SU771763A1

SU771763A1 - Electronic multiplier

Info

Publication number: SU771763A1
Application number: SU782701279A
Authority: SU
Inventors: Юрий Владимирович Базанов; Альфред Дмитриевич Битков
Original assignee: Серпуховское Высшее Военное Командное Училище Им.Ленинского Комсомола
Priority date: 1978-12-25
Filing date: 1978-12-25
Publication date: 1980-10-15

Description

Изобретение относится к электронной технике и может быть* использовано для создания нелинейного преобразователя напряжений, генератора сложных функций, измерения ускорений повышенной точности и помехоустойчивости с малыми весовыми и габаритными характеристиками.The invention relates to electronic equipment and can be * used to create a non-linear voltage converter, a generator of complex functions, measuring accelerations of increased accuracy and noise immunity with small weight and overall characteristics.

Известны электронные умножители, принцип действия которых основан на свойствах вторичной эмиссии и постоянстве условий взаимодействия потока первичных электронов с поверхностью динода.Electronic multipliers are known whose operating principle is based on the properties of secondary emission and the constancy of the conditions for the interaction of the stream of primary electrons with the surface of the dynode.

В таком исполнении область применения электронных умножителей ограничена техникой усиления слабых токов, регистрации массы единичных зарядов, создания генераторов развертки наносекундного диапазона.'In this design, the field of application of electron multipliers is limited by the technique of amplifying weak currents, recording the mass of unit charges, and creating nanosecond sweep generators. '

В настоящее время важной проблемой является поиск и разработка новых направлений и физических принципов, позволяющих эффективно и надежно решать более широкий круг задач на основе унифицированных приборов с повышенным информационным КПД.At present, an important problem is the search and development of new directions and physical principles that allow efficiently and reliably solve a wider range of tasks based on standardized devices with increased information efficiency.

В известных электронных умножителях потенциально возможно расширение диапазона их применения на основе использования косинусоидальной функциональной связи между коэффициентом вторичной эмиссии и углом падения потока первичных электронов на поверхность динода [1]. В частности, для измерения вектора ускорений, действующих по двум взаимно перпендикулярным осям, необходимо изменить взаймодействия потока первичных электронов с рабочей поверхностью динода и предусмотреть операционный элемент преобразования сигнала.In known electron multipliers, it is potentially possible to expand the range of their application based on the use of a cosine functional relationship between the secondary emission coefficient and the angle of incidence of the primary electron flux onto the dynode surface [1]. In particular, in order to measure the acceleration vector acting along two mutually perpendicular axes, it is necessary to change the interactions of the primary electron flux with the working surface of the dynode and provide for an operational signal conversion element.

В существующих электронных умножителях не предусмотрены конструктивные решения, позволяющие измерять параметры движения различных объектов.The existing electronic multipliers do not provide constructive solutions to measure the motion parameters of various objects.

Экспериментальными исследованиями показана возможность преобразования изменений угла падения Ч¹ заряженных частиц на плоскую мишень в электрический сигнал [2]. Эти результаты составляют физическую основу информации о параметрах угловой скорости, т. к.Ч'^и;Experimental studies have shown the possibility of converting changes in the angle of incidence Ч ^{1 of} charged particles onto a flat target into an electrical signal [2]. These results form the physical basis of the information on the parameters of the angular velocity, since.

Наиболее близким к изобретению по техническому решению является известный электронный умножитель, выполненный в виде блока' каналов с распределенным сопротивлением рабочей поверхности, объединенных на входе ₅ в общий канал, имеющий форму цилиндра, усеченного конуса или полусферы с торцовой частью в виде конуса, ..причем оси каналов совпадают с направлением потока первичных электронов 13]. ₁₀ The closest to the invention by technical solution is a well-known electronic multiplier made in the form of a block of channels with distributed resistance of the working surface, combined at the input ₅ into a common channel having the shape of a cylinder, a truncated cone or a hemisphere with an end part in the form of a cone, and moreover the channel axes coincide with the direction of the flow of primary electrons 13]. ₁₀

Устройство работает следующим образом.The device operates as follows.

Направленный на общий вход блока умножителя поток первичных электронов взаимодействует с различными участками торцовой поверхности между каналами, частично попадая непосред- ₅ственно в каналы умножения. -Вторичные электроны, образующиеся над поверхностями торцовой части, ускоряются электрическим полем внутрь каналов и участвуют в дальнейшем процессе умножения.Directed on the total input flow of primary electron multiplier unit interacts with various portions of the end surface between the channels, partially entering directly into ₅ governmental multiplying channels. - Secondary electrons formed above the surfaces of the end part are accelerated by the electric field inside the channels and participate in the further process of multiplication.

' При таком исполнении электронного умножителя условия взаимодействия потока первичных электронов как носителя информации с различными участками торцовой поверхности будут неравноценны в стационарном и особенно в динамическом режимах, что исключает возможность его использования в качестве преобразователя ускорений в электрические сигналы.'With this design of the electron multiplier, the conditions for the interaction of the stream of primary electrons as a data carrier with different parts of the end surface will be unequal in stationary and especially in dynamic modes, which excludes the possibility of its use as a converter of accelerations into electrical signals.

Для устранения указанного., недостатка и расширения метрологических возможностей целесообразна разработка электронного умножителя, обеспечивающего измерение параметров движения различных объектов при уменьшении весовых и габаритных характеристик систем, инерциальной навигации.To eliminate the indicated., Drawback and expansion of metrological capabilities, it is advisable to develop an electronic multiplier that provides measurement of the motion parameters of various objects while reducing the weight and overall characteristics of systems, inertial navigation.

Целью изобретения является расширение области применения электронного умножителя для измерения ускорений по двум взаимно перпендикулярным осям и повышения чувствительности.The aim of the invention is to expand the scope of the electron multiplier for measuring accelerations along two mutually perpendicular axes and increasing sensitivity.

Для достижения поставленной цели блок электронного умножителя выполнен в виде диска с несквозным центральным отверстием, По взаимно перпендикулярным диаметрам размещены четыре канала умножения, оси которых составляют прямой угол к потоку первичных электронов, а первые диноды ориентированы относительно этого потока под углом 75° и образуют четырехугольную пирамиду.To achieve this goal, the block of the electron multiplier is made in the form of a disk with a non-through central hole. Four multiplication channels are placed along mutually perpendicular diameters, the axes of which are right angles to the stream of primary electrons, and the first dynodes are oriented relative to this stream at an angle of 75 ° and form a quadrangular pyramid .

с распределенным сопротивлением, первые диноды 4.with distributed resistance, the first dynodes 4.

В исходном состоянии электронный поток взаимодействует с'гранями первых динодов 4 под углом Η’θ— 75°, обеспечивая начальный коэффициент вторичной эмиссии 6_Q при максимальной крутизне рабочего участка функциональной зависимости изменения анодных токов от параметров действующего ускорения _Еп 6 =» А - В cos Ч , (1) где А и В - константы, определяемые свойствами материала, качеством обработки поверхности и формой конструкции диодов.In the initial state, the electron beam interacts with the faces of the first dynodes 4 at an angle Η'θ— 75 °, providing an initial coefficient of secondary emission of 6 _Q at the maximum steepness of the working section of the functional dependence of the change in the anode currents on the parameters of the effective acceleration _Ep 6 = "A - B cos H, (1) where A and B are constants determined by the properties of the material, the quality of the surface treatment and the shape of the design of the diodes.

Выбиваемый поток вторичных электронов, усиленный динодами 3 с распределенным сопротивлениеы, создает в цепях анодов 2 токи величиной з А =К; Э_еб , (2) где Kj — коэффициент усиления канала умножителя;The knocked-out stream of secondary electrons, amplified by diodes 3 with distributed resistances, creates currents in the circuits of anodes 2 with a value of s A = K; E _e b, (2) where Kj is the gain of the multiplier channel;

П_е — ток луча электронов.P _e is the electron beam current.

При воздействии силы, вызывающей вращение умножителя относительно неподвижного луча электронов в направлении одной из осей х или у, происходит изменение условий взаимодействия первичных электронов с гранями данода, обусловливая новые значения коэффициента вторичной эмиссии. При этом уменьшение угла падения электронного луча на одну из граней динода, вызванное вращением, сопровождается одновременным увеличением этого. угла для противоположной грани. Данный процесс фиксируется по изменениям токов в цепях соответствующих анодов. По величине и знаку изменений анодных токов судят о параметрах .... действующего ускорения.When the force causes the multiplier to rotate relative to a fixed electron beam in the direction of one of the x or y axes, the conditions for the interaction of primary electrons with the faces of the dannode change, causing new values of the secondary emission coefficient. In this case, a decrease in the angle of incidence of the electron beam on one of the faces of the dynode caused by rotation is accompanied by a simultaneous increase in this. angle for the opposite side. This process is recorded by changes in currents in the circuits of the corresponding anodes. By the magnitude and sign of changes in the anode currents are judged on the parameters .... the current acceleration.

Таким образом, предлагаемое устройство позволяет измерить векторные значения угловой скорости и углового ускорения относительно двух взаимно перпендикулярных осей, что расширяет область его применения и метрологические возможности при повышении информационного КПД и чувствительности.Thus, the proposed device allows you to measure the vector values of the angular velocity and angular acceleration relative to two mutually perpendicular axes, which expands the scope of its application and metrological capabilities with increasing information efficiency and sensitivity.

Claims

The invention relates to electronic technology and can be used to create a nonlinear voltage converter, a generator of complex functions, measurement of accelerations of increased accuracy and noise immunity with low weight and overall characteristics. Electron multipliers are known whose principle of action is based on the properties of the secondary emission and the constant conditions for the interaction of the flow of primary electrons with the surface of a din ode. In such a design, the field of application of electron multipliers is limited to the technique of amplifying weak currents, registering the mass of single charges, and creating nanosecond sweep generators. At present, an important problem is the search and development of new directions and physical principles, which allow to effectively and reliably solve a wider range of tasks based on unified instruments with enhanced information efficiency. In known electron multipliers, the range of their application is potentially possible based on the use of a cosine functional relationship between the secondary emission coefficient and the angle of incidence of the flux of the first electrons on the surface of the Pd cell. In particular, to measure the vector of acceleration acting on two mutually perpendicular axes, it is necessary to change the interactions of the flow of primary electrons with the working surface of the dynode and to provide an operational element for signal conversion. In existing multipliers there are no constructive solutions to measure the motion parameters of various objects. Experimental studies have shown the possibility of converting changes in the angle of incidence f of charged particles onto a flat target into an electrical signal 2. These results constitute the physical basis of information about the parameters of the angular velocity, since 37 The closest to the invention is the technical solution multiplier, made in the form of a block of channels with distributed resistance of the working surface, combined at the entrance to a common channel, having the shape of a cylinder, a truncated crnus or hemisphere with a face second part in the form of a cone, the axis ..prichem channels coincide with the direction of the primary electron stream 3. The apparatus operates as follows. A stream of primary electrons directed at the common entrance of the Smitter block interacts with different parts of the end surface between the channels, partially falling directly into the multiplication channels. Secondary electrons, which are formed over the surfaces of the end parts, are accelerated by the electric field inside the channels and participate in the further process of multiplication. With such an electronic multiplier, the conditions for the interaction of the flow of primary electrons as a carrier of information with different parts of the end surface will be unequal in stationary and especially in dynamic mode, which excludes the possibility of using it as a conversion of acceleration bodies into electrical signals. To eliminate this. lack of metrological capabilities and rasilfepy it is advisable to develop an electronic multiply l, ensuring its measurement of the motion parameters of different objects while reducing the weight and overall characteristics of systems, inertial navigation. The aim of the invention is to expand the field of application of an electric multiplier to measure accelerations along two mutually perpendicular axes and increase sensitivity. Achievement of the goal, the elec- tron intelligence unit is made in the form of a disk with an inset central hole,. According to mutually perpendicular diameters, four multiplication channels are placed, the axes of which were equal to the right angle to the flow of primary electrons, and the first dynodes are oriented relative to this flow at an angle of 75 ° and form a quadrangular pyramid. FIG. 1a and 16 show a schematic of an embodiment of the device; in fig. 2 - interaction of the primary electron flux with the edge g 1nod - the converter in the initial state and at a fixed moment of time when the multiplier rotates relative to the stationary electron beam in the direction of the x axis (sh) y. The multiplier case 1, anodic 2 (collectors), channel dynodic systems 3 with distributed resistance, first dynodes 4. In the initial state, the electron flow interacts with the faces of the first dynodes 4 at an angle of fg-75 °, providing the initial secondary emission coefficient the maximum steepness of the working section of the functional dependence of the anode current changes on the parameters of the current acceleration. A - Beos4, (1) where A and B are constants determined by material properties, quality of processing over Irsti and the shape of the diode design. A knocked out stream of secondary electrons, amplified by dynodes 3 with distributed concentration, generates 2 currents in the anode circuit with a value of 3 K Zdb, where Kj is the gain factor of the multiplier channel; Ir is the current of the electron beam. When a force is applied that causes the multiplier to rotate relative to a fixed electron beam in the direction of one of the X or Y axes, the conditions of interaction of the primary electrons with the edges of the data change, causing new values of the secondary emission coefficient. In this case, a decrease in the angle of incidence of the electron beam on one of the faces of the dynode, caused by rotation, is accompanied by a simultaneous increase in this. tla for the opposite grat. This process is recorded by the variation of the currents in the circuits of the respective anodes. According to the magnitude and sign of the anode current changes, the parameters are judged; .. the current acceleration. Thus, the proposed device makes it possible to measure the vector values of the angular velocity and angular acceleration with respect to two mutually perpendicular axes, which expands its field of application and its surface capabilities while increasing the information OHOHoro efficiency and sensitivity. Claims of the invention An electron multiplier comprising a block of channels with distributed co-oxidation of the working surface, therefore, with the aim of expanding its field of application for measuring accelerations along two mutually perpendicular axes and increasing sensitivity, in the channel block cavity, there are four multiplication channels along the perpendicular diameters, the axes of which are straight

an angle with the direction of the flow of primary electrons, and the first dynoids are oriented relative to this flow at an angle of 75 ° and form a quadrangular pyramid.

Sources of information taken into account during the examination 1. Sobolev N. A., Melamid A. E. Photoelectric devices. M-, Higher, 1974, p. 79.

2. Works of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. MI Kalinina. - Physical electronics. L., Energie, 1967, p. 15-20.

3. USSR author's certificate number 402326, cl. H 01 J 43/04, 1977 (prototype).

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