SU67599A1 - The method of obtaining carotene from carrots and green parts of plants - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to an improvement in the method for isolating carotene from carrots and green parts of plants. As is well known, carotene is contained exclusively in the plastids of plant material cells, which is usually pre-crushed. The known methods for the further isolation of carotene from crushed raw materials have the essential disadvantages that it is necessary to work with large volumes of liquids with a low content of carotene, solvents are consumed and the yield of carotene is low.

In order to eliminate these drawbacks, according to the invention, the chromoplasts of carrots or chloroplasts, leaves, etc., are not isolated by solvent extraction, but mechanically using centrifuges and. The isolated plastids are then heated to 100 to inactivate the enzyme, dried under vacuum, after which the usual techniques are used to obtain a concentrate or pure crystalline carotene.

Another characteristic feature of the present invention is that, in order to precipitate (flocculate) the particles of plastids, pvreshed UJHX into the press from the press, the semi-liquid mass resulting from

centrifuged at low speed, treated with electrolytes, for example calcium chloride.

The following is a detailed description of the proposed method for isolating carotene.

Carrots are ground in a grater (widely used for starch production from potato tubers) so that the chromoplasts floating in the cell sap receive a free exit from the broken cells. The more carrot cells are broken, the more chromoplast will go into juice. Therefore, it is not possible to limit rubbing carrots and squeezing the juice only once. It is necessary to grind carrots two and even three times with the addition of water (or juice).

The second (and third) grinding of the carrot porridge must be carried out directly after pressing the first juice, because when the carrot is lying for a while, the protoplasm coagulates, causing the chromoplasts to follow. The release of chromoplastics from the cells then becomes difficult and their yield decreases. The yield of chromoplastics also decreases in the case of freezing, subsidence, or significant heating (65-70 °) of carrot roots.

With the correct mode, over 85% of chromoplast transition from carrot cells to juice can be achieved. As the first skincare is used to produce beverages or syrups, it can be applied after pentrifuging a supercentrifuge to supply it to the first extractor instead of water. Similarly, chloroplasts can be obtained from fresh leaves of spinach, beets, nettle, etc.

A chromoplast floating in carrot juice without being diluted with water can be left unchanged for many hours. In live chromoplast, carotene lasts much longer than in an aqueous colloidal solution. The safety of carotene in suspensions of carrot chromoplasts is due to the high content of lecithin in them, which is an excellent autoxidant of carotene, as well as other organic antioxidants.

Chromoplasts of carrot juice have a density of 1.18-1.19, that is, lower than starch grains or fragments of cellular tissue with a density of 1.4. Although the content of the latter in carrot juice is small, it is desirable and quite possible to separate them from chromoplasts by centrifugation at a low number of revolutions. Chromoplasts of natural carrot juice, due to the presence of sugars, better retain their size and shape. In distilled water, chromoplasts swell very quickly and partially break up into smaller pieces. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that chromoplasts have osmotic properties that are inherent in the plant cell in general.

By centrifuging carrot juice not diluted with water, it is possible to separate chromoplasts almost completely in a supercentrifuge. The small number of crushed chromoplastics remaining after centrifugation can be isolated using flocculant.

However, it is better to use this juice instead of water when re-hietering and extracting chromoplasts from carrot porridge, taking into account the protective role of carrot juice sugars (equality of osmotic pressures).

By centrifuging carrot juice diluted with water, some part (about / 3-L) of chromoplasts remains in the supercentrifuge, which can be isolated from the juice after adding flocculant.

The most convenient flocculants are calcium chloride and hydrogen ion. For flocculation of the chromoplasts of carrot juice for one to two hours, one kilogram of CaCl2 per top of the juice (0.1% CaCla) is sufficient. Flocculating with GaCla does not affect the cytoplasm of juice. Adding organic acids to pH-5 also gives good results, but when the concentration of hydrogen ions is higher, the coagulation of the cytoplasm also begins, which is undesirable.

The use of these flocculants does not introduce undesirable consequences from the food point of view. Calcium chloride, as it is known, is used as an anti-cooking agent for whole-fruit tomatoes in canned food in a concentration of up to 0.07% to the whole mass of canned food. Acidification with organic acids is also widely applicable in the food industry.

The use of alkaline solutions, as well as lime and other general. The known adsorbents are not necessary in order to release the carotene from carrots.

Alkaline solutions and lime destroy lecithin contained in carrot chromoplasts and protecting carotene from oxide leech, exclude the possibility of using waste products of carotene in the form of its mother liquors and make it difficult to obtain a pure carotype during crystallization. Thermal processing of the juice is also unnecessary, since fuel is wasted and the amount of precipitated sediment at least doubles due to the non-carotene cytoplasm.

The flocculated chromoplasts are a very thin, smearing orange paste. The colloidal nature of the substances that make up chromoplastics makes it very difficult to isolate them using conventional filtration. Therefore, the most technically advanced technique for extracting them from juice is centrifugation or separation.

Treatment of carrot juice with various active substances in order to facilitate filtration does not justify itself. How. It shows the chemical composition of chromoplastics; they represent such a valuable concentrate of various physiologically active substances that their preservation intact deserves special attention.

Separation of chromoplastics using high-speed yeast or Westfal-type separators or centrifugation using a Sharpless centrifuge sump, especially in the case of a diluted second juice, with appropriate flocculation fully achieves the goal.

Separated orange mass of chromoplasts or green mass of chloroplasts is still a mobile mass containing quite a lot of moisture. Only on a Sharpless supercentrifuge is a mass containing more than 20% solids.

In all cases, the plastid mass should be subjected to short-term heating to 100 ° after centrifugation to inactivate the enzyme. Ethyl alcohol is then added in an amount of 50% by weight of the chromo-chloroplast and compaction is carried out on couplings or other suitable filter apparatus.

Alcohol draws enter regeneration, and the mass of chromo-chloropope is supplied to the drying apparatus for drying.

The addition of alcohol is desirable to remove the bulk of carrot substances with a bitter aftertaste, and to better compact the mass of chromo-chloroplasts, which further facilitates desiccation. However, this is not necessary.

The conditions that ensure the normal drying of chromoplasts and chloroplasts without significant loss of carotene and other physiologically active substances are as follows:

1. Drying should be carried out for a short time and at a temperature not exceeding 50%.

2. Drying should be carried out with a vacuum not lower than 650-700 mm.

3. Carotin should not be in direct contact with copper or iron during drying.

Such conditions can be created by many dryers. Convenient for this purpose are vacuum drying drums, which have a high drying rate and give the dried product in the form of grains, as well as a vacuum of continuous action.

Dried chromium or chloroplasts should not contain more than 12% moisture. One ton of carrots gives only about 10 to 12 kg of compacted paste, and one ton of spinach or alfalfa gives 90-100 kg of pasta; Consequently, a low-capacity dryer drum can satisfy all the needs of large-scale carotene-vitamin enterprises (one load of a vacuum dryer — about 800 / paste). Other types of lugs are possible with the provision of the necessary conditions.

Dried paste of chromium or chloroplasts from the drying drums in the form of grits is fed to a roller mill for grinding into powder:

Further operations on dried or chloroplasts depend on the method of their use.

When the content of lipids is not less than 30%, chromoplasts and chloroplasts are well-digested carotene preparations. The absorption of these drugs must also be enhanced because chromoplasts and chloroplasts contain many other vitamins and phosphatides in addition to carotene.

The ease of use of such preparations lies in the fact that chromoplast powder can be packaged with fillers, for example glucose, in the form of tablets. Chromoplast powder and without any fillers are perfectly tableted.

Tablets of chromoplastics in 0.5 and 1.0 g even with filler will contain 1-2 human doses of carotene. Pure chromoplastics and tablets of them are even richer in carotene. Store the tablets must be in a hermetic closure.

If it is necessary to obtain a solution of carotene in any vegetable oil, for this purpose it is necessary to heat up the oil with chromoplast powder immersed in it to 60 ° C for this purpose and filter it. To obtain concentrated solutions of carotene in oil (about 2 g of carotene per liter), 200-300 g of dry chromoplastics per liter of oil must be taken. Residual carotene can be extra extracted with fresh portions of oil.

Pure chloroplast preparations are not as convenient to use as chromoplast preparations. In the prepared samples, carotene was no more than 0.2-0.3% per dry weight, but they did have a lot of chlorophile (7.5% per dry weight), which is of great interest as an integral part of vitamin K-factor blood coagulation and as a source of phytol production.

Therefore, drugs from chloroplas. They are also important and can be used directly, but mainly as α-semifinished products for the production of pure carotene, xanthophil, chlorophyll, and from the latter phytol for the synthesis of vitamin E.

Getting pure carotene powder chromoplast, as a result. low content of other pigments, very convenient.

For this purpose, the chromoplast powder is placed in percolors or extractors and washed with 96% alcohol. The amount of moisture in chromoplasts in the amount lowers the concentration of the added alcohol to 85%, and, as experiments show, under these conditions, carotene is extracted with alcohol very little.

The passage of alcohol through the powder into the apparatus is very easy, incomparably faster than that of gasoline, and at the same time, from 29 to 34% of all the dry substances of chromoplasts are extracted. Extraction with alcohol should be carried out until the colored fluid is noticeably bleached. Alcohol extracts dyed lecithin, xanthophil, and many other pigments, but does not extract carotene well. Even at ten times the weight of the chromoplastics, the amount of alcohol passes into it no more than 2% of the total carotene of the chromoplastics. When two or three times the amount of alcohol in it goes no more than one percent of the total carotene.

After suctioning or purging with carbon dioxide (from excess alcohol), the powder of the chromoplasts is extracted with light gasoline or other solvents. Light gasoline after alcohol extracts from 3.9 to 4.5% by weight of chromoplastics, i.e., 7 times less alcohol. However, without treatment with alcohol, gasoline passes through chromoplast powder extremely slowly, although the amount of the substances it extracts increases to more than twenty percent.

When processing 4.5 kg of chromoplastics from one ton of carrots, extraction with two or three times the amount of alcohol will require only 10-15 liters of alcohol, which is regenerated. It is also possible to obtain new products from the alcohol extract. Gasoline consumption per 4.5 kg of chromoplast-about 20 liters, gasoline is regenerated.

The resulting carrotin solutions under vacuum are very easily evaporated to HIGH concentrations. Crystallization is carried out from liquid

.accumor solution, which facilitates the release of carotene.

With proper precautions and quick work, at least 70% of the total carrot carotene content can be obtained in crystalline form. The fraction (up to 10%) remaining in the mother liquors can be used as a valuable product for the vitaminization of feed.

The proposed method for the production of carotene makes it possible to double the yield of carotene from carrots as compared with that currently practiced in a known manner.

The unity of the method of carotene production from both carrots and green leaves allows for the conversion of carotin production from seasonal to year-round.

The production of carotene from leaf chloroplasts after obtaining chloroplasts in a dry form can be carried out according to any of the methods proposed for dry leaves.

When carotene is obtained from previously isolated and dried chloroplasts, all weights and volumes of products subject to the action of organic solvents are reduced by a factor of about 10, which is an advantage over the best known methods for producing carotene from leaves.

Subject invention

Claims (2)

1, A method for producing carotene from carrots and green parts of plants by directly obtaining it, but from plastids containing it (chromo- and chloroplasts) isolated from cells as a result of thorough grinding of the source material, that the ilastides extracted from the minced raw juice are separated by centrifugation, the obtained semi-liquid mass is briefly heated to 100 ° to inactivate the enzyme, dried in vacuum at a temperature not higher than 50% moisture content not higher than 12% and further processed with known Methods for the preparation of a concentrate or to pure crystalline carotene. 2. Acceptance of the method according to claim 1, characterized in that, in order to precipitate (flocculate) particles of plastids that have passed into the juice from under the pressure, the juice that is percentile at a small number of revolutions to remove starch grains and pieces of cell bodies electrolyte, for example calcium chloride.