108)

NaF and MgF2 can be electrolyzed into F2, Na and Mg from a molten salt which may additionally contain HF. Na is immiscible with Mg, and the separated metal can be hydrogenated with hydrogen preferably from H20 electrolysis. Fluorine gas can react with carbon and any CH4 reaction product to regenerate CF4. Alternatively and preferably, the anode of the electrolytic cell contains carbon and maintains current and electrolysis conditions such that CF4 is the anodic electrolysis product. In an exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst, MgH2, P205 (P401G), and a carrier activated carbon. In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction source is a reaction in which the metal halide is oxidized by P2〇5, such as 5MgH2 + ~^5MgO + 2P + 5H2 (109) 5NaH + P205 - 5Na〇H + 2P 〇 (110) by Combustion in 〇2 can convert phosphorus into P205 2_P + 2·5〇2 ~^ 〇5. (111) Converting MgO products to hydroxides by reaction with water

MgO+Hp — Mgi^OHX. (H2) Reduction of Mg(OH)2 to Mg using Na or NaH: 2Na + Mg (OH, 2-2 NaOH + Mg 〇 (113) followed by NaOH directly from the melt to metal Na and NaH and 02, or By reacting with HC1, it can be converted into NaC, and its tNaCl electrolysis gas Cl2 can react with H2 from water electrolysis to form HC1. In the embodiment, such as Na can be reacted by H2, preferably from water electrolysis. The metal of Mg is converted to the corresponding hydride. In an exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the solid fuel reaction mixture 142257.doc -104 - 201104948 comprises a NaH catalyst 'MgH2, NaN〇3 and a carrier activated carbon. In an embodiment The exothermic reaction source is the reaction of metal hydride oxidation by NaNCh, such as (114) (115) (116)

NoNOj + NciH + C —^ iVfljCOj +1 / 2.N2 +1 / 2//2 NaNO,\ 12H2 + 2NaH — WaOH VII\ IΊΝi TV〇/V03 + 3Mg//2 3Mg(9 + TVoi/· +1 / 2iV2 + 5 / 2//2 Sodium or magnesium carbonate, bicarbonate and other substances containing carbon and oxygen can be reduced with Na or NaH:

NaH + Na2C03 ^ 3NaOH + C + \/H2 NaH + VmgCC^ NaOH + \I7>C + \I?>Mg 〇 carbonate can also be decomposed into hydroxide by aqueous medium and C〇2 NafiOj + Η20 4 ΊΝαΟΗ + CC^ 〇 Using the water gas shift reaction and the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, the released co2 reacts to form water and C (117) (118) (119) by H2 also co2+h2-^co +h2o CO + H0C + HP 〇 By reacting with water, the Mg 〇 product can be converted into hydroxide MgO + //2〇—Mg ((9//) 2 MM (OH) can be obtained using Na or NaH 2 Reduction to Mg: 2A^ + A/g(〇//) 2-2MiO/f + A/g 〇(120)(121) (122) (123) The base can be made using methods known to those skilled in the art. Metal nitrate regeneration. In one embodiment, Ν2 can be produced by known industrial methods, such as by the Haber method, the Continuum method. In the examples, the exemplary sequence of steps is: 142257.doc -105· 201104948 NHy N02 (124) Η. Harper's method ^ Ostwald law In particular, the Haber method can be used to use N2 and other catalysts such as alpha iron containing an oxide at high temperatures and pressures. H2 produces NH3. Osterval Germany can be used to oxidize ammonia to no2 under a catalyst such as hot platinum or platinum-ruthenium catalyst. The heat can be waste heat from the power system. No2 is soluble in water to form nitric acid, and nitric acid reacts with NaOH, Na2CO3 or NaHC03 to form Sodium nitrate. The remaining NaOH can be directly electrolyzed from the melt into metal Na and NaH and A, or converted to NaCl by reaction with HC1, wherein the NaCl electrolysis gas Cl2 can react with H2 from water electrolysis to form HC1. In embodiments, metals such as Na and Mg can be converted to the corresponding hydride by reaction with water electrolysis preferably. In other embodiments, Li and K replace Na. In exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reactions The reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst, MgH2, SF6 and a supported activated carbon. In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction is derived from the oxidation of a metal hydride by SF6, such as 4MgH2 + SF6 ^mgF2 + AH, + MgS (125) INaH + SF^eNaF + A+NaHS. (126)

NaF and MgF2 and sulfide may be electrolyzed into Na and Mg by a molten salt which may additionally contain HF. The fluorine electrolysis gas can react with the sulfide to form SF6 gas that can be removed by power. SF6 can be separated from F2 by methods known in the art, such as cryogenic distillation, membrane separation or chromatography, using a medium such as a molecular sieve. NaHS melts at 3 50 ° C and can be part of the molten electrolysis mixture. Any MgS product can react with Na to form NaHS, where anti-142257.doc -106-201104948 should be able to occur in situ during electrolysis. s and the metal may be the products formed during electrolysis. Alternatively, the metal may be a minority to form a more stable fluoride ' or may add f2 to form a fluoride. 3MgH2 + SF6 3MgF2 + 3H2 + S (12 7 ) 6M?// + 5F6 -> 6_/VaF + 3"2 + <S. (128)

NaF and MgF2 can be electrolyzed into F2, Na and Mg by a molten salt which may additionally contain hf. Na is immiscible with Mg' and the separated metal can be hydrogenated with hydrogen preferably replenished by h2 〇 electrolysis. Fluorine gas can react with sulfur to regenerate sf6. In an exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst, MgH2, NF3, and a carrier activated carbon. In one embodiment, the 'exothermic reaction source is a reaction in which the metal hydride is oxidized by NF3, such as 3MgH2+2NF3 3MgF2 + 3H2 + N2 (129) 6MgH2+2NF, -> 3MgF2 + Mg3N2 + 6H2 (130) 3NaH + NF3 3A ^F + l/2A^+1.5/f2 〇(131)

NaF and MgF2 can be electrolyzed into F2, heart and Mg by additionally containing a molten salt. The conversion of ΜΑ#2 to MgF2 can occur in the melt. The heart is immiscible, and the separated metal can be hydrogenated with hydrogen preferably from Ηβ electrolysis. The fluorine gas can be reacted with NH3 preferably in a copper packaging reactor to form NF3. Ammonia can be produced by the Haber method. Alternatively, nf3 can be formed by electrolysis of NH4F in anhydrous HF. In an exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the solid fuel reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst, MgH2, Na"2.8, and a carrier activated carbon. In a practical example, the exothermic reaction is derived from the oxidation of a metal hydride by Na2S2〇8, such as 142257.doc •107- 201104948 SMgH2 + Na2S2Os 2MgS + 2NaOH + 6MgO + 6H2 (132) TMgH2 + Na2S20& 2^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The reaction converts any MgO product to hydroxide MgO + H20 - > Mg {pH, 2. (13 6) Sodium or magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and other substances containing carbon and oxygen may be reduced by Na or NaH:

NaH + Na2C03 3NaOH + C + M H2 (137)

NaHVUmgCC^—NaOH + inC + mMg 〇 (13 8)

MgS can be burned in oxygen, hydrolyzed, exchanged with Na to form sodium sulfate, and electrolyzed into 2MgS +10/f2O + 2MzO// 4 Mi25208 + 2Mg(0//)2 + 9//2 〇 (1 3 9 )

Na2S can be burned in oxygen, hydrolyzed to sodium sulfate, and electrolyzed to form ^21?208 2iVa2>S + 10//2O-^Mi2lS2O8 + 2M2〇// + 9//2 〇(140) using Na or NaH Mg(OH)2 is reduced to Mg: 2 he + male (<9//) 2 o 27VaC>//+. (141) Next, NaOH can be directly electrolyzed from the melt into metal Na and NaH and Q, or by reacting with HC1 to convert to NaCl, wherein the NaCl electrolysis gas Cl2 can react with H2 from water electrolysis to form HC1. In an exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the solid fuel reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst, MgH2, S, and a carrier activated carbon. In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction source is a reaction in which the metal hydride is oxidized by S, such as MgH2+S^MgS + H2 (142) I42257.doc -108- 201104948 2, ΝύΗ + S -^ NcijS + Η2 ° (143 Converting the sulfide town to hydroxide by reacting with water

MgS + lHp — MgipHX+Hj 〇 (144) H2S can be decomposed at high temperatures or used to convert S02 to S. Sodium sulfide can be converted to hydroxide by combustion and hydrolysis (145)

Nc^S + \·5〇2 ~^ Ν〇2〇+ S〇2 Να20 + Η20^2Να0Η Use Mg or NaH to reduce Mg(OH)2 to Mg: 2Na + Mg{pHl2^>2NaOH + Mg . (146) Next, NaOH can be directly electrolyzed from the melt into metal Na and NaH and 02, or by reacting with HC1 to convert to NaCl, wherein the NaCl electrolysis gas Cl2 can react with H2 from water electrolysis to form HC1. S02 can use H2 to restore SOj + 2.HjS —Λ·^1Η·χΟ at high temperatures. (14 7) In the examples, metals such as Na and Mg can be converted to the corresponding hydride by reaction with hydrazine 2 which is preferably electrolyzed from water. In other embodiments, S and metal can be regenerated by electrolysis from the melt. In an exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst, MgH2, N20, and a carrier activated carbon. In one embodiment, the exothermic reaction source is a reaction in which the metal hydride is oxidized by N20, such as 4MgH2 + N20 - > MgO + Mg3N2 + 4H2 (14 8 )

NaH + T^O + C — NaHCO^N^VlHp (149) The MgO product can be converted to hydroxide by reaction with water.

Mg0 + H20-^Mg(0H\ 〇 (150) 142257.doc -109- 201104948 Magnesium nitride can also be hydrolyzed to magnesium hydroxide:

MgA+eHp — mgifiHX+T^+N” (151) Sodium carbonate, bicarbonate and other substances containing carbon and oxygen can be reduced with Na or NaH: he /// he 2 (:03->37VaOi/ + C + l/i/2 (152) Use Na or NaH to reduce Mg(OH)2 to Mg: 2Na +Mg{OH, 2~^2NaOH + Mg 〇( 1 5 3 ) Then NaOH can be directly Melt electrolysis into metal Na and NaH and 02, or by reaction with HC1, can be converted into NaC. The NaCl electrolysis gas Cl2 can react with H2 from water electrolysis to form HC1. Oxidation of ammonia produced by the Haber method (equation (124)) and controlling the temperature to facilitate N20 production, separating N20 from other gases in the steady state reaction product mixture. In an exemplary low energy hydrogen and regeneration reaction, the reaction mixture comprises a NaH catalyst, MgH2, Cl2, and a carrier, such as an activity. Carbon, WC or TiC. The reactor may further comprise a source of high energy light, preferably ultraviolet light, to dissociate Cl2, initiating a low energy hydrogen reaction. In one embodiment, the source of the exothermic reaction is a reaction in which the metal hydride is oxidized by Cl2, such as 2NaH + Cl2 ->2NaCl + H2 (154)

MgH2+Cl2MgCl2 +H2 〇 (155)

NaCl and MgCl2 can be electrolyzed into molten salt to form Cl2, Na and Mg. The molten NaCl electrolysis can be performed using a Downs electrolytic cell or a modified Downs electrolytic cell. The NaCl used for this electrolysis can be obtained by rinsing the reaction product with an aqueous solution. The solution can be filtered to remove a carrier such as AC, and the carrier can be centrifuged and preferably dried using waste heat from a power system. Na and Mg are immiscible, and the separated metal can be hydrogenated using hydrogen from Ηβ electrolysis. An illustrative result is as follows: 4 g WC+lg MgH2+lg NaH+0.01 m〇i ci2, initiated by UV lamp to dissociate Cl2 into Cl, Ein: 162.9 kJ, dE: 16.0 kJ, TSC: 23-42 °C , Tmax : 85 ° C, the theoretical energy is 7_l 〇 kJ, the gain is 2 25 times. Reactants comprising a catalyst or catalyst source (such as NaH, κ or Li or its hydride), a reducing agent (such as an alkali metal or hydride, preferably 'MgHs or A1) and an oxidizing agent (such as NF3) can be electrolyzed by electrolysis regeneration. The metal fluoride product is preferably regenerated into metal and fluorine by electrolysis. The electrolyte can comprise a co-hyun mixture. The mixture may further comprise HF. NF3 can be regenerated by electrolysis of NHJ in anhydrous HF. In another embodiment, NH3 is reacted with Fa in a reactor such as a copper-packaged reactor. F2 can be produced by electrolysis using a dimensionally stable anode or a carbon anode using conditions conducive to Fa production. SF6 can be regenerated by reacting 8 with F2. Any metal nitride that can be formed in a low-energy hydrogen reaction can be regenerated by at least one of the following methods: thermal decomposition, reduction, oxidation to an oxide or hydroxide, and reaction to a chemical, followed by electrolysis and melting in a metal halide. Reacts with halogen gas during electrolysis. NC13 can be formed by reacting ammonia with chlorine or by reacting an ammonium salt such as NH4C1 with chlorine. The gas can be produced electrolytically from a vaporized salt such as a gasification salt from the product reaction mixture. NH3 can be formed using the Haber process, in which hydrogen can be derived from electrolysis of preferred water. In one embodiment, NC is formed in situ in the reactor by reacting at least one of NH; with an ammonium salt (such as ΝΗβΙ) with chlorine gas. In one embodiment, Fluoride Electrolysis 142257.doc 201104948 The F2 reaction formed to regenerate BiF5. In one embodiment where the source of oxygen or dentate is used as a reactant for the exothermic activation reaction, the oxide or dentate product is preferably regenerated by electrolysis. electrolysis

The mass may comprise a eutectic mixture such as Al2〇3 and Na3AlF6; MgF2, NaF and HF; Na3AlF6; NaF, SiF4 and HF; and A1F3, a mixture of NaF and HF. The SiF4 electrolysis into Si and F2 can be derived from an alkali metal fluoride eutectic mixture. Since Mg and Na have low miscibility, they can be separated in the melt phase. Since A1 and Na have low miscibility, they can be separated in the melt phase. In another embodiment, the electrolysis product can be separated by distillation. In another embodiment, CO and TiCl4 are formed by reaction with C and Cl2, and TiCl4 is further reacted with Mg to form Ti and MgCh, and Ti2〇3 can be regenerated. Mg and Ch can be regenerated by electrolysis. In the case where MgO is a product, Mg can be regenerated by the Pidgeon process. In an embodiment,

MgO reacts with Si to form Si〇2 and Mg gas, and the Mg gas is condensed. The product Si〇2 can regenerate Si by performing & reduction at high temperature or by reacting with carbon to form CO and C〇2. In another embodiment, Si is regenerated by electrolysis using a method such as electrolysis of solid oxides in molten calcium chloride. In one embodiment, the gas or perchlorate such as an alkali metal sulphate or perchlorate is reentangled by electrolytic oxidation. The brine can be electrolytically oxidized to a gas salt and a peroxyacid salt. To regenerate the reactants, any oxide coating on the metal support that can be formed can be removed by dilute acid after separation from the reactant or product mixture. In another embodiment, the carbide is reacted with carbon to produce a carbide while releasing carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. 142257.doc •112· 201104948 The solvent can be removed from the other reactants or products to be regenerated by removing or using the solvent by evaporation or by filtering or centrifuging under the retained solids, if the reaction mixture contains a solvent. . In the presence of other volatile components such as alkali metals, the components can be selectively removed by heating to a suitable elevated temperature to evaporate the components. For example, a metal such as metal Na is collected by distillation and a carrier such as carbon remains. Na can be re-hydrogenated to NaH and returned to carbon with the addition of solvent to regenerate the reaction mixture. The isolated solid, such as R_Ni, can also be regenerated separately. The separated R_Ni can be hydrogenated by exposure to hydrogen in a pressure ranging from ❹丨 to ^(10) atm. The solvent can be regenerated in the case where the solvent is decomposed during the reaction of the catalyst forming low energy hydrogen. For example, the decomposition products of DMF may be dimethylamine, carbon monoxide, formic acid, sodium citrate, and furfural. In one embodiment, dimethyl decylamine is produced by catalytic reaction of diamine with carbon monoxide in decyl alcohol or by reaction of methyl decanoate with dimethylamine. Dimethylguanamine can also be prepared by reacting diamine with formic acid. In one embodiment, an exemplary ether solvent can be regenerated from the product of the reaction mixture. Preferably, the reaction mixture and conditions are selected such that the rate of sacrificial reaction is minimized relative to the rate at which low energy hydrogen is formed, so that any shouting degradation is negligible relative to the energy produced by the reaction of low energy hydrogen. Therefore, the ether can be added back as needed to remove the ether degradation product. Alternatively, the ether and reaction conditions can be selected such that the ether reaction product can be separated and the ether regenerated. An embodiment comprises at least one of the following: HSA is a fluoride, HSA is a metal and the solvent is fluorinated. The metal fluoride can be the reaction product. Metal and fluorine gas 142257.doc -113- 201104948 can be produced by electrolysis. The electrolyte may comprise a fluoride such as NaF, MgF2, AlF3 or LaF3, and may additionally comprise at least one other species (such as HF) and other salts which reduce the fluoride refining point, such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent No.... Excess HF can dissolve ice. The electrode can be carbon, such as graphite' and can also form fluorocarbons as desired degradation products. In one embodiment 'carbon coated metal or alloy, preferably nano powder (such as carbon coating, Co, Ni, Fe, other transition metal powder or alloy) and metal coated carbon, preferably nano powder (such as transition At least one of the metal or alloy coated carbon, preferably at least one of Co' Fe*Mn coated carbon, comprises magnetic particles. The magnetic particles can be separated from the mixture (such as a mixture of fluoride and carbon such as NaF) by using a magnet. The collected particles can be recycled as part of a reaction mixture that forms low energy hydrogen. In a consistent embodiment, the catalyst or catalyst source (such as NaH) and the fluorinated solvent are regenerated from the product containing the cadaver by separating the product, followed by electrolysis. The separation may be by rinsing the mixture with a polar solvent having a low boiling point followed by one or more filtrations and evaporation to produce a solid. Electrolysis can be molten salt electrolysis. The molten salt can be a mixture such as a eutectic mixture. Preferably, the mixture comprises metal and sodium fluoride and fluorine gas as is known in the art. Na can react with hydrazine to form NaH. The fluorine gas can react with the hydrocarbon to form a fluorinated hydrocarbon that can be used as a solvent. The 1 ^ 1 fluorinated product can be returned to the electrolytic mixture. Alternatively, hydrocarbons and carbon products (such as benzene and graphitic carbon, respectively) can be fluorinated and returned to the reaction mixture. The carbon can be cracked into smaller fluorinated fragments having a lower melting point by a method known in the art to be used as a solvent. The solvent may comprise a mixture. The degree of fluorination can be used as a method of controlling the rate of hydrogen catalyzed reaction 142257.doc-114-201104948. In one embodiment, CF4 is produced by electrolytically melting a fluoride salt, preferably an alkali metal fluoride, or by reacting carbon dioxide with fluorine gas using a carbon electrode. Any Cjp4 and hydrocarbon products can also be fluorinated to cp4 and fluorocarbons. δ suitable for fluorinated HSA materials and methods for fluorinating carbon to form such HSA materials can be those known in the art, such as U.S. Patent No. 3,929,920, U.S. Patent No. 3,925,492, and U.S. Patent. The materials and methods disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4, 886, 926, and U.S. Patent No. 4,886,. Other methods include the preparation of a poly-dicarbon as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,139,474; the disclosure of the disclosure of the disclosure of the disclosure of U.S. Patent No. 4,447,663; A method of producing a polyfluorinated dicarbon graphite fluoride represented by the formula (c: 2F) n; a method of preparing a poly-carbonized carbon as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,925,263; A method of preparing a graphite gasification as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,243,615, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference to U.S. Patent No. 4, 243, 615. a method of preparing a graphite fluoride by a contact reaction; a synthesis of fluorinated graphite as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,929,918; a method of preparing a polymorphic carbon as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,925,492; Such as Erqi: et al. 'J. C. S. Axis (10), 1268 (1974) reveals a mechanism for providing new methods for the synthesis of graphite _ = substances, in which the substances disclosed in the literature take into account the corrosion of helium oxygen, Monel (Monel) metal, nickel, ^ quality from the north of the 曰 ~ as a material for the benefit of the benefits. Carbon purchases include amorphous stone (such as Ishigaki '", petroleum coke 'petroleum coal char and wood

i S 142257.doc •115· 201104948 charcoal), and crystalline carbon (such as natural graphite, graphite thin and artificial stone magic, Fu and nano tube, compared to the wall tube. Na is more than a shirt inserted carbon (four) towel or formed The carbonaceous material such as the bulk compound 1 can be used in various forms. Although the general material preferably has an average particle diameter of not more than 50 μm, a larger flat grain is also suitable. In addition to the powdery carbon material, other forms are also suitable. The carbon material may be in the form of a block, a sphere, a strip, and a fiber. The reaction may be carried out in an anti-rebir selected from a fluidized bed type reaction H, a rotary (four) type reactor, and a tray column type reactor. In another embodiment, 'the additive is used to regenerate the fluorinated carbon. The carbon may also be fluorinated externally or in situ by an inorganic reactant such as COR. The mixture may further comprise an inorganic fluorinated reactant source, such as C〇: C〇F, CoF2ACgF3-'The source of the inorganic fluorinated reactant may be added to the reactor and regenerated, or it may be formed by a low-energy hydrogen reaction mixture and possibly another reagent (such as fluorine) during operation of the battery Gas) Formed under a metal such as Pt or Pd. The additive may be a NHJ capable of forming. At least one of carbon and hydrocarbon may be fluorinated by reaction with NH4f. In a consistent embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises HNaF2, and HNaF2 may Carbon is fluorinated by carbon reaction. The fluorocarbon can be formed in situ or outside the low energy hydrogen reactor. The fluorocarbon can be used as a solvent or HS A material. At least one of the solvent, carrier or getter comprises In one embodiment of fluorine, in the case where the solvent or carrier is a fluorinated organic compound, the product may comprise a stone anti- and a fluoride of the catalyst metal such as NaHF2 and NaF. This is in addition to lower energy hydrogen which may be evolved or collected. A product obtainable outside the product (such as molecular low-energy hydrogen gas). Using F2, carbon can be etched into Cf4 gas, 142257.doc • 116- 201104948 4 gas can be used as a reactant in another cycle of the power generation reaction. NaF The remaining product with == F2 can be electrolyzed to Na and FrNa can react with hydrogen to form and p2 can be used to etch the product. NaH, residual NaF and CF4 can be combined to perform another cycle of power generation reaction to form low energy hydrogen. In other embodiments, 'Li, κ, Rb or Cs may be substituted for Na. VI. Other Liquid and Non-Uniform Fuel Examples In the present invention, the "liquid solvent embodiment" includes any reaction mixture and a corresponding fuel containing a liquid solvent (such as Liquid fuel and non-homogeneous fuel. In another embodiment comprising a liquid solvent, the reaction between Na in the form of a metal, ion or molecule and at least one other compound or element provides one of atomic sodium and molecular NaH. The source of NaH may be at least one of the following: metal Na; an inorganic compound containing Na such as NaOH; and other suitable Na compounds such as NaNH2, Na2C03 and Na20, NaX (X is a halogen), and NaH(s). Other elements may be hydrazine, a displacer or a reducing agent. The reaction mixture may comprise at least one of: (1) a solvent; (2) a sodium source, such as

Na(m), NaH, NaNH2, Na2C03, Na20, NaOH, R-Ni doped with NaOH, NaX (X is halogen) and R-Ni doped with NaX; (3) Hydrogen source 'such as hydrogen and dissociator and a hydride; (4) a displacer, such as a metal or soil test metal, preferably Li; and (5) a reducing agent, such as at least one of the following: a metal (such as a metal test, a soil test metal, a lanthanide metal, a transition metal) Metal sources such as Al, such as alkaline earth metal halides, transition metal halides, lanthanide and singularities Huashun). The metal is also 142257.doc -117- 201104948 The agent is preferably Na. Other suitable reducing agents include metal hydrides such as

LiBH4, NaBH4, LiAlH4 or NaAlH4. The reducing agent is preferably reacted with NaOH to form NaH molecules and Na products such as Na, NaH(s) and Na20. The NaH source may be R_Ni comprising NaOH and a reactant such as a reducing agent forming a NaH catalyst, such as an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal or an A1 intermetallic metal of R-Ni. Other exemplary agents are alkali or alkaline earth metals and oxidizing agents such as A1X3, MgX2, LaX3, CeX3 and TiXn, wherein X is a dentate, preferably Br or I. Alternatively, the reaction mixture may comprise another compound comprising a getter or dispersant such as at least one of Na2C03, Na2S04 and Na3P〇4 which may be doped into a dissociator such as R_Ni. The reaction mixture may further comprise a carrier' wherein the carrier may be doped with at least one reactant of the mixture. The support preferably has a large surface area which facilitates the production of a NaH catalyst from the reaction mixture. The carrier may comprise at least one of the group consisting of: R_Ni, Al, Sn, Abo, such as gamma, 0 or alpha alumina 'sodium aluminate (beta alumina exists in other ions such as Na+ and has an idealized composition Λ^ 2020·ΐυ/2〇3)), steel oxides (such as m2〇3 (preferably M=La, Sm, Dy, Pr, Tb, Gd, and Er)), Si, cerium oxide, cerium, Zeolites, lanthanide metals, transition metals, metal alloys (such as alkali metals and alloys of earth-measuring metals and Na), rare earth metals, Si〇2_Al2〇34Si〇2 load and other supporting metals (such as alumina-supported platinum, At least one of palladium or rhodium.) The support may have a high surface area and comprise a high surface area (HSA) material such as R-Ni, zeolite, citrate, aluminate, alumina, alumina nanoparticles, porous ai2o3, pt/Ai2o3 'Ru/Al2〇3 Or Pd/Al2〇3, carbon, Pt/c or Pd/C, inorganic compounds (such as Na2C〇3, cerium oxide and zeolite 142257.doc-118-201104948 materials, preferably gamma zeolite powder) and carbon (such as Fu Or nano tube). In one embodiment, a support such as Al2〇3 (and the Al2〇3 support of the dissociator (if present)) is reacted with a reducing agent such as a lanthanide to form a surface modifying support. In one embodiment, surface A1 is exchanged with lanthanides to form a carrier substituted with a lanthanide. This support may be doped with a source of NaH molecules, such as NaOH, and reacted with a reducing agent such as a lanthanide. Subsequent substitution of the lanthanide-substituted support with the lanthanide does not cause a significant change, and the surface-doped NaOH can be reduced to the NaH catalyst by reaction with the reducing agent lanthanide. In other embodiments given herein, Li, K, Rb or Cs may be substituted for Na. In one embodiment of the liquid containing solvent comprising a source of NaH catalyst in the reaction mixture, the NaH source may be a Na alloy and a hydrogen source. The alloy may comprise at least one alloy known in the art, such as sodium metal and one or more other metal or alkaline earth metals, transition metals, A, Sn, Bi, Ag, In, Pb, Hg, Si, Zr, B, An alloy of Pt, Pd or other metals, and the source of H may be H2 or a hydride. Reagents such as NaH molecular source, sodium source, NaH source, hydrogen source, displacer and reducing agent are in any desired molar ratio. Each is greater than 〇 and less than 100°/. Mo ratio. The molar ratios are preferably similar. In a liquid solvent embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises a solvent, a source of Sfa or Na, a source of NaH or NaH, a source of metal hydride or metal hydride, a reactant or reactant source that forms a metal hydride, a hydrogen dissociator and At least one substance in the group of hydrogen sources. The reaction mixture may further comprise a carrier. The reactant forming the metal hydride may comprise a lanthanide 'better La or 142257.doc -119-201104948

Gd. In one embodiment, La can reversibly react with NaH to form

LaHn (n = 1, 2, 3). In the embodiment, the hydride exchange reaction is formed

The reversible general reaction of NaH catalyst can be given by

NaH+Μ Art Na +MH. Μα, (i jo) The reaction given by equation (156) applies to the other types of catalysts given in Table 2. The reaction can be carried out under the formation of hydrogen, the hydrogen can be dissociated to form atomic hydrogen, and the atomic ruthenium reacts with Na to form a NaH catalyst. The dissociator is preferably Pt/Al203 powder, Pd/Al2〇3 powder or Ru/Ai2〇3 powder, pt/Ti and R_

At least one of Ni. Preferably, the dissociator carrier such as gossip 2〇3 comprises at least a surface La substituted A1 or a pt/M2〇3 powder, a Pd/M2〇3 powder or

Ru/M2〇3 powder, where μ is a lanthanide. The dissociator can be separated from the remaining reaction mixture, wherein the atomic helium passes through the separator. A suitable liquid solvent embodiment comprises a reaction mixture of a solvent, NaH, La and Pd/Al203 powder, wherein in one embodiment the NaH is separated from the hydrogenation or by heating, by adding a solvent, adding hydrazine: by screening. To form La and mix La with NaH, the reaction mixture can be regenerated. Alternatively, the regeneration comprises the steps of separating Na from the hydrazine hydride by removing the liquid by removing Na and removing the liquid, heating the hydrazine to form La, hydrogenating Na to NaH, mixing La with NaH, and adding a solvent. La and NaH can be mixed by ball milling. In a liquid solvent embodiment, a high surface area material such as R_Ni is doped with NaX (X = F, ci, Br, I). The doped R-Ni is reacted with a reagent that will replace the halogen to form at least one of Na and NaH. In one embodiment the reactant is at least one metal or soil metal, preferably at least one of k, Rb, Cs. In another embodiment, the reactant is an alkali metal or base 142257.doc • 120-201104948 a soil metal hydride, preferably at least one of rhodium, RbH, CsH, MgH2, and CaH2. The reactants can be both metal and soil metal hydrides. The reversible general reaction can be given by

NaX+MH ^NaH+MX ° (157) D. Other ruthenium-type catalysts and reactions In general, the M-Η bond cleavage plus the enthalpy electrons from the atom Μ to the continuous energy level is shown in Table 2 The bond energy and the sum of the electron ionization energies are about / Τ 7 · 27.2 eF (where m is an integer) to provide a ruthenium-type hydrogen catalyst that produces low-energy hydrogen. Each of the MH catalysts shown in the first row and the corresponding enthalpy bond energy shown in the second row. The atom Μ of the MH species shown in the first row is ionized to provide a net reaction of m ‘ 27.2 eK plus the bond energy of the second row. The catalyst is shown in the eighth row, where m is shown in the ninth row. The ionization potential (also known as ionization or binding energy) of the electrons involved in ionization is shown. For example, the key 1.9245 eF is given in the second line. The ionization potential of the nth electron of an atom or ion is called and is indicated by CRC. For example, Να+ 5.\390?> eV Na+ +e^ ^ iVa++47.2864 eV^>Na2++e~ 电1 ionization potential/P7 = 5.13908 eF and second ionization potential/Ρ2 =47·2864 eF is given in the second and third lines respectively. The net reaction 键 of bond rupture and secondary ionization is 54.35 eF as shown in the eighth row and as shown in the ninth row, m=2 in equation (36). In addition, as shown in the exemplary equation (23), ruthenium can react with each of the ruthenium molecules shown in Table 2 to form a low-energy hydrogen with a quantum number 1 increased by 1 relative to the catalyst reaction product of ruthenium alone (Equation (35) ). 142257.doc -121 - 201104948 Table 2. MH-type hydrogen catalysts capable of providing a net reaction enthalpy of about 吣27·2#

AlHBiHclHCOHGeHTnHNaHRUsbHseHsiHsnH Catalyst M-Η bond energy IP! IP2 IPs IP4 IP5焓2.98 5.985768 18.82855 27.79 1 2.936 7.2855 16.703 26.92 1 4.4703 12.96763 23.8136 39.61 80.86 3 2.538 7.88101 17.084 27.50 1 2.728 7.89943 15.93461 26.56 1 2.520 5.78636 18.8703 27.18 1 1.925 5.139076 47.2864 54.35 2 2.311 7.36050 16.76 26.43 1 2.484 8.60839 16.63 27.72 1 3.239 9.75239 21.19 30.8204 42.9450 107.95 4 3.040 8.15168 16.34584 27.54 1 2.736 7.34392 14.6322 30.50260 55.21 2 VIII. Hydrogen discharge power supply and plasma battery and reactor Hydrogen discharge power supply and plasma battery of the invention The reactor is shown in Figure 5. The hydrogen discharge power source and plasma battery and reactor of Fig. 5 comprise a gas discharge battery 307 comprising a glow discharge vacuum vessel 3 15 having a chamber 300 filled with hydrogen. Hydrogen source 322 supplies hydrogen to chamber 300 via oxygen supply passage 342 via control valve 325. The catalyst is contained in the battery chamber 300. Voltage and current source 330 causes current to pass between cathode 305 and anode 320. The current can be commutative. In one embodiment, the material of the cathode 305 can be a catalyst source such as Fe, Dy, Be or Pd. In another embodiment of a hydrogen discharge power source and a plasma battery and reactor, the vessel wall 313 is electrically conductive and serves as a cathode for the replacement electrode 305, and the anode 320 can be hollow, such as a stainless steel hollow anode. Discharge can vaporize the catalyst source into a catalyst. Molecular hydrogen can be dissociated by a discharge to form a hydrogen atom for generating low energy hydrogen and energy. Additional dissociation can be provided by the hydrogen dissociator in the chamber. Catalytic hydrogen discharge power source and plasma battery and reactor in the gas phase 142257.doc • 122· 201104948 Another embodiment utilizes a controllable gaseous catalyst. A gas chlorine atom for conversion to a low energy gas is provided by discharging molecular chlorine gas. The gas discharge battery 307 has a catalyst supply passage 34 for transferring the gaseous catalyst 35 from the catalyst builder to the reaction to 300. The catalyst reservoir 3% is heated by a catalyst reservoir || heater 392 having a power source 372 to provide a gaseous catalyst to the reaction chamber 300. The catalyst vapor dust is controlled by adjusting the temperature of the catalyst reservoir 395 by adjusting the heater 392 via the power source 372. The reactor further includes a selective venting valve 301. A chemically resistant open container (such as stainless steel, tungsten, or earthenware) located inside a gas discharge battery may contain a catalyst. The catalyst 胄 in the catalyst boat is heated by a boat heater using a phase-coupled power source to provide a gaseous catalyst to the reaction chamber. Alternatively, the glow gas discharge cell operates at ambient temperature, causing the catalyst in the boat to sublimate, boil or volatilize into a gas phase. The catalyst vapor pressure is controlled by adjusting the temperature of the boat or the discharge battery by adjusting the heater with a power source. To prevent condensation of the catalyst in the battery, the temperature is above the temperature of the catalyst source, catalyst reservoir 395 or catalyst boat. In the example, the catalysis occurs in the gas phase, lithium is the catalyst, and the source of the atomic clock (such as metallic lithium) or lithium compound (such as LiNH2) is changed to a gaseous state by maintaining the battery temperature in the range of about 100 (1). . The battery is preferably maintained in the range of about 5 〇 ()-75 (rc). The atomic hydrogen and/or molecular hydrogen reactant can be maintained at less than atmospheric pressure, preferably in the range of from about 1 Torr to about 1 Torr. Under pressure, the pressure is optimally determined by maintaining the sum of the metal and the hydrogenation chain in the battery at the desired operating temperature. The operating temperature range is preferably in the range of about 3〇〇1〇〇〇C, and the pressure is The best battery is the pressure achieved in the operating temperature range of U2257.doc -123- 201104948. The heating coil powered by the power supply 385 (such as 380 in Figure 5) can control the battery in At the desired operating temperature, the battery may further comprise an internal reaction chamber 3 and an external hydrogen reservoir 390 such that hydrogen can be supplied to the battery by diffusing hydrogen through the wall separating the two chambers. The wall temperature can be controlled by a heater to control the diffusion rate. The diffusion rate can be further controlled by controlling the hydrogen pressure in the hydrogen reservoir. It has Li, LiNH2, Li2NH, Li3N, LiN〇3, LiX, NH4X (X is Reaction mixing of substances in the group of ionic ions, Μ%, LiBH4, LiAiH4 and K In another embodiment of the system, at least one reactant is regenerated by the addition of one or more reagents and by plasma regeneration. The plasma can be a gas such as NH3AH2^. The transfer can be maintained in situ (in the reaction cell) Or in an external battery in communication with the reaction cell. In other embodiments, K, Cs, and Na are substituted for Li, wherein the catalyst is atomic κ, atomic ruthenium, and molecular NaH. To maintain catalyst pressure at a desired level, The battery that will infiltrate as a source of hydrogen may be sealed. Or 'the battery further includes a high temperature valve at each inlet or outlet' such that the valve contacting the reactive gas mixture is maintained at the desired temperature. The battery is insulated by the heater 38 〇 Applying supplementary heater power' can independently control the temperature of the battery pack to a wide range. Therefore, the vapor pressure of the catalyst can be controlled independently of the plasma power source. The discharge voltage can be about 100 to 10 volts (v 〇 h Within the range of the current, the current can be within any desired range of the voltage. In addition, the convergence can be in any desired frequency range, compensation voltage, peak voltage, peak power and waveform. Pulse 0 142257.doc • 124· 201104948 In another embodiment, the plasma may be present in a liquid medium such as a catalyst or a solvent for the reactants of the material as a catalyst source. IX. Fuel cells and batteries are shown in FIG. In an embodiment of the fuel cell and battery pack 400, the low energy hydrogen reactant comprising a solid fuel or a non-homogeneous catalyst comprises a reactant for performing a partial reaction of the corresponding battery. During operation, the catalyst reacts with atomic hydrogen and energy The transfer (4) is ionized. This reaction can occur in the anode to 402 such that the anode 41 is finally subjected to ionized electron flow. At least one of the ruler, the ruler and the W/f can be used as a catalyst for forming low energy hydrogen. The reaction step of non-radiative energy transfer of atomic chlorine to an integral multiple of 27.2 of the catalyst produces an ionization catalyst and free electricity +. A carrier such as Ac can be used as a conductive electron acceptor' in electrical contact with the anode. The final electron acceptor reactant comprises an oxidant such as a free radical or its source and a source of positively charged counterions which act as a component of the cathode cell reaction mixture and are ultimately removed from the catalyst for the release of low monthly b amount of hydrogen. Electronics. The oxidant or cathode battery reaction mixture is located in the cathode chamber 4〇1 having the cathode 4〇5. The oxidizing agent is preferably an oxygen or oxygen source, a funin (preferably h or Cy or a source of at least (7) #, sF6 and NF3. During operation, a counter ion such as a catalyst ion can migrate to the anode chamber. It is preferred to migrate to the cathode chamber via salt bridge 420. The per-cell reaction may be supplemented by additional reactants, or the product may be removed via channels 460 and 461 to the reactant source or reservoirs 430 and 431 for storing the product. In a second embodiment, except that only the hydrogen consumed in the formation of low-energy hydrogen needs to be replaced, the reaction of regenerating the reactants and maintaining the formation of lower-energy hydrogen is 142257.doc •125· 201104948 The power, the chemical action, the battery pack, and the fuel cell system can be closed, wherein the hydrogen fuel consumed can be obtained from water electrolysis. X. Chemical Reactor The present invention is also directed to a hydrogen compound for increasing the binding energy of the present invention, such as a low Other reactors for energy hydrogen molecules and low energy hydrogen hydride compounds. Other catalytic products are electricity and, where appropriate, plasma and light, depending on the type of battery. Such reactors are hereinafter referred to as "hydrogen." Hydrogen battery. The hydrogen reactor contains a battery for generating low-energy hydrogen. The battery for generating low-energy hydrogen can be a chemical reactor or a gas fuel cell (such as a gas discharge battery, a plasma torch battery or Form of Microwave Battery. An exemplary embodiment of a battery for producing low energy hydrogen may take the form of a liquid fuel cell, a solid fuel cell, and a non-uniform fuel cell. Each of these cells comprises: (i) an atomic hydrogen source; Ii) at least one catalyst selected from the group consisting of solid catalysts for producing low energy hydrogen, molten catalysts, liquid catalysts, gaseous catalysts or mixtures thereof; and (iii) a reactor for reacting hydrogen with a catalyst to produce a low monthly b wind. As used herein and as encompassed by the present invention, unless otherwise stated, the term "hydrogen" includes not only 氕 (1 good) but also ambience (2 ugly) and gas (3 open). The use of hydrazine as a reaction for low energy hydrogen reaction Under the condition of the object 'requires a relatively trace amount of non-homogeneous fuel and gas or oxygen product of the solid fuel. Contains lower energy hydrogen in the synthesis (such as low energy hydrogen hydrogenation) In one embodiment of the chemical reactor of the compound of the present invention, an iron salt having a positive oxidation state, which can be reacted with an iron balance ion and reacting with //·( 1 -/?) (preferably iron carbide, Iron oxide or volatile iron salts (such as Feh or FeD) synthetic iron low energy 142257.doc -126- 201104948 wind hydride membrane. The catalyst can be ruthenium, NaH or Li. Η can be from h2 and such as R-Ni or Pt/ Dissociator of AhO3. In another embodiment, the iron low energy hydro hydride is derived from an iron source (such as an iron halide decomposed at the operating temperature of the reactor), a catalyst (such as NaH, Li or K), and a hydrogen source (such as Hydrogen) and a dissociator (such as R-Ni). The violent low-energy hydrogen hydride can be sourced from a source such as an organometallic that decomposes at the operating temperature of the reactor, such as manganese (II) succinate (II), a catalyst. (such as NaH, Li or K) and a hydrogen source (such as hydrogen) and a dissociator (such as R-Ni) are formed. In one embodiment, the reactor is maintained at about 25. 〇 In the temperature range of 800 C, preferably about 4 〇〇. 〇 to 5〇〇°c. Since the alkali metal is a covalent diatomic molecule in the gas phase, in one embodiment, a catalyst which forms a hydrogen compound having an increased binding energy is formed by reacting a source with at least one other element. A catalyst such as κ or Li can be produced by hydrazine or dispersing in an alkali metal halide such as KX or LiX to form KHX, LiHX (where X is dentate). It is also possible to form KH and K or LiH and Li, respectively, by reacting vaporized I or Liz with atomic ruthenium to produce catalyst K or Li. The hydrogen compound having an increased binding energy may be μηχ, wherein μ is an alkali metal 'Η is a low-energy hydrogen hydride, and χ is a negatively charged ion 'X is preferably halogen and / / (7 (3⁄4). In one embodiment, the reaction mixture forming KHI or KHC1 (where n is a low energy hydrogen hydride) comprises a base metal and a dissociator covered by KX (X=C1, I), respectively (preferably nickel metal, such as nickel mesh and R-Ni) The reaction is carried out by maintaining the reaction mixture at a high temperature, preferably in the range of from 400 to 700 ° C, under the addition of hydrogen. The hydrogen pressure is preferably maintained at a gauge pressure of about 5 PSI. Place the 于 on κ, -127-142257.doc 201104948 to allow the κ atoms to migrate via the halide lattice and the functional to disperse κ and act as a Κ2 dissociator at the interface with from the dissociater (such as nickel mesh or R-Ni) reacts to form hydrazine. A suitable reaction mixture for synthesizing low-energy hydrogen hydride comprises at least two of a catalyst, a hydrogen source, an oxidant, a reducing agent and a carrier, wherein the oxidizing agent is sulfur or phosphorus. Source of at least one of oxygen, such as shape 6, 5* 5Ό2, S03, S205C12, F5SOF, M2lS208, SxXy (such as S2C12, SC12, S2Br2, S2F2), cs2, Sb2S5, SOxXy (such as SOCl2, SOF2, S02F2, SOBr2), P, P205 'p2s5, pxxy (such as PF3, PC13) , PBr3, PI3, PF5, PC15, PBr4F or PC14F), P〇xXy (such as POBr3, P〇I3, POCl34POF3), pSxXy (such as PSBr3, PSF3, PSC13), nitrogen-filled compounds (such as p3n5, (ci2PN)3 Or (Cl2PN)4, (Br2PN)x (M is a metal, x and y are integers, x is a halogen)), 〇2, N20 and Te02. The oxidizing agent may further comprise a source of _, preferably fluorine, such as CF4 , NF3 or CrF2. The mixture may also contain a getter as a source of phosphorus or sulfur 'such as MgS and MHS (M is an alkali metal). Suitable getters are NMR peaks that produce high magnetic field shifts of common bismuth and are located at ordinary H peaks. An atom or compound of a low-energy hydrogen hydride peak of a high magnetic field. Suitable getters include the elements S, P, 〇, Se, and Te or include compounds containing s, p, 〇, Se, and Te. A general property of a suitable getter for anions is that they form in elemental form, in the form of doped elements. Chains, cages or rings that capture and stabilize other elements of the low energy hydrino hydride anion. Preferably, Η·(1/ρ) is observed in solid or solution NMR. In another embodiment, NaH or HC1 is used as Catalyst. Suitable reaction mixtures comprise ruthenium and 142257.doc-128-201104948 M'HS04, wherein the ruthenium and the respective are alkali metals, preferably Na and oxime, and X is a halogen, preferably C1. A reaction mixture comprising at least one of the following is a suitable system for generating power and producing lower energy hydrogen compounds: (1) NaH catalyst, MgH2, SF6 and activated carbon (AC); (2) NaH catalyst, MgH2, S and • Living carbon (AC); (3) NaH catalyst, MgH2, K2S208, Ag and AC; (4) KH catalyst, MgH2, K2S208 and AC; (5) ΜΗ Catalyst (M=Li, Na, Κ), Α1 Or MgH2, 02, K2S208 and AC; (6) KH catalyst, A1, CF4 and AC; (7) NaH catalyst, A1, NF3 and AC; (8) KH catalyst, MgH2, N2◦ and AC; 9) NaH catalyst, MgH2, 02 and activated carbon (AC); (10) NaH catalyst, MgH2, CF4 and AC; (11) Ruthenium catalyst, MgH2 (M=Li, Na or K), P2O5 (P4O10) and AC (12) MH catalyst, MgH2, MN03 (M=Li, Na or K) and AC; (13) NaH or KH catalyst, Mg, Ca or Sr, transition metal halide (preferably FeCl2, FeBr2, NiBr2, Mnl2) Or rare earth metal halides (such as EuBr2) and AC; and (14) NaH catalysts, A1, CS2 and AC. In other embodiments of the exemplary reaction mixture set forth above, the catalyst cation comprises one of Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs and other materials of the reaction mixture; is selected from the group consisting of reactions 1 to 14. The reactants can be in any desired ratio. The low-energy hydrogen reaction product is at least one of a hydrogen molecule and a hydride ion displaced by a proton NMR peak to a high magnetic field of a proton NMR peak of ordinary molecular hydrogen or hydrogen hydrogen, respectively. In one embodiment, the hydrogen product incorporates elements other than hydrogen, wherein the proton NMR peak shifts to a high magnetic field of a proton NMR peak of a common molecule, substance or compound having the same molecular formula as the product, or a common molecule, 142257.doc -129- 201104948 A substance or compound is unstable at room temperature. In one embodiment, the hydrogen compound with increased kinetic and binding energy is produced from a reaction mixture comprising two or more of the following: LiN03, NaN03, KN〇3, LiH, NaH, KH, Li'Na, K, H2 The carrier (such as carbon _, such as activated carbon), metal or metal hydride reducing agent (preferably MgH2) ruthenium reactant may be in any molar ratio. The reaction mixture preferably comprises 9.3 mol% MH, 8.6 mol% MgH2, 74 mol% AC and 7.86 mol% MN〇3 (M is Li, Na or K), wherein the molar % of each substance can be targeted The molar % shown by each substance is added or subtracted from the range of factor 10. After extracting the product mixture with NMR solvent, preferably deuterated DFM, liquid NMR was used to observe low molecular energy hydrogen and low energy hydrogen hydrogen with better 1/4 state product at about 1.22 ppm and -3.85 ppm, respectively. Anion. The product M2C03 can be used as a getter for low energy hydrino hydride to form a compound such as mhmhco3. In another embodiment, the hydrogen compound with increased kinetic and binding energy is produced from a reaction mixture comprising two or more of the following: LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, H2, metal or metal hydride reduction Agent (preferably MgH2 or A1 powder, preferably nano powder), carrier (such as carbon, preferably activated carbon) and fluorine source (such as fluorine gas or fluorocarbon, preferably CF4 or hexafluorobenzene (HFB)). The reactants can be in any molar ratio. The reaction mixture preferably comprises 9.8 mol% MH, 9.1 mol% MgH2 or 9 mol% A1 nano powder, 79 mol% AC and 2.4 mol% CF4 or HFB (M is Li, Na or K), wherein The mole % of each substance may vary within a range of plus or minus a factor of 10 for each of the indicated molars. After extracting the product mixture with an NMR solvent, preferably deuterated 142257.doc-130-201104948 DFM or CDC13, a product having a better 1/4 state can be observed at about 1.22 ppm and -3.66 ppm using liquid NMR, respectively. Molecular low energy hydrogen and low energy hydrogen hydride anion. In another embodiment, the hydrogen compound with increased kinetic and binding energy is produced from a reaction mixture comprising two or more of the following: LiH, NaH 'KH, Li, Na 'K '; Η2, metal or metal hydride A reducing agent (preferably MgH2 or Α1 powder), a carrier (such as carbon, preferably activated carbon) and a fluorine source (preferably SF6). The reactants can be in any molar ratio. The reaction mixture preferably comprises 10 mole % 9, 9.1 mole % MgH2 or 9 mole % A1 powder, 78.8 mole % AC and 24 moles. /〇 SF6 (M is Li, Na or K), wherein the molar % of each substance can be varied within the range of plus or minus the factor 1 给出 given for each substance. Suitable reaction mixtures comprise NaH, i.e., or ^^, AC and SF6 in such molar ratios. After extracting the product mixture with NMR solvent, preferably deuterated DFM or CDCI3, low molecular energy hydrogen and low energy of the product having a better 1/4 state can be observed at about 1.22 ppm and -3.66 ppm, respectively, using liquid NMR. Hydrogen hydride anion. In another example, the hydrogen compound with increased kinetic and binding energy is produced from a reaction mixture comprising two or more of the following: LiH, NaH, KH, Li, Na, K, % 'metal or metal hydride a source of at least one of a reducing agent (Pufu good MgH2 or A1 powder), a carrier (such as carbon, preferably activated carbon), and sulfur, phosphorus, and oxygen (preferably S4P powder, SF6, d, P2〇5, and MN) 〇3 (M is an alkali metal)). The reactants can be in any molar ratio. The reaction mixture preferably comprises 8···················· Doc •131- 201104948 The mole % of each substance can be varied within the range of the mole % given for each substance plus or minus the factor 1 〇. Suitable reaction mixtures comprise NaH, MgH2 or Mg, AC and S powders in such molar ratios. After extracting the product mixture with NMR solvent, preferably deuterated DFM or CDC13, liquid NMR was used to observe low molecular energy hydrogen and low energy of the product with a preferred 1/4 state at about 1.22 ppm and -3.66 ppm, respectively. Hydrogen hydride anion. In another embodiment, the hydrogen compound with increased kinetic and binding energy is produced from a reaction mixture comprising NaHS. Low energy hydrino hydride ions can be separated from NaHS. In one embodiment, the solid state reaction occurs in NaHS, forming H_(1/4), and Η·(1/4) can be further reacted with a proton source (such as a solvent, preferably H20) to form H2(l/4). . In one embodiment, the low energy hydro hydride can be purified. The purification method may comprise at least one of extraction and recrystallization using a suitable solvent. The method may further comprise chromatography and other techniques known to those skilled in the art for separating inorganic compounds. In a liquid fuel embodiment, the solvent has an i-functional group, preferably fluorine. A suitable reaction mixture comprises at least one of hexafluorobenzene and octafluoronaphthalene which is added to a catalyst such as NaH and mixed with a carrier such as activated carbon, fluoropolymer or R-Ni. The reaction mixture can comprise energetic materials that can be used in applications known to those skilled in the art. Suitable applications due to high energy balance are propellant and piston engine fuels. In one embodiment, the desired product is at least one of a collection and a nanotube. In one embodiment, the molecular low energy hydrogen H2 (1/p), preferably H2 (1/4), is the product of further reduction to form the corresponding hydride anion, which may be used in 142257.doc-132-201104948, for example Application of hydride battery packs and surface coatings. Low molecular energy hydrogen bonds can be broken by collision methods. H2(l/P) can be dissociated by collision with high energy of ions or electrons in the plasma or electron beam. The dissociated low energy hydrogen atoms can then react to form the desired hydride anion. XI·Experiment A. Water flow batch calorimetry uses approximately 130.3 volumes (1.5" inner diameter (ID), 45, length and 〇2, wall thickness) or 1988 _3 volume (3.75', inner diameter (11)), 11, the length of the 〇375, the wall thickness of the cylindrical stainless steel reactor and the external water-cooled snake containing the energy contained in each of the vacuum chambers and the collection battery containing 9 9+% of the error < ±丨% The water flow calorimeter of the tube obtains the energy and dynamic balance of the catalyst reaction mixture listed on the right side of each item below. Energy recovery is determined by integrating the total output power over time. The power is as shown below

PT = mCpAT (158) where is the mass flow rate, the heart is the specific heat of the water, and is the absolute temperature change between the inlet and the outlet. #Initiate the reaction by applying precise power to the external heater. In detail, 100-200 W power (130·3 ^3 battery) or 8 〇〇 1000 W (1988 cm battery) is supplied to the heater. During this heating period, the reagent reaches a low energy hydrogen reaction threshold temperature, where the battery temperature is typically raised sharply to confirm the start of the reaction and the battery temperature reaches about 4 〇〇 5 〇〇.匸, set the input power to zero. After 5 minutes, the program indicates that the power is zero. To increase the rate at which heat is transferred to the coolant, the chamber is again pressurized with 1 Torr of oxygen, and the maximum water temperature change u is subtracted from the population) to about 12. ^. As confirmed by the complete balance in the observed _ thermistor, the assembly was fully balanced by 24 hours at 142257.doc -133 - 201104948. In each test, the energy input and energy output are calculated by integrating the corresponding power. Using equation (158), calculate the cooling flow each time by multiplying the water volumetric flow rate by the water density at 19 °C (0.998 kg/Ι), the specific heat of the water (4.181 kJ/kg °C), the corrected temperature difference, and the time interval. Increased heat energy. The values in the entire experiment are summed to obtain the total energy output. The total energy from the battery is five Τ 'must equal to the energy input five and any net energy five ei. Therefore, the net energy is as follows: five (10) = five? Ί " (159) From this energy balance, by determining any excess heat five ejc relative to the maximum theoretical five m

Eex Di Erret_ Emt 〇 (160) The calibration test results show that the resistive input is more than 98% thermally coupled to the output coolant, and the zero excess heat comparison shows that the calorimeter is accurate to less than 1% within the application calibration. The results are given below, with the card Tmax being the maximum battery temperature, Ein being the input energy, and dE being the measured output energy exceeding the input energy. All energy is exothermic. A positive value is given to indicate the energy level. Metals, oxides and sulfides 20 g AC3-5 + 5 g Mg+8.3 g KH+11.2 g Mg3As2 » 298.6 kJ, dE: 21.8 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 315t, theoretically endothermic, gain infinite. 20 g AC3-5 + 5 g Mg+8.3 g KH+9.1 g Ca3P2 * Ein : 282.1 kJ,dE : 18.1 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 320 ° C, endothermic, gain 142257.doc •134· 201104948 Unlimited. Rowan Validation KH 7.47 gm+Mg 4.5 gm+TiC 18.0 gm+EuBr2 14.04 gm, Ein: 321.1 kJ, dE: 40.5 kJ, Tmax is about 340 ° C, energy gain is about 6.5X (1_37 kJx4. 5=6.16 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+TiB2 3.5 gm, Ein: 299 kJ, dE: 10 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 320 °C. The energy gain is about X (X is about 0 kJ; 1 "Battery: excess energy is about 5.1 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+RbCl 6.05 gm, Ein: 3 11 kJ, dE: 1 8 kJ, no TSC and Tmax is about 340 ° C, energy gain is about X (X is about 〇 kJ; 1M battery: excess energy is about 6.0 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+Li2S 2.3 gm, Ein: 323 kJ, dE: 12 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 340 °C. The energy gain is about X (X is about 〇 kJ ; Γ 'Battery: excess energy is about 5.0 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+Mg3N2 5.05 gm, Ein: 323 kJ, dE: 11 kJ, no TSC and Tmax is about 330 〇C 0 The energy gain is about X (X is about 0 kJ; 1"Battery: Excess energy is about 5.2 kJ). 4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+3.55 g PtBr2, Ein : 95.0 kJ, dE : 15.7 kJ, TSC : 108-327 ° C, Tmax : 346 ° C, theoretical energy 6.66 kJ, gain 2.36 times. 142257.doc -135- 201104948 4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.55 g PtBr2 5 Ein · 94.0 kJ,dE : 14.3 kJ, TSC : 100-256°C, Tmax : 326°C, theory The energy is 6.03 kJ and the gain is 2.37 times. 4 g WC+1 g MgH2+lg NaH+0.01 mol Cl2, initiated by UV lamp, dissociating Cl2 into Cl, Ein: 162.9 kJ, dE: 16.0 kJ, TSC: 23-42 °C, Tmax: 85 °C, The theoretical energy is 7.10 kJ and the gain is 2.25 times. 4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.66 g PdBr2, Ein : 113.0 kJ, dE : 11.7 kJ, TSC : 133-276〇C , Tmax : 3 70°C, theoretical energy 6.43 kJ, gain It is 1.82 times. 4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.66 g PdBr2, Ein : 116.0 kJ, dE : 9.4 kJ, TSC : 110-217°C, Tmax : 36It:, theoretical energy is 5.81 kJ, gain is 1.63 Times. 4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+3.60 g Pdl2, Ein : 142.0 kJ > dE : 7.8 kJ, TSC : 177-342°C, Tmax : 403°C, theoretical energy 5.53 kJ, gain It is 1.41 times. 1" Large capacity battery 0.41 g A1N+1.66 g KH+1 g Mg powder + 4 g AC3-5, energy gain 4.9 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 407 ° C, theoretically endothermic. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+CrB2 3.7 gm, Ein: 317 kJ, dE: 19 kJ, no TSC and Tmax is about 340 °C, the theoretical energy is 0.05 kJ, and the gain is infinite. KH 8'3 gm+new Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+AgCl 9.36 gm, Ein: 99 kJ, dE: 43 kJ, small TSC at about 250 ° C and Tmax 142257.doc -136- 201104948 is about 340 °C. The energy gain is about 2.3X (X = 18.88kJ). _ KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + new TiC (G06U055) 20.0 gm + AgCl 7.2 gm, Ein: 315 kJ, dE: 25 kJ, small TSC at about 250 ° C and Tmax of about 340 ° C. The energy gain is about 1.72X (X = 14.52 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+Y203 1 1_3 gm (gain is about 4X at TiC), Ein: 353 kJ, dE: 23 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 350 °C. The energy gain is about 4X (X is about 1 · 1 8 kJ*5 = 5.9 kJ) ° KH 4.15 gm + Mg 2.5 gm + CAII-300 10.0 gm + EuBr3 9.8 gm, Ein : 323 kJ, dE : 27 kJ, no TSC and Tmax is about 350 °C. The energy gain is about 2.26 X (X = 1 1.93 kJ). 4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.23 g Mg3As2,133·0 kJ,dE : 5.8 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 371 ° C, theoretically endothermic, gain infinite. 4 g AC3-5+1 g Mg+1_66 g KH+2.23 g Mg3As2, Ein : 139.0 kJ, dE : 6.5 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 393 ° C, theoretically endothermic, gain infinite. 4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+1.82 g Ca3P2, Ein : 133.0 kJ, dE : 5.8 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 407 ° C, theoretically endothermic, gain infinite. 4 g AC3-5 + 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.97 g WC16 ; Ein : 99.0 kJ ; dE : 21.84 kJ ; TSC : 100-342. . Tmax : 375〇C, theoretical energy is 16.7 kJ, and gain is 1.3 times. 2.6· Large capacity battery used 2.60 g Csl, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder 142257.doc -137- 201104948 and 4 g AC3-4. The energy gain was 4.9 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 406 ° C, the theoretical energy is 0, and the gain is infinite. 0.42 g of LiCl, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of AC3-4 were used. The energy gain was 5.4 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 412 ° C, the theoretical energy is 〇, and the gain is infinite. 4 g AC3-4+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.21 g RbCl, Ein: 136.0 kJ, dE: 5.2 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 372〇C, theoretical energy is 0 kJ, gain is infinite. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+CaBr2 10.0 gm, Ein: 323 kJ, dE: 27 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 340 °C. The energy gain is about 3.0 X (X is about 1.71 kJ * 5 = 8.55 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+YF3 7.3 gm, Ein: 320 kJ, dE: 17 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 340 °C. The energy gain is about 4.5 X (X is about 0·74 kJ * 5 = 3.7 kJ). -KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + dried SnBr2 14.0 gm, Ein: 299 kJ, dE: 36 kJ, small TSC at about 130 ° C and Tmax of about 350 ° C. The energy gain is about 1.23X (X is about 5.85 kJx5 = 29.25 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+EuBr2 15.6 gm 5 Ein: 291 kJ, dE: 45 kJ, small TSC at about 50 ° C and Tmax of about 320 ° C. The energy gain is about 32X (X is about 0.28 kJx5 = l_4 kJ) and the gain is about 6.5 Χ (1.37 kJx5 = 6.85 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+ dried ZnBr2 11.25 gm, Ein: 288 kJ, dE: 45 kJ, at about 200 ° C 142257.doc -138- 201104948 small TSC with a Tmax of about 350° C. The energy gain is about 2.1X (X is about 4.19 kJx5 = 20.9 kJ) °

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+SF6, Ein: 77_7 kJ, dE: 105 kJ, Tmax is about 400 °C. The energy gain is about 1.43X (X is about 73 kJ for 0.03 mole SF6).

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+SF6, Ein: 217 kJ, dE: 84 kJ, Tmax is about 400 °C. The energy gain is about 1.15X (X is about 73 kJ for 0.03 mole SF6). • KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+AgCl 7.2 gm, Ein: 3 57 kJ, dE: 25 kJ, small TSC at about 25 °C and Tmax of about 340 °C. The energy gain is about 1.72X (X is about 14.52 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+AgCl 7.2 gm, Ein: 487 kJ, dE: 34 kJ, small TSC at about 250 ° C and Tmax about 340 ° C. The energy gain is about 2.34X (X is about 14.52 kJ). 20 g AC3-4 + 8.3 g Ca+5 g NaH+15.5 g Mnl2 5 Ein · 181.5 kJ,dE : 61.3 kJ, TSC : 159-233°C , Tmax : 2 83° (:, theoretical energy is 29.51^, The gain is 2.08 times. 4 g AC3-4+1.66 g Ca+1.66 g KH+3.09 g Mnl2, Ein: 113.0 kJ, dE: 15.8 kJ, TSC: 228-384〇C, Tmax: 395°C, theoretical energy is 6.68 kJ, gain is 2.37 times. 4 g AC3-4+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+0.46 g L12S » Ein · 144.0 kJ,dE : 5.0 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 419 ° C, theoretically endothermic. _ 1M large capacity battery 1.01 g Mg3N2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g AC3-4, energy gain is 5.2 kJ, but no battery temperature 142257.doc -139- 201104948 sudden increase. Maximum battery temperature The theoretical energy is 401 ° C, _ 1.21 g RbCl, 1.66 g ΚΗ, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g AC3-4, the energy gain is 6.0 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature is observed. The maximum battery temperature is 442. °C, the theoretical energy is 〇. 2_24 g Zn3N2, 1.66 g KH '1 g Mg powder and 4 g AC3-4 were used. The energy gain was 5.5 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature was 410°. C, the theoretical energy is 4. 41 kJ, gain is 1.25 times. 4 g AC3-4+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.77 g PdCl2 « Ein : 89.0 kJ,dE : 10.5 kJ, TSC : 83-204°C, Tmax : 306°C, The theoretical energy is 6.14 kJ and the gain is 1.7 times. 0.74 g CrB2, 1.66 g ΚΗ, 1 g Mg powder and 4 8 € eight-111 3 00 activated carbon powder (eight 3-4) in 1M large-capacity battery, energy The gain was 4.3 1^, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature was 404 ° C and the theoretical energy was 0. Activation with 0.70 g TiB2, 1_66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 Carbon powder (AC3-4). The energy gain was 5.1 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature was 43 1 °C and the theoretical energy was 〇.

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+C AII-3 00 20.0 gm+BaBr2 14.85 gm (dried), Ein: 328 kJ, dE: 16 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 320 °C. The energy gain is 160X (X is about 0.02 kJ*5 = 0.1 kJ).

NaH 1.0 gm+Mg 1.0 gm+CAII-300 4.0 gm+BaBr2 2.97 gm (dried), Ein: 140 kJ, dE: 3 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 360 °C. The energy gain is about 150X (X is about 0.02 kJ). 142257.doc -140- 201104948

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+MgI2 13.9 gm, Ein: 3 1 5 kJ, dE: 16 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 340 °C. The energy gain is about 1.8X (X is about 1.75x5 = 8.75 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+MgBr2 9.2 gm, Ein: 334 kJ, dE: 24 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 340. (: The energy gain is about 2.1X (X is about 2.23x5 = 11·5 kJ). 20 g AC3-3 + 8.3 g KH+7.2 g AgCn, Ein : 286,6 kJ, dE : 29.5 kJ > TSC : 327-391〇C, Tmax : 394°C, theoretical energy is 13.57 kJ, gain is 2.17 times. 4 g AC3-3 + 1 g MgH2 + 1.66 g KH+1.44 g AgCl > Ein : 151.0 kJ,dE : 4.8 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 397 ° C, theoretical energy is 2.53 kJ, gain is 1.89 times • 4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.48 g Ca3N2, Ein : 140.0 kJ,dE : 4.9 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 392 ° C, theoretical energy 2.01 kJ, gain 2.21 times 4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.86 g InCl2 ' Ein : 125.0 kJ,dE : 7.9 kJ, TSC: 163-259 ° C, Tmax : 374 ° C, theoretical energy 4.22 kJ, gain 1.87 times -4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+1.86 g InCl2 > Ein : 105.0 kJ,dE : 7.5 kJ, TSC : 186-302 ° C, Tmax : 370 ° C, theoretical energy 4.7 kJ, gain 1.59 times 4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.5 g Dyl2 &gt Ein : 135.0 kJ, dE : 6.1 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 403 ° C, theoretical energy 1.89 kJ, gain 3.22 times. 142257.do C -141 - 201104948 • 3.92 g EuBr3, 1.66 g ΚΗ, 1 g Mg powder and 4笆0-8-111 300 activated carbon powder (Bagua 3-3) in a 1M large-capacity battery with an energy gain of 10.5 kJ, but No sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature was 429 ° C, the theoretical energy was 3.4 kJ, and the gain was 3 times. 4.56 g Asl3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-3), the energy gain is 13.5 kJ, and the battery temperature suddenly increases by 166 ° C (237-403 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 425 ° C, the theoretical energy is 8.65 kJ, and the gain is 1.56 times. 4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.09 g EuF3, Ein : 185.1 kJ, dE : 8.0 kJ > TSC : none, Tmax : 463 ° C, theoretical energy 1.69 kJ, gain 4.73 times. 4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+1.27 g AgF ; Ein : 127.0 kJ ; dE : 6.04 kJ ; TSC : 84-190 ° C ; Tmax : 369 ° C, theoretical energy 3.58 kJ, The gain is 1.69 times. 4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.92 g EuBr3 ; Ein · 162.5 kJ ; dE : 7.54 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 471 ° C, theoretical energy 3.41 kJ, gain 2.21 times . 1" Large capacity battery 2.09 g EuF3, 1.66 g ΚΗ, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-3), energy gain of 5.5 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 4 17 ° C, the theoretical energy is 1.71 kJ, and the gain is 3.25 times. 3.29 g ΥΒγ3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-3), the energy gain was 7.0 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 441 °C, the theoretical energy is 4.16 kJ, and the 142257.doc •142-201104948 gain is 1.68 times.

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm + BaI2 19.5 gm, Ein: 3 34 kJ, dE: 13 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 350. . . The energy gain is about 2.95X (X is about 0.88 kJx5 = 4.4 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+BaCl2 10.4 gm, Ein: 331 kJ, dE: 1 8 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 320 °C. The energy gain is about 6.9X (X is about 0.52x5 = 2.6 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+LaF3 9.8 gm, Ein: 338 kJ, dE: 7 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 320 °C. The energy gain is about 1_9X (X is about 3.65 kJ).

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+BaBr2 14.85 gm (dried), Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 10 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 320 °C. The energy gain is about 100X (X is about 0.01 = 0.02 x 5 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+BaBr2 14.85 gm (dried), Ein: 267 kJ, dE: 8 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 360 °C. The energy gain is about 2.5 X (X is about 3.2 kJ).

NaH 5·0 gm+Mg 5·0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+ZnS 4.85 gm, Ein: 319 kJ, dE: 12 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 340 °C. The energy gain is about 1.5X (X is about 8.0 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+AgCl 7.2 gm (dried on 070109), £ ratio: 219]^, 〇1£:261^, at about 250° (: small TSC and Tmax is about 340) °C. The energy gain is about 1 · 8 Χ (Χ is about 14.52 kJ). 142257.doc -143 - 201104948 ΚΗ 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+Y2〇3 11-3 gm, Ein: 339 kJ, dE : 24 kJ, small TSC at about 300 ° C and Tmax of about 350 ° C. The energy gain is about 4·0 Χ (X is about 5.9 kJ at NaH) -4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg+ 1 g NaH+1.95 g YC13, Ein : 137.0 kJ, dE : 7.1 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 384 ° C, theoretical energy is 3.3 kJ, gain is 2.15 times. Γ · Large capacity battery 4.70 g YI3, 1.66 g ΚΗ, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), the energy gain was 6.9 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature was 426 ° C, and the theoretical energy was 3.37 kJ, gain is 2.04 times. 1.51 g Sn02, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), the energy gain is 9.4 kJ, but no battery temperature is observed. Increase. The maximum battery temperature is 460 ° C, the theoretical energy is 7.06 kJ, gain 1.33 times 4.56 g Asl3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), energy gain is 11 · 5 kJ, and battery temperature suddenly increases by M4 ° C (221 -365 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 463 ° C, the theoretical energy is 8.65 kJ, and the gain is 1.33 times. 3.09 g Mnl2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g STiC-l (TiC from Sigma Aldrich ), the energy gain is 9.6 kJ, and the battery temperature suddenly increases by 137 ° C (38-175 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 396 ° C, the theoretical energy is 3.73 kJ, and the gain is 2.57 times 3.99 g SeBr4, 1.66 g KH , 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), energy gain of 20.9 kJ, and battery temperature 142257.doc -144- 201104948 sudden increase of 224 ° C (47-271 ° C) . The maximum battery temperature is 383 ° C, the theoretical energy is 16.93 kJ, and the gain is 1.23 times. 20 g AC3-3 + 5 g Mg+8.3 g KH+11.65 g Agl > Ein : 238.6 kJ, dE : 31.7 kJ, TSC: 230-3 16. . , Tmax : 317° (:, theoretical energy is 12.31^, gain is 2.57 times. 4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+0.91 g CoS, Ein : 145.1 kJ, dE : 8.7 kJ, TSC : none , Tmax : 420 ° C, theoretical energy is 2.63 kJ, gain is 3.3 times. _ 4 g AC3-3 + 1 g Mg + 1.66 g KH + 1.84 g MgBr2 ; Ein : 134.1 kJ ; dE : 5.75 kJ ; TSC : not Observed; Tmax: 400 〇 C, theoretical energy 2.23 kJ, gain 2.58 times 5.02 g Sbl3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), energy The gain is 12.2 kJ, and the battery temperature suddenly increases by 154 ° C (141-295 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 379 ° C, the theoretical energy is 9.71 kJ, and the gain is 1.26 times. KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 Gm + AgCl 7.2 gm > Ein : 304 kJ, dE : 30 kJ, small TSC at about 275 ° C and Tmax of about 340 ° C. The energy gain is about 2 · 1 Χ (Χ is about 14.52 kJ). KH 1.66 Gm+Mg 1.0 gm+TiC 5.0 gm+BaBr2 2.97 gm 5 Load BaBr2-KH-Mg-TiC, Ein: 130 kJ, dE: 2 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 3 60 ° C, theoretical energy 0.64 kJ, The gain is 3 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+CuS 4.8 gm > Ein : 318 kJ,dE : 30 kJ, small TSC at about 250 ° C and Tmax is about 360 ° C. The energy gain is about 2.1X (X is about 14.4kJ). 142257.doc -145- 201104948 ΚΗ 8.3 gm+ Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + MnS 4.35 gm, Ein : 3 26 kJ, dE : 14 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 35 ° C. The energy gain is about 2·2 Χ (Χ is about 6.3 kJ). 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+GdF3 10.7 gm, Ein: 339 kJ, dE: 7 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 360 °C. The energy gain is about 2.54 Χ (Χ is about 2.75 kJ). 20 g AC3-2 + 5 g Mg+8.3 g KH+7.2 g AgCl » Ein : 327.1 kJ, dE : 40.4 kJ, TSC : 288-318X:, Tmax : 326. . The theoretical energy is 14.52 kJ and the gain is 2.78 times. 20 g AC3-2 + 5 g Mg+8.3 g KH+7.2 g CuBr, Ein: 205.1 kJ, dE: 22.5 kJ, TSC: 216-268〇C, Tmax: 280. . The theoretical energy is 13.46 kJ and the gain is 1.67 times. 4 g AC3-2+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+l_46 g YF3, Ein: 157.0 kJ, dE: 4.3 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 405 ° C, theoretical energy 0.77 kJ, gain 5.56 times. 4 g AC3-2+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+1.46 g YF3 > Ein : 137.0 kJ,dE : 5.6 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 398 ° C, theoretical energy 0.74 kJ, gain 7.54 times. 11.3 g Υ2〇3, 5 g NaH, 5 g Mg powder and 20 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-2) in a 2"large capacity battery with an energy gain of 24.5 kJ, but no battery temperature was observed Sudden increase. The maximum battery temperature is 386 ° C, the theoretical energy is 5.9 kJ, and the gain is 4.2 times. 4 g AC3-2+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.91 g Bal2,Ein : 135.0 kJ,dE : 5.3 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 378 ° C, theoretical energy 142257.doc -146- 201104948 0.1 kJ The gain is 51 times. 4 g AC3-2+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+3.91 g Bal2 > Ein : 123.1 kJ,dE : 3.3 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 390 ° C, theoretical energy 0.88 kJ, gain 3.8 times. 4 g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.08 g BaCl2, Ein : 141.0 kJ, dE : 5·5 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 403 ° C, theoretical energy 0.52 kJ, gain 10.5 times . • 4 g AC3-2+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+3.42 g Srl2 ; Ein : 128.2 kJ ; dE : 4.35 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 383 ° C, theoretical energy 1.62 kJ, gain 3.3 Times. 4_04 g Sb2S5, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 3 00 activated carbon powder (AC3-2) were used. The energy gain was 18.0 kJ and the battery temperature increased sharply by 251 ° C (224-475 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 481 ° C, the theoretical energy is 12.7 kJ, and the gain is 1.4 times. 4 g AC3-2+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+0.97 g ZnS, Ein: 132.1 kJ, dE: 7.5 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 370 ° C, theoretical energy 1.4 kJ, gain 5.33 times. 4 g AC3-2+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3 12 g EuBr2, Ein : 13 5.0 kJ,dE : 5.0 kJ, TSC : 114-182 ° C, Tmax : 371 ° C, theoretically endothermic +0.35 kJ , the gain is unlimited. 4 g AC3-2+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+3.12 g EuBr2, Ein: 122.0 kJ, dE: 9.4 kJ, TSC: 73-135〇C, Tmax: 385〇C, theoretical energy 0.28 kJ, gain is 34 times. 4 g CA3-2+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+3.67g PbBr〗; Ein: 142257.doc -147- 201104948 126.0 kJ ; dE : 6.98 kJ ; TSC : 270-408〇C ; Tmax : 421°C, The theoretical energy is 5.17 kJ and the gain is 1.35 times. -4 g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.27 g AgF ; Ein : 125.0 kJ ; dE : 7.21 kJ ; TSC : 74-175 ° C ; Tmax : 372 ° C, theoretical energy 3.58 kJ, gain It is 2 times. 1.80 g GdBr3 (0.01 mol GdBr3 is 3.97 g, but not enough GdBr3), 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), the energy gain is 2.8 kJ, but No sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 431 °C, the theoretical energy is 1.84 kJ, the gain is 1.52 times, 0.97 g ZnS, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), energy gain. It was 4.0 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 444 ° C, the theoretical energy is 1.61 kJ, and the gain is 2.49 times. 3_92 g BI3 (in PP vials) ' 1_66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), energy gain of 13.2 kJ, and battery temperature rise to 87 °C (152-239 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 465 ° C, the theoretical energy is 9.7 kJ, and the gain is 1.36 times. -4 g AC3-2+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.2 g HfCl4 5 Ein : 131.0 kJ,dE : 10.5 kJ, TSC : 277-439〇C, Tmax : 440〇C, theoretical energy 8.1 kJ, gain It is 1.29 times. 4 g AC3-2 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+3.2 g HfCl4 > Ein : 125.0 kJ,dE : 11.5 kJ, TSC : 254-35 7〇C, Tmax : 405°C, theoretical energy is 9.06 kJ, The gain is 1.27 times. 142257.doc -148 - 201104948 _ 4 g CA3-2 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.97 g BaBr2 ; Ein : 132.1 kJ ; dE : 4.65 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 361 ° C, theoretical energy It is 0.64 kJ and the gain is 7.24 times. -4 g CA3-2+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.35 g Agl ; Ein : 142.9 kJ ; dE : 7.32 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 420 ° C, theoretical energy 2.46 kJ, gain 2.98 Times. 4.12 g of PI3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1) were used. The energy gain was 13.8 kJ and the battery temperature increased by 189 ° C (184-373 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 438 ° C, the theoretical energy is 11.1 kJ, and the gain is 1.24 times. 1.57 g SnF2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), the energy gain is 7.9 kJ, and the battery temperature rises to 72 ° C (149-221 ° C ). The maximum battery temperature is 407 ° C, the theoretical energy is 5.28 kJ, and the gain is 1.5 times. 1.96 g of LaF3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1), the energy gain was 4.2 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 442 ° C, the theoretical energy is 0.68 kJ, and the gain is 6.16 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.78 g Mgl2 » Ein : 129.0 kJ,dE : 6.6 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 371 ° C, theoretical energy 1.75 kJ, gain 3.8 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.48 g SrBr2, Ein: 137.0 kJ, dE: 6.1 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 402 ° C, theoretical energy 1.35 kJ, gain 4.54 times. 142257.doc -149- 201104948 4 g CA3-2+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.0 g CaBr2 ; Ein : 147.0 kJ ; dE : 6.33 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 445 ° C, theoretical energy 1.71 kJ, the gain is 3.7 times. 4 g CA3-2+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.97 g BaBr2 » Ein · 140.1 kJ ; dE : 8.01 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 405 ° C, theoretical energy 0.02 kJ, gain 483 times . 0.90 g of CrF2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1) were used. The energy gain was 4.7 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 415 ° C, the theoretical energy is 3.46 kJ, and the gain is 1.36 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm + InCl 7.5 gm 5 Ein 275 kJ, dE: 26 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 340 °C. The energy gain is about 2.2 X (X is about 11.45 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm + Inl 12·1 gm, Ein 320 kJ, dE: 12 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 340 °C. The energy gain is about 1.25 X (X is about 9,6 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+InBr 9.75 gm 5 Ein 323 kJ, dE: 17 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 340 °C. The energy gain is about 1.7X (X is about 10 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+MnI2 15.45 gm 5 Validation experiment by Dr. Peter Jansson, Ein 292 kJ, dE: 45 kJ, small TSC at about 30 ° C and Tmax about 340 ° C. The energy gain is about 2.43X (X is about 18.5 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+FeBr2 10.8 gm (to 142257.doc -150-201104948 from STREM Chemicals FeBr2), Dr. Peter Jansson's validation experiment, Ein: 308 kJ, dE: 46 kJ, TSC at At about 220 ° C and a Tmax of about 330 ° C. The energy gain is about 1.84X (X is about 25 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+CoI2 15.65 gm 5 Ein : 243 kJ,dE : 55 kJ, small TSC at about 170 ° C and Tmax is about 330 ° C, theoretical energy is 26.35 kJ, gain is 2.08 times. • KH 8·3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+NiBr2 11.0 gm, Ein: 270 kJ, dE: 45 kJ, TSC at about 220 ° C and Tmax of about 3 40 ° C, theoretical energy 23 U The gain is 1.95 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20,0 gm+FeBr2 10.8 gm (FeBr2 from STREM Chemicals), Ein: 291 kJ, dE: 38 kJ, about 200 ° C TSC and Tmax about 330 ° C, theoretical energy It is 25 kJ and the gain is 1.52 times. KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + ZnBr2 11.25 gm, Ein 302 kJ, dE: 42 kJ, small TSC at about 200 ° C and Tmax of about 375 ° C. The energy gain is about 2X (X is about 20.9 kJ). • KH 8.30 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + GdBr3 19.85 gm ' Ein : 308 kJ, dE : 26 kJ, TSC at about 250 ° C and Tmax about 340 ° C. The energy gain is about 1.3 Χ (Χ is about 20.3 kJ). KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + MnS 4.35 gm ' Ein : 3 49 kJ ' dE : 24 kJ, TSC at about 260 ° C and Tmax of about 350 ° C. The energy gain is about 3.6 X (X is about 6.6 kJ). 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.79 g LaBr3 » Ein : 143.0 kJ ' dE : 4.8 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 392 ° C ' Theoretical energy 142257.doc -151 - 201104948 The quantity is 2.46 kJ, the gain is 1.96 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+3.80 g CeBr3 > Ein : 145.0 kJ, dE : 7.6 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 413 ° C, theoretical energy 3.84 kJ, gain 1.97 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+1.44 g AgCl ; Ein : 136.2 kJ ; dE : 7.14 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 420 ° C, theoretical energy 2.90 kJ, gain 2.46 times . 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+1.60 g Cu2S, Ein: 137.0 kJ, dE: 5.5 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 405 ° C, theoretical energy 2.67 kJ, gain 2.06 times. 2.54 g Tel4 (0.015 g Tel4 is 6.35 g, but not enough Tel4), 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1) with an energy gain of 8.3 kJ, and The battery temperature suddenly increases by 113° (: (202-315 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 395 ° C, the theoretical energy is 5.61 kJ, and the gain is 1.48 times. 2.51 g BBr3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (AC3-1) with an energy gain of 12.4 kJ. The battery temperature rises to 52 ° C (77-129 ° C), and the battery temperature suddenly increases by 88 ° C (245-333 ° C) The maximum battery temperature is 438 ° C, the theoretical energy is 9.28 kJ, and the gain is 1.34 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.0 g NaH+3.59 g TaCl5 > Ein : 102.0 kJ,dE : 16.9 kJ, TSC: 80-293..., Tmax: 366. The theoretical energy is 11.89 kJ and the gain is 1.42 times.

2.72 g CdBr2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 142257.doc -152- 201104948 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 6.6 kJ and a sudden increase in battery temperature 56 ° C (253-309 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 414 ° C, the theoretical energy is 4.31 kJ, and the gain is 1.53 times. 2.73 g MoC15, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 20.1 kJ, and the battery temperature suddenly increases by 240 ° C (67-307) °C). The maximum battery temperature is 511 ° C, the theoretical energy is 15.04 kJ, and the gain is 1.34 times. 2.75 g of InBr2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain was 7.3 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 481 ° C, the theoretical energy is 4.46 kJ, and the gain is 1.64 times. 1.88 g of NbF5, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 15.5 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 448 ° C, the theoretical energy is 11.36 kJ, the gain is 1.36 times. 2.33 g ZrCl4, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) The energy gain is 12.9 kJ and the battery temperature suddenly increases by 156 ° C (3 1 1-467 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 472 ° C, the theoretical energy is 8.82 kJ, and the gain is 1.46 times. 3·66 g Cdl2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 6.7 kJ, and the battery temperature rises to 74 ° C ( 125-199 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 417 ° C, the theoretical energy is 4.12 kJ, and the gain is 1.62 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.64 g GdCl3 ; Ein : 142257.doc -153 - 201104948 127.0 kJ ; dE : 4·82 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 395 ° C, theory The energy is 3.54 kJ and the gain is 1.36 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+InCl 7.5 gm, Ein: 305 kJ, dE: 32 kJ, small TSC at about 150 ° C and Tmax of about 350 ° C. The energy gain is about 2.8X (X is about 11.5 kJ). _ KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + WC 20.0 gm + Col 2 15.65 gm, Ein : 306 kJ, dE : 41 kJ, small TSC at about 200 ° C and Tmax of about 350 ° C. The energy gain is about 1.55 Χ (Χ is about 26·4 kJ).

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm + WC 20.0 gm + GdBr3 19.85 gm, Ein 309 kJ, dE: 28 kJ, at about 250. (: Lower small TSC and Tmax is about 340 ° C. Energy gain is about 1.8X (X is about 15.6kJ). KH 4.98 gm + Mg 3.0 gm + CAII-300 12.0 gm + InBr 5.85 gm, 3X system, Ein: 297 kJ, dE: 13 kJ, small TSC at about 200 ° C and Tmax is about 330 ° C. The energy gain is about 1.3X (X is about 10 kJ). 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.26 g Y203,Ein : 133.1 kJ,dE : 5.2 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 384 ° C, theoretical energy 1.18 kJ, gain 4.44 times 4.11 g ZrBr4, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg Powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 11.2 kJ and a sudden increase in battery temperature of 154 ° C (280-434 ° C). Maximum battery temperature is 444 ° C The theoretical energy is 9.31 kJ and the gain is 1.2 times. 5.99 g Zrl4, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 11.3 kJ, And the battery temperature suddenly increased by 200 ° (: (214-414 ° (:). The maximum battery temperature is 454 ° (:, theory 142257.doc -154 - 201104948 energy is 9.4 kJ, the gain is 1.2 times. _ 2.70 g NbCl5, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 303 activated carbon The powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 16.4 kJ, and the battery temperature suddenly increases by 213 ° C (137-350 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 395 ° C, the theoretical energy is 13.4 〇 kJ, the gain is 1.22 times 2.02 g MoC13, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain was 12.1 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 536 ° C, the theoretical energy is 8.48 kJ, and the gain is 1.43 times 3.13 g Nil2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) The energy gain is 8.0 kJ, and the battery temperature suddenly increases by 33 ° C (335-368. (:). The maximum battery temperature is 438. (:, the theoretical energy is 5.89 kJ, and the gain is 1.36 times.

3.87 g As2Se3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 30 (r), the energy gain is 12 3 kJ, and the battery temperature suddenly increases by 241. (: (195) -436. (:). The maximum battery temperature is 446<>(:, the theoretical energy is 8.4 kJ 'the gain is 丨.46 times. 2.74 g Y2S3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA- III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 5.2 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature was 444 ° C, the theoretical energy was 0.41 kJ, and the gain was 12.64 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+3.79 g LaBr3 > Ein : 147.1 kJ ' dE : 7.1 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 443 ° C, theoretical energy 3.39 kJ, gain 2 times. 142257.doc -155- 201104948 4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.15 g MnBr2 ; Ein : 124.0 kJ ; dE : 5.55 kJ ; TSC : 360-405〇C ; Tmax : 411°C, theory Energy is 3.63 kJ and gain is 1.53 times 2.60 g Bi(OH)3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 14.8 kJ, and electricity The cell temperature suddenly increased by 173 ° C (202-375 ° C). The maximum battery temperature was 452 ° C, the theoretical energy was 12.23 kJ, and the gain was 1.2 times. KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + SnI2 18.5 gm Strem , Ein : 244 kJ, dE : 53 kJ, TSC at about 150 ° C and Tmax is about 3 30 ° C, theoretical energy is 28.1 kJ, gain is 1.9 times. KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20·0 Gm+FeBr2 10.8 gm, Ein: 335 kJ, dE: 43 kJ, TSC at about 250〇C and Tmax is about 3 75°C, theoretical energy is 22 kJ, gain is 1.95 times KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm +WC 20.0 gm + FeBr2 10.8 gm 5 Ein : 335 kJ, dE : 32 kJ, TSC at about 230 ° C and Tmax of about 3 60 ° C, theoretical energy of 22 kJ, gain of 1.45 times. KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + TiC 20.0 gm + MnI2 15.45 gm > Strem, Ein: 269 kJ, dE: 49 kJ, small TSC at about 50 ° C and Tmax of about 350 ° C. The energy gain is about 3.4 Χ (Χ is about 14.8 kJ). 4 g CAIII-300+1.66 g Ca+1 g NaH+3.09 g Mnl2 ; Ein : 112.0 kJ ; dE : 9.98 kJ ; TSC : 178-374〇C ; Tmax : 383 ° C , theoretical energy 5.90 kJ , gain 1.69 times. 0.96 g CuS, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 5.5 kJ, but not observed 142257.doc -156- 201104948 The battery temperature has suddenly increased. The maximum battery temperature is 409i ° C, the theoretical energy is 2.93 kJ, and the gain is 1.88 times. 0.87 g MnS, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain was 4.7 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 412 ° C, the theoretical energy is 1.32 kJ, and the gain is 3,57 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+MnI2 15.45 gm 5 Ein : 269 kJ, dE : 49 kJ, small TSC at about 50 ° C and Tmax of about 350 ° (:, theoretical energy is 18.65 1 ^, The gain is 2.6 times.

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+TiC 20.0 gm+NiBr2 11.0 gm 5 Ein : 245 kJ, dE : 43 kJ, TSC at about 200 ° C and Tmax is about 310 ° C, theoretical energy is 26 kJ, gain is 1.6 Times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+MnCl2 6.3 gm, Ein: 333 kJ, dE: 34 kJ, TSC at about 250 ° C and Tmax is about 340 ° C, theoretical energy is 17.6 kJ, gain It is 2 times. 2.42 g Ini, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain was 4.4 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 438 ° C, the theoretical energy is 1.92 kJ, the gain is 2.3 times. 1.72 g InF3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (at 300 ° C) Dry), the energy gain was 9.2 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 446 ° C, the theoretical energy is 5 kJ, and the gain is 1.85 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.98 g As2〇3 5 Ein : 142257.doc -157- 201104948 110.5 kJ,dE : 17.1 kJ, TSC: 325-452. . , Tmax : 471 ° C, theoretical energy is 11.48 kJ, and the gain is 1.49 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+4_66 g Bi2〇3, Ein: 152.0 kJ, dE: 17.7 kJ, TSC: 185-403°C, Tmax: 481°C, theoretical energy is 13.8 kJ, The gain is 1.28 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.02 g MoC13 ; Ein : 118.0 kJ ; dE : 11.10 kJ ; TSC : 342-496〇C ; Tmax : 496°C, theoretical energy 7.76, gain 1.43 Times. 2.83 g PbF4, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 13.9 kJ and a sudden increase in battery temperature of 245° (: (217) -462°〇. The maximum battery temperature is 464° (:, theoretical energy is 13.38 kJ, gain is 1.32 times. 2.78 g PbCl2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 3 00 activated carbon powder ( Drying at 300 ° C), the energy gain was 6.8 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature was 488 ° C, the theoretical energy was 5.22 kJ, and the gain was 1.3 times. • 4 g CAIII-300+ 1.66 g KH+2.19 g NiBr2 5 Ein : 136.0 kJ,dE : 7.5 kJ, TSC : 275-350〇C, Tmax : 385〇C, theoretical energy 4.6 kJ '1.6 times gain. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2_74 g MoC15, Ein : 96.0 kJ, dE : 19.0 kJ, TSC : 86-334〇C, Tmax : 373〇C, theoretical energy is 14.06 kJ, gain is 1.35 times. 4 g CAIII- 300 + 1.66 g Ca+1 g NaH+2.19 g NiBr2 ; Ein : 127.1 kJ ; dE : 10.69 kJ ; TSC : 300-420〇C ; Tmax : 142257.doc -158- 201104948 1〇.69. (:, theory The energy is 7.67U and the gain is 5.90 g Bil3, 1.66 g KH, 丄g ton of powder and 4 g CA-III 300 / tongue! Raw carbon powder (dried at 3 ° C), energy gain of 10.9 kJ, and battery rise The change is 7〇.〇(2丨7_287<^). The maximum battery temperature is 458 C, the theoretical energy is 8 87 kJ, and the gain is 丨23 times. 1.79 g SbF3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 Activated carbon powder (dried at 30 ° C) with an energy gain of 丨丨7 kj and a sudden increase in battery temperature of 169. (: (138-307. (:). Maximum battery temperature is 454 °C, the theoretical energy is 9.21 kJ, and the gain is 127 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1.66 g Ca+1 g NaH+3.09 g Mnl2 ' Ein : Π1.0 kJ,dE : 12.6 kJ,TSC : 178- 340 〇 C, Tmax : 373 ° C 'Theoretical energy is 5.9 kJ and the gain is 2.13 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1.66 g Ca+1 g NaH+1.34 g CuCl2 ; Ein : 135.2 kJ ; dE : 12.26 kJ ; TSC : 250-390〇C « Tmax : 437°C, theoretical energy is 8.55 kJ, gain is 1.43 times. 1.50 g of InCU, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 5.1 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 410 ° C, the theoretical energy is 2.29 kJ, and the gain is 2.22 times. 2.21 g of InCl3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 10.9 kJ and a sudden increase in battery temperature of 191. (:(235-426.〇. The maximum battery temperature is 43TC, the theoretical energy is 7.11 kJ, and the gain is 1.5 times. 1.95 g InBr, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 142257.doc • 159· 201104948 Activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 6.0 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature. Maximum battery temperature is 435 ° C, theoretical energy is 2 kJ, gain is 3 times 3.55 g InBr3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 9·1 kJ and a sudden increase in battery temperature of 152° (: (156-308. (:). The maximum battery temperature is 386. (:, the theoretical energy is 6.92 kJ, the gain is 1.3 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1.66 g KH+3.79 g Snl2, Ein: 169.1 kJ, dE: 6.0 kJ, TSC: 200-289°C, Tmax: 431〇C, theoretical energy is 4.03 kJ, gain is 1.49 times KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+WC 20.0 gm+MnBr2 10.75 gm * Ein : 309 kJ,dE : 35 kJ, no TSC and Tmax is about 335 ° C. The energy gain is about 1.9X (X is about 18.1 kJ). KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + MnBr2 10.75 gm, Ein : 280 kJ , dE : 41 kJ, at TSC at 280 ° C and Tmax is about 3 50 ° C. The energy gain is about 2.2 X (X is about 18.1 kJ). KH 1_66 gm + Mg 1.0 gm + TiC 4.0 gm + TiF 1 · 〇 5 gm with CAII -300 5X Battery #1086, Ein: 143 kJ, dE: 6 kJ, no TSC and Tmax is about 280 ° C, theoretical energy is 2.5 kJ, gain is 2.4 times. • KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII- 300 20.0 gm+FeF2 4.7 gm, Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 40 kJ, TSC at about 260 ° C and Tmax is about 340 ° C, theoretical energy is 20.65 kJ, gain is 1.93 times. KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 Gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+CuF2 5.1 142257.doc -160 - 201104948 gm,Ein : 203 kJ,dE : 57 kJ, TSC at about 125 ° C and Tmax is about 280 ° C, theoretical energy is 29 kJ, The gain is 1.96 times. KH 83.0 gm+Mg 50.0 gm+WC 200.0 gm+Snl2 185 gm, URS, Ein: 1310 kJ, dE: 428 kJ, TSC at about 140 °C and Ding 1^乂 is about 350° (:, theoretical energy is 2001^, the gain is 2.14 times. 061009KAWFC1#1102 > NaH 1.0 gm+Mg 1.0 gm+WC 4.0 gm+GdBr3 3'97 gm, Ein: 148 kJ, dE: 7 kJ, small TSC at about 300 ° C and The Tmax is about 420 ° C. The energy gain is about 3.5 X (X is about 2 kJ). KH 8.3 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + FeO 3.6 gm ' Ein : 3 55 kJ, dE : 24 kJ, A small TSC at about 260 ° C and a Tmax of about 360 ° C. The energy gain is about 1.45 X (X is about 16.6 kJ). KH 83.0 gm + Mg 50.0 gm + WC 200.0 gm + SnI2 185 gm } Rovin, Ein : 1379 kJ,dE : 416 kJ, TSC at about 140 ° C and Tmax is about 3 50 ° C, theoretical energy is 200 kJ, gain is 2 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+ CoI2 15.65 gm ' Ein : 3 61 kJ, dE : 69 kJ ' TSC at about 200 ° C and Tmax is about 410 ° (:, theoretical energy is 26.3 5 1 ^, gain is 2.6 times. KH 8.3 gm + 5.0 gm +CAII 300 20.0 gm+FeS 4.4 gm, Ein: 3 12 kJ, dE: 22 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 350 °C. The amount gain is about 1.7 X (X is about 12.3 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+WC 40·0 gm+Snl2 18.5 gm, Ein: 315 kJ, dE: 27 kJ, small TSC at about 140 ° C and Tmax is about 340 ° C. The energy gain is about 1.35 X (X is about 20 kJ). 142257.doc • 161 - 201104948

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm + WC 20.0 gm+MnI2 15.45 gm 5 Ein : 108 kJ,dE : 30 kJ, TSC at about 70 ° C and Tmax is about 170 ° C, theoretical energy is 14.8 kJ, gain is 2 Times.

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+WC 20.0 gm+NiBr2 11.0 gm > Ein: 248 kJ, dE: 34 kJ, TSC at about 170 ° C and Tmax of about 300 °C. The energy gain is about 1·7 Χ (Χ is about 20 kJ), the theoretical energy is 26.25 kJ, and the gain is 1.3 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+WC 20.0 gm+NiBr2 11.0 gm 5 Ein: 291 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, small TSC at about 250 ° C and Tmax of about 340 ° C. The energy gain is about 1.5 Χ (Χ is about 20 kJ), the theoretical energy is 26.25 kJ, and the gain is 1.14 times.

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+WC 20.0 gm+NiBr2 11.0 gm 5 Repetitive battery #1105, Ein: 242 kJ, dE: 33 kJ, TSC at about 70 ° C and Tmax of about 280 ° C. The energy gain is about 1 · 65 Χ (Χ is about 20 kJ). - NaH 5.0 gm + Mg 5.0 gm + CAII-300 20.0 gm + InCl3 11.1 gm, Ein: 189 kJ, dE: 48 kJ, small TSC at about 80 ° C and Tmax of about 260 ° C. The energy gain is about 1.5X (X is about 31 kJ). KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+MnI2 15.45 gm, Ein: 248 kJ, dE: 46 kJ, small TSC at about 200 t and Tmax about 325 °C. The energy gain is about 3X (X is about 14.8 kJ). 2.96 g FeBr3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 12.5 kJ and a sudden increase in battery temperature of 77 ° C (72-149) °C). The maximum battery temperature is 418 ° C, 142 257. doc -162 - 201104948 on the energy of 8.35 kj, the gain is 1.5 times. 0.72 g FeO, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain was 6.7 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 448 ° C, the theoretical energy is 3.3 kJ, and the gain is 2 times. 1.26 g MnCl2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 3 00 activated carbon powder (at 300 ° (: dry), the energy gain was 8.61^, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. Max. The battery temperature is 437 ° C, the theoretical energy is 3.52 kJ, and the gain is 2.45 times. 1·13 g FeF3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) The energy gain is 12.6 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature is observed. The maximum battery temperature is 618 ° C, the theoretical energy is 6.44 kJ, and the energy gain is 1.96 times. » 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.97 g GdBr3 > Ein : 143.1 kJ,dE : 5.4 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 403 ° C, theoretical energy 1.99 kJ, gain 2.73 times 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.57 g SnF2 ; Ein : 139.0 kJ ; dE : 7.24 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 413 ° C , theoretical energy 5.28 kJ , gain 1.37 times 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+4.04 g Sb2S5, Ein : 125.0 kJ, dE : 19.3 kJ, TSC : 421-651C, Tmax : 651., Theoretical energy is 12.37 kJ, gain is 1.56 times 1.36 g ZnCl2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder And 4 g of CA-III 3 00 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 6.6 kJ, but no sudden rise in battery temperature was observed at 142257.doc -163 - 201104948. The maximum battery temperature is 402. °C, theoretical energy is 4.34 kJ, gain is 1.52 times. 1.03 g ZnF2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy gain 6.5 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature was 427 ° C, the theoretical energy was 3.76 kJ, and the gain was 1.73 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.22 g InCl3, experimental dE : -12.6 kJ, consider the reaction: InCl3(c)+3NaH(c)+1.5Mg(c)= 3NaCl(c)+In(c)+1.5MgH2(c) Q=_640.45 kJ/reaction, Theoretical chemical reaction energy: -6.4 kJ, excess heat: -6.2 kJ, 2.OX excess heat. 1.08 g of VF3, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 9.5 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 447 ° C, the theoretical energy is 4.9 kJ, and the gain is 1.94 times. 8.3 g KH+5.0 g Mg+20.0 g AC(II-300) + 5.4 g VF3, Ein: 286 kJ, dE: 58 kJ, theoretical energy 24.5 kJ, gain 2.3 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.72 g InF3 J Ein : 134.0 kJ,dE : 8.1 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 391 ° C, theoretical energy 5 kJ, gain 1.62 times. -4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+1.02 g CuF2, experimental dE: -9.4 kJ, consider the reaction: CuF2(c)+Mg(c)=MgF2(c) + Cu(c) Q =-581.5 kJ / reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -5.82 kJ, excess heat: -3.59 kJ, 1.6X excess heat. 142257.doc -164- 201104948 -4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.83 g PbF4, experimental dE: -17.6 kJ, consider the reaction: PbF4(c)+2Mg(c)+4NaH(c ) = 2MgH2(c) + 4NaF(c)+Pb(c) Q = -1290.0 kJ/reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -12.9 kJ, excess heat: -4.7 kJ, 1.4X excess heat. KH 1.66 gm+Mg 1.0 gm+TiC 4.0 gm +SnI4 6.26 gm 5 Ein : 97 kJ,dE : 17 kJ, TSC at about 150 ° C and Tmax is about 3 70 ° C, the theoretical energy is 10.1 kJ, the gain is 1.7 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+3.7 g TiBr4, experimental dE: -16.1 kJ, consider the reaction: TiBr4(c)+4KH(c)+2Mg(c) + C(s)=4KBr (c) + TiC(c) + 2MgH2(c) Q=-1062.3 kJ/reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -10.7 kJ, excess heat: -5.4 kJ, 1.5X excess heat. Bi3 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.4 g BI3 > Ein : 128.1 kJ,dE : 7.9 kJ, TSC : 180-263°C, Tmax : 365°C, theoretical energy 5.55 kJ, The gain is 1.4 times.

MnBr2 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.15 g MnBr2, experimental dE: -7.0 kJ, consider the reaction: MnBr2(c)+2KH(c)+Mg(c)= 2KBr(c)+ Mn(c)+MgH2(c) Q=-362.6 kJ/reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -3.63 kJ, excess heat: -3.4 kJ, 1.9X excess heat. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+WC 20.0 gm+MnBr2 10.75 gm 5 Ein: 309 kJ, dE: 35 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 335 °C. The energy gain is about 1.9 Χ (Χ is about 18.1 kJ). 142257.doc -165- 201104948 ΚΗ 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+MnBr2 10.75 gm, Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 41 kJ, TSC at about 28 0 °C and Tmax about 350 °C . The energy gain is about 2.2 X (X is about 18.1 kJ).

FeF2 • 4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+0.94 g FeF2, experimental dE: -9.8 kJ, consider the reaction: FeF2(c)+Mg(c)=MgF2(c)+Fe(c) , Q = -412.9 kJ / reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -4.13 kJ, excess heat: -5.77 kJ, 2.4X excess heat. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+FeF2 4.7 gm, Ein: 280 kJ, dE: 40 kJ, TSC at about 260 ° C and Tmax is about 340 ° C, theoretical energy is 20.65 kJ, gain It is 1.94 times.

TiF3 KH 1.66 gm + Mg 1.0 gm + TiC 4·0 gm + TiF3 1.05 gm (5X battery #1086 with CAII-300), Ein: 143 kJ, dE: 6 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 280 ° C, The theoretical energy is 2.5 and the gain is 2.4 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+TiF3 5.25 gm, Ein: 268 kJ, dE: 7 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 280 °C. No energy gain (X is about 21.7 kJ).

CuF2 KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+CuF2 5.1 gm, Ein: 203 kJ, dE: 57 kJ, TSC at about 125 ° C and Tmax is about 280 ° C, theoretical energy is 29.1 kJ, The gain is 2 times.

Mnl2

NaH 4.0 gm+Mg 4.0 gm +CAII-300 16.0 gm+MnI2 12.36 142257.doc -166- 201104948 gm (4X proportional force σ ), Ein : 253 kJ, dE : 30 kJ, no TSC and Tmax is about 3 At 00 ° C, the theoretical energy is 11.8 kJ and the gain is 2.5 times. 3.09 g Mnl2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 8.8 kJ, and the battery temperature suddenly increases by 92 ° C (172-264 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 410 ° C, the theoretical energy is 2.96 kJ, and the gain is 3 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.09 g Mnl2, Ein : 126.1 kJ,dE : 8.0 kJ, TSC : 157-241〇C > Tmax : 385〇C 1 Theoretical energy is 2.96 kJ, gain 2.69 times

ZnBr2 2.25 g ZnBr2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 10.3 kJ, and the battery temperature suddenly increases by 82 ° C (253- 335 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 456 ° C, the theoretical energy is 3.56 kJ, and the gain is 2.9 times.

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm +CAII-300 20.0 gm+ZnBr2 11.25 gm, Ein: 291 kJ, dE: 26 kJ, no TSC and Tmax is about 3 30 ° C, theoretical energy is 17·8 kJ, the gain is 1.46 times.

CoCl2 1.3 g CoCl2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is l〇_4 kJ, and the battery temperature rises to l 〇 5 ° C (316-421 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 45 0 ° C, the theoretical energy is 5.2 kJ, and the gain is 2 times. 1.3 g CoCl2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 9.6 kJ and a sudden increase in temperature of the battery 142257.doc -167- 201104948 181 ° C (295-476 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 478 ° C, the theoretical energy is 5.2 kJ, and the gain is 1.89 times.

SnBr2 2.8 g SnBr2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 14.2 kJ and a sudden temperature increase of 148 ° C (148 -296 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 376. (:, theoretical energy is 3.75 kJ, gain is 3.78 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.79 g SnBr2 > Ein : 116.0 kJ, dE : 7.7 kJ, TSC : 135-236 ° C , Tmax : 370 ° C, theoretical energy is 3.75 kJ, gain is 2 times. KH 8.3 gm + Mg powder 5.0 gm + CAII 300 20.0 gm + SnBr2 11.4 gm, Ein: 211 kJ, dE: 41 kJ, at about 170 ° The TSC under C is about 300° (:; theoretical energy is 15_5) <::1, and the gain is 2.6 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm +TiC 20.0 gm+SnBr2 4.0 gm » Ein 229 kJ , dE : 46 kJ, TSC at about 150 ° C with a Tmax of about 310 ° C and a gain of about 2.4X (X is about 19 kJ), a theoretical energy of 18.8 kJ, and a gain of 2.4 times. KH 1.66 gm + Mg 1.0 gm+WC 4.0 gm+SnBr2 2.8 gm j Ein : 101 kJ,dE : 10 kJ, TSC at about 150 ° C and Tmax is about 350° (:, theoretical energy is 3.751^, gain is 2.66 times. _ 4 g CAIII-300+1.66 g KH+2.79 g SnBr2, Ein: 132.0 kJ, dE: 9.6 kJ, TSC: 168-263, Tmax: 381 ° C, theoretical energy 4.29 kJ, gain 2.25 times -1 g Mg +1.66 g KH+2.79 g SnBr2 ; Ein : 123.0 kJ ; 142257.doc • 168 - 20110494 8 dE : 7.82 kJ ; TSC : 125-220 ° C ; Tmax : 386 ° C, theoretical energy 5.85 kJ, gain 1.33 times.

Snl2 ΚΗ 6·64 gm+Mg powder 4.0 gm+TiC 18.0 gm+SnI2 14.8 gm, Ein: 232 kJ, dE: 47 kJ, TSC at about 150 ° C and Tmax of about 280 ° C. The energy gain is about 3·6 Χ (Χ is about 12.8 kJ), the theoretical energy is 12.6 kJ, and the gain is 3.7 times. 3.7 g of Snl2, 1.66 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain was 11.9 kJ, but no sudden increase in temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 455 ° C, the theoretical energy is 3.2 kJ, and the gain is 3.7 times. KH 1.6 gm + Mg powder 1 · 0 gm + TiC 4.0 gm + Snl2 3.7 gm, Ein : 162 kJ, dE : 13 kJ ; TSC at 100 ° C and Tmax is about 490 ° C; theoretical energy is 3.2 kJ, gain It is 4 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg powder 5.0 gm+CAII 300 20.0 gm+SnI2 18.5 gm, Ein: 221 kJ, dE: 47 kJ, TSC at about 170 ° C and Tmax is about 300 ° C, theoretical energy is 15.9 kJ, The gain is 3 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.73 g Snl2 ; Ein : 121.9 kJ ; dE : 7.56 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 391 ° C, theoretical energy 3.2 kJ, gain 2.36 times . _ 1.66 g KH+3.79 g Snl2, Ein: 114.0 k; J, dE: 8.8 kJ, TSC: 161-25 9°C, Tmax: 359°C, theoretical energy 4 kJ, gain 2.17 times.

SnCl2 142257.doc -169- 201104948

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg 5.0 gm +CAII-300 20.0 gm+SnCh 9.6 gm, Ein: 1 81 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, TSC at about 140 ° C and Tmax of about 280 ° C, theoretical energy 19 kJ, The gain is 1.57 times.

NiBr2 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.19 g NiBr2 ; Ein : 126.0 kJ ; dE : 12.01 kJ ; TSC : 290-370〇C ; Tmax : 417 ° C , theoretical energy 4 kJ , gain It is 3 times.

NaH 1_0 gm+MgH2 powder 1.0 gm+TiC 4.0 gm, mixture +NiBr2 2_2 gm, Ein: 121 kJ, dE: 11 kJ, temperature rises at 260 ° C and Tmax is about 390 ° C, theoretical energy is 4 kJ The gain is 2.75 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Al+1 g NaH+2.19 g NiBr2 ; Ein : 122.0 kJ ; dE : 7·78 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 392 ° C, theoretical energy 4 kJ, gain 1.95 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+0.33 g LiH+2.19 g NiBr2 ; Ein : 128.0 kJ ; dE : 10.72 kJ ; TSC : 270-436〇C ; Tmax : 440°〇, theoretical energy 41·; The gain is 2.68 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.19 g NiBr2 Ein : 126.0 kJ ; dE : 10.45 kJ ; TSC : 285-423〇C ; Tmax : 423° (:, theoretical energy is 4 1^, gain 2.6 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+lg NaH+2.19 g NiBr2 ; Ein . 13 8· 1 kJ, dE · 8· 12 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 425 ° C, theoretical energy It is 4 kJ and the gain is 2 times.

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg powder 5.0 gm+activated carbon CAII 300 20.0 142257.doc -170- 201104948 gm, mixture + NiBr2 11 .〇gm (theoretical energy is 23.6 kJ), Ein: 224 kJ, dE: 53 kJ, temperature is 160 The temperature rises at °C and the Tmax is about 280° (:, the theoretical energy is 20 1^, and the gain is 2.65 times.

NaH 1.0 gm+Mg 1.0 gm+WC 4.0 gm +NiBr2 2.2 gm > Ein : 197 kJ,dE : 11 kJ, small TSC at about 200 ° C and Tmax is about 500 ° C; theoretical energy is 4 kJ, gain It is 2.75 times.

NaH 50.0 gm+Mg 50.0 gm+CAII-300 200.0 gm+NiBr2 109.5 gm, Ein: 1990 kJ,dE: 577 kJ, TSC at about 140 °C and D = 11^\ is about 980° (:, theoretical energy is 1991^, the gain was 2.9 times. No Mg control: 4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g NaH+2.19 g NiBr2; Ein: 134.0 kJ; dE: 5.37 kJ; TSC: not observed; Tmax: 3 75 °C, The theoretical energy is 3.98 kJ and the gain is 1.3 5 times. Control: 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.19 g NiBr2 ; Ein : 129.0 kJ ; dE : 5.13 kJ ; TSC : 195-3 10 ° C ; Tmax : 416 ° C The theoretical energy is 5.25 kJ. -Control: 1 g NaH + 2.19 g NiBr2 ; Ein : 138.2 kJ ; dE : -0.18 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 377 ° C, theoretical energy 3.98 kJ.

CuCl2 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.34 g CuCl2, Ein: 119.0 kJ, dE: 10.5 kJ, TSC: 250-381. . , Tmax : 393° (:, theoretical energy is 4.91^, gain is 2.15 times. -4 g CAIII-300+1 g Al+1 g NaH+1.34 g CuCl2, Ein: 126.0 kJ, dE: 7.4 kJ, TSC: 229-354 ° C, Tmax : 418 ° C, 142257.doc -171 - 201104948 The theoretical energy is 4.9 kJ and the gain is 1.5 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+lg NaH+1.34 g CuCl2 5 Ein : 144.0 kJ,dE : 8_3 kJ, TSC : 229-3 14 ., Tmax : 409 ° C, theoretical energy is 4.9 kJ, gain is 1.69 times.

NaH 5.0 gm+Mg powder 5.0 gm+activated carbon CAII 300 20.0 gm, mixture + CuCl2 10.75 gm (theoretical energy is 45 kJ), Ein: 268 kJ, dE: 80 kJ, temperature rises at 210 ° C and Tmax is about At 360 ° C, the theoretical energy is 39 kJ and the gain is 2 times. 1 吋 large capacity battery 1.4 g CuCl2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy gain of 14.6 kJ, and temperature sudden increase of 190 ° C (1 88-378 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 43 7 ° C, the theoretical energy is 4.9 kJ, and the gain is 3 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg powder 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+CuCl2 6.7 gm, Ein: 255 kJ, dE: 55 kJ, TSC at about 200 ° C and D = 1 ^ 乂 is about 320 ° (:, theory The energy is 24.51^ and the gain is 2.24 times.

CuCl 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1 g CuCl ; Ein : 128.1 kJ ; dE : 4.94 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 395 ° C, theoretical energy 2.18 kJ, gain 2.26 Times.

CoI2 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.13 g CoI2, Ein : 141.1 kJ,dE : 9.7 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 411 ° C, consider the reaction: 2NaH(c)+Col2( c)+Mg(c) = 2NaI(c) + Co(c) + MgH2(c) Q=_449.8 kJ/reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -4.50 kJ, excess 142257.doc • 172 - 201104948 heat : -5.18 kJ, the gain is 1.9 times. _ 3.13 g CoI2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 10.7 kJ and a battery temperature of 1171 (248-3651) ^ The maximum battery temperature is 438. (:, theoretical energy: 1: 5.271 < ^, the gain is 2.03 times.

Zn work 2 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.19 g Znl2 > Ein : 157.1 kJ,dE : 5.8 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 330 ° C, consider the reaction: 2NaH(c) +Znl2(c)+Mg(c) = 2NaI(c)+Zn(c)+MgH2(c) Q=-330.47 kJ/reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -3.30 kJ, excess heat: -2.50 kJ, The gain is 1.75 times. _ 3.19 g Znl2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 5.9 kJ, and the battery temperature rises to 79 ° C (180 -259 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 423 ° C, the theoretical energy is 4.29 kJ, and the gain is 1.38 times.

NiF2 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+0.97 g NiF2 * Ein : 135.0 kJ,dE : 7.9 kJ, TSC : 253-335 ° C, Tmax : 385 ° C, Consider the reaction: 2NaH(c )+NiF2(c)+Mg(c)=2NaF(c) + Ni(c)+MgH2(c) Q=-464.4 kJ/reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -4.64 kJ, excess heat: -3.24 kJ The gain is 1.7 times. 0.97 g NiF2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 8.7 kJ, and the battery temperature rises to 63 ° C (256- 319 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 142257.doc -173 - 201104948 410° (:, the theoretical energy is 5.251^, and the gain is 1.66 times.

CoBr2 4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.19 g CoBr2, Ein : 140.0 kJ, dE : 7.6 kJ, TSC : none, Tmax : 461 ° C, considering the reaction: 2NaH(c) + CoBr2( c)+Mg(c) = 2NaBr(c) + Co(c)+MgH2(c) q=_464 kJ/reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -4.64 kJ, excess heat: -2.9 kJ, gain 1.64 times . 2.19 g CoBr2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 10.4 kJ, and the battery temperature suddenly increases ll 〇 ° C (306- 416 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 450 ° C, the theoretical energy is 5.27 kJ, and the gain is 1.97 times. 2.19 g CoBr2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 3 00 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain was 10.2 kJ, but no sudden increase in battery temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 446 ° C, the theoretical energy is 5.27 kJ, and the gain is 1.94 times.

FeCl2 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.27 g FeCl2, Ein: 155_0 kJ, dE: 10.5 kJ, TSC: none, Tmax: 450 ° C, theoretical energy 3.86 kJ, gain 2.85 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Al+1 g NaH+1.27 g FeCl2 > Ein : 141.7 kJ, dE : 7·0 kJ, TSC ·· none, Tmax : 440 ° C, theoretical energy 3.68 kJ, gain is 1.9 times. 1.3 gFeCb, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder in 1 large-capacity battery (dry at 300 °C), energy gain 142257.doc -174· 201104948 It is 11.5 kJ and the temperature suddenly increases by 142 ° C (287-429 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 448° (:, the theoretical energy is 4.11^, and the gain is 2.8 times. _ NaH 5.0 gm+Mg powder 5.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 20.0 gm, mixture + FeCl 6.35 gm, Ein: 296 kJ, dE: At 37 kJ, the temperature rises at 220 ° C and the Tmax is about 330 ° C. The theoretical energy is 18.4 kJ and the gain is 2 times.

FeCl3 2·7 g FeCl3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ton:), the energy gain is 21.3 kJ, and the battery temperature suddenly increases by 205 °C ( 147-352 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 445 ° C, the theoretical energy is 10.8 kJ, and the gain is 1.97 times.

NaH 1 ·0 gm+Mg powder 1 ·0 gm+TiC 4.0 gm+FeCl3 1.6 gm, Ein : 88 kJ, dE : 14 kJ ; TSC at 80 ° C and Tmax is about 350 ° C, the theoretical energy is 6.65 kJ, the gain is 2,1 times. KH 8.3 gm+MgH2 powder 5.0 gm+CAII 300 20.0 gm +FeCl3 8.1 gm, Ein: 253 kJ, dE: 52 kJ/; no TSC and Tmax is about 300 ° C, theoretical energy is 33 kJ, gain is 1.56 times . KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm +CAII-300 20.0 gm+FeCl2 6.5 gm, Ein: 299 kJ, dE: 44 kJ, no TSC and Tmax of about 350 ° C, theoretical energy of 18.9 kJ, gain of 2.3 times.

FeBr2 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.16 g FeBr2 ; Ein : 144.0 kJ ; dE : 9.90 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 455 ° C, theoretical energy 3.6 kJ, gain 2.75 Times. -175- 142257.doc 201104948 -4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g MgH2+lg NaH+2.16 g FeBr2 ; Ein. 142.0 kj,dE · 8·81 kJ, TSC : not observed; Tmax : 428° (:, The theoretical energy is 3.6 1^ and the gain is 2.44 times. -4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2 + 0.33 g LiH+2.16 g FeBr2 ; Ein : 164.0 kJ ; dE : 8·68 kJ ; TSC : not observed; Tmax : 450 ° C, theoretical energy is 3.6 kJ, gain is 2.4 times. • 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+1.66 g KH+2.16 g FeBr2 ; Ein · 159.8 kJ,dE . 9.07 kJ, TSC : not Observed; Tmax: 459 ° C, theoretical energy 3.6 kJ, gain 2.5 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.96 g FeBr2, experimental dE: -6.7 kJ, consider the reaction: 2NaH (c)+FeBr2(c) + Mg(c)= 2NaBr(c)+Fe(c)+MgH2(C) Q=-435.1 kJ/reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -4.55 kJ, excess heat:- 2.35 kJ, 1.54X excess heat.

NiCl2 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.30 g NiCl2 5 Ein : 112.0 kJ,dE : 9.7 kJ, TSC : 230-368〇C, Tmax : 376〇C, theoretical energy 4 kJ, gain It is 2.4 times. • 1.2 g NiCl2, 0.33 g LiH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (in 3 〇〇 under the armpit) with an energy gain of 9.2 kJ 'and a temperature rise The change is 100 charge (2〇5-3〇5°C). The maximum battery temperature is 43 2 ° C 'theoretical energy is 4 kJ and the gain is 2.3 times. 1 忖 large capacity battery 1.3 gNiCl2, 0.33 gLiH, 1 g A1 powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dry at 3 〇〇. under the armpit), the energy gain is 8.0 kJ, and the temperature rise changes to 85 °c (2〇6_29rc). Maximum battery 142257.doc -176- 201104948 The temperature is 447 ° C, the theory. The energy is 4 kJ and the gain is 2 times.

CuBr 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.44 g CuBr ; Ein : 125.0 kJ ; dE : 4.67 kJ ; TSC .: not observed; Tmax : 382 ° C, theoretical energy 2 kJ, gain 2.33 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+1.44 g CuBr, experimental dE: -7.6 kJ, considering the reaction: CuBr(c)+KH(c) + 0_5Mg(c)= KBr(c) + Cu (c) +0.5MgH2(c) Q=-269.2 kJ/reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -2.70 kJ, excess heat: -4.90 kJ, 2.8X excess heat. CuBr2 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.23 g CuBr2 ; Ein : 118.1 kJ ; dE : 8.04 kJ ; TSC : 108-180. . ; Tmax : 3 69 ° C, the theoretical energy is 4.68 kJ, and the gain is 1.7 times.

SnF4 2.0 g SnF4, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain was 18.4 kJ, but no sudden increase in temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 576 ° C, the theoretical energy is 9.3 kJ, and the gain is 1.98 times. Aii3 -4.1 g A1I3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain was 10"kJ, but no sudden increase in temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 412 ° C, the theoretical energy is 6.68 kJ, and the gain is 1.51 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg 5.0 gm+CAII-300 20.0 gm+AH3 20.5 142257.doc -177- 201104948 gm, Ein: 318 kJ, dE: 48 kJ, theoretical energy 33.4 kJ, gain 1.4 times.

SiCl4 1.7 g SiCl4, 1.66 g KH '1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-ΠΙ 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy gain of 12 6 kJ ' and temperature sudden increase of 68 ° C (366- 434 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 473. 〇, the theoretical energy is 7.32 kJ and the gain is 1_72 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+0.01 mol SiCl4(l_15 cc) ; Ein : 114.0 kJ ; dE : 14.19 kJ ; TSC : 260-410 ° C ; Tmax : 423 ° C 'Theoretical energy is 7 32 kJ, the gain is 丨94 times.

AlBr3 2.7 g AlBr3, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain was 7.5 kJ, but no sudden increase in temperature was observed. The maximum battery temperature is 4irc, the theoretical energy is 4.46 kJ, and the gain is 1.68 times.

FeCl3 2.7 g FeCl3, 1.60 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 213 kJ and a sudden increase in battery temperature 205 (: (147 -3 52. (:), the maximum battery temperature is 445. 〇, the theoretical energy is 10.8 kJ' the gain is 1.97 times.

SeBr4 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.99 g SeBr4; Ein: 112.0 kJ, dE: 23.40 kJ; TSC: 132-448. . ; Tmax : 44 8C 'Theoretical energy is 15.7 kJ, and the gain is i5 times. 142257.doc •178, 201104948

SnBr4 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+4.38 g SnBr4 ; Ein : 98.0 kJ ; dE : 12.44 kJ ; TSC : 120-270〇C ; Tmax : 3 59 ° C, theoretical energy 8.4 kJ, The gain is 1.48 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg powder 5.0 gm+CAII 300 20.0 gm +SnBr4 22.0 gm, Ein: 163 kJ, dE: 78 kJ; at 6 (TC TSC with a Tmax of about 290 ° C, the theoretical energy is 42 kJ, the gain is 1.86 times.

SiBr4 3.5 g SiBr4, 1.66 g KH '1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy gain of 1 K9 kJ, and temperature sudden increase of 99 ° C (304- 403 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 449 ° C, the theoretical energy is 7.62 kJ, and the gain is 1.56 times.

TeBr4 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+4.47 g TeBr4,Ein : 99.0 kJ,dE : 18.4 kJ,TSC : 186-411 °C, Tmax : 418°C, theoretical energy 11.3 kJ, gain It is 1.63 times. _ 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Al+1 g NaH+4.47 g TeBr4,Ein : 101.0 kJ,dE : 14.7 kJ, TSC : 144-305T:,Tmax : 3 74°C, theoretical energy 11.4 kJ, gain It is 1.29 times. 4.5 g TeBr4, 1.66 g KH, 1 g MgH2 powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) in a large-capacity battery with an energy gain of 19.1 kJ and a sudden increase in temperature of 218° C (172-390 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 410 ° C, the theoretical energy is 12.65 kJ, and the gain is 1.5 times. 1 吋 large capacity battery 4.5 g TeBr4, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder 142257.doc -179- 201104948 and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy gain 23.5 kJ And the temperature suddenly increased by 247 ° C (184-431 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 436 ° C, the theoretical energy is 12.4 kJ, and the gain is 1.89 times. KH 6.64 gm+Mg powder 4.0 gm+activated carbon CAII 300 16 gm+TeBr4 18 gm (theoretical kJ) (80% 5X proportional increase), Ein: 213 kJ 'dE : 77 kJ' temperature rises at 140C and Tmax is At about 320 ° C, the theoretical energy is 48.4 kJ and the gain is 1.59 times.

TeCl4 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.7 g TeCl4 ; Ein : 99.0 kJ ; dE : 16.76 kJ ; TSC : 114-300〇C ; Tmax : 385 ° C, theoretical energy 13 kJ, gain It is 1.29 times. • 1 called • 2.7 g TeCl4, 0.33 g LiH, 1 g powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) in a large capacity battery with an energy gain of 20.4 kJ and a sudden temperature increase of 140 °C (138-278X:). The maximum battery temperature is 399 ° C, the theoretical energy is 12.1 kJ, and the gain is 1.69 times. • 1 吋 large capacity battery with 2.7 g TeCl4, 0.33 g LiH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 3 00 activated carbon powder (dried under 3 )) with an energy gain of 17.2 kJ and temperature Increase 240 ° C (137-377 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 398eC, the theoretical energy is 12.8 kJ, and the gain is 1,34 times. 1 吋 large capacity battery with 2.7 gTeCl4, 1.66 gKH, 1 gMgH2S end and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (at 300. (under dry). Energy gain is 15.6 kJ, and temperature increases by 216. (: (139-355. 〇. Maximum battery temperature is 358 °C 'Theoretical energy is 12.1 kJ, the gain is 1.29 times. 1 吋 large capacity battery 2.7 g TeCl4, 1.66 g KH, 1 g A1 powder 142257.doc 180- 201104948 And 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 19_4 kJ, and the temperature suddenly increases by 202 ° C (89-291 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 543 ° C, the theory The energy is 10.9 kJ and the gain is 1,78 times. 1 吋 large capacity battery with 2.7 g TeCl4, 0.33 g LiH, 1 g A1 powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), The energy gain is 19·0 kJ, and the temperature suddenly increases by 288°C (155-443°C). The maximum battery temperature is 4431:, the theoretical energy is 10.9 kJ, and the gain is 1.74 times. 1吋 2.7 g TeCl4 in large-capacity battery 1,6 g of KH, 1 g of Mg powder and 4 g of CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 30 (TC), the energy gain was 17.7 kJ, and the temperature suddenly increased by 208 ° C (84-292 ° C). The large battery temperature is 3 96 ° (:, the theoretical energy is 131 ^, the gain is 1.36 times. 1 吋 large capacity battery 2.7 g TeCl4, 1.66 g KH, 1 g A1 powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (Dry at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 18_7 kJ, and the temperature suddenly increases by 224 ° C (112-336 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 398 ° C, the theoretical energy is 12 kJ, and the gain is 1.56 times.

SeCl4 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+2.21 g SeCl4 ; Ein : 93.0 kJ ; dE : 22.14 kJ ; TSC : 141-435 〇 C ; Tmax : 435 ° C , theoretical energy 15 kJ , gain It is 1.48 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1.66 g KH+2.20 g SeCl4, experimental dE: -25.2 kJ, consider the reaction: SeCl4(c)+4KH(c)+3Mg(c)= 4KCl(c)+MgSe (c) +2MgH2(c) Q=-1750.4 kJ/reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -17.5 kJ, excess heat: -7_7 kJ, 1.44 Χ excess heat. Cf4 142257.doc -181 - 201104948

NaH 50 gm +A1 50 gm + live carbon carbon CAII300 200 gm+CF4 0.3 mol ; 45 PSIG reservoir battery volume: 2221.8CC, Ein: 2190 kJ, dE: 482 kJ, temperature at 20 (TC rises and Tmax is Approximately 760. (:, theoretical energy is 345 kJ, gain is 1.4 times. • After evacuation, NaH 50.0 gm + Mg powder 50 gm + activated carbon CAII-300 200 gm + CF4 75-9.9 PSIG. The reservoir volume is 1800 CC and For this pressure drop, 'n=0.356 mol, and the theoretical energy is about 392 kJ, Ein: 1810 kJ 'dE: 765 kJ, the temperature rises at 170 ° C and the Tmax is about 1000 ° C and the gain is 765 / 392 = 1.95X.

NaH 1.0 gm + (Mg powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm) ball mill + CF4 0.0123 mol, and the theoretical energy is about 13.6 kJ, Ein: 143 kJ, dE: 25 kJ, the temperature rises at 250 ° C and Tmax It is about 500 ° C and the energy gain is about 1.8X.

NaH 1_0 gm + (Mg powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII-300 4 gm) ball mill + CF4 about 0. 01 mo. The theoretical energy is about 10.2 kJ, Ein: 121 kJ, dE: 18 kJ, the temperature is 260 ° C L and Tmax is about 500 ° C and the energy gain is about 1.7X. _ NaH 1 _0 gm + (Mg powder 1 · 〇gm + activated carbon CAII-300 4 gm) ball mill + CF4 0.006 mol, and the theoretical energy is about 7.2 kJ, Ein: 133 kJ, dE: 15 kJ, temperature at 300 ° C The bottom is raised and the Tmax is about 440 ° C and the energy gain is about 2. OX. • 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+3.55 g Rb+0.0082 mol CF4+0.0063 mol H2 ; Ein · 76.0 kJ ; dE : 20.72 kJ ; TSC : 30-200 ° C ; Tmax : 348 ° C, theoretical energy 10 kJ, the gain is 2 •182· 142257.doc 201104948 times. Sf6

NaH 50 gm+MgH2 50 gm+activated carbon CAII300 200 gm+SF6 0.29 mol ; 43 PSIG reservoir battery volume: 2221.8CC, Ein: 1760 kJ, dE: 920 kJ, temperature rises at about 140 °C and Tmax is about At 1100 ° C, the theoretical energy is 638 kJ and the gain is 1.44 times. • 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+lg NaH+0.0094 mol SF6 ; Ein : 96.7 kJ ; dE : 33.14 kJ ; TSC : 110-455〇C ; Tmax : 455°C, theoretical energy 20.65 kJ, excess 12.5 kJ, the gain is 1.6 times.

NaH 1.0 gm + Al powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm ball mill + SF6 0.01 mo and the theoretical energy is about 20 kJ, Ein: 95 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, the temperature rise changes about 1 〇〇. Under the armpit and the Tmax is about 400 ° C, the theoretical energy is 20.4 kJ, the excess is 9.6 kJ, and the gain is 1.47 times.

NaH 1.0 gm+MgH2 powder 1.0 gm+activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm ball mill + SF6 0.01 mol, and the theoretical energy is about 22 kJ, Ein: 85 kJ, dE: 28 kJ 'temperature rise change at about 110 ° C and Tmax is At about 410 ° C, the theoretical energy is 22 kJ, the excess is 6 kJ, and the gain is 1.27 times.

NaH 1_〇gm+Al nano powder 1.0 gm+activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm ball mill + SF6 0.005 mol, Ein: 107 kJ, dE: 21 kJ, temperature rise change at about 160 ° C and Tmax is about 380 ° C The theoretical energy is 10·2 kJ 'the gain is 2 times. • NaH 1.0 gm+Mg powder 1.0 gm+ activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm ball mill + SF6 0·005 mol, Ein: 104 kJ, dE: 18 kJ, temperature rise change 142257.doc •183· 201104948 at about 150°C The Tmax is about 370 ° C, the theoretical energy is 12_5 kJ, the excess is 5.5 kJ, and the gain is 1.44 times.

NaH 1.0 gm+MgH2 powder 1.0 gm+activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm ball mill + SF6 0.0025 mol, and the theoretical energy is about 5.5 kJ ' Ein : 100 kJ, dE : 10 kJ, the temperature rises at about 160 ° C and the Tmax is At about 3 35 ° C, the theoretical energy is 5.5 kJ and the gain is 1.8 times. 4 g CAIII-300 + 0.5 g B + l g NaH + 0.0047 mol SF6 ; Ein : 112.0 kJ ; dE : 15.14 kJ ; TSC : 210-350. . ; Tmax : 409 ° C, theoretical energy is 10.12 kJ, excess 5 kJ, gain 1.49 times. -4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+1.66 g KH+0.00929 mol SF6 (battery temperature rises to 29 °C after filling SF6); Ein: 66.0 kJ; dE: 26.11 kJ; TSC: 37-375〇C Tmax : 375〇C, theoretical energy is 20·4 kJ, and gain is 1.28 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+0.33 g LiH+0.00929 mol SF6 (the battery temperature rises to 26 ° C after filling SF6 ) Ein : 128.0 kJ ; dE : 32.45 kJ ; TSC : 275-540 ° C ; Tmax: 550 ° C, theoretical energy is 23.2 kJ, and the gain is 1.4 times. _ 4 g CAIII-300+1 g S + lg NaH+0.0106 mol SF6 (on line), Ein : 86.0 kJ, dE : 18.1 kJ, TSC : 51-313〇C, Tmax : 354°C, theoretical energy 11.2 kJ The gain is 1.6.

NaH 5.0 gm+MgH2 5·0 gm+ activated carbon CAII 300 20.0 gm ball mill + SF6 40 PSIG (0.026 mol line) (theoretical energy is about 57 kj) 2, battery, Ein: 224 kJ, dE: 86 kJ 'temperature at It rises sharply at i50°c and has a Tmax of about 3 50 ° C, a theoretical energy of 57 kJ, and a gain of i. 5 times. 142257.doc -184 - 201104948

Te02 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+lg NaH+1.6 g Te02 ; Ein : 325.1 kJ ; dE : 18.46 kJ ; TSC : 210-440〇C ; Tmax : 440°C, theoretical energy 9.67 kJ, excess 8.8 kJ, the gain is 1.9 times. 4 g CAIII-300 + 2 g MgH2 + 2 g NaH + 3.2 g Te02, Ein: 103.0 kJ, dE: 31.6 kJ, TSC: 185-491. . , Tmax : 498 ° C, theoretical energy is 17.28 kJ, gain is 1.83 times. 1 吋 large capacity battery 1.6 g Te 〇 2, 0.33 g LiH, 1 g A1 powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), energy gain of 18.1 kJ, but not observed The temperature suddenly increased. The maximum battery temperature is 63 7 ° C, the theoretical energy is 8.66 kJ, and the gain is 2.1 times. 1 called large-capacity battery 1.6 g Te〇2, 1.66 g KH, 1 g MgH2 powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), the energy gain is 22.0 kJ, and the temperature is sudden Increase 233 ° C (316-549 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 554 ° C, the theoretical energy is 8.64 kJ, and the gain is 2.55 times. 1.6 g Te02, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Mg powder and 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C) in a 1-port high-capacity battery with an energy gain of 20.3 kJ and a sudden increase in temperature 274 °C (268-542 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 549 ° C, the theoretical energy is 10.9 kJ, and the gain is 1.86 times. _ NaH 5_0 gm+MgH2 powder 5·0 gm+ activated carbon CAII 300 20 gm ball mill + Te〇2 8.0 gm, Ein: 253 kJ, dE: 77 kJ, temperature rises at 200 ° C and Tmax is about 400 ° C The theoretical energy is 48.35 kJ and the gain is 1.6 times. _ NaH 1.0 gm+MgH2 powder 1.0 gm+activated carbon CAII 300 4.0 gm 142257.doc -185 - 201104948 ball mill + Te02 1 ·6 gm ' Ein : 110 kJ ' dE : 16 kJ ' The temperature rises at 190 ° C and Tmax At about 400 ° C, the theoretical energy is 9.67 kJ and the gain is 1.65 times. • KH 1.66 gm+MgH2 powder 1.0 gm+ activated carbon CAII 300 4.0 gm ball mill + Te〇2 1.6 gm, Ein: 119 kJ 'dE : 19 kJ, temperature rises at 340 ° C and Tmax is about 570 ° C, theory The energy is 9.67 kJ and the gain is 2 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g NaH+1.6 g Te02, Ein : 116.0 kJ , dE : 11.0 kJ > TSC : 207-352〇C > Tmax : 381〇C, theoretical energy 6.6 kJ, gain 1.67 times . KH 1.66 gm+MgH2 powder 1.0 gm+TiC 4.0 gm +Te02 1.6 gm, Ein: 133 kJ, dE: 15 kJ, temperature rises at 280 °C and Tmax is about 460 °C, theoretical energy is 8.64 kJ, gain It is 1.745 times. _ 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.60 g Te02, experimental dE: -17.0 kJ, consider the reaction: Te02(c)+3Mg(c)+2NaH(c)= 2MgO(c)+ Na2Te(C)+MgH2(c) Q=-1192.7 kJ/, reaction, theoretical chemical reaction energy: -11.9 kJ, excess heat: -5·1 kJ, 1.43X excess heat. P6〇5 1吋 large capacity battery 1.66 g KH, 2 g P2〇5 and 1 g MgH2 and 4 g 0 eight-111 300 activated carbon powder (at 300. (: dry), energy gain of 21.2 kJ, The temperature suddenly increases by 242 ° C (299-541 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 549 ° C, the theoretical energy is 10.8 kJ, the excess is 10.35 kJ, the gain is 1.96 times 032609GC4 : 031909RCWF4/1.66 g KH+2 g P2〇5 +lg MgH2+4 g CA III-300 ' In DMF-d7 (as is), strong _3·86 142257.doc •186- 201104948 ppm peak. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+1.66 g KH+ 2 g P205, Ein: 138.0 kJ, dE: 21.6 kJ, TSC: 320-616〇C, Tmax: 616°C, theoretical energy is 11.5 kJ, excess 10.1 kJ, gain is 1.9 times. ΚΗ 8.3 gm +MgH2 powder 5·0 gm+activated carbon CAII 300 20 gm ball mill + P205 10.0 gm, Ein: 272 kJ, dE: 98 kJ, with a sudden rise at 250 ° C and a Tmax of about 450 ° C, the theoretical energy is 54 kJ, The gain is 1.81 times. ΚΗ 1.66 gm+MgH2 powder 1.0 gm+ activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm ball mill + P205 2.0 gm, Ein: 130 kJ, dE: 21 kJ, rises at 300 ° C and Tmax is about 550 ° C, The theoretical energy is 10.8 kJ and the gain is 1.94 times. _ ΚΗ 1.66 gm+MgH2 powder 1.0 gm+TiC 4·0 gm+P2〇5 2.0 gm, Ein: 129 kJ, dE: 21 kJ, temperature rises at 270 °C and Tmax is about 600 ° C, theoretical energy The value is 10.8 kJ and the gain is 1.95 times. NaMn04 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Si+1 g NaH+3.5 g NaMn〇4 ; Ein : 123.0 kJ ; dE : 26.25 kJ ; TSC : 45-330〇C ; Tmax : At 465 ° C, the theoretical energy is 17.6 kJ, with an excess of 8.7 kJ and a gain of 1.5. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Al+1 g NaH+3.5 g NaMn〇4 ; Ein : 120.0 kJ ; dE : 32.41 kJ ; TSC : 44-373〇C ; Tmax : 433° (:, theoretical energy is 20.51^, excess 7.71<:>1, gain is 1.58 times. _ 4 g CAIII-300 + 1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.5 g NaMn〇4 ; Ein : 66.0 kJ ; dE : 32.27 kJ ; TSC : 74-430〇C ; Tmax : 430〇C, theoretical energy 17.4 kJ The excess is 14.9 kJ and the gain is 1.85 times. 142257.doc -187- 201104948 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+lg NaH+3.5 g NaMn04,Ein : 72.0 kJ,dE : 34.1 kJ,TSC : 49-362〇C,Tmax : 364〇C, theoretical energy It is 17.4 kJ, with a surplus of 16.7 kJ and a gain of 2 times. KH 8.3 gm+Mg powder 5.0 gm+activated carbon CAII 300 20 gm ball mill+NaMn〇4 17.5 gm, Ein: 130 kJ, dE: 160 kJ, temperature rises at 7 °C and Tmax is about 350 °C, theory The energy is 87 kJ and the gain is 1.84 times. KH 8.3 gm+Al powder 5.0 gm+activated carbon CAII 300 20 gm ball mill + NaMn04 17.5 gm, Ein: 134 kJ, dE: 171 kJ, the temperature rises at 50 ° C and the Tmax is about 350 ° C, the theoretical energy is 102.5 kJ, the gain is 1.66 times.

NaH 1.0 gm+Mg powder 1·0 gm+activated carbon CAII 300 4.0 gm ball mill + NaMn04 3·5 gm (theoretical energy is about 17_4 kJ), Ein: 54 kJ, dE : 32 kJ, the temperature rises at 60 ° C And Tmax is about 45 0 ° C, the theoretical energy is 17.4 kJ, and the gain is 1.8 times. KH 1.66 gm+Mg powder 1.0 gm + TiC 4.0 gm+NaMn〇4 3·5 gm, Ein: 65 kJ, dE: 30 kJ, the temperature rises at 70 ° C and the Tmax is about 410 ° C, the theoretical energy is 17.4 kJ, the gain is 1.7 times. a mixture of 2 g NaH, 3 g NaN03 and 1 g Ti powder and 4 g activated carbon powder in a nitrate _ 1 吋 battery (dried at 300 ° C) with an energy gain of 33.2 kJ and a sudden temperature increase of 418 ° C (1 10-528 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 530 ° C, the theoretical energy is 24.8 kJ, the excess is 8.4 kJ, and the gain is 1.3 times. 1) Battery 3 g NaH, 3 g NaN03 and 1 g A1 nano powder and 4 g 142257.doc -188- 201104948 A mixture of activated carbon powder (dried at 3 ° C) with an energy gain of 42 3 kJ, and the temperature suddenly increased by 384 〇 C (150_534t:). The maximum battery temperature is 540 C, the theoretical energy is 33.3 kJ, the excess is 9 kJ, and the gain is 1.27 times. _ 1吋 Battery 2.1 gNaH, 3 gNaN〇3&1 §]^§112 and 4§ mixture of activated carbon powder (at 300 00. (: dry), energy gain of 43.4 kJ, and temperature burst 382 (:(67-449.(:). The maximum battery temperature is 451. (:, theoretical bin bf is 28.6kJ' excess I4_8kj, gain is ι·52 times. 1吋 large capacity battery 0.33 g LiH, 1.7 g Mixture of UN03 and 1 g MgH2 with 4 g of activated carbon powder (dry at 3 〇 (dry under rc) with an energy gain of 40.1 kJ and a sudden increase in temperature of 337. (: (92_429. 〇. Maximum battery temperature is 431 C ' The theoretical energy is 21.6 kJ, the excess is 18.5 kJ, and the gain is 1.86 times. In a 1-cell battery, 0.33 g LiH, 1.7 g LiN03, and a mixture of 1 g Ti and 4 g activated carbon powder (dried at 300 ° C), The energy gain is 36 5 kJ, and the temperature suddenly increases by 319 C (83-402 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 45 〇. 理论, the theoretical energy is 1 8.4 kJ, the excess is 18 kJ, and the gain is 2 times. 4 g CAIII-300 +1 g MgH2+lg NaH+2.42 g LiN03 ;

Ein : 75.0 kJ ; dE : 39.01 kJ ; TSC : 5 7-492. . ; Tmax : 492 C 'Theoretical energy is 28.5 kJ ‘excess ίο: kJ, the gain is 丨37 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Al+1 g NaH+2.42 g LiN03 ; Ein : 81.2 kJ ; dE : 41.89 kJ ; TSC : 73-528〇C ; Tmax : 528〇C 5 Lifen can be set to 3 4 · 6 k J 'excess 7 · 3 k J, the benefit is 21 times.

Cl〇4 142257.doc 189- 201104948 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+2 g NaCl〇4+lg NaH ; Ein : 86.0 kJ ; dE : 38.88 kJ ; TSC : 130-55 1〇C ; Tmax : 551 °C, the theoretical energy is 30.7 kJ, the excess is 8.2 kJ, and the gain is 1.27 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Al+1 g NaH+4.29 g NaC104 ; Ein : 88.0 kJ ; dE : 58.24 kJ ; TSC : 119-615〇C ; Tmax : 615°C, theoretical energy 47.1 kJ, excess 11.14 kJ, the gain is 1.23 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+lg NaH+4.29 g NaC104 ; Ein : 98.0 kJ ; dE : 56.26 kJ ; TSC : 113-571 〇 C ; Tmax : 571 ° C , theoretical energy 36.2 kJ , excess 20.1 kJ The gain is 1.55 times. K2S2O8 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+1.66 g KH+2 '7 g K2S208, Ein: 121.0 kJ, dE: 27.4 kJ, TSC: 178-462. . , Tmax : 468 ° C, the theoretical energy is 19.6 kJ, the excess is 7.8 kJ, and the gain is 1.40 times. S02 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+lg NaH+0.0146 mol S〇2, Ein : 58.0 kJ, dE : 20.7 kJ, TSC : 42-287〇C, Tmax : 309° (:, theoretical energy is 15 1 ^, the excess is 5.7 1^, and the gain is 1.3 8 times.

S 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+lg NaH+3.2 g S,Ein : 67.0 kJ,dE : 22.7 kJ, TSC : 49-356〇C, Tmax : 366〇C, theoretical energy is 17.9 kJ, excess 4.8 kJ, the gain is 1.27 times. _ 1吋 Large capacity battery 1.3 g S powder, 1.66 g KH, 1 g Si powder and 142257.doc -190- 201104948 4 g CA-III 300 activated carbon powder (dry at 30 (TC), energy gain is 13.7 kJ, and the temperature suddenly increases by 129 ° C (66-195 ° C). The maximum battery temperature is 415 ° C, the theoretical energy is 7.5 kJ, and the excess is 1.82 times. 1 吋 large capacity battery 3.2 g S powder, 0.33 g LiH , 1 g of A1 powder and 4 g of CA-IV 300 activated carbon powder (dried at 3 ° C), energy gain of 27.1 kJ ' and temperature sudden increase of 301 ° C (163-464 ° C). The temperature is 484 ° C 'theoretical energy is 20.9 kJ, the excess is 6.2 kJ, the gain is 13 times. 1 吋 large capacity battery 3.2 g S powder, 0.33 g LiH, 1 g Si powder and 4 g CA-IV 300 activity Carbon powder (dry at 3 〇〇. under the armpit), energy benefit is 1 7.7 kJ 'and temperature 233 C (2 12-445 ° C). Maximum battery temperature is 4 5 1 °C 'Theoretical energy is 13.7 k J, excess 4 k J, gain is 1 3. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Si+1.66 g KH+1.3 g S > Ein : 81 〇kJ ' dE : 10.8 kJ ' TSC : 52-196° C, Tmax : 326 ° C, theoretical energy is 7.4 kJ, gain 1.45 times. 5 n F4 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.95 g SnF4 ; Bin: 130.2 kJ ; dE : 13.89 kJ ; TSC : 375-520〇C ; Tmax : 525°C, theoretical energy 9.3 kJ, the gain is 1.5 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+1.95 g SnF4 ; Bin : 130.2 kJ ; dE : 13.89 kJ ; TSC : 375-520〇C ; Tmax : 525°C The theoretical energy is 9·3 kJ and the gain is 15 times.

Se02 4 g CAIII-300+2 g MgH2+2 g NaH+2.2 g Se02 , Ein : 142257.doc -191 - 201104948 82.0 kJ,dE : 29.5 kJ, TSC : 99-388 ° C, Tmax : 393 ° C, The theoretical energy is 20.5 kJ and the gain is 1.4 times. Cs2 PP vial NaH 1.0 gm + (A1 powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm) ball mill + CS2 1.2 ml, Ein: 72 kJ, dE: 18 kJ, temperature rises at about 80 ° C and Tmax is about 320 °C, the theoretical energy is 11.4 kJ, and the gain is 1.58 times. NaH 1.0 gm+MgH2 powder in PP vial 1.0 gm+ activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm ball mill + CS2 1.2 ml, Ein: 82 kJ, dE: 18 kJ, the temperature rises at about 80 ° C and the Tmax is about 330 ° C. The theoretical energy is 12.6 kJ and the gain is 1.4 times. C〇2 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+lg NaH+0.00953 mol C〇2 (battery temperature rises to 45 °C after filling C02) Ein : 188.4 kJ ; dE : \ 10.37 kJ ; TSC : 80 -120^ ; Tmax : 508〇C, theoretical energy is 6.3 kJ, gain is 1.65 times. Pf5 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Al+1 g NaH+0.010 mol PF5 ; Ein : 127.0 kJ ; dE : 15.65 kJ ; TSC : 210-371〇C ; Tmax : 3 71°〇, theoretical energy is 1〇1 ^, the excess is 6.451^, and the gain is 1.57 times. 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Al + 1 g NaH+0.01 mol. PF5, Ein: 101.0 kJ, dE: 15.7 kJ, TSC: 178-370. . , Tmax : 3 91° (:, theoretical energy is 1〇1^, gain is 1.57 times. nf3 142257.doc -192- 201104948

NaH 1.0 gm + (Mg powder 1.0 gm + activated carbon CAII-300 4 gm) ball mill + NF3 0.011 mol, and the theoretical energy is about kJ, Ein: 136 kJ, dE: 28 kJ, temperature rises at 70 ° C and Tmax At about 470 ° C, the theoretical energy is 19.6 kJ and the gain is 1.4 times. PC15 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+2.08 g PC15+1 g NaH ; Ein : 90.0 kJ ; dE : 20.29 kJ ; TSC : 180-379〇C ; Tmax : 391 °C, theoretical energy 13.92 kJ, gain It is 1.45 times. P2S5 4 g CAIII-300+1 g MgH2+lg NaH+2.22 g P2S5 ; Ein : 105.0 kJ ; dE : 13.79 kJ ; TSC : 150-363〇C ; Tmax : 3 98°C, theoretical energy 10.5 kJ, excess 3.3 kJ, the gain is 1.3 times.

NaH 1.0 gm+Al powder 1.0 gm+activated carbon CAII 300 4 gm ball mill + P2S5 2.22 gm, Ein: 110 kJ, dE: 14 kJ, the temperature rises at about 170 ° C and the Tmax is about 425 ° C, the theoretical energy is 10.1 kJ, the gain is 1.39 times. Oxide 4 g AC+1 g MgH2+1.66 g KH+1.35 g K02 > Ein : 86.0 kJ, dE : 21.0 kJ, TSC : 157-408 〇C, Tmax : 416 ° C, theoretical energy 15.4 kJ, gain It is 1.36 times. Μη04 4 g CAIII-300+1 g Mg+1 g NaH+3.5 g Mn02 ; Ein : 108.0 kJ ; dE : 22.11 kJ ; TSC : 170-498 〇 C ; Tmax : 498 ° C , theoretical energy 18.4 kJ , excess 3.7 kJ, the gain is 1.2 times. 142257.doc -193 - 201104948 n2o 4 g Pt/C+lg Mg+lg NaH+0.0198 mol N20,Ein : .72.0 kJ ' dE : 22.2 kJ, TSC : 73-3461,Tmax : 361°C, theoretical energy 16.2 kJ, the gain is 1.37 times.

HFB

NaH 1.0 gm + (aluminum nano powder l gm + activated carbon (AC) 5 gm) ball mill +HFB 1 nU' Ein : 108 kJ, dE 3 5 kJ, the temperature suddenly increased by 450 ° C at 90 ° C.

NaH 1.0 gm + (La 5 gm + activated carbon 5 gm) ball mill + six gas stupid 1 ml, Ein: 109 kJ, dE: 38 kJ, the temperature suddenly increased by 400 ° C at 90 ° C. (4 g activated carbon (AC) + 1 g MgH2) ball mill +1 ml HFB+1 g NaH, Ein : 150.0 kJ, dE : 45.1 kJ, TSC: about 50-240, Tmax about 250 ° C 0 Blend (4 g AC+1 g MgH2) + 1 ml HFB+1 g NaH, Ein: 150.0 kJ, dE: 35·0 kJ, TSC: 54-255〇C, 45-241. . '48-199 ° C; Tmax : 258 ° C, 247 ° C, 206 ° C (three series battery). 1吋1.6 g of KH, 1 ml of hexadecafluoroheptane (HDFH) and a mixture of 4 g of activated carbon powder and 1 g of MgH2, dE: 34.3 kJ, and a sudden increase of 419 ° C (145-564X: ), The Tmax is about 575. (:.

B. Solution NMR A representative reaction mixture for forming low energy hydrogen comprises: (i) at least one catalyst, such as one selected from the group consisting of h·//, open and ΑΓα//; (ii) at least one oxidizing agent, such as Selected from, M«/2,, five wBr2, S, CF4', M2S2 with Jg (one of 98 and P2JP5; (iii) to 142257.doc -194-201104948 less reducing agent, such as selected from Mg powder or Mgi/2, A powder or aluminum nano powder 〇 4 / NP), one of the points and Ca; and (iv) at least one carrier, such as one selected from the group consisting of AC and TiC. 50 mg of the reaction mixture was added to a vial sealed with a glass TEFLONTM valve, 1.5 ml of hydrazine, hydrazine-dimercaptocaramine-d7(Z)Ca/V(CT)3)2, DMF- D7 (99.5°/〇Cambridge

Isotope Laboratories, Inc.)), sputum; and allowed to dissolve in a glove box under argon for a period of 12 hours. The solution lacking any solids was transferred to an NMR tube (5 mm 0D, 23 cm long, Wilmad) by means of a gas-tight connection, followed by flame sealing of the tube. NMR spectra were recorded on a 500 MHz Bruker NMR spectrometer with a lock. The chemical shift is referenced at a solvent frequency such as DMF-d7 relative to tetramethyl decane (TMS) 8.03 ppm. Low-energy hydrogen-hydrogen anion Η_(1/4) was predicted to be observed at approximately -3.66 ppm relative to TMS, and molecular low-energy hydrogen H2 (1/4) was predicted to be observed at 1.25 ppm relative to TMS. The position and intensity of these peaks for a particular reaction mixture are given by displacement in Table 4. Table 4. 1H solution NMR after DMF-d7 solvent extraction of the product of the non-uniform low energy hydrogen catalyst system containing the following reactants: (i) a catalyst such as LiH, KH or NaH; (ii) a reducing agent such as Al, A1 NP, Mg or MgH2; and (iii) oxidizing agents such as CF4, Ν20, NF3, K2S2O8, FeS〇4, 〇2, LiN03, P2O5, SF6, S, CS2, NiBr2, Te〇2, NaMn04, SnF4 and Snl4, Mixed with (iv) a carrier such as AC or Pt/C. 142257.doc -195- 201104948 Reactant 1.66 g ΚΗ, 1 g A1, 4 g AC and 0·01 mol CF4 1 g NaH, 1 g A Bu 4 g AC and 0.01 mol CF4 1 g NaH ' 1 g MgH2 ' 4 g AC and 0.01 mol CF4 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 0.004 mol CF4 1 g NaH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AC and 52 mmol CF4 1 g NaH, 1 g A1, 4 g AC and 52 mmol CF4 1 g NaH ' 1 g MgH2 ' 4 g

Pt/C and 0.01 mol CF4

1 g NaH ' 1 g A1 ' 4 g Pt/C and 0.002 mol CF4 0.5 g NaH ' 0.5 g Mg ' 2 g AC and 52 mmol CF4 0.5 g NaH, 0.5 g A1, 2 g AC and 0.002 mol CF4 H2 (l /4) Peak position Η·(1/4) Peak position and intensity and intensity 1.22 ppm Strong -3.85 ppm Strong 1.23 ppm Strong 1.22 ppm Strong 1.22 ppm Strong 1.2 1 ppm Medium 1.2 1 ppm Strong 1.27 ppm Medium - 3.86 ppm Medium 1.21. Ppm Strong 1.22 ppm Strong 1.21 ppm Strong 142257.doc -196- 201104948 1.66 g ΚΗ, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC, 0.01 mol N20 1 g NaH, 1 g A Bu 4 g AC, 0.002 mol N20 1 g NaH, 1 g A Bu 4 g AC, 0.004 mol N2O 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC ' 0.002 mol N20 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC, 0.004 mol N20 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 0.01 mol N20 1 g NaH ' 1 g MgH2 ' 4 g AC and 0.018 mol N20 0.33 g LiH, 1 g A1, 4 g A1 and 0.004 mol N2O 1 g NaH ' 1 g MgH2 ' 4 g Pd/C(l %) and 0.01 mol N20 1 g NaH, 4 g AC and 0.004 mol N2〇1 g NaH, 1 g MgH2, 5 g Er2〇3, 4 g Ac and 0·01 mol N20 1.22 ppm extremely strong -3.85 ppm medium 1.21. Ppm strong 1.21 ppm strong 1.21 ppm strong 1.22 ppm medium 1.24 ppm strong 1.24 ppm strong -3.84 ppm strong 1.22 ppm medium -3.85 ppm strong 1.24 ppm extremely strong 1.2 1 ppm extremely strong 1 ·23 .ppm strong 142257.doc -197 201104948 1 g NaH, 1 g A1, 5 g Er2〇3, 4 g Ac and 0.01 mol N20 1 g NaH, 1 g Mg, 4 g Ac and 0.004 mol N20 0.5 g NaH, 0.5 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 0.004 mol N2O 0.33 g LiH, 1 g A Bu 4 g AC, 0.21 g K2S208 and 0.01 mol 〇2 0.33 g LiH, 1 g A Bu 4 g AC and 0.01 mol 〇2 0·33 g LiH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC, 0.21 g K2S208 and 0.01 mol 〇2 1 g NaH ' 1 g MgH2 ' 4 g AC, 0.15 g FeS04 and 0.01 mol 〇2 1.66 g KH, .1 g Mg, 4 g AC and 0.004 mol 〇2 1 g NaH, 1 g Si, 4 g AC and 0.01 mol 〇2 1.24 ppm strong 1.23 ppm strong 1.22 ppm strong 1.26 Ppm Medium -3.85 ppm Very Strong 1.27 ppm Medium -3.85 ppm Strong 1.27 ppm Medium -3.85 ppm Very Strong 1.24 ppm Strong 1.21 ppm Strong 1 ·21 ppm Strong 142257.doc •198 201104948 1 g NaH, 10 g Pt/Ti, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC, 0.01 mol NH3 and 0.01 mol 02 1.22 ppm very strong 0.5 g NaH ' 0.5 g A1 ' 4 g AC and 0.002 mol NF3 1.22 ppm medium -3.85 ppm strong 0.5 NaH, 0.5 g MgH2, 4 g AC And 0.004 mol NF3 1.21 ppm extremely strong 1 g NaH, 1 g A Bu 4 g AC and 0.002 mol NF3 1·21 ppm Strong 0.5 g NaH, 0·5 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 0.004 mol NF3 -3.85 ppm Medium 0_5 NaH, 0.5 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 0.002 mol NF3 1.22 ppm strong 1.66 g KH > 2.5 g LiN03 ' 4 g AC and 1 g MgH2 1.22 ppm strong -3·85 ppm strong 1 g NaH, 3 g NaN03, 4 g AC and 1 g MgH2 -3.84 ppm medium 1 g NaH, 2·5 g LiN03, 4 g AC and 1 g MgH2 -3.84 ppm medium 1.66 g KH, 2.5 g LiN03 and 1 g MgH2 1.22 ppm very strong 1.66 g KH, 2 g P205, 4 g AC and 1 g MgH2 1.28 ppm extremely strong -3 · 86 ppm strong 142257.doc -199· 201104948 0.33 g LiH, 2 g P205, 4 g AC and 1 g MgH2 1 g NaH, 2 g P205, 4 g AC and 1 g MgH2 1 g NaH, 2 g P205, 4 g AC and 1 g A1 1.66 g KH, 1 g MgCl2, 4 g AC, 4.5 g K02 and 0.1 g CoCl2 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 0.0094 mol SF6 1 g NaH , 0.5 g B, 4 g AC and 0.0047 mol SF6 1 g NaH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AC and 0·0 1 mol SF6 1 g NaH, 1 g A Bu 4 g AC and 0.005 mol SF6 1.66 g KH, 1 g Si, 4 g AC and 0.0092 mol SFe 1.66 g KH ' 1 g A1 ' 4 g AC and 0.0092 mol SF6 1.66 g KH ' 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 0.0092 mol SF6 -3.85 ppm medium -3.85 ppm medium 1.20 ppm strong -3.85 ppm medium 1.23 ppm extremely strong -3.85 ppm medium -3.84 ppm extremely strong -3.85 ppm strong -3 _ 86 ppm Strong 1.20 ppm Strong - 3.86 ppm Weak - 3.86 ppm Strong - 3.86 ppm Very Strong - 3.86 ppm Extreme 142257.doc -200- 201104948 0.33 g LiH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 0.009 mol SF6 0.33 g LiH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AC and 0.009 mol SF6

0_33 g LiH, 1 g La, 4 g AC and 0.0094 mol SFe 1_66 g KH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 0.0093 mol SF6 1 g NaH, 5 g La, 4 g AC and 0.0047 mol SF6 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g

AC and 3.2 g S 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 3.2 g S (external)

0.33 g LiH, 1 g Si, 4 g AC and 1.3 g S

0.33 g LiH, 1 g A Bu 4 g AC and 1.3 g S

1.66 g KH, 1 g A Bu 4 g AC and 1.3 g S

1.66 g KH, 1 g A Bu 4 g AC and 1.3 g S -3.82 ppm extremely strong -3.84 ppm medium - 3.75 ppm broad peak · 1.21 ppm strong - 3.86 ppm weak 1.21 ppm medium - 3.86 ppm weak - 2.83 ppm Strong -2·83 ppm strong and broad peak -3.81 ppm Extremely strong -3.81 ppm Extremely strong -3.77 ppm Strong -3.66 ppm extremely strong ΐ S' 1' 142257.doc -201 - 201104948 1.66 g ΚΗ, 1 g Si, 4 g AC and 1.3 g S -3.55 ppm extremely strong 1.66 g KH, 1 g Si ' 4 g AC and 1.3 g S -3.85 ppm strong 1.66 g KH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 2.7 g K2S2O8 1.24 ppm strong - 3.85 ppm extremely strong 1 g NaH, 1 g A Bu 4 g AC and 1.2 ml CS2 -3.85 ppm extremely strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 1.2 ml CS2 -3.85 ppm extremely strong 1 g NaH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 0.0146 mol S02 1.21 ppm medium - 3.86 ppm medium 1 g NaH ' 1 g MgH2 ' 4 g AC and 2.2 g NiBr2 1.23 ppm strong 1 g NaH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AC and 2.2 g NiBr2 1.25 Ppm Medium 1 g NaH, 4 g AC and 2.2 g NiBr2 1.24 ppm Very Strong 1.66 g KH, 4 g AC and 2.2 g NiBr2 1.22 ppm Very Strong 1 g NaH, 1.66 g Ca, 4 g AC and 2.2 g NiBr2 1.24 ppm Strong 142257.doc • 202- 201104948 1 g NaH, 3.67 g Sr 4 g AC and 3.1 g Mnl2 83 g KH ' 50 g Mg ' 200 g

TiC and 154.5 g Mnl2 1 g NaH, 1.66 g Ca, 4 g AC and 3_1 g Mnl2 1 g NaH, 4 g AC and 1.6 g Te02 2 g NaH, 2 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 3.2 g Te02 1.66 g KH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 1.6 g Te02 0.33 g LiH, 1 g MgH2, 4 g AC and 1_6 g Te02

1 g NaH, 1 g Mg, 4 g AC and 3.5 g NaMn〇4 8.3 g KH, 5 g Mg, 20 g AC and 17.5 g NaMn04 1.66 g KH ' 1 g Mg ' 4 g AC and 2.0 g SnF4 1.66 g KH , 1 g Mg, 4 g AC and 6.3 g S11I4 1.24 ppm extremely strong 1.24 ppm strong 1.23 ppm extremely strong 1.21 ppm strong -3.85 ppm strong 1.2 1 ppm medium 1.2 1 ppm strong 1.22 ppm medium 1.2 1 ppm medium 1.2 1 ppm strong 1.23 Ppm medium 1.21 ppm medium 142257.doc -203 201104948 1.66 g ΚΗ, 4 g AC and 3.79 g 1.24 ppm very strong Snl2 1 g NaH ' 1 g Mg ' 4 g AC and 1.57 g SnF2 1.22 ppm strong 83 g KH ' 50 g Mg ' 200 g WC and 185 g Snl2 1.23 ppm medium 1 g NaH ' 1.66 g Ca > 4 g AC and 1.34 g CuCl2 1 _22 ppm extremely strong 1 g NaH ' 1 g Mg ' 4 g AC and 0.96 g CuS 1· 21 ppm Strong 8.3 g KH+5 g Mg+20 g CA 11-300 + 14.85 g BaBr2 1.22 ppm strong 5 g NaH+5 g Mg+20 g CA 11-300+14.85 g BaBr2 1.22 ppm Medium 20 g AC 3- 3 + 8.3 g KH+7.2 g AgCl 1.22 ppm medium 3.09 g Mnl2+1.66 g KH+1 g Mg+4 g S TiC-1 [Simplified description] 1.25 ppm Medium Figure 1 is an energy reactor according to the present invention and Schematic diagram of the power unit; Schematic diagram of an energy reactor and a power plant for recycling or regenerating fuel according to the present invention; FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a power reactor according to the present invention; FIG. 4 is a diagram for damaging 婵 π π according to the present invention. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a discharge power source and a plasma battery and a reactor according to the present invention; and FIG. 6 is a battery pack according to the present invention. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a discharge power source and a plasma battery and a reactor according to the present invention; And a schematic of the fuel cell. [Main component symbol description] 5 Reactor 10 generating hydrogen catalyst energy and lower energy hydrogen material Boiler 11 Fuel reaction mixture 12 Hydrogen source 13 Steam pipe and steam generator 14 Turbine 16 Water condenser 17 Water supply source 18 Fuel recycler 19 Hydrogen-di low energy hydrogen gas separator 21 Separator 22 Displacement or cyclone separator 23 Magnetic separator 24 Differential product dissolution or suspension system 25 Component solvent wash solution 26 Compound recovery system 27 Solvent evaporator / evaporator 28 Compound Collector 142257.doc -205 - Precipitator compound dryer and collector electrolyzer Volatile gas collector Metal collector Metal still or separator Hydrogenation reactor Power reactor / battery for metal and hydride inlet and outlet Inlet valve for hydrogen supply, gas supply, outlet valve, pump heater, pressure and temperature meter, halogenation reactor, battery for carbon inlet, and outlet for product, fluoride, gas, inlet valve, halogen gas supply, outlet, 206 - 201104948 53 Wide 54 Pump 55 Heater 56 Pressure and thermometer Gauge 57 Metal 58 Mixer 61 Catalyst Supply Channel 62 Supply Channel 70 Hydrogen Catalyst Reactor / Energy Reactor 72 Vessel 74 Energy Reaction Mixture 76 Source / Energy Release Material 78 Catalyst / Catalytic Material 80 Heat Exchanger / Exchanger 82 Steam Generation 90 Full turbine 100 Generator 110 Load 200 Chamber / Reaction chamber / Internal reaction chamber / container / battery 206 Select valve 207 Reaction vessel 221 Hydrogen source 222 Controller 223 Pressure sensor 142257.doc -207- 201104948 225 Power supply 230 Temperature control unit / heater / heating coil 232 control valve 233 connection 241 catalyst supply channel 242 hydrogen supply channel 250 catalyst source 255 ventor or collector 256 vacuum pump 257 vacuum line 260 reactant 272 power supply 280 hot filament 285 power supply 290 external Hydrogen reservoir 291 separates the walls of the two chambers. 295 Catalyst Reservoir 298 Catalyst Reservoir Heater 300 Chamber/Battery Chamber/Reaction Chamber/Internal Reaction Chamber 301 Selective Ventilation Valve '305 Cathode/Electrode 307 Gas Discharge Battery 313 Separate the walls of the two chambers 315 Fill the hydrogen Glow Discharge Vacuum Vessel 142257.doc -208- 201104948 320 Anode 322 Hydrogen Source 325 Control Valve 330 Voltage and Current Source 341 Catalyst Supply Channel 342 Oxygen Supply Channel 350 Gaseous Catalyst 372 Power Supply 380 Heating Rotor/Heater 385 Power Supply 390 External Hydrogen Reservoir 392 Catalyst Reservoir Heater 395 Catalyst Reservoir 400 Fuel Cell and Battery Pack 401 Cathode Chamber 402 Anode Chamber 405 Cathode 410 Anode 420 Salt Bridge 430 Reactant Source or Reservoir 431 for Storage Product Reactant Source or reservoir for storing products 460 Channel 461 Channel 142257.doc -209-

Claims (1)

201104948 VII. Patent application scope: 1 · A power source, comprising: a reaction battery for catalyzing the formation of hydrogen materials having a lower total energy and a more stable total energy of atomic hydrogen than the uncatalyzed strontium material and containing the hydrogen substances a target composition; a reaction vessel; a vacuum pump; an atomic hydrogen source from a source in communication with the reaction vessel; a hydrogen catalyst source in communication with the reaction vessel; a source of at least one of the atomic hydrogen source and the hydrogen catalyst source And comprising at least one reaction (4) reaction mixture containing one or more elements forming at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst, and at least one other element, whereby at least one of the S atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst Formed by the source, to > a further reactant that causes the catalysis by performing at least one of activation and expansion catalysis; and a heater for the combiner that initiates formation in the reaction vessel At least one of atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst, and the reaction is initiated to cause catalysis whereby atomic hydrogen is catalyzed during the hydrogen atom catalysis Catalytic per mole of hydrogen release amount exceeding about 300 kJ of energy. 2) The power source of claim 1, wherein the reaction causing the catalytic reaction comprises a reaction selected from the group consisting of: (1) an exothermic reaction that provides activation energy for the catalytic reaction; (ii) a coupling reaction that provides a catalyst source or At least one of 142257.doc 201104948 to maintain the catalytic reaction; (iii) a free radical reaction used as a acceptor for electrons from the catalyst during the catalytic reaction; (iv) a redox reaction, which is used a receptor for electrons from the catalyst during the catalytic reaction; (v) an exchange reaction that promotes ionization of the catalyst to form the hydrogen species when the catalyst receives energy from atomic hydrogen; and (vi) a getter , carrier or matrix-assisted catalytic reaction. 3. The power source of claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture comprises a conductive support that initiates the catalytic reaction. 4. The power source of claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture comprises a solid, liquid or non-homogeneous catalytic reaction mixture. 5. The power source of claim 2, wherein the reaction mixture comprising a redox reaction to cause the catalytic reaction comprises: (1) at least one catalyst selected from the group consisting of Li, A:, ugly, Rb, RbH, Cs, and CsH (ii) hydrogen, hydrogen source or hydride; (iii) at least one oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of: metal compounds containing complexes, phosphides, borides, oxides, oxynitrides, hydrides, nitrides, ruthenium Compound, telluride, monument, telluride, carbide, sulfide, hydride, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, nitrate, sub Nitrate, permanganate, sulphonate, perchlorate, chlorite, perchlorate, hypochlorite, bromate, 142257.doc 201104948 oxalate, bromic acid Salt, perbromate, molysate, periodate, praline salt, periodate, chromate, dichromate, citrate, lithate, arsenate, Citrate, borate, cobalt oxide, antimony oxide, and halogen, P, B, Si, N, A Oxygen anions of s, S, Te, Sb, C, S, P, Μη, Cr, Co and Te; transition metals, Sn, Ga, In, lead, bismuth, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal compounds; GeF2, GeCl2, GeBr2 , Gel2, GeO, GeP, GeS, Gel4 and GeCl4; fluorocarbon, cf4, C1CF3; chlorocarbon, CC14; 〇2; mno3; MCIOa; M〇2; nf3; n2o; NO; N〇2; a nitrogen compound such as b3n3H6; a sulfur-containing compound such as SF6, S, 5Ό2, so3, S205ci2, F5SOF, m2s2o8, SxXy (such as S2C12, sci2, S2Br2*S2F2), CS2, SOxXy (SOCl2, SOF2, S02F2, SOBr2); XxX'y, C1F5; XxX'yOz, cio2f, cio2f2, C10F3, C103F, C102F3; boron-nitrogen compound, B3N3H6; Se; Te; Bi; As; Sb; Bi; TeXx, TeF4, TeF6; TeOx, Te02, Te03 SeXx, SeF6; SeOx, Se02 or Se03; niobium oxide, halide, antimony compound, Te02, Te03, Te(OH)6, TeBr2, TeCl2, TeBr4, TeCl4, TeF4, Tel4, TeF6, CoTe or NiTe; Compound, selenium oxide, selenium halide, selenium sulfide, Se02, Se03, Se2Br2, Se2Cl2, SeBr4, SeC", SeF4, SeFe, Se OBr2, SeOCl2, SeOF2, Se〇2F2, SeS2, Se2S6, Se4S4 or Se6S2; P; P205; P2S5; PxXy, PF3, PC13, PBr3, PI3, PF5, PC15, PBr4F, 142257.doc 201104948 PC14F; POxXy 'POBr3, P〇l3, p〇ci3 or p〇f3 ; PSxXy (from alkali metal, x, y and z are integers, x and χ are halogen), psBr3, PSF3, PSC13; cans, nitrogen compounds, p3N5, (C12PN) 3, (C12PN) 4, (Br2PN) x; arsenic compounds, arsenic oxides, arsenic halides, arsenic sulfides, arsenic selenides, arsenic tellurides, AlAs, As mountains, As2Se, As4S4, AsBr3, AsC13, AsF3, Asl3, As203, As2Se3, As2S3, As2Te3, AsC15, AsF5, As205, Asjes, AsJ5; antimony compound, antimony oxide, antimony halide, antimony sulfide, barium sulfate, telluride, germanium, SbAs, SbBr3, SbCl3, SbF3, Sbl3, Sb203, SbOCl, Sb2Se3, Sb2(S04)3, Sb2S3, Sb2Te3, Sb204, SbCl5, SbF5, SbCl2F3, Sb2〇5, Sb2S5; Nar: compound, secret oxide, sulphate, antimony sulfide Material, bismuth selenide, BiAs04, BiBr3, BiCl3, BiF3, BiF5, Bi(0H)3, Bil3, Bi203, Bi OBr, BiOCl, BiOI, Bi2Se3, Bi2S3, Bi2Te3, Bi204; SiCl4, SiBr4; transition metal halide, CrCl3, ZnF2, ZnBr2, Znl2, MnCl2, MnBr2, Mnl2, CoBr2, C0I2, C0CI2, NiCl2, NiBr2, NiF2 'FeF2 , FeCh 'FeBr2, FeCh, TiF3, CuBr, CuBr2, VF3, CuCl2; metal halides, SnF2, SnCl2, SnBr], S11I2 'S11F4, S11CI4, SnBr4, S11I4 'InF, InCl, InBr, Ini, AgCl, Agl, A1F3, AlBr3, A1I3, YF3, CdCl2, CdBr2, Cdl2, InCl3, ZrCl4, NbF5, TaCl5, MoC13, MoC15, NbCl5, AsC13, TiBr4, SeCl2, SeCl4, InF3, InCl3, PbF4, Tel4, WC16, 〇sCl3, GaCl3 142257.doc -4- 201104948 PtCl3, ReCl3, RhCl3, RuC13; metal oxides, metal hydroxides, Y2〇3, FeO, Fe2〇3 or NbO, NiO, Ni203, SnO, Sn02, Ag20, AgO, Ga20 , As2〇3, Se02, Te〇2, In(OH)3, Sn(OH)2, In(OH)3, Ga(〇H)3, Bi(OH)3; C〇2; As2Se3; SF6; S ; SbF3 ; CF4 ; NF3 ; metal perchlorate, KMn〇4, NaMn〇4; P2O5; metal silicate, LiN03, NaN03, ΚΝ03; halogen> BBr3, BI3; Group 13 halide, indium halide, InBr2, InCl2, Inl3; silver halide, AgCl, Agl; toothing error; antimony halide; halogenation error; transition metal oxide, transition metal sulfide or transition metal halide (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn with F 'Cl, Br or I); second or third transition series halide YF3, second or third transition series telluride a second or third transitional sulfide sulfide of Y2S3, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Os such as NbX3, NbX5 or TaX5; Li2S, ZnS, FeS , NiS, MnS, Cu2S, CuS, SnS; soil test metal halides, BaBr2, BaCl2, Bal2, SrBr2, Srl2, CaBr, Cal2, MgBr2 or Mgl2; rare earth metal halides, EuBr3, LaF3, LaBr3, CeBr3, GdF3 , GdBr3; metal is a rare earth metal halide, Cel2, E11F2, E11CI2, EuBr, Ε11Ι2, Dyl, Ndl2, Sml2, Ybl2 and Tml2; metal boride, lanthanum boride; MB2 boride, CrB2, TiB2 , MgB2, ZrB2, GdB2; alkali metal halide 'LiCl, RbCl or Csl; metal phosphide, such as Ca3P2; noble metal halogenation , precious metal oxides, noble metal sulfides, PtCl2, PtBr2 'Ptl2, PtCl4, PdCl2, PbBr2, Pbl2; rare earth metal sulfides 142257.doc 201104948 CeS; La halides; Gd halides; metals and anions, Na2Te04, Na2Te03, Co(CN)2, CoSb, CoAs, Co2P, CoO, CoSe, CoTe, NiSb, NiAs, NiSe, Ni2Si, MgSe; rare earth metal telluride, EuTe; rare earth metal telluride, EuSe; rare earth metal nitride, EuN; Nitride, AIN, GdN, Mg3N2; a compound containing at least two atoms selected from oxygen atoms and different halogen atoms, f2o, ci2o, cio2, Cl2〇6, Cl2〇7, C1F, C1F3, ciof3, C1F5, C102F, C102F3, C103F, BrF3, BrF5, I205, IBr, IC, IC13, IF, IF3, IF5, IF7; metal second or third transition series halide, 〇sF6, PtF6 or IrF6; compound which can form a metal after reduction a metal hydride, a rare earth metal hydride, an alkaline earth metal hydride or a metal hydride; (iv) at least one reducing agent selected from the group consisting of metals, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, second and third series of transitions And rare earth metals, 3/, Mg, 57, La, B, Zr and Ti powders; and H2; and (v) at least one selected from the group consisting of AC, 1% Pt/carbon or Pd/carbon (pt/c, Pd) /C), a conductive carrier of carbide TiC and WC. 6. The power source of claim 2, wherein the reaction mixture comprising a redox reaction to cause the catalytic reaction comprises: (i) at least one catalyst or catalyst source comprising a metal or hydride from the group of elements; Ii) at least one hydrogen source comprising hydrogen or a hydrogen source or hydride; (111) at least one oxidant comprising at least one from the 13th private, 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th And an atom or ion or compound selected from the group consisting of F, 142257.doc -6 - 201104948 Br, I, B, C, N, hydrazine, AJ, Si, p, s, and ^; (iv) at least one reducing agent And comprising (V) at least one electrically conductive support selected from the group consisting of carbon, AC, graphene, and niobium-containing metals; and (V) at least one electrically conductive support selected from the group consisting of carbon, AC, graphene ^Pt/C or Pd/C, carbide TiC and wc. 7. The power source of claim 2, wherein the reaction mixture comprising a redox reaction to cause the catalytic reaction comprises: (I) at least one catalyst or catalyst source comprising a metal from the group of elements or hydrogenation (II) to > a hydrogen source comprising a hydrogen or hydrogen source or a hydride; (III) to V oxidants comprising a group selected from Group IA, Group IIA, Group 3d, Group 4d, Paints, oxides or sulfides of elements of elements 5(1, 6th, 7th, 8d, 1st, 1st), iUd, i2d and (iv); (IV To a V reducing agent comprising an element or chloride selected from the group consisting of Mg, MgH2, Al, Si, B, ZrA rare earth metals; and at least one electrically conductive support selected from the group consisting of carbon, AC, graphene, such as Pt /C or Pd/C impregnated with metal carbon, carbide D 1 (: and ^. > π 2 power source ' which causes the catalytic reaction of the exchange reaction package s oxidant, the reducing agent and An anion parent of at least two of the catalysts, wherein the anion is selected from the group consisting of a tooth ion, a gas ion oxygen ion, Ions, nitrogen ions, boron ions, carbon ions, arsenic ions, selenium ions, barium ions, phosphorus ions, nitrates, sulfuric acid 142257.doc 201104948 roots, carbonate, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate Root, dihydrogen dihydrogenate, peroxyacidate, chromate, dichromate, cobaltate and oxyanion. 9. 10. 11. The power source of claim 8, wherein the exchange reaction causing the catalysis is thermoreversible Regenerating the initial exchange reactants. The power source of claim 9, wherein the thermal regeneration reactant comprises (0 at least one catalyst or catalyst source selected from the group consisting of NaH and KH; (ii) selected from the group consisting of NaH, KH And a hydrogen source of MgH2; (iii) at least one oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of: U) a soil metallization selected from the group consisting of BaBr2, BaCl2, Bal2, CaBr2, MgBr2, and Mgl2; (b) selected from the group consisting of EuBr2, EuBr3, EuF3, a rare earth metal of Dyl2, LaF3 and GdF3; (c) a second or third series of transition metal halides selected from the group consisting of YF3; (d) a metal boride selected from the group consisting of CrB2 and TiB2; (e) selected from the group consisting of LiCM and RbCl And alkali metal halide of Csl; (0 is selected from Li2S, ZnS And a metal sulfide of Y2S3; (h) a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of γ2〇3; and (i) a metal phosphide selected from the group consisting of Ca3P2; (iv) at least one reducing agent selected from the group consisting of Mg and MgH2; A carrier selected from the group consisting of ac, TiC, and WC. The power source of claim 2, wherein the getter, carrier or matrix-assisted catalytic reaction that causes the catalytic reaction comprises a catalytic reaction that provides at least one chemical for the catalytic reaction Environment, used to transfer electrons to promote 142257.doc 201104948 The catalyst function undergoes reversible phase transition or other physical changes or its electricity Catalytic reaction of at least one of degrees or rates. The catalytic reaction mixture comprises (1) at least one catalyst or catalyst source selected from the group consisting of NaH and tetra; (1) a source of hydrogen selected from the group consisting of NaH, KH and MgH22; (iii) at least one oxidant selected from the group consisting of: 0) a metal selected from the group consisting of Mg3As2 And arsenide; and (b) a metal nitride selected from the group consisting of Mg 3% and A1N; (iv) at least one reducing agent selected from the group consisting of Mg and MgH 2 ; and (v) at least one carrier selected from the group consisting of ac, TiC and WC. A power source as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture causing the catalytic reaction and comprising an alkali metal-containing catalyst is obtained from the products by separating one or more of the components and regenerating the metal by electrolysis. regeneration. 15. A hydride reactor comprising: a reaction cell 'a hydrogen species for catalyzing the formation of atomic hydrogen at a lower total energy than a total energy of an uncatalyzed hydrogen species and a target composition comprising the same a reaction vessel; a vacuum pump; an atomic hydrogen source 'from a source in communication with the reaction vessel; 142257.doc 201104948 a hydrogen catalyst source in communication with the reaction vessel; at least one of the atomic hydrogen source and the hydrogen catalyst source a source comprising a reaction mixture of an element of the atomic hydrogen forming at least one of the atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst and at least one reactant of the j/an other element whereby the 5 atomic hydrogen and the hydrogen catalyst are At least one of which is formed by the source, at least one other reactant' causes the catalysis by performing at least one of activation and expansion catalysis; and a heater for the vessel that initiates formation in the reaction vessel And at least one of the atomic ruthenium and the hydrogen catalyst, and the reaction is initiated to cause catalysis, whereby the atomic hydrogen is catalyzed during the hydrogen atom catalysis Each mole of hydrogen release amount exceeding about 300 kJ of energy. 16. The hydride reactor of claim 15 wherein the reaction mixture for synthesizing the compounds comprises at least two materials selected from the group consisting of: 催化剂 (v): (1) a catalyst, (ii) hydrogen Source '((1)) oxidant, (iv) reducing agent and (v) carrier. 17 The hydride reactor of claim 16 wherein the oxidant is selected from the group consisting of sulfur; dish, oxygen, 57^6, S, S〇2, S03, S205C12, F5SOF, post 2〇8, SxXy, S2C12, SC12, S2Br2, S2F2, CS2, Sb2S5, s〇xXy, SOCl2, SOF2, S02F2, SOBr2, P, P2O5, P2S5, PxXy, PF3, PC13, PBr3, PI3 'PF5, PC15, i> Br4F, PC14F, POxXy, POBr3, P〇i3, POCl3, P〇F3, PSxXy, PSBr3, psf3, PSC13; phosphorus/nitrogen compound P3N5, (Cl2pN)3 or (C12PN)4, (Br2PN)x (M is metal, x&y 142257.doc • 10-201104948 is an integer, X is halogen); 〇2, N20 and Te02; halide, CF4, NF3, CrF2; phosphorus source, sulfur source, MgS, MHS (M is alkali metal). 18. The hydride reactor of claim 17, wherein the reaction mixture further comprises a getter selected from the group consisting of: S, p, 〇, Se, and Te, and s, p, a compound of bismuth, Se& Te. 19. As requested! A source of power wherein the catalyst is capable of accepting energy from an atomic unit of about 27.2 eV ± 0.5 eV and one of #±〇.5... 2. A power source as claimed in claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises an atom or an ion, in the middle? The electrons self-ionize to the continuous energy level from the atom or ion, and the total ionization energy of the electrons is about one m·27·2 and one of the lectures, where m is an integer.约WX27.2 eV^. eV 21. The power source of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises a diatomic molecule MH' wherein M. cleavage plus _ electrons are self-ionized from the atom μ = continuous energy level, such that the bond energy The sum of the ionization energies of the sleeve electrons is 'the power source of 5 long term 1 where w is an integer', wherein the catalyst comprises a molecule selected from the group consisting of AIR BiH, (10), coH, GeH, InH, NaH, RuH, (4) SeH, SiH, SnM η m ^ , 2 ' 2 ' 2, C〇2, 卯2 and rib 3 and the original - or ions Li, Be, κ, c V Cr, Μη 'Fe, Co /: CU, Zn, AS, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, M〇'pd. \ Te Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, pt, Kr, IK, He+, T Yan, Na+, Rb + , "One Fe, Mo2+ , m〇4+, , and the atom of the ore 'from I42257.doc 201104948 and/or numerator. 23. The power source of claim 1 is maintained in synchronization with regeneration using electrolysis or thermal regeneration reactions. 24. The continuous operation of 24. The power source of claim 1 further comprising a power converter. 25. The power source of claim 24, wherein the converter comprises a communication with the reaction vessel Steam generator is connected to the steam generator through the steam turbine and the steam turbine is connected through the generator. 142257.doc -12-