199207 Λ 6 |{ 6 五、發明説明（1 ) 本發明係瞄於 用接觭式影像感 訊號方式之测試 M (PIN DIODE) 法箪握的距離， 良而成。 如前所述，目 光感應器均Μ感 像位置，而判斷 光二極體之外殼 定，坆將造成雷 到光學掃描器品 有鑑於上述缺 測器做為訊號讀 上装設一半透明 此半透明元件具 使得入射之雷射 透鏡後，能更精 光元件上，而不 —種光學掃描器品質測試装置，主要係利 測器（Contact Image Sensor)為主要謓取· 装置。此測試装置乃針對習用的感光二極 之外殼至内部的真正慼測元件間有一段無 而造成測試上有誤差之極大缺點，加以改 前所使用之光學播描器品霣测 光二極體（PIN DIODE)感測入 光學播描系統之品霣好壊。然 至内部的真正感测元件之間的 射光點掃描成像位置的極大誤 «測試之更高精密度的要求。 點，本發明之目的乃利用一接 取之裝置，並在此影像感測器 元件，如毛玻璃或半透明膠布 有可平均分散點光源的擴散功 光點在經·過接觸式影像感測器 確地成像於該接觸式影》感測 致受到折射角度的影響。此外 試裝置中的 射光點之成 而，因為感 距離並非固 差，無法達 觸式影像感 的入光窗口 ，其特點為 能，因而能 內部的聚焦 器内部的慼 •本發明之 3 先 m ifi 货 而 之 注 意 事 項 裝 線 經濟部屮央榀準而β工消«·合作社印製 所 位一掃雷 試 装一學於 測 姐j光裝 減 器之姐 縮 描述在 可 掃上器 尚 學用描 故 光利掃 • 試是學 成。測亦光 達修可術為 式維種技因 方於 一試正 的易供測。 式並提此成 械，為，達 機本的置而 k成目裝置 易與 一試装 容時另測一試 位 Η 的的j測 定的明性一質 的费發確\品 置耗本正器 裝箱 置一罾 本紙》尺度遑用中Β國家《準(CNS) Ή規怙(210x297兮 199207 Λ 6 II 6 五、發明説明（2) 射列表機内部的位置時，無法做一精確數據之定位，因此 •可利用本發明之能精確测試位置之持性而提供上述之有 精確數據顯示•並能迅速作光學掃描器姐装位置之調鳌的 測試技術，且可達到縮減工時成本及提昇光學掃描器的成 像品霣。 本發明的再一目的為提供一種能测試光學掃描器输出光 點的聚缓特性之测試装置。習知用K测試光學播描器输出 光點的聚焦特性之装置為一成本昂貴的光點大小掃描测試 器（Beam Scanner)*但此装置除成本昂賁Μ外，尚有操作 不易，顯示结果埋慢等缺點，因此*利用本發明之光學掃 描器品質測試装置對输出光點的聚焦特性做测試•能產生 可迅速比對光學掃描器输出光點聚焦位置之正確性的特點 •可大幅降低光學掃描器品霣的測試時間，節省工時成本 •諸 先 閲 iil 背 而 之 注 意 事 項 艰 裝 玎 經濟部中央栉準杓只工消赀合作社印製 掃利定感性掃 明 實 點於以《特學 說 佳 光在器影的光 之 較 器激描式置短 例 一 描特掃觸位縮 施 之 掃其學接試並 買 置 學，光之測- 佳 装 光置使置確霣 較 試 試裝，裝精品 之 測 測試術的有的。列 質 。 能測技明具度本下。品 霣種的η)發明性成由解描 品一 }10本發線省可瞭播 學供tyat於本器節點的學 光提riul像於描，優楚光 的為eaod成由掃時及清之 器的inu 出，學 Η 的更明 描目“變输上光試目到發 掃一度一調描口 昇測他得本 學又性〃點掃窗提及其而為 光的線光點光幅裝之，示 昇明之』的光入大姐明式所 提發出易的的可的發_1 並本输簡離器故器本合圓 , 描用距測-描 配 線 本紙》尺度遑用中a Η家準（CNS) T4規格（210X297兮龙)4 199207 Λ 6 Η 6 五、發明説明（3) 經濟部屮央椋準局β工消<ϊ·合作杜印製 施例之側視圃。 圖2所示為根據本 掃描品質测試装置的 示意圓。 圖3所示為利用本 正確性的糸統示意圖 圓4所示為利用本 的聚焦特性之系统示 圈5所示為利用本 输出線性度的糸统示 現諝參看匯1所示 試裝置的一較佳*施 置主要包含一接觸式 器1之入光窗口 11表 該半透明元件2必須 射光束投射於該半透 源。在本較佳實施例 (Ground Glass)或 以由3M公司所生產 該接觸式影»感測 發明之原理 入光留口上 •光點入射於圓1之光學 而得之光點聚焦成像特性 發明之装置测試光學掃描器姐裝位置 發明之装置 意騙。 發明之装置 意圃。 •該圃為本 例之俩視η 影像感測器 面上的半透 具有擴散器 明元件2時 中，該半透 半透明膠布 之 MAGICTM 器1除具有 測試光學播描器轤出光點 测試光學掃描器光黏掃描 包含一LED® 路板 12、LED13、一 15M及一印刷《路板16。S射光 生平均擴散之點光源•經《該聚 件15上*由此感光元件15將光學 發明之光學掃 。如圔所示· 1和一緊貼於 明元ί件2。值 (Diffuser)作 ，能產生平均 明元件2可K •例如，該半 膠布而得。 上述之入光窗 聚焦透鏑1 4、 束經過半透明 焦透嫌14而成 影像訊號轉換 描器品霣測 本發明之裝 該影像感測 得注意者為 用·以使雷 擴散的點光 是一毛玻璃 透明醪布可 口 11外，尚 —慼光元件 元件2而產 像於感光元 成《子訊號 裝- 訂 線. 卜紙張尺度遑用中β國家«毕(CN5)T4規怙（210x297^;«^ 19^207 Λ 6 It 6 經濟部屮央標準’局^工消赀合作社印奴 五、發明説明（4 ) *再經由印刷電路板16而输出，供外部連線使用。 為說明本發明之精確測試之特性*圖2乃以圖式說明雷 射光束A和B各經一不含半透明元件和含本發明之半透明 元件2之影像慼測器後成像位置之差異性。該雷射光束A 和B係由一光學掃描器3投射，其中光束A係直接穿透入 射窗口 11而在聚焦透鏡14上產生反射、折射和直接穿透聚 焦透鏡14之邊界等效應，因光束A的能量穿透、反射及分 散，而不能聚焦於感光元件15的正確位置A ’上，造成感光 元件15的光學影像訊號極小•而無法產生電子訊號之感應 输出。反觀光束B之行進過程，若先涇過緊貼於入光窗口 11上之半透明元件2，則因該半透明元件之具擴散作用的 功能，而產生平均擴散的點光源，然後經過聚焦透鏡14而 能聚焦於感光元件15的正確位置B’上。因之光束能量得以 集中，且能使感光元件15將產生的光學影像訊號轉換成電 子訊號之效應|此電子訊號可再經由印刷電路板16而输出 ，Μ供連線使用。 因此，利用本發明之原理，能更迅速及有效地使雷射光 束成像於正確位置Β’上•而達到光學掃描器品筲測試之目 的。 本發明之光學掃描器品質測試装置尚可用Μ測試光學掃 描器姐装之正確性與否。此寘施例如圖3所示。其中L 1 為光學掃描器3至接觸式影像感測器1之入光窗口 11表面 之半透明元件2之距離。經由該光學掃描器3投射出之兩 束固定點的光束Α和Β會在慼光元件15上產生Τ 1的霣子 (請先閲請啃而之注意事項^蜞我頁) 本紙張尺度边用中a國家楳华(CNS)T4規格(210X297#% 199207 Λ 6 Η 6 經濟部中央找準局CX工消奸合作社印製 五、發明説明（5 ) 轉換訊號之時距。若光學掃描器3之姐装位置與半透明元 件2之間距為L 2，則將在感光元件15上產生T 2之電子 轉換訊號之時距。因此，依此特性·只要在组裝過程中簡 單地調整光學掃描器的位置，便T2 = T 1 *即可測知光 學掃描器的正確位置。&方法簡單而迅速*可大福提昇光 學成像的品質，降低工時成本。 本發明之另一實施例如圃4所示，可用Κ測試光學撺描 器3輸出光點的聚焦特性。由鼷可知，假設光學掃描器3 所输出之軍點光源10之聚焦點應為Α之位置•並可產生如 A·之光學成像之能量分佈於感光元件15上。但當光學掃描 器3内部的光學糸统之品霣不良時，則會使光束10的聚焦 點改變為B的位置，並產生如之光學成像之能量分佈於 感光元件15上。由圖可知，由於A ’之分佈能量較B，為大， 且分佈區域較窄，故可輕易地由比對電子訊號之能1分佈 ，而测得光學掃描器3输出光點聚焦特性的好壊。 画5所示為利用本發明之裝置測試光學掃描器光點掃描 输出線性度之一較佳賁施例圖。此實施例尚須配合一台個 人電腦4M控制一光點調變器5來驅動光學掃描器3之固 定間距，而输出五束光束A、B、C、D和E (本例中僅 取五束光束做說明）至接觸式影像感測器1之入光窗口 11上的半透明元件2表面上，由於如前述之點光源平均擴 散之效應，該各光束會經過聚焦透鏡14而分別聚焦於感光 元件15上•產生A·、B’、C，、D·和E，之光學成像之能量分 佈·然後再經印刷《路板16而檐出霣子訊號至個人霣腦4 (請先閲}ft背而之注意事項^頁) 裝- 本紙張尺度逍用t困国家榣毕(CNS) Ή規怙(210x297·^*^ 199207 Λ 6 Π6 經濟部屮央標準/ίοβπ消赀合作社印δί 五、發明説明（6) 中計算處理*依此方式’光學掃描器3之光&艙出線性度 便可精確地由下列公式得知： D η — Κ Τ η 線性度=1- X 100% ΚΤη 其中，η為光束數目之間隔數減1 ，此例中η = 3 K = (Κ1+Κ2 + ...+ Κη) + η，Κη為光點掃描線速度 Τη=Τη — Το; Τη為光束掃描之時距 Dn = Ln — Lo · Dn為光束掃描之間距 Kn = Dn*r Τη 如圖所示，由於输入光束A、Β、C、D和Ε之各個時 距To、、^和Τ3可由光點調變之固定間距配合光學掃描 器3之掃描速度而得，故為光點投射於感光元件15應有的 已知時距，但由於光學掃描器3之光學系统可能的誤差將 會造成光點成像於感光元件15上的誤差，而產生如画之 Lo至Ln(L3)的誤差間距。Lo至Ln的各個值係取Α’至Ε’等光 學成像之能量分佈區的中心值。 本裝置之測試精度係取決於接觸式影像.感測器1的慼光 元件15之排列密度。以每英时400個感光元件的排列密度 計算之，每兩個感光元件15的中心間距為63.5/um ，若對 ΒΛ紙張的有效印字之行寬為257 mm，可計算出其光點掃描 输出埭性度的解析度和精密度為0.025 %。而在習用的印 字密度為每英吋30 0點的雷射印表拥對光學掃描器3的光 點播描輸出埭性度的要求僅為土 0.5 % ·因此•根據上述 (4先wllft.背而之注意本項#]碼{{ 頁) 裝· 本紙張尺度遑用中ββ家«毕(CN5)T4規格(210><2讥兮龙& 199207 Λ 6 Π 6 五、發明説明（7 賁驗结果， 输出線性度 品質。 綜上所述 透明材質緊 構造，提供 得習用於雷 具有快速组 本。 本發明所 試光學掃描 具產桊上利 本發明之 但其他修改 發明之内容 利範園所限 本發明之装置能創新用於光學掃描器3的光點 的测試，而能大輥提昇光學掃描器之掃描成像 ，可知本發明乃涤利用一種具擴散器作用的半 貼於接觴式影像感測器的入光窗口表面的簡單 了上述三項需極高测試精密度的测試技術，使 射印表櫬的光學掃描器之品霣能大幅提昇*並 裝及定位的特色，能降低组裝及測試的工時成 謫之品質測試裝置較之習用感光二極《僅能測 器的光點掃描艙出線性度的單項功能而言•深 用之價值。 目的及功效雖巳由上述之特定實施例敘述之· 、變化及懕用皆可由習於此蓊之人士在詳讀本 後輕易得知，本發明之範ail應如下列之申請専 定者。 (請先M·背而之注意事項#蜞束頁) -裝· 線- 經濟部屮央標準·工消赀合作社印製199207 Λ 6 | {6 V. Description of the invention (1) The present invention is aimed at testing the distance held by the M (PIN DIODE) method using the image signal signal method, which is a good result. As mentioned above, the eye sensor is the position of the image sensor, and the outer shell of the photodiode is determined, which will cause lightning to the optical scanner. In view of the above-mentioned missing detector, the translucent element is installed on the translucent signal. With the incident laser lens, it can be more precise on the optical element, rather than a kind of optical scanner quality test device, mainly the contact image sensor (Contact Image Sensor) is the main device. This test device is aimed at the existence of a period between the conventional photosensitive diode shell and the internal real measuring device, which causes a great error in the test. The optical player used before was modified to measure the photodiode. (PIN DIODE) Sensing good quality into the optical broadcasting system. However, there is a great error in scanning the imaging position of the light spot between the real sensing elements inside «Requirement for higher precision of the test. Point, the purpose of the present invention is to use a pick-up device, and in this image sensor element, such as frosted glass or translucent tape, there can be an evenly dispersed point light source diffused light point in the through-contact image sensor The imaging in the contact shadow is indeed affected by the angle of refraction. In addition, the light emitting point in the test device is formed because the sensing distance is not a solid difference, and the light entrance window of the tactile image sense cannot be reached. Its characteristic is that it can be used. Therefore, it can be used in the internal focuser. ifi Goods attention to the installation line of the Ministry of Economics, Yiyang, accurate and β work consumption «· Cooperative printing position, a mine sweeping trial installation, a study of the tester, the j Use tracing old light to make a good sweep • Trial is learning. Test Yiguang Daxiuke technique is a kind of maintenance technique, which is easy to test. This type of machine is also mentioned, as the machine is easy to install and the k-mesh device is easy to measure with the test of the test position H and the clarity and quality of the test. The standard device is packed with a piece of paper, and the standard is "CNS" Ή regulations (210x297, 199207 Λ 6 II 6). 5. Description of invention (2) When shooting the position inside the printer, it is impossible to make an accurate The positioning of the data, therefore • can be used to accurately test the position of the present invention to provide the above-mentioned accurate data display • and can quickly be used to adjust the optical scanner sister position adjustment test technology, and can achieve reduced work Cost and improve the imaging quality of the optical scanner. Another object of the present invention is to provide a test device that can test the convergence characteristics of the output spot of the optical scanner. It is known to use K to test the output of the optical player The device for focusing characteristics of the light spot is an expensive beam size scanning tester (Beam Scanner) * but in addition to the high cost, this device still has the disadvantages of difficult operation and slow display results, so * use this Invented optical scanner quality test device pair Test the focusing characteristics of the light spot • Can produce a feature that can quickly compare the correctness of the focus position of the output spot of the optical scanner • Can greatly reduce the test time of the optical scanner product, saving labor costs • Read iil first Contrary to the precautions, the Central Committee of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Central Committee of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, and the Cooperative Society printed a sweeping and definite perceptual sweep. A special scan touches the position and shrinks the scan to learn to take the test and buy the home, light measurement-the best installation of the light is better than the test installation, and the quality of the test is good. The measurement techniques are well-understood. The η) invented product can be explained by the description of the product: 10) The starting line saves the broadcast of learning for tyat the learning node of the local node. The eaod is made by the inu who sweeps and clears the artifact, the clearer description of the study Η "changes the gloss test to the hair scan, and once the tone is increased, he has to learn the nature of the school. Click on the window to mention it. And the light line of the light is installed, and the light of the "Sheng Sheng Ming" is put forward by the elder sister Ming Shi易 可可 发 _1 Parallel input and output device, the original device is closed, and the distance measurement-tracing paper is used. The standard is used. A standard (CNS) T4 specification (210X297 Xilong) 4 199207 Λ 6 Η 6 V. Description of the invention (3) The side view nursery of the example of β-consumer of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, “Bonggong” β Gongxiao & Co., Ltd. Figure 2 shows the schematic circle of the scanning quality test device Fig. 3 shows the schematic diagram of the system using this correctness. Circle 4 shows the system circle using the focus characteristics of the present. 5 shows the display of the system using the linearity of the output. A preferred * implementation mainly includes a light entrance window 11 of a contactor 1 indicating that the translucent element 2 must project a light beam onto the translucent source. In this preferred embodiment (Ground Glass) or by the contact shadow produced by 3M Company »The principle of the sensing invention on the light-retaining opening Device testing The device invented by the optical scanner is deceived. Invented device Italian garden. • This nursery is a two-view η image sensor where the translucent surface of the image sensor has a diffuser light element 2 and the translucent translucent tape of the MAGICTM device 1 has a test optical player and a light spot test. The optical scanner's adhesive scanning includes an LED® road board 12, LED 13, a 15M and a printed road board 16. S light point light source that produces even diffusion • After "on the assembly 15 *, the optical element 15 scans the optical invention." As shown by 圔 · 1 and one cling to Ming Yuan ί piece 2. Value (Diffuser) can produce an average light element 2 can be K • For example, the semi-adhesive tape. The above-mentioned light entrance window focuses through dysprosium 1 4. The beam passes through the translucent focus through 14 to form an image signal conversion scanner product. The device of the present invention is used by the person who pays attention to the image sensing. It is a frosted glass transparent mash cloth. It is delicious 11 outside, and it is still made of Qiguang component element 2. It is produced by the photosensitive element into "sub-signal installation-binding. ^; «^ 19 ^ 207 Λ 6 It 6 The Ministry of Economic Affairs’ Central Standards Bureau ^ Industry Consumer Cooperative Cooperative Inno V. Invention Description (4) * Then output via printed circuit board 16 for external connection. For explanation The characteristics of the precise test of the present invention * FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the difference of the imaging positions of the laser beams A and B after each passing through an image detector without the translucent element and with the translucent element 2 of the present invention. The laser beams A and B are projected by an optical scanner 3, wherein the beam A directly penetrates the incident window 11 to produce reflection, refraction and direct penetration through the boundary of the focusing lens 14 on the focusing lens 14, due to the beam The energy of A penetrates, reflects, and disperses, but cannot focus on the photosensitive The correct position A 'of the component 15 causes the optical image signal of the photosensitive element 15 to be extremely small and cannot produce the induction output of the electronic signal. If the traveling process of the anti-beam B is too close to the translucent on the light entrance window 11, Element 2, due to the diffusion function of the translucent element, produces an evenly diffused point light source, which can then focus on the correct position B 'of the photosensitive element 15 through the focusing lens 14. As the beam energy is concentrated, And the effect of enabling the photosensitive element 15 to convert the generated optical image signal into an electronic signal | This electronic signal can be output through the printed circuit board 16 again, M is used for connection. Therefore, using the principles of the present invention can be more rapid and Effectively image the laser beam on the correct position B 'to achieve the purpose of optical scanner quality testing. The optical scanner quality testing device of the present invention can still be used to test the correctness of the installation of the optical scanner. The application example is shown in Fig. 3. Where L 1 is the distance from the optical scanner 3 to the translucent element 2 on the surface of the light entrance window 11 of the contact image sensor 1. The two fixed-point beams A and B projected by the optical scanner 3 will produce a T 1 shot on the qi light element 15 (please read the precautions first ^ 霞 我 页) This paper is used for standard size CNA T4 specifications (210X297 #% 199207 Λ 6 Η 6 Printed by the Central Bureau of Economics of the Ministry of Economic Affairs CX Gongxiaoyao Cooperative. V. Invention description (5) Time interval for converting signals. If optical scanner 3 The distance between the mounting position of the sister and the translucent element 2 is L 2, the time interval of the electronic conversion signal of T 2 will be generated on the photosensitive element 15. Therefore, according to this feature, as long as the optical scanning is simply adjusted during the assembly process The position of the scanner, T2 = T 1 *, then the correct position of the optical scanner can be detected. & The method is simple and fast * which can improve the quality of optical imaging and reduce the cost of working hours. In another embodiment of the present invention, as shown in the garden 4, the focus characteristic of the output spot of the optical scanner 3 can be tested with K. It can be known from the fact that the focal point of the military point light source 10 output by the optical scanner 3 should be at the position of A, and the energy of optical imaging such as A can be distributed on the photosensitive element 15. However, when the quality of the optical system inside the optical scanner 3 is bad, the focus point of the light beam 10 is changed to the position of B, and the energy for generating the optical imaging is distributed on the photosensitive element 15. It can be seen from the figure that since the distribution energy of A 'is larger than that of B, and the distribution area is narrow, it can be easily distributed by comparing the energy 1 of the electronic signal, and the good focusing characteristics of the output spot of the optical scanner 3 can be measured. . Figure 5 shows a preferred embodiment of an embodiment of the present invention for testing the linearity of the spot scanning output of the optical scanner. This embodiment still needs to cooperate with a personal computer 4M to control a spot modulator 5 to drive the fixed pitch of the optical scanner 3, and output five beams A, B, C, D and E (in this example, only five Beams are described) to the surface of the translucent element 2 on the light entrance window 11 of the contact image sensor 1, due to the effect of the average diffusion of the point light source as described above, the beams will be focused by the focusing lens 14 respectively The photosensitive element 15 produces the energy distribution of optical imaging of A ·, B ', C, D · and E, and then prints the "road board 16 and eaves out the ensign signal to the individual ensign 4 (please read } ft note ^ page) installed-this paper standard is easy to use t sleepy country (CNS) Ή regulations (210x297 · ^ * ^ 199207 Λ 6 Π6 Ministry of Economic Affairs Standards / ίοβπ 消 赀 貿 社 印 δί V. Description of the invention (6) Calculation processing * In this way, the linearity of the light & cabin of the optical scanner 3 can be accurately obtained from the following formula: D η — Κ Τ η linearity = 1-X 100 % ΚΤη where η is the number of intervals of the beam number minus 1, in this case η = 3 K = (Κ1 + Κ2 + ... + Κη) + η, Κη is Spot scanning linear velocity Τη = Τη — Το; Τη is the beam scanning time interval Dn = Ln — Lo · Dn is the beam scanning interval Kn = Dn * r Τη As shown in the figure, due to the input beam A, B, C, The respective time intervals To, ^, and T3 of D and Ε can be obtained by the fixed pitch of the light spot modulation and the scanning speed of the optical scanner 3, so the light spot is projected on the photosensitive element 15 at a known time interval, but Due to the possible error of the optical system of the optical scanner 3, the error of the light spot imaged on the photosensitive element 15 will be generated, and the error distance between Lo and Ln (L3) will be generated. The values of Lo to Ln are taken as A ' To the central value of the energy distribution area of optical imaging such as Ε '. The test accuracy of this device depends on the contact density of the contact image. The arrangement density of the Qiguang element 15 of the sensor 1. The arrangement density of 400 photosensitive elements per hour According to the calculation, the center distance between each two photosensitive elements 15 is 63.5 / um. If the line width of the effective printing on the BΛ paper is 257 mm, the resolution and precision of the light spot scanning output sensitivity can be calculated as 0.025 %. And the conventional printing density is 300 dots per inch laser It is stated that the requirement of the optical scanner 3's light-on-demand output output degree is only ± 0.5%. Therefore, according to the above (4 first wllft. Pay attention to this item #] Code {{page) Not to mention the use of the ββ home «Bi (CN5) T4 specification (210 > < 2 辥 龙 & 199207 Λ 6 Π 6 Fifth, invention description (7 test results, output linearity quality. In summary, the transparent material is tight Constructed to provide a quick basis for learning how to use mines. The optical scanning tool tested in the present invention has advantages on the present invention but other modifications to the content of the invention. The device of the present invention can be innovatively used for the light spot test of the optical scanner 3, and the large roller can improve the optical scanning Scanning imaging of the device, it can be seen that the present invention uses a diffuser half attached to the light entrance window surface of the attached image sensor to simplify the above three test techniques that require extremely high test precision. The quality of the optical scanner of the printed table can be greatly improved * The characteristics of installation and positioning, can reduce the assembly and test man-hours. The quality test device is more accurate than the traditional photodiode "only the tester. For the single function of the linearity of the light spot scanning cabin, the value of deep use. Although the purpose and effect are described in the above specific embodiments, changes and applications can be easily understood by those who are acquainted with it after reading this book in detail, the scope of the present invention should be as specified in the following application. (Please first M · 背 而 之 種 見 話 # 蜞 束 页) -installation · line-printed by the Ministry of Economic Affairs Standards · Working Consumer Cooperatives