TR2022007817A2 - COMPOSITION CONTAINING VEGETABLE OILS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SKIN DISEASES AND SKIN CARE - Google Patents
COMPOSITION CONTAINING VEGETABLE OILS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SKIN DISEASES AND SKIN CAREInfo
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- TR2022007817A2 TR2022007817A2 TR2022/007817 TR2022007817A2 TR 2022007817 A2 TR2022007817 A2 TR 2022007817A2 TR 2022/007817 TR2022/007817 TR 2022/007817 TR 2022007817 A2 TR2022007817 A2 TR 2022007817A2
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- skin
- oil
- treatment
- vegetable oils
- composition containing
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- 208000017520 skin disease Diseases 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 title abstract description 6
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- 239000004166 Lanolin Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
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- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- NCZPCONIKBICGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-ethylhexoxy)propane-1,2-diol Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COCC(O)CO NCZPCONIKBICGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WRYLYDPHFGVWKC-SNVBAGLBSA-N 4-Terpineol Natural products CC(C)[C@]1(O)CCC(C)=CC1 WRYLYDPHFGVWKC-SNVBAGLBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000132025 Calendula Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000001432 Calendula officinalis Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000241257 Cucumis melo Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000015510 Cucumis melo subsp melo Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical compound [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4,6-bis(cyanoamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]cyanamide Chemical compound N#CNC1=NC(NC#N)=NC(NC#N)=N1 FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000843 anti-fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 229920001495 poly(sodium acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229960003600 silver sulfadiazine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- UEJSSZHHYBHCEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) sulfadiazinate Chemical compound [Ag+].C1=CC(N)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)[N-]C1=NC=CC=N1 UEJSSZHHYBHCEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium polyacrylate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C=C NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- FLPJVCMIKUWSDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-formylphenoxy)acetamide Chemical compound NC(=O)COC1=CC=C(C=O)C=C1 FLPJVCMIKUWSDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000002874 Acne Vulgaris Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000009024 Ceanothus sanguineus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SNPLKNRPJHDVJA-ZETCQYMHSA-N D-panthenol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCCO SNPLKNRPJHDVJA-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PXDJXZJSCPSGGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid hexadecyl ester Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC PXDJXZJSCPSGGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Buluş; lanolin, kolloidal gümüş ve bitkisel yağlar içeren cilt hastalıklarının tedavisi ve cilt bakımı için geliştirilmiş bir kompozisyon ile ilgilidir.Meet; It concerns a composition developed for the treatment of skin diseases and skin care, containing lanolin, colloidal silver and vegetable oils.
Description
TARIFNAME CILT HASTALIKLARININ TEDAVISI VE CILT BAKIMI IÇIN BITKISEL YAGLAR IÇEREN KOMPOZISYON Bulusun Ilgili Oldugu Teknik Alan Bulus; genel olarak kimya sektöründe, ilaç endüstrisinde, cilt hastaliklarinda, cilt yaralarinin tedavisini desteklemede kullanim alanina sahip özellikle enfekte olmamis tahris olmus, yipranmis cildin tamiri, yenilenmesi, desteklenmesi ve bakiminda kullanilmak üzere gelistirilen kolloidal gümüs, lanolin ve özenle seçilmis bitkisel yaglar içeren bir kompozisyon ile ilgilidir. Bulusla Ilgili Teknigin Bilinen Durumu (Önceki Teknik) Teknigin bilinen durumunda yaralarin iyilestiimesine destek olan ürünlerde genelde çinko oksit ve petrol jeli içeren ürünler kullanilmaktadir. Söz konusu mevcut bilesimler yaralarin iyilesme sürecine destek olacak yeteri kadar etkin anti bakteriyel ve iyilestirici özelliklere sahip yag ve etkin madde içermemekte, sürülüm ve emilim zorluguna ek olarak yeteri kadar nemlenme saglanamamaktadir. Bu nedenle cilt hastaliklarinin tedavinde destek saglamasi ve cilt bakimi için büyük ölçüde etkili ürünlere yönelim vardir. TR 2018/ 15533 numarali patent dokümaninda bahsi geçen bulusta cilt hastaliklarinin tedavi edilmesi ve cilt bakimi için kati haldeki kavunun kabuk ve çekirdekleri ile beraber kapali bir kap içerisinde, yaklasik 25-30 OC sicaklikta ve karanlik bir ortamda esasen sivi forma dönüsünceye kadar bekletilmesi yoluyla elde edilen sivilastirilmis kavun ve kil içeren bir dogal kompozisyondan bahsedilmektedir. Söz konusu kompozisyonun zayif emilim, yagli birakma hissi ve kalin beyaz tabaka birakma gibi dezavantajlari bulunmaktadir. Yaralarin iyilesme sürecine destek olacak, yeteri kadar etkin antibakteriyel ve iyilestirici özelliklere sahip yag ve etkin madde içeren, yeterli miktarla nemlendirme saglayan, sürülüm ve emilimi kolay bilesimlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadir. Bulusun Kisa Açiklamasi ve Amaçlari Bulusun öncelikli amaci, cilt hastaliklarin tedavisinde ve cilt bakiminda kullanilmak üzere elde edilen bir kompozisyon hazirlanmasidir. Kompozisyonundaki bitkisel hammaddeler sayesinde mevcut teknikte kullanilan çinko oksit ve petrol jeli içerikli forrnülasyonlara göre anti bakteriyel etkisi kuvvetli, kullanimi ve emilimi kolay ürün kazandirilmakta, insan sagligini etkileyecek olumsuz sonuçlar olasiliginin önüne geçilmede alternatif olmaya çalismaktir. Bulus kompozisyonu lanolin, kolloidal gümüs ve bitkisel yaglar içermektedir. Bulus cilt hastaliklarinin tedavi edilmesi ve cilt bakimi için kompozisyonu; -kuvvetli antibakteriyel etki -etkin nemlendirme -sürüm sonrasi ciltte kalin beyaz tabaka bnakmamasi -kolay emilim -Sürüm kolayligi -iyilesme sürecine hizli destek gibi avantajlara sahiptir. Bulusun Ayrintili Açiklamasi Bulus cilt hastaliklarinin tedavi edilmesi ve cilt bakimi için bir kompozisyon olup; lanolin, kolloidal gümüs ve en az bir bitkisel yag içermektedir. Bitkisel yag; zeytinyagi, badem yagi, hindistan cevizi yagi, jojoba yagi, çay agaci yagi, lavanta yagi, ayni sefa yagi ve sari kantaron yagi arasindan seçilmektedir. 6,3 oraninda, tercihen % 6 oraninda zeytinyagi; agirlikça % 5,1-6,3 oraninda, tercihen %6 oraninda badem yagi; agirlikça % 2,5-3,45 oraninda, tercihen % 3 oraninda hindistan cevizi tercihen % 1,5 oraninda lavanta yagi; agirlikça % 1,04-1,3 oraninda, tercihen % 1,2 oraninda ayni sefa yagi; agirlikça % 1,02-1,38 oraninda, tercihen % 1,2 oraninda sari kantaron yagi; (PE 910) fenoksietanol ve etilheksilgliserin içeren sivi kozmetik koruyucu ve agirlikça % 0,34-0,46 oraninda, tercihen % 0,4 oraninda (Cosmedia SP)sodyum poliakrilat, Agirlikça Lanolin, emülsiyon olusturma özelliginden dolayi cilt kozmetik ürünleri saç bakim ürünleri ve diger kisisel kozmetik ürünlerde yaygin kullanilir. Diger hammaddelerle çok iyi karisir. Lanolin ciltteki nem kaybini % 20-% 30 engellemesinin yaninda petrol jeli içeren ürünlere göre sürümü daha kolay ve hafiftir. Kayganlastirici etki yaparak cilde yumusak ve düzgün bir görünüm kazandirir. Lanolin cilt tarafindan salgilanan sebum ile benzer özellikler tasimaktadir. Bu salgi bilindigi gibi yag özelliklerini tasir ve amaci cildi korumaktir. Lanolinin ABD de Besin ve Ilaç Yönetimi (FDA) tarafindan cilt koruyucu olarak kullanilan ve anorektal bölgede koruma islevi gören reçetesiz ürünlerde kullanilmasina izin verilmistir. Kolloidal gümüs, anti bakteriyel özelliklere sahiptir. Gümüsün yüzyillardir yara tedavisinde kullanildigi gibi içme suyu arindirmada sagligi muhafaza etmekte kullanildigi bilinmektedir. Gümüs sulfadiazine (SSD) özellikle yaniklarda oldukça yaygin kullanilan gümüs formülasyonudur. Gümüs iyonu genis antimikrobiyal olmasinin yaninda bakteriye, virüse, mantara karsi sitotoksik özelliklere sahiptir. Kolloidal gümüs tüm cilt tahrislerinde kullanilan toksik olmayan antibakteriyaldir. Kolloidal Gümüs onarici ve bakteri yok eden özelliklere sahiptir. Anti bakteriyel özellikleri sebebiyle kolloidal gümüs akne, iyilesen yaralar ve cilt tahrislerinde kullanilabilecek tedaviye yardimci harika bir onarici topikal kullanim sunmaktadir. Topikal uygulamalarda istenmeyen bir etki görülmemistir. Hassas ciltlerde dahi yararli olmustur. Kolloidal gümüs, muhtesem ve beklenmedik hücre yenilenmesini tetiklemek disinda yipranmis cildin iyilesme sürecine yardimci olur. Gümüs iyonunun bakterisit etkiye sahip olabilmesi için 30-40 ppm konsantrasyona sahip olmasi gerekir, yaralarda ise 30ppm ve 60 ppm< den küçük olmasi beklenir. Bulus kompozisyonunda kullanilan bitkisel yaglar ve faydalari asagida siralanmaktadir: Badem yagi: Zengin protein içerigiyle cildi yumusatip besleme özelligi vardir. Hindistan cevizi yagi: -Antibakteriyel ve antifungal özellikler içerir. -Cilt yagini dengeler ve yumusamasini saglar. -Hindistan cevizi yaginda bulunan yag asitleri cildi derinlemesine nemlendirir. Zeytinyagi: Cildin vitamin ihtiyacini karsilayip hücreleri yenileyen ve elastikiyetini artiran Zeytinyagi içerigi ve cildi nemlendirrne ve yumusatma etkisi veren j oj oba ile desteklenmistir. Sari Kantaron yagi: Küçük yaralanmalardan kaynaklanan cilt yaralanmalari yanik ve cilt tahrislerine tedavi etmeye yardimci olur. Aynisefa yagi: Anti inflamatuvar ve antimikrobiyal özellikleri ile ciltteki kabarciklara ve yaralara iyi gelir. Cildin nem oranini dengeler ve saglikli bir görünüm almasini saglar. Çay agaci yagi: Çay agaci yagi etkili antiseptiktir. Gümüs ile karistiginda daha da etkilidir. Çay agacinin içerigindeki aktif madde Terpinen-4-ol dur. Kullanilan içerikte terpinen-4-ol degeri 47 düzeyinde olup etkisi oldukça yüksektir. Antiseptik, antifungal ve antiviral özellikleri de bulunan çay agaci yagi ciltteki sisme ve tahrislerin azaltilmasina yardimci olur. Cilt gözeneklerindeki yagi ve kiri temizleyerek arindirir. Içerdigi sertifikali maddeler, cildin epidemisi ile uyumludur ve cilt tarafindan hizlica kabul görür ve hemen emilir. Yagli doku olusturmaz. Çinko oksit içeren kremler gibi cilde sivanmaz. Beyaz kalinti birakmaz. Cilt tarafindan hizli bir sekilde emilerek deriye nefes aldirabilen uzun süreli koruyucu bariyer film tabakasi olusturur. Cildi onarici ve besleyici yaglardan imal edilmistir. Ph 5.5 degeri ile cildin dogal yapisini korur. Geri dönüsümlü UV isigindan koruma saglayan cam kavanoz ile çevre dostudur. Pantenol; derinin hizli onarilmasinda, doku yenilemede ve cildi nemlendirmek için kullanilmaktadir. Hasarli cilt tabakalarini rahatlatir. Bulusta emülgatör olarak tercihen Emulgade SE-PF kullanilmistir. Emulgade SE-PF; Ceterath ,Ceterath-12,Cetearyl Alcohol, Cetyl Palmitate karisimlarindan olusan non iyonik bir emülsifiyerdir. Yüksek yumusatma özelligi, iyi elektrolit dengesi saglar. Emülgatörler iki veya daha fazla farkli fazin homojen karisimini saglayan ve sabit tutan maddelerdir. Emülgatörler kararli, homojen ve topaksiz bir emülsiyon meydana getirirler. Fenoksietanol ve etilheksilgliserin içeren sivi kozmetik koruyucu olarak bulusta tercihen Euxyl PE 910 ticari ürünü kullanilmistir. Bu ürün, dogal kozmetik kullanimi için ürünün tazeligini korumak ve raf ömrünü uzatmak gibi nedenlerle koruyucu olarak kullanilir. Ayrica bakteri -mikrop, küf, mantar üremesini engellemek ve oksidasyon gibi kimyasal bozulma süreçlerini önlemek için kullanilir. Bu mantar ve mikroorganizmalar rahatsizliklara neden olabilir, kozmetik ürünler hizla özelliklerini yitirebilir. Koruyucu maddeler sayesinde kozmetik ürünlerin raf ömrü uzatilir, hem de açildiktan tüketilinceye kadar geçen sürede özellikleri ile kullanim güvenligi korumasi saglanmis olur. Sodyum poliakrilat olarak bulusta Cosmedia SP ticari ürünü tercih edilmistir. Bu ürün kisisel bakim emülsiyonlarinda kivam saglayici, emülsifiye edici polimer olarak kullanilir. Sabitleme, kivamlastirrna ve emülsiye edici özelliklere sahip emülsiyon polimeridir. Hafif yapi elde etme ve iyi dagilim kazandirir. Cosmedia SP ayni zamanda `emülsifier-free`ürün olarak pazarlanmasina olanak saglar. Cosmedia SP nötralize edilmis, ince toz halinde, kolay dagilan ve soguk üretim formülasyonlarina yardimci bir bilesendir. Bulus kompozisyonunun hazirlanmasinda öncelikle Zeytinyagi, Bademyagi, Jojoba Yagi, Lanolin, Aynisefa Yagi, Emülgatör, Hindistan Cevizi yagi, Sari Kantaron yagi 70 0C "ye kadar isitilir. Kolloidal Gümüs suyu ve Euxyl PE 910 ayri tartilir ve 70 0C 6ye isitilir. Ayni sicaklikta birlestirilir. 50 C0 de Cosmedia SP eklenir. Karistirilarak sogumaya birakilir. Lavanta Yagi, Çay agaci yagi ve Pantenol ,Esans 35 0C "de eklenir ve karistirilip kapatilir. TR DESCRIPTION COMPOSITION CONTAINING VEGETABLE OILS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SKIN DISEASES AND SKIN CARE Technical Field to which the invention relates Invention; It is a composition containing colloidal silver, lanolin and carefully selected herbal oils, which is generally used in the chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, skin diseases and supporting the treatment of skin wounds. . Known State of the Art Related to the Invention (Prior Art) In the state of the art, products containing zinc oxide and petroleum jelly are generally used in products that support the healing of wounds. The existing compositions in question do not contain oils and active substances with sufficiently effective antibacterial and healing properties to support the healing process of wounds, and in addition to the difficulty of application and absorption, sufficient moisturization cannot be provided. For this reason, there is a trend towards highly effective products for skin care and support in the treatment of skin diseases. In the invention mentioned in the patent document numbered TR 2018/ 15533, it is obtained by keeping the solid melon with its peel and seeds in a closed container at a temperature of approximately 25-30 OC and in a dark environment until it turns into liquid form for the treatment of skin diseases and skin care. A natural composition containing liquefied melon and clay is mentioned. The composition in question has disadvantages such as poor absorption, oily feeling and leaving a thick white layer. There is a need for compositions that will support the healing process of wounds, contain oils and active substances with sufficiently effective antibacterial and healing properties, provide moisturizing in sufficient amounts, and are easy to apply and absorb. Brief Description and Purposes of the Invention The primary purpose of the invention is to prepare a composition to be used in the treatment of skin diseases and skin care. Thanks to the herbal raw materials in its composition, it provides a product with a strong anti-bacterial effect and is easy to use and absorb, compared to the formulations containing zinc oxide and petroleum jelly used in the current technique, and to try to be an alternative in preventing the possibility of negative consequences that will affect human health. The composition of the invention contains lanolin, colloidal silver and vegetable oils. The invention contains a composition for the treatment of skin diseases and skin care; It has advantages such as - strong antibacterial effect - effective moisturizing - not leaving a thick white layer on the skin after application - easy absorption - ease of application - rapid support to the healing process. Detailed Description of the Invention The invention is a composition for the treatment of skin diseases and skin care; It contains lanolin, colloidal silver and at least one vegetable oil. Vegetable oil; It is chosen among olive oil, almond oil, coconut oil, jojoba oil, tea tree oil, lavender oil, calendula oil and St. John's wort oil. 6.3% olive oil, preferably 6%; 5.1-6.3% by weight of almond oil, preferably 6%; 2.5-3.45% by weight, preferably 3% coconut oil, preferably 1.5% lavender oil; 1.04-1.3% by weight of calendula oil, preferably 1.2%; 1.02-1.38% by weight of St. John's wort oil, preferably 1.2%; (PE 910) liquid cosmetic preservative containing phenoxyethanol and ethylhexylglycerin and 0.34-0.46% by weight, preferably 0.4% (Cosmedia SP) sodium polyacrylate, Lanolin by weight, due to its emulsion-forming feature, skin cosmetic products, hair care products and It is widely used in other personal cosmetic products. It mixes very well with other raw materials. Lanolin prevents moisture loss in the skin by 20%-30% and is easier to apply and lighter than products containing petroleum jelly. It has a lubricating effect and gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance. Lanolin has similar properties to sebum secreted by the skin. As is known, this secretion has oil properties and its purpose is to protect the skin. Lanolin is allowed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA to be used in over-the-counter products that are used as skin protectants and provide protection in the anorectal area. Colloidal silver has antibacterial properties. It is known that silver has been used for centuries to treat wounds and to purify drinking water to preserve health. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) is a silver formulation that is widely used especially in burns. In addition to being widely antimicrobial, silver ion has cytotoxic properties against bacteria, viruses and fungi. Colloidal silver is a non-toxic antibacterial used for all skin irritations. Colloidal Silver has restorative and bactericidal properties. Due to its anti-bacterial properties, colloidal silver offers a great restorative topical use to aid in the treatment of acne, healing wounds and skin irritations. No undesirable effects were observed in topical applications. It has been beneficial even for sensitive skin. Apart from triggering spectacular and unexpected cell renewal, colloidal silver aids the healing process of damaged skin. In order for silver ion to have a bactericidal effect, it must have a concentration of 30-40 ppm, and in wounds it is expected to be less than 30 ppm and 60 ppm. The herbal oils used in the invention composition and their benefits are listed below: Almond oil: It has the feature of softening and nourishing the skin with its rich protein content. Coconut oil: -Contains antibacterial and antifungal properties. -Balances skin oil and softens it. -The fatty acids found in coconut oil deeply moisturize the skin. Olive Oil: It is supported with Olive Oil content, which meets the skin's vitamin needs, renews the cells and increases its elasticity, and jojoba, which has a moisturizing and softening effect on the skin. St. John's wort oil: Helps treat skin injuries, burns and skin irritations caused by minor injuries. Calendula oil: It is good for blisters and wounds on the skin with its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It balances the moisture content of the skin and provides a healthy appearance. Tea tree oil: Tea tree oil is an effective antiseptic. It is even more effective when mixed with silver. The active ingredient in tea tree is Terpinen-4-ol. The terpinen-4-ol value in the ingredient used is 47 and its effect is quite high. Tea tree oil, which also has antiseptic, antifungal and antiviral properties, helps reduce swelling and irritations on the skin. It purifies by cleaning the oil and dirt in the skin pores. The certified ingredients it contains are compatible with the skin's epidemic and are quickly accepted and absorbed by the skin. It does not create fatty tissue. It does not stick to the skin like creams containing zinc oxide. It does not leave a white residue. It is quickly absorbed by the skin and forms a long-term protective barrier film layer that allows the skin to breathe. It is made of skin repairing and nourishing oils. It protects the natural structure of the skin with its pH value of 5.5. It is environmentally friendly with its recyclable glass jar that provides protection from UV light. Panthenol; It is used for rapid skin repair, tissue regeneration and moisturizing the skin. It soothes damaged skin layers. In the invention, Emulgade SE-PF was preferably used as an emulsifier. Emulgade SE-PF; It is a non-ionic emulsifier consisting of mixtures of Ceterath, Ceterath-12, Cetearyl Alcohol and Cetyl Palmitate. Its high softening feature provides good electrolyte balance. Emulsifiers are substances that provide a homogeneous mixture of two or more different phases and keep them constant. Emulsifiers create a stable, homogeneous and lump-free emulsion. The commercial product Euxyl PE 910 was preferably used in the invention as a liquid cosmetic preservative containing phenoxyethanol and ethylhexylglycerin. This product is used as a preservative for natural cosmetic use to preserve the freshness of the product and extend its shelf life. It is also used to prevent the growth of bacteria, microbes, molds and fungi and to prevent chemical degradation processes such as oxidation. These fungi and microorganisms can cause discomfort, and cosmetic products can quickly lose their properties. Thanks to preservatives, the shelf life of cosmetic products is extended, and their properties and safety of use are ensured from the moment they are opened until they are consumed. Cosmedia SP commercial product was preferred as sodium polyacrylate in the invention. This product is used as a thickening and emulsifying polymer in personal care emulsions. It is an emulsion polymer with stabilizing, thickening and emulsifying properties. It provides light structure and good distribution. Cosmedia SP also allows it to be marketed as an 'emulsifier-free' product. Cosmedia SP is a neutralized, finely powdered, easily dispersed ingredient that helps in cold production formulations. In the preparation of the invention composition, firstly, Olive Oil, Almond Oil, Jojoba Oil, Lanolin, Calendula Oil, Emulsifier, Coconut Oil, St. John's Wort Oil are heated to 70 0C. Colloidal Silver Water and Euxyl PE 910 are weighed separately and heated to 70 0C. They are combined at the same temperature. Cosmedia SP is added at 50 °C, mixed and allowed to cool. Add Lavender Oil, Tea Tree Oil and Essence at 35 °C and mix and close. TR
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