TW201030438A - Electronic inks and displays and image displaying methods - Google Patents

Abstract

An electronic ink containing charged particles includes a combination of resin particles, a pigment, and a charge director. The resin particles exhibit an average particle size less than 1.0 micron and contain a resin that exhibits a molecular weight of 500 to 20,000. The pigment is loaded on the resin particles. The charge director can physically associate with the resin particles. The charged particles may be negative or positive.

Description

201030438 VI. INSTRUCTIONS: L ^^明技术"々贝3 FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to electronic inks and displays and image display methods. L·^cj.^tr □ BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Among various known electronic displays, there are some that require electronic control of the position of charged particles suspended in a fluid. Electrophoretic displays represent one type of electronic display and require the application of an external electrical signal to apply Coulomb force to the particles to move charged particles that have been suspended in the fluid. Some electronic displays are referred to as ereader(R) or e-paper because they can be thin flexible displays with paper-like image quality. Electronic displays can use transmitted light, but there are some that use only reflected light.

Although various scientific and technological methods have been tried, there are many opportunities for improvement. For example, when a vivid full-color image is produced in an electronic display using only reflected light, there is -_. There are unique conditions in which the τ are reflected and the charged particles move around in one of the pixels of the device. Therefore, the technique of using a known electrophoretic fluid such as a liquid electrophoretic toner (LEP toner) for lithography has not been properly performed in an electronic display application. It is known that electrophoretic fluids can rely on a group of pigments that provide a charge-adsorbing pigment or that can be packaged by a polymer to provide charged particles. However, encapsulation is typically accomplished on the spot in the polymerization (4) where the pigment chemistry is interdependent with the polymer chemistry and therefore certain polymers are only compatible with 駄 3 201030438 polymer. Moreover, the pigmentation of the general chemistry can affect the particle charge to produce the problem: a _; = can be called an electrophoretic ink, wherein the charged particles can be applied to the particles by the outer subdomain And move. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One embodiment of the particle invention specifically proposes a positively charged particle such as an electronic ink containing a positively charged person, the group comprising the following components:: having an average particle size and small correction. 0 micron And a resin granule containing a resin having a lion to a hard part; a enamel loaded on the resin granules; and a charge director which can be physically combined with the fresh resin granules. According to still another embodiment of the present invention, an electronic display β is specifically proposed comprising: - a pixel; - an electrode within the pixel; and an electronic ink "the ink containing positively charged particles" in the pixel The following components. a resin particle having an average particle size of less than 1.0 μm and containing a resin ethylene sulphonate _/-slightly dilute copolymer; a pigment loaded on the resin particles; and a charge which can be physically gamified with the material granule Agent. According to still another embodiment of the present invention, an image display method is specifically provided, including: providing an electronic display including a pixel that allows visible light to enter and exit, an electrode within the pixel and the pixel Electronic ink 'The ink contains positively charged particles' These positively charged particles include a combination of the following components: a tree having a molecular weight of 500 to 20,000 201030438 Ethyl dilute 0 ^ surface / two fresh ® ^ + Second-reading resin pellets; - fabrics loaded on the resin pellets, ΑTongshu knows that it can be used with indigo pigments, magenta, ochre pigments, and lining pigments. And combinations thereof, such as a charge director that physically binds to the resin particles; and a dispersant. The electrode is used by Bertian to apply an electronic signal to the pixel y using "Electronic No. 1 to press The charged particles are charged; and the charged signals are changed and the strips are bulked.

C. Performing a Cold Mode] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the examples, the electronic ink containing charged particles includes a combination of a resin particle pigment and a charge-trapping agent. The resin particles have an average degree of less than 1.0 μm and contain a resin having a molecular weight of up to 2 Å. It is understood that 'the pigments, charge directors, and/or other components added to the resin particles can give larger ink particles, but the examples herein can be used to reduce the average ink particle size to the ink of the glutinous rice. . Although the above range and the minimum and/or maximum values of other ranges specified by the towel have been enumerated, the range of inclusions J is also desirable and can be distinguished from prior art. Moreover, the examples herein provide the basis for such smaller inclusions. The term "molecular weight" in this document refers to the weight average molecular weight. Unless otherwise stated, the molecular weight range of a resin indicates that each polymer molecule of the resin has a molecular weight distributed within the range. The resin may have a molecular weight of 1,000 to 5,000. The resin may be a thermoplastic resin having a glare of more than 50 Å (and including more than 9 (TC). It is worth noting that 5 201030438 = the operating temperature of the electronic ink may be limited to avoid degradation of the ink, ie 俤t,, too High molecular weight. As an example, the tree of the 'hearing point resin may have a tree & m called the age m. The pigment is loaded on the resin particles. The charge is directed to the X-lanthanide system. The door is physically conjugated with the resin particles. Small interest - awards are also limited to imaging 'and can be based on subtractive color

Domain shot, which uses the controlled action of absorption. The size of the key can be the length or width relative to the viewing plane. The degree described herein may become more pronounced with smaller pixel sizes, such as; = meters, and even 10 to 25 microns. u

By way of example, the charge director can form a colloidal particle structure that is physically bonded (but not chemically bonded) to the resin particles by hydrophobic bonding to provide at least a portion of the recording charge. Hydrophobic bonding or, more suitably, hydrophobic interactions, represent phenomena that have occurred in the structure of the colloidal particles that have been known to us. Substantially, in a non-polar spray, the amphiphilic pro-heads can orient the molecules to bring together the hydrophilic heads within the colloidal particles, and a hydrophobic tail on the outer side of the surface of the colloidal particles. Hydrophobic bonding is also well known and does not imply chemical bonding, but rather refers to the repulsive physical interaction between the hydrophobic portion of the molecule and the non-polar material, such as the surface of the resin. The charged particles of the electronic ink may be negative or positive depending, in part, on the resin selected. In general, an electronic ink containing negatively charged particles can use an acidic resin, and an electronic ink containing positively charged particles can use an organic resin. In the case of a negative ink, the resin may include a polyacrylamide copolymer or a ionic polymer mainly composed of polyethylene. The negative ink resin particles may be composed of the copolymer or the ionic polymer. The ionium cerium polymer may be a poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) zinc salt. The acidic resin may have a molecular weight of 1,000 to 5,000, which includes 1,000 to 3,000. In the case of a positive ink, the resin may include a vinylpyrrolidone/trienylene copolymer. Further suitable basic resins include polyamines, polyamines, and other resins that may be used. The positive ink resin particles may be composed of ethylene ketone/triene copolymer. The basic resin may have a molecular weight of 1, from 〇〇〇 to 5,000, which includes 1,000 to 4,500. Accordingly, in the case of a negative ink, the charge director can be alkaline and, in the case of a positive ink, can be acidic. Examples of the charge director for the negative ink include sulfosuccinic acid, a di-tridecyl metal salt. The metal salt can be a phosphonium salt. The charge director can be composed of a metal salt. Examples of the charge director for positive inks include polyisobutylene amber imine polyamines. The charge director can be composed of polyisobutylene amber imine polyamine. Other known charge directors can be used, for example, a suitable charge director is described in WIPO Publication No. WO/2007/130069 (Application No. PCT/US2006/018297) entitled "Charge Director for Liquid Toner" in. For positive or negative inks, the resins may have a maximum particle size of less than 2 microns, and perhaps even less than 1.0 microns. Another general feature of such resins includes properties that are compatible with combinations of bluish pigments, magenta pigments, yellow pigments, black pigments, and the like. This compatibility can be derived from the same resin/charge director composition derived from the CMYK color system. Possibly, the pixels of the 2010 display sub-display may contain a set of particles having one of the CMYK pigments loaded thereon, and another set of particles having a different one of the CMYK pigments loaded thereon. Since the two sets of particles can be derived from the same resin/charge director composition, their charge and performance can be equal and independent of pigment chemistry. Therefore, the problem of incompatibility is less likely to exist. Moreover, such phase contrast can adjust or change the color gamut because the resin does not exhibit compatibility with the combination of pigments. Each particle may comprise more than one of the CMYK pigments and/or other base or secondary pigments, and may exhibit any color derived from each pigment combination, such as any of the effective pantone specific color spaces. color. For example, a monochrome display having only one color of particles is not limited to the color of a single pigment, but may be any color that can be derived from a mixture of one or more different pigments. As described in Examples 2-4, the amount of pigment fill can also be varied to optimize the color depth within one of the pixels of the electronic display and even obtain the color depth back by optimizing the optical density. The pigment loading may be 199 wt% (10)^ such solids, including 5-95 or even 5-85 secrets. By providing a resin/charge-inducing (four) composition whose function is independent of the chemistry of the pigment, significant reducibility exists in the application of an electronic display using the electronic ink. The combination of resin particles and pigments, which are found to contain the resin, can be compared to the particles encapsulated in situ or from other similar known techniques during the polymerization reaction. Within the combination, the materials include solids (trees = granules) and rotation, and the granules produced by the smear-like solid resin & are derived from precursor chemicals in solution. The polymerization is combined with the encapsulation of the pigment also in solution. The combination of resin particles and pigment did not occur during the original 201030438 package because no resin particles were present in the precursor solution. Conversely, the only combination that occurs is the polymerization precursor and pigment. It is known that the combination of a polymerization precursor and a pigment cannot be considered to constitute or produce a combination of resin particles and pigments. It produces only polymer encapsulated pigments as compared to pigment loaded resin particles. As can be seen from the discussion herein, the identifiable difference exists between the pigment-loaded resin particles and the known polymer-encapsulated pigments, which do not include all of the pigments and specific resin/charge director compositions. combination. The electronic ink containing negatively charged particles may include a combination of resin particles, a pigment, a charge director, and a charge adjuvant. The charge adjuvant can be chemically bonded to the resin particles. Examples of charge adjuvants include metals containing such combinations as A1, Zn, Ca, Mg, other metals, and the like; and ligands such as stearate, oleate, other ligands, and combinations thereof Metal soap. Two examples include aluminum tristearate and aluminum distearate. Other known charge adjuvants can be used, such as a suitable charge adjuvant, as described in WIPO Publication No. WO/2008/085709 (Application No. PCT/US2007/088627) entitled "Charge Adjuvants in Electrostatic Inks" . A charge adjuvant capable of physically bonding to the resin (rather than a chemical bond;), such as a white pigment (Ti〇2) solid impregnated in a negative tree, or impregnated with a positive resin may be used. TPP (triphenylphosphine) solid. Basically, the charge adjuvant provides a molecular structure capable of trapping charge director molecules around the resin particles. Therefore, as shown in Example 5 below, the particle conductivity can be increased. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the charge-directing agent is physically-bound in combination with the particle-balance and the balance is shown in the particle conductivity. When tristearyl coffee is used, the balance has been transferred to a lower volume of free charge, and the amount of lead agent combined with the particles is increased and the conductivity of the particles is increased. The particle conductivity may be greater than % Pisisi (PS)', for example greater than 2 〇〇 pS. In the case of a polyethylene copolymer grafted with a succinic acid anhydride, two acid sites can be obtained by hydrolysis of the cis-butic acid, and the two acid sites can be bonded to distearic acid. The aluminum atom of aluminum releases the stearic acid molecule and leaves a molecular structure that traps the charge director molecule. However, the use of tristearic acid allows the two acid sites to react with the aluminum atom. The two stearic acid molecules can still be released 'but the monostearate molecules are combined with the aluminum to provide a molecular structure for trapping the charge director molecules. The charge adjuvant can also provide a dispersing agent. For example, the charge adjuvant can comprise a metal 4' and the resin can provide an acidic surface capable of reacting with a charge adjuvant and release the dispersant from the charge adjuvant. From the above discussion regarding the capture of the charge director, it should be noted that aluminum distearate and aluminum tristearate are metal soaps. Further, the maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene copolymer and the poly(ethylene-co-acrylic) zinc salt can impart an acidic surface to the resin. Further, stearic acid can be used as a dispersing agent in electronic inks. Thus, the release of stearic acid from a charge adjuvant that reacts with the resin can result in the release of the dispersant. It should be understood that other metal soaps or fatty acid salts may be combined with other acidic resins to achieve similar results. As discussed above in relation to charge adjuvants and charge directors, it is understood that the choice of component can affect the dispersion stability and chargeability of the particles. In addition to a charge adjuvant that provides a dispersant, the charge adjuvant can be used as a viscosity control agent in the method of manufacturing electronic ink in 201030438. In one embodiment, the method for producing an electronic ink includes providing a resin having a molecular weight of 5 Å to 2 Å, 〇〇〇, and a pigment. Although the resin and pigment can be treated together, the ruthenium method includes forming resin particles containing the resin and loading the pigment thereon and dispersing the pigment in the resin particles. The pigment-loaded resin particles have an average particle size of less than 1. 〇 microns. The method includes altering the charge properties of the pigment-loaded resin particles by physically binding a charge director. Examples 1-11 below describe the formation and property evaluation of various electrophoretic inks using such methods. In these examples, a grinder or a ball mill is used to reduce the size of the resin particles and to disperse and load the pigment on the resin particles, but other particle size reducing means can also be used. In general, the steps of grinding the resin particles and dispersing the pigment are widely used in the production of toner particles for printing. The method described in the "Liquid Toner and Method of Printing Using Same", and other known methods, such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 6,623, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. However, a resin having a molecular weight of 500 to 2 Å, especially a wax resin having a molecular weight of from 1 Torr to 5 Å, cannot be used to produce toner particles. On the contrary, printing on paper involves the use of a resin having an increased degree of durability and durability to obtain peeling, peeling, abrasion resistance, and the like which are important when printing on paper. Instead, the resins discussed in this document are used to move the pigments in the electronic pixels, although these differences are provided by the general practitioner to adjust the toner resin polishing and pigment dispersion techniques to be suitable for the manufacture of electronic inks 11 201030438 Suitable for details. The viscosity control agent helps to maintain the original (4) minus (4) local reduced particle size that has been incorporated into the resin grinding and pigment dispersion process. During the processing, depending on the physical properties of the resin and the pigment, and the operating conditions of the secret polishing, when the pigment is supported on the resin, the pigment may be encapsulated by the resin, but packaging is not necessary. After grinding, a viscosity control agent can be used as a charge adjuvant. As described above, the charge adjuvant can also release the dispersant. It will be appreciated that adjusting the amount of viscosity control agent can affect the final particle conductivity. It has been found that the use of low molecular weight resins produces an average of less than 10 microns.

granularity. These small particle sizes are not obtained even in similar methods previously used to make toner particles. For example, nUCREL 699 (a copolymer of B's and methacrylic acid from EI du Pont de Nemours (Wilmington, Delaware)) used in toners cannot be ground into submicron particles. It has been assumed that since the toner particles contain a higher molecular weight resin which can obtain a suitable fixing parameter, the resins are not controlled by a small particle size. As shown, fabricating negatively charged particles within the electronic ink can include providing

A. Acidic resin ' However, observations have shown that the acid groups in the resin can generate hydrogen bonds - crosslinking' thus reducing the effectiveness of particle size reduction. In the presence of cross-linking of acid groups via hydrogen bonding, difficulties are encountered in the production of resin particles having an average particle size of less than 1.0 μm. However, in addition to the methods described herein, it is conceivable to confirm the technique suitable for overcoming hydrogen bonding. It is noted that the poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) zinc salt and the maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene copolymer include "blocked" acid groups. In the copolymer comprising a cis-butane diacid needle, the cis-butanedioic acid group is blocked by the presence of the 12 201030438 anhydride. The maleic acid group can be blocked without hydrolysis to pay an acidic surface. Hydrolysis may be accomplished, for example, by the addition of water during the appropriate phase of particle size reduction, such as when a charge adjuvant is added. In the copolymer comprising acrylate, the acrylic group is blocked by reacting with a metal base (specifically, zinc base) to produce a metal salt. Acrylic acid can be dissociated by metal ions without being blocked. Dissociation can be accomplished by the addition of a solvent, for example, during the addition of the delivery fluid, such as during or after the oral phase of the particle size reduction. Other barrier/non-p and spacer schemes, such as partial acidification of acid groups, can be envisioned based on chemical bonds of the same type or other types of chemical bonds. It is also conceivable that at least a portion of the acid groups of the resin may be blocked, as other s-man groups are not blocked. Even so, all of these acid groups of the resin can be blocked. The presence of an ionic acid group in combination with the metal ion in the salt increases the polarity of the resin and enhances the charge effect. The viscosity control and/or the charge adjuvant can be used to impart the benefits described. By using a resin having a hindered (tetra) group, the particle size reduction effect can be carried out with less hindrance and the acid group for producing negatively charged particles can still be obtained. As described above, although the charge adjuvant can also provide a dispersing agent, in addition to the subpart (4) provided by the charge adjuvant, a dispersing agent provided by Mi (4) Zuojia can be provided. In the case of LEP toners, the importance of dispersants is minimal. However, in the case of electronic inks, high particle mobility enhances visualization in electronic displays. Usually, the 'Electric Weidger' needs to use the F-letter to dispense or disperse charged particles to pass the pixel. Since many signal application cycles can be used to repeatedly compact and disperse the charged particles. Therefore, effective dispersing agents (whether added or supplemented by the charge adjuvant) are suitable. 13 201030438 Observations have shown that particle size also contributes to particle migration, small particle size and provides a dispersion step that contributes to high migration _ material ie = with electrode separation H) to the pixel of the meter _ cut 1 () granules, greater than _ The particle conductivity of PS can be (4) in the particle (4) in 1 second. In one embodiment, an electronic display includes a pixel, an electrode within the pixel, and electronic ink within the pixel. As described elsewhere herein, the ink contains charged particles comprising a combination of resin particles, pigments, and charge directors.

The average particle size can be less than 1.0 micron. Dispersion (four) increase _ grain mobility can be provided. Various types and configurations of electrodes known to those skilled in the art can be used including bare electrodes that contact the ink and/or electrodes that are coated so as not to contact the ink. The negatively charged particles may contain a polyethylene resin copolymer grafted with maleic acid needle or an ionic polymer of resin polyethylene. The combination may further comprise a charge adjuvant chemically bonded to the resin particles. The positively charged particles may contain a resin vinyl pyrrolidinium/trienylene copolymer.

In another embodiment, an image display method includes providing an electronic display including a pixel that allows light to enter and exit, an electrode within the pixel, and electronic ink within the pixel. As described elsewhere herein, the ink contains charged particles comprising a combination of resin particles, pigments, charge directors, and dispersants. The method includes applying an electrical signal to the pixel using the electrode and compacting the charged particles using the electronic signal. The electronic signal is altered and the charged particles are dispersed through the pixel. The pigment is loaded on resin pellets having properties comparable to those of indigo 14 201030438 • pigments, yellow pigments, black pigments, other pigments, and the like. The charge director can be physically combined with the resin particles. Example Description The method may include repeated compaction and dispersion of the gate at least during the application of the financial signal, and * will greatly reduce the charged particles. In fact, the cycle step can be performed electronically multiple times. However, even several cycles reported that it was easy to find that a liquid electrophoresis (LEP) toner φ agent was tried as an electronic ink. Due to particle degradation, LEP toners have been found to circulate only human or two-human. This method has been expected to operate on resin particles as large as 2 Å, however, based on the predetermined small size of the electronic pixels and the necessity to reduce light scattering, resin particles of less than 1.0 μm have performance advantages. The negatively charged particles may include a polyethylene resin copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride or an ionic polymer mainly composed of polyester polyethylene having a molecular weight of 1, 〇〇〇 to 3,000. The positively charged particles may include a resin vinylpyrrolidone/trienylene copolymer having a molecular weight of from 3 Å to 4,500. The following examples describe various additional embodiments. # 例 i AC 575 蠛 resin (from powder with a molecular weight of 1,000 to 3,000, measured by Mettler's dropping technique (ASTM D-3954), 106 ° C melting point, and 34 mg KOH / gram of saponification value (obtained in powder form) Honeywell (Morristown, New Jersey) cis-succinic acid-grafted polyethylene copolymer). The AC 575 together with blue 15: 3 indigo pigment (available from Toyo Ink Mfg. Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan)), aluminum distearate viscosity control agent (VCA), and ISOPAR L liquid carrier (obtained) From Exxon Mobile 15 201030438

Corp. (Fairfax, Virginia) joins the S-OATTRITOR batch mill from Union Process Co. (Akron, Ohio), which contains 78 parts of wax resin during the grinding process based on the solid weight of the formulation in the mill. 14 parts of pigment, and 8 parts of VCA in sufficient ISOPA L to give 18 weight percent (wt%) of non-volatile solids (NVS). The pigment loading amount was 14% by weight. After milling at 35 ° C for at least 6 hours, the resulting dispersion had an average of 385 microns (microns) and a maximum of 0.63 microns as determined using a MASTERSIZER 2000 particle analyzer from Malvern Instruments Ltd. (Worcestershire, UK). Particle size distribution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs show the block structure of the particles and an average particle size of 0.8 microns with a viscosity of 411 centipoise (cP) at 8.4% NVS. The dispersion was negatively charged with 50 mg of bis-tridecyl sulfosuccinate strontium salt charge director per gram of NVS, and the charged dispersion was diluted to 2 wt% NVS with an ISOPARL liquid and a charge mass at 1 mm depth The test was carried out in a ratio (Q/m) test cell, showing a low field conductivity of 88 psi/cm (pS/cm) and a high field conductivity of 325 pS/cm. The optical density was 1-56 at a specific mass (DMA) of each area of 0.084 mg/cm 2 (mg/cm 2 ) via the use of an electroplated particle film obtained from the charged dispersion. The 2% NVS charged dispersion was added to an electronics chamber having a size of 100 x 100 x 10 microns deep and having two interdigitated electrodes separated by 30 microns. At alternating voltage, colored charged ink particles are found to move between the electrodes. Example 2 In accordance with the method of Example 1, the method of 201030438, except that the formulation in the mill contained 47 parts of wax resin, 45 parts of pigment, and 8 parts of VCA, based on the weight of the solid. Moreover, aluminum tristearate was used in place of the aluminum distearate VCA. The pigment filling amount was 45% by weight. The dispersion was negatively charged and diluted as in Example 1. As in Example 1, the 2% NVS charged dispersion was placed in an electron chamber and the charged ink particles were found to move between the electrodes at an alternating voltage. Even though the particles had a 45% pigment loading rather than the 14% pigment loading of Example 1, it was found that the inclusion of such charged particles in the dispersion still affected the color depth. Example 3 A method for forming a dispersion according to Example 2 was carried out except that the formulation in the mill contained 29 parts of a wax resin, 63 parts of a pigment, and 8 parts of VCA, based on the weight of the solid. The pigment filling amount was 63% by weight. The dispersion was negatively charged and diluted as in Example 1. Example 4

Diluting 2% of Examples 1, 2, and 3 by 100 to 0.02% dispersion, respectively, NVS ▼ Electrodispersion so that the optical density from the 1 mm deep Q/m test cell is 10 microns (0.01 mm) from the display device Deep electrophoresis tank related. The diluted 0.02% NVS charged dispersion of the DMAT' Examples 1, 2, and 3 dispersions of 13 mg/cm 2 of 〇 〇 showed optical densities of 0.42, 0.9, and 1, respectively. Data analysis provides a linear relationship between pigment fill and optical density, which can be extrapolated using the extrapolation method to have an optical density of about 丨2 for a pigment loading of 1%. Example 5 The procedure for forming a dispersion according to Example 2 was followed except that aluminum distearate was used in place of the aluminum tristearate VCA. The dispersion was negatively charged and diluted as in Example 1. As an example, the 2% NVS charged dispersion was added to the electron 17 201030438 chamber and at alternating voltage it was found that the colored charged ink particles moved between the electrodes. The effect of low field (LF) conductivity on particle conductivity was investigated in this Q/m test cell and the performance of Example 2 aluminum tristearate VCA and Example 5 tristearate VCA was compared. For the dispersion of aluminum distearate, it was found that the conductivity of the particles increased sharply at 45 pS LF, and reached 200 pS at a low field conductivity level of about 80 pS. However, in the case of a dispersion of aluminum tristearate, a similar sharp increase was observed at a lower energy level of 25 pS LF, which was 200 pS at a low field conductivity of more than about 65 pS. Therefore, in the case of the tristea, the conductivity of the particles is higher at all LF levels higher than 25 pS. Example 6 The AC 575 wax resin of Example 1 was added to a S-0 ATTRITOR batch mill together with 0.2 g of water which can completely hydrolyze the maleic anhydride to a dibasic acid (which can constitute 2 equivalents depending on the saponification value). And during grinding, it was ground in a sufficient amount of ISOPARL for 2 hours. Thereafter, 2 mg of bis-tridecyl sulfosuccinate salt charge director/g of wax resin was added to encapsulate even excess water in the colloidal particles to prevent subsequent hydrolysis of VCA and to grind for 2 hours. Under a sufficient amount of ISOPAR L, blue 丨 5 : 3 (TOYO) indigo pigment and aluminum tristearate VCA were added to obtain 18% by weight of NVS and ground for 6 hours. Based on the weight of the solids, the final formulation in the mill contained 47 parts of enamel resin, 45 parts of pigment, and 8 parts of VCA. The pigment filling amount was 45% by weight. At 35. (: All grinding steps were carried out and a particle size of 〇.8 μm was obtained in the dispersion. Example 7 Use of sulfosuccinate ditridecyl ruthenium salt charge from 5 to 5 〇 milligrams 18 201030438 Directional agent / per The NVS was subjected to several samples of the dispersions of Example 6 and Example 2. Negative electricity. The charged dispersions were diluted to 2% by weight Nvs with 1S〇pAR L and evaluated in the Q/m test cell. In the range of the charge director, the particle conductivity is higher in the case of the charged dispersant of Example 6 including the water-pretreated resin. For the charge director of 20 to 50 mg/g, the particles are electrically conductive. The rate is obviously about 70 to 90 pS. For the example 2 charged dispersion, the conductivity of the charge director is about 40 mg / gram, and the conductivity of the particles exceeds 2 〇〇 pS. For the example 6 charged dispersant, the charge is directed. The particle conductivity of the particles above about 3 mg/g exceeds 200 pS. It has been hypothesized that the water pretreatment can increase the binding of the charge director to the particles. Example 8 Using a molecular weight of 1,000 to 3,000, differential scanning Calorimetry* and measured the melting point of 99 ° C, and zero acid Value (because it is an acid salt) of ACLYN 295 Butterfly Resin (to get Honeywell in Morristown, New

An ethylene-zinc acrylate ionomer is provided in the form of granules of Jersey). • The ACLYN 295 is added to the S-〇 ATTRITOR mill along with the blue 15:3 (TOYO) indigo pigment, distearate VCA, and ISOPAR L liquid carrier. The formulation in the mill contained 47 parts of enamel resin, 45 parts of pigment, and 8 parts of VCA in a sufficient amount of ISOPAR L to give 18% by weight of NVS during grinding, based on the weight of the solids. The pigment filling amount was 45% by weight. After milling at 35 ° C for at least 6 hours, the resulting dispersion had an average particle size of 0.8 microns as determined using a MASTERSIZER 2000 particle size analyzer. The SEM photograph of the particles showed an average particle size of 1.2 microns. Pigment particles having a size of about 70 to 100 nanometers (nm) are dispersed and loaded on the wax resin particles. 19 201030438 The dispersion is negatively charged using a bis-tridecyl sulfonate salt charge director. The charged dispersion was diluted to 2 wt% NVS with ISOPAR L and showed the particle conductivity in the Q/m test cell according to the energy level of the low temperature field conductivity. Example 2 charged dispersion using an equal charge director The particle conductivity is about 2 to 8 times. At a low field conductivity level above 25 pS, the Example 8 charged dispersion exceeds 200 pS and can reach over 450 pS at a low field conductivity of about 50 pS. At an energy level above the low field conductivity of about 65 pS, the example 2 charged dispersion exceeds 200 pS and can reach 450 pS at a low field conductivity of about UOpS. The 2% NVS charged dispersion was added to an electronics chamber having a 100 x 100 x 10 micron deep-sized comb electrode with two separate 30 micrometers. The colored charged ink particles are found to move between the electrodes at an alternating voltage. Example 9 An additional dispersion was prepared following the procedure of Example 8 except that a VCA lower than the 8 weight VCA dispersion of Example 8 was used. The 4% by weight VCA dispersion based on the weight of the solids included 51 parts of wax resin, 45 parts of pigment, and 4 parts of VCA. Based on the weight of the solids, 〇% by weight of the VCA dispersion comprises 55 parts of butterfly resin, 45 parts of pigment, and 0 parts of VCA. The pigment loading in all the dispersions was 45% by weight. Each dispersion had an average particle size of 0.8 microns as determined using a MASTERSIZER 2000 particle size analyzer. Using a sample of 5,50 mg, bismuthyl sulphate salt charge director / per gram N, several samples of these 8, 4, and 0 wt% dispersions are negatively charged to ISOPAR L The charged dispersions were diluted to 2% by weight and evaluated in the Q/m test cell. Within the content range of the charge director, the particle conductivity of the 8% by weight of the cleavage liquid is higher than 4% by weight of the dispersion, and the particle conductivity of the 4% by weight of the 20 201030438 dispersion is higher than that of the 〇% by weight of the dispersion. The difference in particle conductivity is most pronounced in the range of 20 to 5 mg/g charge director. The effect of lf conductivity on particle conductivity was investigated in a Q/m test cell by using such samples with a 50 mg/g charge director and compared to the 8, 4 and 〇 wt% VCA dispersions. Performance. Between η and 51 pS LF conductivity, the particle conductivity of the 8 and 4 wt% dispersions is about the same 'but both are greater than 0 wt% dispersion. Example 10 遵 The procedure of Example 8 was followed except that 1 wt% IRCOSPERSE 2155 (an aliphatic amber quinone imine dispersant from Lubrizol, Ltd. (Manchester, UK)) was added to the 2% NVS charged dispersion. The addition of the dispersant was found to have little effect on the conductivity of the particles. The 2% NVS charged dispersion # was added to an electronic chamber having a size of 100 x 100 x 10 microns deep and having two comb electrodes separated by 30 microns. It was found that the colored charged ink particles moved between the electrodes under alternating electrical transformation, as compared with the dispersion of Example 8, in the state of the dispersed particles under the electrodes and the state of the compacted particles, Example 10 The dispersion cycle is many times faster. Example 11 ANTARON WP-660(R) resin having a molecular weight of 3,000 to 4,500 and a melting point of 58-68 ° C (available in the form of flakes available from International Specialty Products (Wayne, New Jersey) in the form of flakes _ / 3 Ten dilute copolymer). Add WP-660 together with Permanent Carmine FBB02 Magenta pigment (available from Clariant Inti. Ltd. (Switzerland) and ISOPAR L in a S-0 ATTRITOR batch mill. The formulation in the mill is based on a solid weight of 21 201030438 Containing 55 parts of wax resin and 45 parts of pigment in a sufficient amount of ISOPARL to obtain 18% by weight of 1^¥5 during grinding. The pigment filling amount is 45% by weight. After grinding at 35 ° C for at least 6 hours, such as using MASTERSIZER The resulting dispersion had a particle size distribution with an average of 0.7 microns and a maximum of 1.2 microns as determined by a 2000 particle size analyzer. A sufficient amount of OLOA 1200 (polyisobutylene amber imine polyamine available from Chevron Oronite (San Francisco, California) was used. The first sample of the dispersion was positively charged to obtain an initial low field conductivity of 80 pS in the Q/m test cell and allowed to stand overnight. The subsequent Q/m test cell reading showed a low field conductivity of 61 pS. And high field conductivity of 96pS. Part of the ink is covered on the negative electrode of the Q/m test cell to confirm the presence of positive ink. The conductivity reading is considered too low, so the second sample of the dispersion is appropriately increased. Inside The charge director was filled to obtain an initial low field conductivity of 200 pS (about 1 wt% charge director) and all particles appeared to be positively charged. 2% NVS charged dispersion of the first and second samples An electron chamber having a size of 100 x 100 x 10 micrometers deep and having two comb electrodes separated by 30 micrometers was added. At alternating voltage, colored charged ink particles were found to move between the electrodes. [Simplified illustration] (none) [Main component symbol description] (none)

Claims (1)

201030438 / VII. Patent application scope: ' 1. An electronic ink containing positively charged particles, comprising a combination of the following components: resin particles having an average particle size of less than 1.0 micrometer and containing a resin having a molecular weight of 500 to 20,000; a pigment loaded on the resin particles; and a charge director which can be physically combined with the resin particles. 2. The ink of claim 1, wherein the resin comprises vinylpyrazine 0 sigma ketone/trienylene copolymer. 3. The ink of claim 1, wherein the resin has properties compatible with indigo pigments, magenta pigments, yellow pigments, black pigments, other pigments, *, and combinations thereof. t' 4. The ink of claim 1, further comprising a dispersing agent. 5. The ink of claim 1, wherein the charge director can form a colloidal particle structure that is physically bonded by hydrophobic bonding with the resin particles to obtain a charge to a portion of the particles. 6. An electronic display comprising: a pixel; an electrode within the pixel; and an electronic ink within the pixel, the ink comprising positively charged particles comprising a combination of the following components: having an average particle size a resin particle having a resin vinylpyrrolidone/tridecene copolymer of less than 1.0 μm; • a pigment loaded on the resin particles; and 23 201030438 x a charge director capable of physically bonding to the resin particles . 7. The display of claim 6, wherein the resin has a MW of 500 to 20,000. 8. The ink of claim 1 or the display of item 6, wherein the resin has a MW of from 〇〇〇 to 5,000. 9. The display of claim 6, wherein the resin has properties compatible with indigo pigments, magenta pigments, yellow pigments, black pigments, other pigments, and combinations thereof. 10. An image display method, comprising: providing an electronic display comprising a pixel that allows visible light to enter and exit, an electrode within the pixel, and an electronic ink within the pixel, the ink containing positive An electric particle comprising a combination of the following components: a resin particle comprising a resin vinylpyrrolidone/triene copolymer having a molecular weight of 500 to 20,000; a pigment loaded on the resin particles, the resin having a property compatible with combinations of indigo pigments, magenta pigments, yellow pigments, black pigments, other pigments, and the like; a charge director which can be physically combined with the resin particles; and a dispersant; Applying an electrical signal to the pixel and using the electronic signal to compact the charged particles; and changing the charged signal and dispersing the charged particles through the pixel. The method of claim 10, wherein the resin has an average particle size of less than 1.0 micron. 12. The display of claim 6 or the method of claim 10, wherein the resin particles are comprised of a vinylpyrrolidone/thirconic copolymer. 13. The display of claim 6 or the method of claim 10, wherein the charge director can form a glue that is physically bonded to the resin particles to obtain the charged particles. Particle structure. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the charge director comprises a polyisobutylene amber imine polyamine. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising repeating compaction and dispersion during at least 10 signal application cycles without substantially degrading the charged particles. 25 201030438 IV. Designated representative map: (1) The specified table in this case is: ( ). (None) (2) A brief description of the component symbols in this table: 5. If there is a chemical formula in this case, please disclose the chemical formula that best shows the characteristics of the invention: