TR201811553U5 - RESISTANCE USED FOR HIGH POWER AND TEMPERATURE IN TAV AND HEAT TREATMENT FURNACES - Google Patents
RESISTANCE USED FOR HIGH POWER AND TEMPERATURE IN TAV AND HEAT TREATMENT FURNACES Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Buluşumuz; makina, metal, otomotiv, savunma ve imalat sanayisinde gerilim giderme, normalizasyon veya tavlama işlemlerinin gerçekleşmesi için metalleri ve alaşımları daha sonraki işlemlere veya amaçlanan kullanım şartlarına hazırlanmasını sağlayan, malzemelerin kolaylıkla işlenme kabiliyetini kontrol ederek, çatlama veya yarılma olmadan şekillendirilmelerini sağlayan, minimum çarpılmayla sertleşme veya sementasyonu sağlayan veya paslandırıcı ortamlara dayanımını yükselten, tav ve ısıl işlem fırınlarında yüksek güç ve sıcaklık için kullanılan rezistans ile ilgilidir. Söz konusu buluşa konu olan ``Tav ve Isıl İşlem Fırınlarında Yüksek Güç ve Sıcaklık İçin Kullanılan Rezistans?? olup; Orta mil (1), Rezistans teli (2), Porselen boru (3), Porselen tutucu (4), Elyaf (5), Porselen kapak (6), Enerji giriş mili (7), Seramik elyaf battaniye (8), Somun (9) ve Delikli rezistans porseleni (10) nden oluşmaktadır.Our invention; hardening with minimum distortion, allowing the preparation of metals and alloys for further processing or intended use conditions for the purpose of stress relief, normalization or annealing in the machinery, metal, automotive, defense and manufacturing industries, checking the ability of materials to be easily processed, forming without cracking or splitting, It is related to the resistance used for high power and temperature in annealing and heat treatment furnaces, which provides cementation or increases its resistance to corrosive environments. The Resistance Used for High Power and Temperature in Annealing and Heat Treatment Furnaces of the subject invention? It is; Center shaft (1), Resistance wire (2), Porcelain pipe (3), Porcelain holder (4), Fiber (5), Porcelain cover (6), Energy input shaft (7), Ceramic fiber blanket (8), Nut (9) and Perforated resistance porcelain (10).
Description
TARIFNAME TAV VE ISIL ISLEM FIRINLARINDA YÜKSEK GÜÇ VE SICAKLIK IÇIN KULLANILAN REZISTANS Bulusumuz; makina, metal, otomotiv, savunma ve imalat sanayisinde gerilim giderme, normalizasyon veya tavlama islemlerinin gerçeklesmesi için metalleri ve alasimlari daha sonraki islemlere veya amaçlanan kullanim sartlarina hazirlanmasini saglayan, malzemelerin kolaylikla islenme kabiliyetini kontrol ederek, çatlama veya yarilma olmadan sekillendirilmelerini saglayan, minimum çarpilmayla sertlesme veya sementasyonu saglayan veya paslandirici ortamlara dayanimini yükselten, tav ve isil islem firinlarinda yüksek güç ve sicaklik için kullanilan rezistans ile ilgilidir. DESCRIPTION HIGH POWER AND TEMPERATURE IN ANNEALING AND HEAT TREATMENT OVENS RESISTANCE USED FOR Our Invention; voltage in machinery, metal, automotive, defense and manufacturing industries metals and metals for removal, normalization or annealing preparation of alloys for further processing or intended use. cracking or splitting, by controlling the ability of materials to be easily processed. hardening with minimal distortion, allowing them to be shaped without which provides cementation or increases its resistance to corrosive environments, annealing and heat It is related to the resistance used for high power and temperature in process ovens.
Tekniöin _Bilinen _Durumuz gelistirmek amaçli uygulanan islemlerin genel adidir. Metalurjik bir islem türüdür. Our _Known _Status of Technology It is the general name of the processes applied for development purposes. It is a type of metallurgical process.
Genel anlamda, metalleri belirli bir sicaklikta tavlayarak yapilarini istenilen faza getirmek suretiyle yapilir. Daha sonra metal ani olarak sogutulur ve bu sayede granüller oda sicakliginda termodinamik açidan denge fazi olmayan bir faza hapsolmus olur. Bu faz genellikle malzemenin daha üstün mekanik özellikler gösterdigi bir fazdir. uygulaniyordu. Örnek vermek gerekirse, demircilerin kiliçlari saglamlastirmak için dövdükten sonra suya batirarak ani sogutmasi basit bir isil islemdir. Benzer uygulamalar; keskinligin, sertligin, asinmaya karsi direncin gerektigi diger bazi metal esyalarda da olmustur. In general, it is necessary to anneal metals at a certain temperature to bring their structures to the desired phase. is done by. Afterwards, the metal is cooled suddenly and thus the granules are At this temperature, it becomes trapped in a phase that is not thermodynamically stable. this phase It is usually a phase in which the material exhibits superior mechanical properties. was being implemented. For example, the blacksmiths' swords were used to strengthen them. Instant cooling by immersion in water after beating is a simple heat treatment. Similar applications; also in some other metal items where sharpness, hardness, resistance to abrasion is required. has been.
Karbonizasyon adi verilen bir teknik ise; sanayi devriminden sonra bulunmus ve günümüzde sikça kullanilmaktadir. Metallerin yüzey özelliklerini artirmakta kullanilan bir isil islem teknigidir. Bu teknikte, metal karbon açisindan zengin bir ortamda karbon elementlerinin metalin yüzeyinden difüzyon yardimiyla geçebilecegi bir sicaklikta tutulur (bekletilir). Islem süresi istenilen efektif sertlik derinligine göre degisir. Difüzyon isleminin dogasi geregi yüzeyden derine dogru karbon konsantrasyonu parabolik olarak azalir. If it is a technique called carbonization; discovered after the industrial revolution and is frequently used today. It is used to increase the surface properties of metals. is a heat treatment technique. In this technique, the metal is carbon-rich in a carbon-rich environment. kept at a temperature at which its elements can pass through the surface of the metal by diffusion (holds). Processing time varies according to the desired effective hardness depth. Diffusion process By its nature, the carbon concentration from the surface to the deep decreases parabolic.
Burada, efektif sertlik derinligi arzu edilen minimum sertlik degerinin saglandigi yüzey derinligidir. Here, the effective hardness depth is the surface where the desired minimum hardness value is achieved. is the depth.
Karbon açisindan zengin bir isitma ortami saglamak için atmosfer kontrollü firinlarda ortama karbon zengini gazlar verilir, daha eski bir teknoloji ise; metali karbon içeren ergimis haldeki sanayi tuzlarinin içinde sertlestirmektir. In atmosphere-controlled ovens to provide a carbon-rich heating environment carbon-rich gases are given to the environment, if it is an older technology; metal containing carbon is to harden it in molten industrial salts.
Malzemenin sertliginin artmasi ile asinma dayanimi da artar ama ayni zamanda malzeme daha kirilgan olur ve dayanikliligi azalir. Yani isil islem bazi mekanik özellikleri iyilestirirken bazilarini da kötülestirir. Bu anlamda kullanim alani için en uygun noktayi bulmak esastir. Isil islem sirasinda; sicaklik, zaman ve atmosferin es zamanli kontrolü ile en uygun sartlarin olusmasi saglanarak istenilen nitelikteki malzeme üretilir. With the increase of the hardness of the material, the wear resistance also increases, but at the same time the material becomes more fragile and its durability decreases. In other words, some mechanical properties of heat treatment while it improves, it worsens others. In this sense, it is the most suitable point for the usage area. Finding it is essential. During the heat treatment; with simultaneous control of temperature, time and atmosphere By providing the most suitable conditions, the desired material is produced.
TEMEL ISIL ISLEMLER 1-GERILIM GIDERME TAVl: Gerilim giderme tavi sekil verme, döküm veya kaynak islemlerinden dogan iç gerilmeleri azaltmak ve çatlamasini önlemek amaci ile çelik parçalari, genellikle 550-650°C sicaklik arasinda 1-2 saat isitma ve sonra yavas yavas sogutma islemidir. 2-NORMALIZE TAVI: Normalize tavi çelik malzemenin kristal yapisini daha homojen, daha ince bir hale getirmek ve bir sonraki isil isleminde karbürün uygun sekilde dagilmasini saglamak amaciyla çeligin kritik sicakliginin (yeniden kristallesme sicakligi) 40-60°C üstünde tavlanip havada sogutulmasidir. Ötektoid alti çeliklerde A3, ötektoid üstü çeliklerde Acm sicakliginin 30-50°C üzerinde 3-SU VERME ISLEMI: Belli bir sicakliga kadar (genellikle 850-1100°C) isitilmis çeligin cinsine göre su, yag veya tuz banyolarinda sogutularak martensit bir yapi saglamasina su verme islemi denir. Sogutma hizi, parçanin büyüklügüne, çeligin sertlesebilme yetenegine ve su verme ortamina bagli olarak degisir. En fazla arzu edilen su verme hizi, en uygun sertlik saglamaya yarayan en agir sogutma hizidir. Sogutma hizi çok yüksek olursa parçada çatlaklar olusur, çok düsük olmasi halinde de uygun sertlik elde edilemez. BASIC HEAT TREATMENTS 1-STRESS RELIEF ANNEAL: Stress relief annealing forming, casting or welding In order to reduce the internal stresses arising from the processes and to prevent cracking, the steel Heating the parts for 1-2 hours, usually at a temperature of 550-650°C, and then slowly is the cooling process. 2-NORMALIZED HEATING: The crystal structure of the normalized annealed steel material is more homogeneous, finer and proper treatment of the carbide in the next heat treatment. the critical temperature of the steel (recrystallization temperature) is annealed above 40-60°C and cooled in air. 30-50°C above Acm temperature in sub-eutectoid steels, A3 in super-eutectoid steels 3- WATERING PROCESS: Steel heated up to a certain temperature (usually 850-1100°C) According to its type, it is cooled in water, oil or salt baths to provide a martensite structure. It's called giving. The cooling rate depends on the size of the piece, the hardenability of the steel. and depending on the quenching environment. The most desired quenching rate It is the heaviest cooling rate to provide hardness. If the cooling rate is too high cracks occur in the part, and if it is too low, proper hardness cannot be obtained.
Su verme, ötektoid alti çeliklerde A3, ötektoid üstü çeliklerde A1 sicakliginin 30-50°C üzerinde tutup hizli sogutma islemidir. 4-MENEVISLEME/TEMPERLEME: Menevisleme, isil islem sonucu sertlestirilmis bir çeligin su verme sonunda sogutmadan ileri gelen gerginlikleri gidermek ve çeligin sahip oldugu martensitik özlülügünü ve direncini arttirmak için genellikle 200-600°C arasinda isitilarak ve uygun bir hizla sogutularak gevrekligini giderme islemidir. Çatlamalari en aza indirebilmek için menevis isleminin su verme isleminden hemen sonra yapilmasi gerekir. Quenching, 30-50°C for sub-eutectoid steels A3, A1 for super-eutectoid steels. It is a fast cooling process by holding it on. 4- TEMPERING/TEMPERING: Tempering is a hardened product as a result of heat treatment. At the end of the quenching of the steel, to relieve the tensions caused by the cooling and to It is usually between 200-600°C to increase its martensitic properties and resistance. It is the process of removing its brittleness by heating and cooling at an appropriate speed. Minimize cracks In order to reduce the tempering process, it must be done immediately after the quenching process.
-SEMENTASYON (YÜZEY SERTLESTIRME): Sementasyon islemi, düsük karbonlu çelik parçasinin yüzeyine karbon emdirilmesi islemidir. Karbon emdirilmesi islemi, çelik parçasinin karbon monoksit (CO) içeren bir ortamda östenit faz sicakligina (850-950°C) kadar isitilmasiyla gaz-metal tepkimesi sonucu olusur. Çelik parça, sementasyon sicakliginda yüzeyden çekirdege dogru karbon difüzyonunun istenen derinlige kadar ilerlemesi için yeterli süre tutulur. Bu süreye sementasyon zamani adi verilir. Bu süre içinde çelik parçanin yüzeyinden içeriye dogru difüz eden karbonun ilerleme derinligine sementasyon derinligi adi verilir. -CEMENTATION (SURFACE HARDENING): Cementation process, low carbon steel It is the process of impregnating the surface of the part with carbon. Carbon impregnation process, steel of the austenite phase temperature (850-950°C) in an environment containing carbon monoxide (CO). It is formed as a result of gas-metal reaction when heated to The steel part is the result of carbon diffusion from the surface to the core at the cementation temperature. sufficient time is allowed for it to advance to the desired depth. Cementation time to this period is named. During this time, the carbon diffusing inward from the surface of the steel part The depth of advancement is called the depth of cementation.
Sementasyon Karbonitrasyon Temperleme (Menevis) Hidrojen tavlamasi Alüminyum yaslandirma Normalizasyon Gerilim giderme Yumusatma tavlamasi Sertlestirme Gaz sementasyon Nitrasyon Oksidasyon Sifir alti islemler (Subzero) Indüksiyon yüzey sertlestirme Vakum sertlestirme Istenilen yapisal, fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri elde etmek ve talas kaldirmayi veya soguk sekillendirmeyi kolaylastirmak amaciyla metal malzemelerin uygun sicakliklara kadar isitilip, gerekli degisikler saglanincaya kadar bu sicaklikta tutulmasi ve sonradan yavas sogutulmasi islemine tavlama denir. Cementation carbonitration Tempering (Menevis) hydrogen annealing Aluminum recline normalization Stress relief Soft annealing Hardening Gas cementation nitration Oxidation Subzero transactions (Subzero) Induction surface hardening vacuum hardening To achieve the desired structural, physical and mechanical properties and to remove sawdust or cold In order to facilitate forming, metal materials are heated to suitable temperatures. It is heated and kept at this temperature until the necessary changes are made and then slowed down. The cooling process is called annealing.
Yumusatma tavi: Yumusatma tavi, çelik iç yapisindaki tane boyutunu küçülterek sertligi azaltmak, talas kaldirmayi kolaylastirmak veya döküm ve dövme parçalarindaki iç gerilmeleri gidermektir. Ötektoid alti çelikleri AcS, ötektoid üstü çelikleri ise Ac'l çizgilerinin üzerindeki belirli sicakliklara kadar isitilir, iç yapilarini ostenite dönüstürdükten sonra firin içerisinde tutarak çok yavas sogutulur. Soft annealing: Softening annealing increases the hardness by reducing the grain size in the steel internal structure. to reduce, facilitate chip removal, or to reduce internal to relieve tensions. Sub-eutectoid steels AcS, supraeutectoid steels Ac'l lines. It is heated up to certain temperatures above it, after transforming its internal structures into austenite, the kiln It cools very slowly by keeping it inside.
Normalizasyon (Normallestirme) Tavi: Normalizasyon tavi genelde tane küçültmek, homojen bir iç yapi elde etmek ve çogunlukla mekanik özellikleri iyilestirmek amaciyla ötektoid alti çelikleri A03 ve ötektoid üstü çelikleri Acm dönüsüm sicakliklarinin yaklasik olarak 40-50°C üstündeki sicakliklara kadar isitip, tavlandiktan sonra firin disinda sakin havada sogutma islemidir. Normalization (Normalization) Annealing: Normalization annealing generally reduces grain size, in order to obtain a homogeneous internal structure and mostly to improve the mechanical properties. Sub-eutectoid steels A03 and super-eutectoid steels Acm transformation temperatures are approximate It is heated to temperatures above 40-50°C and after annealing, it is calm outside the oven. air cooling process.
Normalizasyon tavinin belli basli amaçlari; a) tane küçültmek, b) homojen bir iç yapi elde etmek, 0) ötektoid üstü çeliklerde tane sinirlarinda bulunan karbür agini dagitmak, d) çeliklerin islenme özelliklerini iyilestirmek, e) mekanik özellikleri iyilestirmek ve f) yumusatma tavina tabi tutulmus çeliklerin sertlik ve mukavemetlerini artirmak seklinde siralanabilir. Bu nedenlerle normalizasyon tavi, çeliklere uygulanan son isil islem olabilir. The main purposes of normalization annealing are; a) grain reduction, b) to obtain a homogeneous internal structure, 0) to disperse the carbide network at the grain boundaries in supraeutectoid steels, d) to improve the machinability of steels, e) improve mechanical properties and f) to increase the hardness and strength of tempered steels can be listed as. For these reasons, normalization annealing is the final heat treatment applied to the steels. it could be.
Yumusatma tavina tabi tutulan ötektoid üstü çeliklerin yapisinda olusan sementit aginin, bu çeliklerin mukavemetini düsürdügü bilinmektedir. Normalizasyon tavi, ötektoid üstü çeliklerdeki sementit aginin parçalanmasini ve bazi durumlarda da büyük ölçüde giderilmesini saglar. Bu nedenle, normalize edilen çeliklerin mukavemetinde artis görülür. Cementite mesh formed in the structure of supraeutectoid steels subjected to softening annealing, it is known to reduce the strength of these steels. Normalization tavi, supraeutectoid disintegration of the cementite mesh in steels and in some cases greatly allows its elimination. Therefore, the strength of normalized steels increases.
Normalizasyon tavinda, parçanin havada sogutulmasi nedeniyle nispeten yüksek soguma hizi elde edilir. Genelde, soguma hizi arttikça ostenitin dönüsüm sicakligi düser ve daha ince perlit elde edilir. Relatively high cooling in normalization annealing due to cooling of the part in air speed is obtained. In general, as the cooling rate increases, the transformation temperature of austenite decreases and fine perlite is obtained.
Ferrit çok yumusak, sementit ise çok sert bir fazdir. Normalize edilen çeligin yapisinda bulunan sementit katmanlarinin birbirine yakin veya sik olarak dizilmeleri nedeniyle çeligin sertligi artar. Bu nedenle, normalize edilen çeliklerin sertlik ve mukavemeti, yumusatma tavina tabi tutulan çeliklerin söz konusu degerlerinden önemli ölçüde yüksek olur. Ferrite is a very soft phase, while cementite is a very hard phase. In the structure of normalized steel Due to the close or frequent arrangement of the cementite layers in the steel hardness increases. Therefore, the hardness and strength of normalized steels will be significantly higher than the said values of the tempered steels.
Küresellestirme Tavi: Küresellestirme tavi, çelikleri Aci sicaklik çizgisi civarinda uzun süre tuttuktan ve bu bölgede salinimli olarak tavladiktan sonra, yavas sogutma ile karbürlerin küresel sekle dönüstürülmesi islemidir. Bu islem, ostenitlestirmeden sonra kontrollü sogutma ile de yapilabilir. Yumusatma tavi isleminde belirtildigi gibi, tavlanmis durumdaki ötektoid üstü çelikler iç yapilarinda sert ve gevrek sementit tanelerinin bulunmasi nedeniyle islenmeye elverisli degildir. Bu tür çeliklerin islenmesini kolaylastirmak ve sünekligini artirmak amaciyla da küresellestirme tavi kullanilir. Spheroidization Annealing: Sphericalization annealing steels long around the Bitter temperature line. After holding time and oscillating annealing in this region, it is cooled by slow cooling. It is the process of converting carbides into spherical shape. This process, after austenitization It can also be done with controlled cooling. As specified in the softening annealing process, the annealed Supra-eutectoid steels in this condition have hard and brittle cementite grains in their internal structures. It is not suitable for processing due to its presence. The processing of such steels Also, spheroidization annealing is used in order to facilitate and increase its ductility.
Küresellestirme tavi asagidaki yöntemlerden biri ile gerçeklestirilir. a) Çelik malzeme Ac1 çizgisinin hemen altindaki bir sicakliga (örnegin ?00°C) uzun süre (15-25 saat) tavlanir. b) Çelik malzeme, düsük kritik sicaklik çizgisinin (Ac1) hemen altinda ve üstündeki sicakliklar arasinda isitilip sogutulur, yani salinimli olarak tavlanir. c) Malzeme Ac1 kritik sicaklik çizgisinin üzerindeki bir sicaklikta tavlandiktan sonra ya firinda çok yavas sogutulur, ya da Ac1 çizgisinin hemen altindaki bir sicaklikta uzunca bir süre tutulur. The globalization process is carried out by one of the following methods. a) The steel material is kept at a temperature just below the Ac1 line (eg ?00°C) for a long time. (15-25 hours) annealed. b) Steel material just below and above the low critical temperature line (Ac1) It is heated and cooled between temperatures, that is, oscillating annealed. c) After the material is annealed at a temperature above the Ac1 critical temperature line, either cool very slowly in the oven, or a long simmer at a temperature just below the Ac1 line. time is kept.
Yüksek sicakliktaki tavlama islemi, çeligin içerisindeki perlitik yapi ile sementit aginin parçalanarak dagilmasina neden olur. Küresellestirme tavi sonucunda, ferritik bir matris ile bunun içerisinde dagilmis durumda bulunan küre biçimindeki karbürlerden olusan bir iç yapi elde edilir. Küresellestirme tavi sonunda çeligin sertligi azalir, buna karsilik sünekliligi artar. Bu islem sonucunda, ötektoid üstü çelikler islenmeye elverisli hale gelir. The high-temperature annealing process ensures that the pearlitic structure in the steel and the cementite mesh causing it to disintegrate. As a result of globalization annealing, with a ferritic matrix an inner core of spherical carbides dispersed therein. structure is obtained. At the end of the spheroidizing temper, the hardness of the steel decreases, whereas its ductility increases. As a result of this process, supraeutectoid steels become suitable for machining.
Küresellestirme tavi, daha çok yüksek karbonlu çeliklere uygulanir. Düsük karbonlu çelikler nadiren küresellestirme tavina tabi tutulurlar. Çünkü bu tür çelikler küresellestirme tavi sonunda çok yumusarlar ve bu asiri yumusama talasli islem sirasinda bazi zorluklar dogurur. Orta karbonlu çelikler ise yeterli ölçüde süneklilik kazanmalari için plastik sekil verme isleminden önce, bazen küresellestirme tavina tabi tutulurlar. Küresellestirme tavi sirasinda tavlama süresinin iyi ayarlanmasi gerekir. Eger çelik, gereginden daha uzun süre tavlanirsa sementit parçaciklari birleserek uzama gösterirler ve bu durum çeligin islenme kabiliyetini olumsuz etkiler. Globalization annealing is mostly applied to high carbon steels. Low carbon steels they are rarely subjected to globalization tempering. Because this kind of steels are spheroidal annealed. eventually they become very soft and this excessive softening will cause some difficulties during machining. it gives birth. Medium carbon steels are plastic shaped to gain sufficient ductility. Before exporting, they are sometimes subjected to globalization annealing. Globalization anneal During the annealing time, it is necessary to adjust well. If steel takes longer than necessary If it is annealed, cementite particles combine and show elongation, and this situation results in the processing of the steel. negatively affect its ability.
Yumusatma, küresellestirme ve normalizasyon islemleri çelikleri islenmeye elverisli hale getirmek amaciyla uygulanir. Ancak, uygulanacak isil islem çeligin karbon oranina göre seçilir. Softening, sphericization and normalization processes make the steels suitable for processing. applied to bring However, the heat treatment to be applied depends on the carbon ratio of the steel. is selected.
Gerilim Giderme Tavi ve Ara Tavi: Gerilim giderme tavi; döküm, kaynak ve soguk sekil verme islemlerinden kaynaklanan iç gerilmeleri azaltmak amaciyla, metalik malzemeleri dönüsüm sicakliklarinin altindaki uygun bir sicakliga kadar isitma ve sonra yavas sogutma islemidir. Bu islem, bazen dönüsüm sicakligi veya kritik sicaklik alti tavi olarak da adlandirilir. Çelik malzemeler 540°C ile 630°Csicakliklari arasinda gerilme giderme tavina tabi tutulurlar. Stress Relief Annealing and Intermediate Annealing: Stress Relieving Annealing; casting, welding and cold form In order to reduce the internal stresses caused by the casting processes, metallic materials heating to a suitable temperature below the conversion temperatures and then slow cooling is the name. This process is sometimes referred to as the transformation temperature or subcritical temperature annealing. is named. Steel materials are subjected to stress relief annealing at temperatures between 540°C and 630°C. they are subjected.
Ara tavi ise; gerilme giderme tavina çok benzeyen bir islem olup, ötektoid alti çeliklerden sac ve tel yapiminda soguk sekillendirmeye devam edebilmek için çelik malzemelerin Aci dönüsüm sicakliginin hemen altindaki bir sicakliga (550-680°C) kadar isitilip, yeniden kristallesme saglandiktan sonra yavas sogutulmasi islemidir. If the intermediate is; Stress relieving is a process very similar to the annealing and is made of sub-eutectoid steels. In order to continue cold forming in sheet and wire production, steel materials It is heated to a temperature just below the transformation temperature (550-680°C) and then regenerated. It is a slow cooling process after crystallization is achieved.
Tavlama, daha sonraki asamalarda islenebilir olmasini saglamak için çeligin yumusatilmasini amaçlayan, isitma ve uygun bir sicaklikta tutmayi takiben uygun bir hizla sogutma islemlerin tümünü kapsar. Ancak, uygulanan islemler, çeligin bilesimini homojen biçime getirdigi gibi, tane boyutlarini da küçültür ve islenme sirasinda olusabilecek gerilmeleri giderir. Tavlama isleminin asil amaci malzeme sertligini düsürmek ve sonraki üretim operasyonlarinin gelisimini kolaylastirmaktir. Çeligin ostenitik bir yapiya sahip olabilmesi için gerekli bir sekilde tavlanmasi gerekir. Annealing is used to make the steel workable in later stages. at a suitable speed after heating and keeping at a suitable temperature, aimed at softening It covers all cooling operations. However, the applied processes make the composition of the steel homogeneous. It also reduces the grain size and reduces the possible problems that may occur during processing. relieves stress. The main purpose of the annealing process is to reduce the material hardness and to facilitate the development of production operations. In order for the steel to have an austenitic structure, it must be annealed properly.
Ostenitik dönüsümü saglayacak gerçek sicaklik, çeligin bünyesindeki karbürün tamaminin ergimesini saglayacak kadar yüksek olan sicakliktir. Bu sayede çeligin bünyesindeki alasim elementlerinin sertlesmeye olan yararli etkilerinin tamamindan istifade edilebilir. The actual temperature that will provide the austenitic transformation is the entire carbide content of the steel. is the temperature high enough to cause it to melt. In this way, the steel All the beneficial effects of alloying elements on hardening can be exploited.
Bazi hallerde; takim çelikleri ve yüksek karbonlu çeliklerde oldugu gibi asinmaya karsi dayanimi saglamak amaciyla, ergimemis halde bir miktar karbürün bulunmasi istenebilir. In some cases; against wear as in tool steels and high carbon steels In order to provide strength, it may be desirable to have some carbide in the unmelted state.
Bu takdirde ostenit sicakligi hiçbir zaman çeligin tane iriligini arttiracak bir seviyede yüksek tutulmamalidir. In this case, the austenite temperature will never be high enough to increase the grain size of the steel. should not be held.
Tavlanacak parçanin her tarafinin esit (homojen) bir sekilde tavlamasini saglayacak bir süre içinde, firinda kalmasi saglanmalidir. Yaklasik olarak her 25 mm kalinlik için bir saat gibi bir süre gerekmektedir. Tav süresinin kisa olmasi, yani hizli tavlama islemi, yüksek gerilimler meydana getirdiginden, çarpilmalara ve çatlamalara neden olur. Tavlama hizi, tavlanacak parçanin büyüklügüne, tavlanacagi firinin isi iletme karakteristigine, tav ortamiyla tavlanan parça arasindaki sicaklik farkina baglidir. A method that will ensure that all sides of the piece to be annealed is annealed evenly (homogeneously). It should be ensured that it stays in the oven during the period. Approximately one hour per 25 mm of thickness such a period of time is required. The short annealing time, that is, the fast annealing process, As it creates stresses, it causes warping and cracking. Annealing rate, the size of the piece to be annealed, the heat conduction characteristic of the furnace in which it will be annealed, the annealing It depends on the temperature difference between the medium and the annealed part.
Tavlama çogunlukla döküm, dövme veya haddeleme sonrasi malzemelerin yapilarini dikkatle kontrol altinda tutarak, yumusatmak ve kalici gerilimleri minimize etmek, islenebilirligi iyilestirmek ve toklugu arttirmak için kullanilir. Birçok takim ve paslanmaz çelikler gibi bant halindeki çeliklerin çogu tavlanir. Demir-disi metaller de tavlanir. Annealing often improves the structure of materials after casting, forging or rolling. carefully controlling, softening and minimizing permanent stresses, It is used to improve machinability and increase toughness. Many tools and stainless Most steels in band form, such as steels, are annealed. Non-ferrous metals are also annealed.
Tavlama islemi olarak adlandirilan birkaç degisik islem vardir; Tam tavlama; çeliklerde yüksek sicakliklara tavlanarak (tipik olarak 830 - 950°C) daha sonra oda sicakligina yavas sogutmayla uygulanir. Demir disi metaller her alasima uygun sicaklikta tam tavlamayla yumusatilir ve yapilari rafine edilir. There are several different processes called annealing; full annealing; in steels by annealing to high temperatures (typically 830 - 950°C) then applied to room temperature with slow cooling. Non-ferrous metals all The alloy is softened by full annealing at the appropriate temperature and its structures are refined.
Izotermal(dönüsüm) tavlama; çelikleri tam tavlama sicakligina isitma, bir ara sicakliga sogutma (tipik olarak 550 - 700°C) ve dönüsümün yavas olmasi için uzun bir süre bekletme, daha sonra oda sicakligina sogutmayla uygulanir. Isothermal (conversion) annealing; heating the steels to their full annealing temperature, long for cooling to temperature (typically 550 - 700°C) and slow conversion It is applied by holding for a while, then cooling to room temperature.
Interkritik tavlama; çelikleri kimyasal bilesimlerine göre tam tavlama sicakligi altina isitma (tipik olarak 723 - 910°C), ile uygulanir. Oda sicakligina sogutmadan önce parçalar uzun bir bekletilir. Intercritical annealing; steels under the full annealing temperature according to their chemical composition. It is applied with heating (typically 723 - 910°C). Before cooling to room temperature The pieces are kept for a long time.
Kritik alti tavlama; çeliklerde tipik olarak 650 -720°C de uygulanir, oda sicakligina sogutma öncesi uzun süre bekletilir. subcritical annealing; Typically applied to steels at 650 -720°C, at room temperature It is kept for a long time before cooling.
Homojenlestirme tavi; demir ve demir disi metallere uygulanabilir, malzeme yapisindaki yigilmalari (segregasyonlari) kirmak için uygulanan, yüksek sicaklikta uzun süreli bekletme islemidir. Çözelti tavlamasi; genel olarak 1010-1150°C'lerde ostenitik paslanmaz çeliklere uygulanir. Stabil olmayan kalitelerde islemi hizli sogutma veya su verme islemi takip etmelidir. Üretim sirasinda yumusatma amaciyla veya pas dayanimini optimize etmek Için (örnegin kaynak sonrasi) uygulanir. Homogenization annealing; applicable to ferrous and non-ferrous metals, material at high temperature, applied to break the agglomeration (segregation) in its structure. It is a long waiting period. Solution annealing; generally to austenitic stainless steels at 1010-1150°C. is applied. In unstable qualities, the process is followed by rapid cooling or quenching. should. For softening during production or optimizing rust resistance It is applied (for example, after welding).
Günümüzde kullanilan isil islem firinlari, malzemenin ve prosesin durumuna göre 800- 1200 derece sicakliklarda çalismaktadir. Bu sicakliklara çikmak için LPG, dogalgaz veya elektrik enerjisi kullanilmaktadir. The heat treatment furnaces used today are 800-800-800-800-1000 meters long depending on the condition of the material and the process. It works at temperatures of 1200 degrees. To reach these temperatures, LPG, natural gas or electrical energy is used.
Elektrik enerjisi kullanilan firinlarda isitma, rezistanslar sayesinde yapilmaktadir. Heating in ovens using electrical energy is done by means of resistances.
Elektrikten alinan enerjiyi isi enerjisine dönüstüren direnç tellerine verilen ortak isim rezistans telidir. Farkli kullanim alanlarina sahip olan bu tel degisik oranlarda metalden olusmakta olan bir tür alasimdir. Elektrik akimina karsi direnç göstererek görevini yerine getiren rezistans telleri, yuvarlak ve yassi olmak üzere iki grup altinda olup nikel krom alüminyum ve demir alasimlarina göre farkli çalisma sicakliklarina sahiptir. The common name given to the resistance wires that convert the energy taken from electricity into heat energy resistance wire. This wire, which has different usage areas, is made of metal in different proportions. It is a kind of alloy that is being formed. It performs its duty by resisting the electric current. The resistance wires, which bring the It has different operating temperatures compared to aluminum and iron alloys.
Yuvarlak özellige sahip olan rezistans telleri endüstriyel uygulamalar içinde sanayi firinlari ve yüksek isi ihtiyaci duyulan uygulama alanlarinda kullanilmaktadir. Rounded resistance wires are used in industrial ovens in industrial applications. and it is used in application areas where high heat is required.
Firinin kullanma amacina, büyüklügüne ve tasarimina göre isitici rezistanslar yatay ve dikey pozisyonlarda olabilmektedir. Bu rezistanslar ortamdaki gazlardan korunmak için koruyucu radyan tüp içinde çalismaktadir. According to the purpose of use, size and design of the oven, the heating resistors are horizontal and can be in vertical positions. These resistors are used to protect from gases in the environment. It works in a protective radiant tube.
Yatay pozisyondaki rezistanslar spirali sekilde sarilarak tasiyici porselenlerin içinden geçirilerek yapilmaktadir. Rezistans telleri spiral sekilde sarildigi için, sarim ve montaj kolayligi için, ince çapli tellerden (@2-@3,5mm araliginda) yapilmaktadir. The resistances in the horizontal position are wound in a spiral and inside the carrier porcelains. is passed through. Since the resistance wires are spirally wound, the winding and assembly For convenience, it is made of thin wires (in the range of @2-@3.5mm).
Rezistans porselenleri özel kil ve baglayici malzemelerden hamur halinde özel kaliplarda preslenip pisirilerek imal edilmektedir. Yüksek isi dolayisi ile kisa sürede çatlayip kirilmakta ve rezistans tellerinin birbirine degip kisa devre yapmasina sebep olmaktadir. Resistance porcelains are made of special clay and binding materials in special molds in paste form. It is produced by pressing and firing. Due to high heat, it will crack in a short time. it breaks and causes the resistance wires to switch to each other and make a short circuit.
Günümüzde kullanilan porselenler, kaliplarla pres tezgahlarinda preslenip, daha sonra 1000 derecelik firinlarda pisirilmektedir. Kalip maliyeti çok yüksek oldugundan (20000 lira civari) ve her tasarim için yeni kalip ihtiyaci oldugundan maliyet artmaktadir. Porcelains used today are pressed on press benches with molds and then It is cooked in ovens of 1000 degrees. Since the mold cost is very high (20000 TL) around) and the cost increases as new molds are needed for each design.
Bulusumuzda kullanilan porselenler (hazir plakalar), istenilen sekilde kesilerek üretilmektedir ve böylece çok ciddi bir maliyet ve zaman kazanci saglamaktadir. The porcelains (ready-made plates) used in our invention are cut into the desired shape. is produced and thus provides a very serious cost and time savings.
Günümüzde kullanilan rezistanslar; yatay pozisyonda sarmal (spirli) sekilde imal edilmekte olup, yüksek sicakligin etkisi ile kisa zamanda sarkma sonucu birbirlerine degerek kisa devre veya koruyucu radyan tüpe degerek sase meydana getirip rezistans kullanilmaz hale gelmektedir. Sarmal rezistanslar patladigi zaman tamir edilme ve tekrar kullanilma imkâni yoktur. The resistors used today; It is produced in a spiral (spiral) form in horizontal position. and they touch each other in a short time as a result of sagging in a short time with the effect of high temperature. circuit or protective radiant tube is needed to form a chassis and resistance is not used is becoming. Repair and reuse when helical resistors burst there is no possibility.
Sarmal rezistanslar bu sekilde kisa zamanda kullanilmaz hale gelerek üretim, is gücü ve maliyet kayiplarina neden olmaktadir. In this way, helical resistances become unusable in a short time, and production, labor and causes cost losses.
Bulusumuz yukarida bahsedilen sorunlari gidermek amaciyla gelistirilmistir. Our invention has been developed to solve the problems mentioned above.
Bulusumuz 2012/14991 basvuru numarali ve “Yüksek isiya dayanikli rezistans porseleni ve bu porseleni kullanarak rezistans imal etme yöntemi” baslikli patent basvurusu üzerinde gelistirmeler yapilarak tasarlanmistir. Our invention is with application number 2012/14991 and "High temperature resistant resistance porcelain and a patent application titled "The method of manufacturing resistance using this porcelain" It has been designed with improvements.
Bulusumuzun Özellikleri ve bulusumuz ile saglanan avantajlar; o Bulusumuzda, rezistans porselenleri 1200 °C sicakliga dayanikli plakadan istenilen sekilde kesilip, istenilen çap, sayi ve sekilde delinerek üretimi yapilmakta olup, bu sayede çatlama ve kirilmalar olmamaktadir. Rezistans porselenleri bir kaliba gerek olmadan üretilebildigi için ciddi bir oranda kalip maliyeti tasarrufu saglamistir. Features of our invention and the advantages provided by our invention; o In our invention, resistance porcelains are made from a temperature resistant plate of 1200 °C. It is produced by cutting in the desired shape, drilling in the desired diameter, number and shape. In this way, there are no cracks and breaks. Resistance porcelains need a mold Since it can be produced without a mold, a significant amount of mold cost savings have been achieved.
. Bulusumuzda, yatay rezistanslarda firinin gücüne, isitma performansina ve istenilen sicakliga göre @3 ile @8 mm arasinda çubuk rezistans telleri kullanilmaktadir. . In our invention, in horizontal resistances, the power of the oven, heating performance and rod resistance wires between @3 and @8 mm according to the desired temperature is used.
. Kullanilan tellerin kalinligina göre 25 mm ile 80 mm araliklarla tasiyici bir mil üzerine, aralarina porselen borular koyularak yerlestirilmis rezistans porseleni içinden geçirilerek ve rezistans ek yerleri TlG kaynagi (Tungsten Inert Gazi) ile kaynak yapilarak üretilmektedir. o Üretilen bu rezistanslarfirinin gücüne bagli olarak 2, 3, 4, 5 veya 6'li gruplar halinde seri baglanarak istenen güç elde edilmektedir. 0 Üretilen bu rezistanslar ise; çesitli isil islem ve tav firinlarda kullanilmaktadir. 0 Rezistans porselenlerinin en alt tarafindaki rezistans tellerinin geçtigi delikler, kullanilan firina göre 2 mm ile 5 mm arasindaki bir ölçüde yukarida olacak sekilde tasarlandigindan sarkma sonucu olusabilecek kisa devre ve sase durumu engellenmis olmaktadir. 0 Bu sekilde çubuk tel ile üretilen rezistanslarin ömrü sarmal rezistanslara göre oldukça uzun olmaktadir. 0 Herhangi bir sebeple rezistans telinin kopmasi durumunda kopan bölgenin ek yapilarak tamiri mümkün olmaktadir. Böylelikle firinin performansi ve is zamani kaybi en aza inmektedir. . A carrier shaft with 25 mm to 80 mm intervals depending on the thickness of the wires used. resistance porcelain placed on it with porcelain pipes between and resistance joints with TlG source (Tungsten Inert Gazi) produced by welding. o These resistors are produced in groups of 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 depending on the power of the furnace. The desired power is obtained by connecting in series. 0 If these resistors are produced; It is used in various heat treatment and tempering furnaces. 0 Holes at the bottom of the resistance porcelain through which the resistance wires pass, 2 mm to 5 mm above the oven used. Short circuit and chassis condition that may occur as a result of sagging as designed is being blocked. 0 In this way, the life of the resistances produced with rod wire is compared to the helical resistances. it is quite long. 0 If the resistance wire breaks for any reason, repair is possible. Thus, the oven's performance and work time loss is minimized.
- Bulusumuzda kullanilan porselenler (hazir plakalar), istenilen sekilde kesilerek üretilmektedir ve böylece çok ciddi bir maliyet ve zaman kazanci saglanmaktadir. - Porcelains (ready-made plates) used in our invention are cut as desired. are produced and thus a very serious cost and time savings are provided.
Sekillerin Açiklanmasi: Bulusa konu olan; “Tav ve Isil Islem Firinlarinda Yüksek Güç ve Sicaklik Için Kullanilan Rezistans” ile ilgili olup, ekli sekillerde gösterilmistir. Explanation of Figures: The subject of the invention; “Used for High Power and Temperature in Annealing and Heat Treatment Furnaces It is related to "resistance" and is shown in the attached figures.
Bu sekillerden; Sekil-1: Bulusumuzun ön üstten görünümünün çizimidir. From these figures; Figure-1: It is the drawing of the front top view of our invention.
Sekil-2: Bulusumuzun yandan görünümünün çizimidir. Figure-2: It is the drawing of the side view of our invention.
Sekil-3: Bulusumuzun orta mil kisminin görünümünün çizimidir. Figure-3: It is the drawing of the view of the middle shaft part of our invention.
Sekil-4: Bulusumuzun ön alttan görünümünün çizimidir. Figure-4: It is the drawing of the front bottom view of our invention.
Sekil-5:Bulusumuzun 13 ve 21 delikli olan delikli rezistans porseleni kisminin görünümünün çizimidir. Çizimlerin mutlaka ölçeklendirilmesi gerekmemektedir ve mevcut bulusu anlamak için gerekli olmayan detaylar ihmal edilmis olabilmektedir. Bundan baska, en azindan büyük ölçüde özdes olan veya en azindan büyük ölçüde özdes islevleri olan elemanlar, ayni numara ile gösterilmektedir. Figure-5: The perforated resistance porcelain part of our invention with 13 and 21 holes drawing of the view. Drawings do not necessarily need to be scaled and to understand the present invention Unnecessary details may be omitted. Other than that, at least it's bigger Elements that are substantially identical or at least substantially identical indicated by the number.
Referans Numaralari: Söz konusu bulusa konu olan “Tav ve Isil Islem Firinlarinda Yüksek Güç ve Sicaklik Için Kullanilan Rezistans” baslikli bulusumuz ekli sekillerde görüldügü gibi numaralandirilmis olup, bu numaralara karsilik gelen isimleri asagida verilmistir. Reference Numbers: "For High Power and Temperature in Annealing and Heat Treatment Furnaces," which is the subject of the aforementioned invention. Our invention titled “Used Resistance” is numbered as seen in the attached figures. and their corresponding names are given below.
ISIMLERI Orta mil Rezistans teli Porselen boru Porselen tutucu Porselen kapak Enerji giris mili Seramik elyaf battaniye d`<.(DQJ\IO)U`I-IÄCiiJRJ-\ 0 Delikli rezistans porseleni Detayli Açiklama: Söz konusu bulusa konu olan “Tav ve Isil Islem Firinlarinda Yüksek Güç ve Sicaklik Için Kullanilan Rezistans” olup; Orta mil (1), Rezistans teli (2), Porselen boru (3), Porselen tutucu (4), Elyaf (5), Porselen kapak (6), Enerji giris mili (7), Seramik elyaf battaniye (8), Somun (9) ve Delikli rezistans porseleni (10) nden olusmaktadir. NAMES middle shaft resistance wire porcelain pipe porcelain holder porcelain cover energy input shaft ceramic fiber blanket d`<.(DQJ\IO)U`I-IÄCiiJRJ-\ 0 Perforated resistance porcelain Detailed Description: "For High Power and Temperature in Annealing and Heat Treatment Furnaces," which is the subject of the aforementioned invention. It is the “Used Resistance”; Center shaft (1), Resistance wire (2), Porcelain tube (3), Porcelain holder (4), Fiber (5), Porcelain cover (6), Energy input shaft (7), Ceramic fiber blanket (8), It consists of Nut (9) and Perforated resistance porcelain (10).
Söz konusu bulusa konu olan “Tav ve Isil Islem Firinlarinda Yüksek Güç ve Sicaklik Için Kullanilan Rezistans” olup; Kalinligi @10 ile @20 mm arasinda olan ve tüm elemanlari bir arada tutmaya yarayan (iskelet görevi gören), orta mil (1); yüksek isiya dayanikli olan, kullanilan firinin gücüne göre çapi, sekli (daire, papatya), delik sayisi-çapi degisebilen ve rezistans tellerini (2) tasiyan ve rezistans tellerinin (2) birbirine yeterli uzaklikta olmasini saglayan delikli rezistans porseleni (10); firinin gücüne ve konumuna uygun @3 ile @8 mm arasinda olan ve isinmayi saglayan, rezistans teli (2); delikli rezistans porselenlerinin (10) arasina yerlestirilerek rezistansin pozisyonuna göre (yatay-dikey) delikli rezistans porselenleri (10) arasindaki optimum mesafeyi saglayan, porselen boru (3); Elektrik baglantisini saglayan, enerji giris mili (7); enerji giris milinin (7) merkezlenmesini saglayan, porselen tutucu (4), isi kaybinin önlenmesini saglayan, seramik elyaf battaniye (8); isi kaçagini önleme ve izolasyon için kullanilan, elyaf (5); tüm elemanlari bir arada tutan, orta mile bagli son eleman olan ve sistemi kilitleyip rezistans etiket degerlerinin yazildigi, porselen kapak (6) ve sistemin kilitlenmesini saglayan, somun (9) dan olusmaktadir. "For High Power and Temperature in Annealing and Heat Treatment Furnaces," which is the subject of the aforementioned invention. It is the “Used Resistance”; Thickness between @10 and @20 mm and all elements in one middle shaft (1), which serves to hold it together (acts as a skeleton); high temperature resistant, Depending on the power of the oven used, its diameter, shape (circle, daisy), number of holes-diameter can change and that the resistance wires (2) and the resistance wires (2) are at sufficient distance from each other. perforated resistance porcelain (10); @3 to @8 mm suitable for the power and position of the oven resistance wire (2), which is between and provides heating; perforated resistance porcelain (10) perforated resistor according to the position of the resistor (horizontal-vertical) by placing it between porcelain tube (3), which provides the optimum distance between the porcelains (10); Electric the energy input shaft (7) providing its connection; which ensures the centering of the energy input shaft (7), porcelain holder (4), ceramic fiber blanket (8), which prevents heat loss; heat fiber (5), used for leakage prevention and insulation; middle, which holds all the elements together the last element connected to the shaft, locking the system and writing the resistance label values, It consists of a porcelain cover (6) and a nut (9) that provides locking of the system.
Bu detayli açiklamada, bulusa konu olan; tav ve isil islem firinlarinda yüksek güç ve sicaklik için kullanilan rezistansin tercih edilen yapilanmalari, sadece konunun daha iyi anlasilmasina yönelik olarak açiklanmaktadir. In this detailed explanation, the subject of the invention; high power and heat treatment furnaces Preferred configurations of the resistor used for temperature are simply better than the subject. explained for understanding.
Kullanilan firinin gücüne, çapina, sekline (daire, papatya), delik sayisi-çapina göre degisebilen ve rezistans pozisyonlarina göre çesitli sekillerde, çesitli delik sayilarinda ve istenilen sekillerde kesilerek üretilen delikli rezistans porselenleri (10) gerekli araliklarla (25mm-80mm) tasiyici orta mil (1) üzerine yerlestirilmektedir. Rezistans tellerini (2) tasimaktadir ve rezistans tellerinin (2) birbirine yeterli uzaklikta olmasini saglamaktadir. According to the power, diameter, shape (circle, daisy), number of holes-diameter of the oven used in various shapes, various hole numbers and Perforated resistance porcelains (10) produced by cutting into desired shapes (25mm-80mm) is placed on the carrier middle shaft (1). Resistance wires (2) and ensures that the resistance wires (2) are at a sufficient distance from each other.
Yüksek isiya dayaniklidir. It is resistant to high heat.
Bulusumuzda iskelet görevinin görülmesi ve tüm elemanlarin bir arada tutulmasi, orta mil (1) ile saglanir. Kalinligi @10 ile @20 mm arasindadir. In our invention, seeing the skeleton function and keeping all the elements together, the middle shaft It is provided with (1). Its thickness is between @10 and @20mm.
Rezistans telleri (2) delikli rezistans porseleni (10) üzerinde bulunan deliklerinden geçirilmektedir. Rezistans telleri (2) seri olarak birbirlerine tig kaynagi ile kaynatilmaktadir ve böylece isitici meydana gelmektedir. The resistance wires (2) come out of the holes on the perforated resistance porcelain (10). is passed. Resistance wires (2) are welded to each other in series with a tig weld. and thus the heater is formed.
Elektrik girisi, enerji giris milleri (7) ile saglanarak, rezistans tellerinin (2) bosta kalan iki ucuna kaynatilmaktadir ve böylece rezistans tamamlanmaktadir. Sistemin kilitlenmesi ise somunlar (9) ile saglanmaktadir. The electrical input is provided by the energy input shafts (7), and the two remaining idle wires of the resistance wires (2). It is welded to the tip and thus the resistance is completed. If the system is locked provided with nuts (9).
Firinin gücüne ve konumuna uygun olarak @3 mm ile @8 mm arasinda olmaktadir ve isinma, rezistans telleri (2) ile saglanmaktadir. It is between @3 mm and @8 mm in accordance with the power and position of the oven and The heating is provided by the resistance wires (2).
Firin duvari içinde kalan ölü bölgede isi kaybini önlemek için seramik elyaf battaniye (8) kullanilmaktadir. Ceramic fiber blanket to prevent heat loss in the dead zone inside the oven wall (8) is used.
Enerji giris milinin (7) merkezlenmesi, porselen tutucu (4) ile saglanmaktadir. The centering of the energy input shaft (7) is provided by the porcelain holder (4).
Tüm elemanlari bir arada tutulmasi porselen kapak (6) ile saglanmaktadir. Orta mile (1) bagli son elemandir ve sistemi kilitleyerek üzerinde rezistans etiket degerlerinin yazilmaktadir. Porselen kapak (6) somun (9) ile orta mile (1) baglanmaktadir. Keeping all the elements together is provided by the porcelain cover (6). middle mile (1) It is the last element connected and it locks the system so that the resistance label values on it is being written. The porcelain cover (6) is connected to the middle shaft (1) with the nut (9).
Delikli rezistans porselenlerinin (10) arasina yerlestirilerek, rezistansin pozisyonuna göre (yatay-dikey) delikli rezistans porselenleri (10) arasindaki optimum mesafe, porselen borular (3) ile saglanmaktadir. It is placed between the perforated resistance porcelains (10), according to the position of the resistance. The optimum distance between the (horizontal-vertical) perforated resistance porcelains (10), the porcelain provided with pipes (3).
Istenilen gücün elde edilmesi üretilen bu rezistanslarin; 2, 3, 4, 5 veya 6'li gruplar halinde seri olarak baglanmasi ile saglanmaktadir.These resistances produced to obtain the desired power; In groups of 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 It is provided by connecting in series.
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