SU8002A1 - Method of making soap in pieces or powder - Google Patents

Description

Recently, there has been a desire in the industry to use soap of the highest possible concentration. The use of pure anhydrous soaps in powder form also presents special benefits, due to the constant composition of their fatty acids, greater solubility, ease of handling and saving on packaging, since for the latter in most cases they use bags. For the preparation of such soaps, a technique is currently used in the technique in which fatty acids and soda or caustic soda, in the presence of water or steam, boil soap glue, act on it with salt, remove soap that floats to the surface several times. in the form. Depending on the weather, the soap hardens in forms within 4-14 days. Then, the soap released from the molds is cut into pieces, turned into chips in a plane and dried in a drying oven until it hardens and becomes brittle and susceptible to grinding. For many years now, in the soap industry, a method of fast preparation of solid, strong mass from a soap glue capable of turning into a powder has been widely used. This way is. that more or less anhydrous soda is added to the soap glue, which binds water as crystallization, and after a few hours gives a solid, brittle soap that can be turned into a powder. But in this way only soaps with a high content of water and soda can be made. However, on the one hand, for the laundry, for the textile industry and for the factories of toilet soap, it is in many cases impractical and sometimes impossible to use soap containing soda, which has a detrimental effect on the yarn fibers in the sense of their strength and resistance. rupture and stretching, on the other hand, these soaps, due to their water content, cannot be used to make durable soap-containing nadral and nagic acid salts. It is also known that by mixing crystalline soda, turned into a fine powder, with fatty acids, preparations can be prepared for washing, partially containing fatty acids in the saponified state, which, being dissolved in hot water, reveal all the properties of soap, are not amenable to nor grind. Moreover, containing a large amount of unwashed fatty acids, they do not give a foam at all, and therefore cannot be used for washing either in cold or warm water, but only in nkipka.

It has been proposed to prepare a laundry detergent from a mixture of solid, ground to powder resin or stearin with soda ash, which in a dry state do not act on each other, but give a carbon dioxide release by adding boiling water. But this method has not gained practical significance.

A further method of preparing an anhydrous soap is that ricinic acid is heated in an iron kettle equipped with an agitator, gradually adding the amount of solid soda ash needed for 1 saponification and the mixture is heated until complete evaporation of water formed during the reaction and removal of carbonic acid. But this method is exclusively applicable to the fatty acid of castor oil, since, being hydroxycarboxylic acid, it forms a melting neutral sodium salt. With such a treatment, close to ricinic acid, oleic acid or flax acid, thick lumps are formed and the release of carbonic acid is difficult. The reactive mass, due to the decreased thermal conductivity, burns and chars before full saponification is achieved. It was then proposed to add heated jet of fatty acids to heated and constantly stirred soda in order to achieve saponification and removal of carbonic acid without the formation of lumps. This method did not give positive results, as

1) it was necessary to work with a large excess of soda and a highly alkaline soap was obtained;

2) the substances acting in the mixture were unevenly distributed and

3) the cost of the device devices, the maintenance of heat and power in the economic terms were not justified by the results obtained.

The method for quickly and inexpensively preparing anhydrous soda soap in a powder is that the liquid soap glue heated by strong heat is blown under air pressure through the nozzles adapted for this purpose and the opposite current of the heated air evaporates the water contained in finely sprayed soap particles. . Later it was found that if the liquid fatty acid with soda ash in the powder was thoroughly displaced at the proper temperature and the mixture was given to the action of the heat generated from the reaction, after a short time, it would be completely saponified and dissolving without turbidity even in cold water a mass that can be given to cooling to any shape and which can be pressed and turned into powder in a solidified form. In this case, it is necessary to observe only the necessary condition that the molten fatty acid is mixed with soda within the temperature at which the formation of lumps does not begin yet or until only a small amount of carbon dioxide is released, and that the weight of soda exceeds the weight of the remaining reactants in the mass to be washed. substances. Mixing fatty acid with anhydrous soda in fine powder, as opposed to mixing with aqueous soda, which cannot be turned into such a fine powder as anhydrous, occurs with such perfection that in the shortest possible time there comes a full saponification, moreover with the release of heat, KOTopasf can even lead to charring of the mass. Therefore, care should be taken to ensure that there is a relationship between the weight amount of the pop-up layer and the cooling surface, which would prevent excessive heating of the reaction mass due to the heat generated by the reaction. This circumstance requires particular attention when using oxidizing oils, as this produces heat from oxidation. The present method is important in view of the attained ability to produce strongly split fatty acids, which still contain an insignificant amount of neutral fat, and, using certain methods, it is possible technically feasible to obtain cheap fat-free products that are not fat. This includes, first of all, the method of distillation, as well as the method according to which the fat is decomposed by lime and the resulting lime soaps are exposed to sulfurous acid, resulting in a light, odorless soap. For carrying out the present process, these neutral fat-free acids are particularly suitable, but also strongly degraded fatty acids, which still contain insignificant

The percentage of neutral fat may, although not with such success, be used for this purpose. If, according to the proposed method, two fatty acid molecules with 1 anhydrous soda molecule are subjected to exchange decomposition reactions, then two sodium fatty acid molecules and together with 1 carbonic acid molecule 1 water molecule will be obtained, which does not affect the fragility of the reactive mass, since represents an insignificant amount, and its presence does not impede grinding. If one molecule of soda is taken for one molecule of fatty acid, then one molecule of sodium fatty acid is formed, while it is formed with carbonic acid and obtained with crystallization water, according to the formula:

R COOH - | - NagCOg R COONa -f -f MANSOz,

bonded chemically to sodium bicarbonate.

The hard, easily grinded product obtained in this way is especially suitable for laundry, as soap, due to carbon dioxide formed from the heat, is unusually foamy and also washes well. On the other hand, if the temperature is kept below the decomposition temperature of sodium bicarbonate, a non-alkaline solution is obtained, and a weakly acidic soap is obtained, which washes well even in very hard water. Since all sodium carbonate is in soap, in the form of bicarbonate, when washing with such soap, even delicate fibers of yarn, napr, silk and wool, do not spoil. A completely anhydrous mixture made up of soap and bicarbonate in this way is of particular interest to technology. When mixed with salts of certain acids, such as sodium percarbonate or sodium perborate, it turns into a bleaching powder. The soaps prepared by this method after cooling the reactant mass are made hard and brittle and easily turn into powder. This powder, easily dissolving in water, can be marketed directly or compressed using mechanical or hydraulic presses to produce a solid, durable, beautifully-looking soap, which does not require No binding agent to maintain strength. It has a valuable quality, because, being lighter than water, it floats on it. On the other hand, the mass obtained from fatty acid and anhydrous soda ash can, prior to cooling, with hydraulic or mechanical presses be shaped into bars of any diameter, which cooling bars withstand long storage, without covering the surface and not detecting signs of weathering of the soda. All bars prepared from fatty acids and soda water containing crystallization water contain more or less non-butyric fatty acid, therefore they are mostly soft and do not give foam either in cold or in warm water. Already after a brief storage, they find the weathering of soda unpleasant in appearance, and, due to the formation of sharp slick crystals within their many soda crystals, acquire a granular, sandy structure. However, over time, it became clear that by adding hydrocarbons or halogen hydrocarbons to fatty acids, even higher qualities of soap are obtained. It should also be noted that the resin, previously dissolved in fatty acids, also takes part in saponification and gives resin soaps having the same qualities as described above. Later it turned out that soda ash, dampened due to long storage

in stock or due to some other circumstances, it is also possible to mix in an equivalent amount, determined based on the water contained in it, with fatty acids at a temperature close to the melting point of the latter, and bring the resulting homogeneous mixture to complete saponification. The products obtained in this way are neutral, do not give any turbidity when dissolved in water, they can be ground and given different shapes, and in this form, even after many years of storage, no signs of weathering of the soda are found in them. The process occurs when the content in the soda water to ZO. Example 1. In a boiler equipped with a stirrer, 1000 kg of olein with an acid number of 200 is heated to a temperature of 30-35 ° and 200 to 250 kg of well-ground soda are added, resulting in a completely homogeneous porridge. When last, after krat. After stirring, it will become so viscous that it cannot be stirred, the reaction mass is placed on a sheet of tin and placed on a drying grate. During the following hours, the review of the amount of soda taken, the porridge swells to a greater or lesser extent, due to the release of carbon dioxide, and after a while it represents a solid, porous, homogeneous soap mass. This mass easily turns into a powder and without any turbidity easily dissolves in water, gives a good foam and has the ability to remove dirt. If only 2 molecules of anhydrous soda are taken for 2 acid molecules, then it is necessary, especially if working with small amounts, to remove carbonic acid — additional drying in the drying chamber. However, in all cases when excess soda is taken, such strong heating occurs during the formation of bicarbonate salts.