SU1181590A1 - Method of harvesting grain crops and grain harvesting combine - Google Patents

Abstract

1. A method of harvesting grain crops, including double cutting plants, laying the lower rushes in a swath, selecting a swath and separate threshing of the mass of the upper and lower Uruses, characterized in that, in order to reduce grain losses, as well as reduce the harvesting performance by reducing the amount supplied to the threshing straw mass, cutting the lower rushes of the lower rushes into upper and lower parts to obtain the upper parts of the stalks of shorter length than the length of the lower parts, and when threshing the mass of the lower rus and they thresh the upper parts of the stems, and the laying of the stems of the lower rus in the roll is carried out after threshing of these parts. 2. A method according to Claim 1, characterized in that prior to cutting off the upper plant rushes, the stems are pneumatically lifted to trap existing grains. 3. A grain harvester containing an upper and a lower cutter mounted on the frame, a swath forming device for the lower rushes and a threshing apparatus for the upper russe mass, characterized in that it is equipped with a thresher for the lower rushes and the thresher of the rushes of this rus, and the swathering machine the device has two transverse conveyors installed with an outflow opening between them, and the threshing machine for the lower rushes has two thrashing installed in this window drums, each of which is made in the shape of a truncated cone, I facing a smaller base in the direction of movement of the combine, and (L is equipped with a circular knife located in front of this base. 4. The harvester according to section 3 of the it is equipped with a pneumatic lift of the stems having pipelines located across the width of the upper header with suction windows 00 of the JV located above the cutting unit of the upper header, and a grain collecting pipe connected to the pipelines. o 5. Combine according to claim 3, characterized in that the threshing drums are mounted on the frame of the combine by means of a removable frame. 6. A combine according to claim 3, characterized in that the swathing device is provided with a bottom-russia stem separator located in front of the drums, made with a dual-slope working surface. 7. A combine according to claim 3, characterized in that the top header is mounted on the frame by combining by means of a parallelogram linkage.

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the harvesting of cereals. The purpose of the invention is to reduce grain loss, as well as to increase the productivity of harvesting by reducing the amount of straw that is fed to the threshing. FIG. 1 shows a combine harvester for carrying out the proposed harvesting method; a side view of FIG. 2 is an upper header, side view of FIG. 3 - the same, top view; in fig. 4 - lower header, side view; n FIG. 5 - the same, top view; in fig. cart-storage of non-grain part of the crop, top view; in fig. 7 - the same, with established on it headers at transport crossings, front view. Combine harvester contains frame 1 with leading 2 and controlled 3 wheels. On frame 1, an engine 4 is installed, from which the working bodies and the hydraulic actuator of the wheels are driven. The front of the harvester harnessed to the top 5 and lower 6 of the header and there is an air-lift mounted 7 stalks, and a rear-mounted Tipecc 8 with an automatic gearbox and a 9-trunk transport. Between the engine 4 and the press 8 is installed a bunker 10, and on the right side is a dryer 11 of pre-drying grain. The combine also has a threshing machine 12 for the mass of the upper tier cut by the top header 5, a pneumatic separating chamber 13, a cleaning 14 and a pick-up 15. The air lift 7 is mounted on the frame of the upper header 5 in the reel 16 zone and consists of separate sections with suction ports 17 pipelines 18, the lower parts of which: they cover the reel 16, and in front there is a sliding shield 19 for changing the size of the windows. From above, the pipelines 18 are connected to the inlet windows of the distributor washer 20 of the torus 21. The pipelines 18 with the ends of the wallpaper are fixed on the shoulders with quick-release fasteners (the vent 21 is not shown on the platform in front of the engine 4 and is closed in front by the distribution washer 20 and the rear grain guide 22 is connected to the pneumo-separating chamber 13. The fan 21 is driven from the engine 4 by cardan gear (not shown). The upper hut 5 consists of a reaping platform and inclined chambers The harvesting platform includes a frame 23 on which the cutting apparatus 24 with drive elements is fastened, field dividers 25, transverse conveyors 26 having a tape width of 0.3 m, and conical gears 27, between which is located a longitudinal conveyor 28 of length 0, 5 m and a width of 1.2 m. A reel 16 with a diameter of 0.3 m is installed above the cutting unit 24. The side and rear sides of the platform are protected by wind guards (not shown). The cutting apparatus 24, the reel 16 and the conveyors 26 and 28 are driven from the shaft 29. The inclined chamber is two parallel-arranged infinite elastic bands 30 and 31, the longitudinal spars 32 and 33 of which are interconnected by means of the wings 34, which allows automatically changing The cross section of the inclined chamber is dependent on the thickness of the incoming layer of the grain mass, while the upper belt 30 is held in the extreme left position by the springs 35 Elastic tapes have equal linear velocities and are driven from the main a drive (not shown) with a pulley 36 seated at the end of the upper shaft 37 of the endless belt 30. At the other end of the shaft 37, the sprocket 38 of the upper tape drive 31 and the sprocket 39 of the drive shaft 29 are planted. The center distance between the shafts of the lower tape 30 is 1.8 The harvesting platform is connected to the inclined chamber by means of the hinges 40 and is able to move in a vertical plane, maintaining a horizontal position. This is achieved by the fact that the platform has an independent parallelogram hinge formed by the spar 33 of the lower belt 30, the strut 41, the link 42 and a part of the body of the device enclosed between the hinges of the hitch 43. . The harvesting platform has a width

0.8 m and includes a frame 44 on which the cutting apparatus 45 with drive elements is fixed, field dividers (not shown), a roll-forming device with two transverse conveyors 46, between which in the discharge window 47 there is a removable frame 48 of the lower threshing door. apparatus. The platform is mounted on the shoes 49.

The lower threshing unit contains two symmetrically located drums 50, on the shafts of which on the side of smaller bases there are mounted disk knives 51, as well as opposite plates 52, decks 53, receivers 54 grains, small grain elevators 55. Above the bottom threshing unit on the frame 48 is fixed a grain mass separator made in the form of a dihedral wedge 56. It is necessary to separate and feed the cut grain mass in the zone of the outflow window 47 to the transverse conveyors 46. The drive of the cutting unit 45, conveyors 46, baraba New 50 and elevators 55 are provided from the transfer case (by means of rigid and flexible gears (not shown).

Cleaning 14 contains a page board 57 and a sieve mill with sieves 38 and 59. The top sieve 58 ends with an extension 60, and under the bottom sieve 59 there is a bottom with grain 61 and 62 screw augers.

Above the cleaning 14, there is a pneumatic separating chamber 13, the bottom 63 of which is filled in the form of a sieve. The chamber is connected to the front pipe 22 and the threshing device 12, and behind the conveyor 64 picker 15 is closed. In the sidewalls of the chamber 13 there are holes with nozzles 65 located in them, and under the bottom 63 and sieves 58 and 59 there are air guns with nozzles 66, which is supplied with overpressure air from the Compressor Unit 67, the nozzles 65 and the nozzles 66 being directed at an angle towards the descent of straw.

The dryer 11 includes a fan 68 located on the engine 4 and a heater 69 mounted on the flange of the exhaust manifold from the engine and connected to a drying chamber formed by the casing 70 of the grain elevator 71 and heat

screen 72. In the lower part of the casing 70 of the drying chamber there are holes for the passage of air, and on top of the discharge chute 73. The fan 68 is driven by a flexible transmission (not shown) from the engine 4.

The bunker 10 is a metal body of a rectangular shape with a capacity of 6 m, which is tilted by means of hydraulic cylinders (not shown), mounted on a subframe (not shown) of preliminary lifting and shifting to the side.

The pick-up 15 comprises a finger drum with a length of 1.5 m with guide plates and a belt conveyor 64 with elastic endless belts 7 and 75 installed parallel to it. Between the belt 75 and the extension 60 there is a gap necessary for derailing. The pick-up 15 is driven from the rear Counter Drive by means of a flexible transmission and is able to occupy both working and transport positions.

The press 8 is installed in the rear part of the combine and contains a press chamber of non-constant volume, formed by an endless belt 76, covering the lead drum 77 and a system of support rollers, as well as a feed conveyor 78 and control rollers 79. The press of the press 8 is driven from the rear counter drive combine through a flexible transmission (not shown).

A conveyor belt 9 is fixed on the frame 1 at the back of the press 8 and contains a frame with spars 80, executed in the form of triangles, at the vertices of which the leading 81 and supporting rollers 82 are fixed, endless elastic band 83 and into the beater (not shown). The wrapping conveyor 9 is driven from the rear counterdrive of the combine by means of a flexible transmission (not shown), and the belt 83 is tensioned by the weight of the laid coil, and the wrapping conveyor can take the upper position when receiving the coil, the average when wrapping and the bottom of the transfer of the bound roll in the trailer trolley drive 84.

Trolley 84 is a platform 85 mounted on a separate frame 86, spiraling onto

four wheels 87. On the platform, on the right side, the side 88 is 0.5 m high, and on the left side, the side 89 is 0.25 m high, with an opening in the middle which is covered by a jumper 90. The unloading valve 91 with an automatic opening 92 is installed at the back. The bottom of the trolley has a slope required for free roll (bale) rolling and is made in the form of two longitudinal halves 93 and 94 of rectangular shape covered with longitudinal plates 95, with the right half 93 mounted on hinges (not shown). Boring bars 96 with quick-acting spreaders 97 are provided for transporting the headers. For installing the right half of the bottom 93 in the bottom, there are angled locking supports 98.

The technological process of harvesting grain crops is carried out as follows.

During the forward movement of the harvester across the field, the fan 21 creates a vacuum in the chamber of the pneumatic elevator 7, as a result of which the bread mass rises, stretches the entire length of the stem, is brought by the reel 16 to the cutting unit 24 of the upper header 5 and is cut off. The cut-off upper part of the stems (approximately 0.3 m long) with the reel 16 is laid on the transverse conveyors 26 and is fed to the center of the header 5 on the longitudinal conveyor 28, after being picked up between the upper 31 and lower 30 belts and fed to the threshing machine 12.

After threshing, the main part of the grain, together with small particles of straw and chaff, falls on page 57, where the grain heap is evenly aligned both in height and in width. In the process of further oscillation of the page board 57, the grain pile advances and divides into two layers: smaller straw particles accumulate in the upper layer, and below them the grain. When the strand heap of grain reaches the end of the page board, it falls on sieve 58 and 59, which are blown by air jets emanating from the nozzles 66. This contributes to the formation of the heap boiling process, when small particles of straw and chaff (like lighter ones) rise and soar in air, and the grain (as a thicker fraction) under the action of gravitational forces falls through the sieve holes. 58 and 59 and rolls to the transverse grain auger 61. Next, the grain is fed by the elevator 71 into the discharge chute 73, and then into the hopper 10 and after filling it is reloaded into the vehicle (not shown). At the same time, the grain moves in the elevator 71, pre-dried. The drying of the grain is pulverized as follows. The fan 68 injects air into the heater 69, in which air is heated by exhaust gases and supplied to the space between the casing 70 of the grain elevator 71 and the casing of the dryer 11 .. The heated air flow reaches the end of the lower part of the dryer through the side openings s of the casing 70 changes its the direction is reversed and, lifting up, comes into contact with the grain, as a result of which the humidity of the latter decreases.

The straw mass coming out of the threshing apparatus 12, and the grain that was knocked out of the ears during the raising and cutting of the stems, are directed by air flow from the fan 21 to the pneumatic valve 13, which is blown from the bottom by nozzles 66, and along the walls - by side nozzles 65, which straw is intensely flooded. The free grain falls through the openings of the bottom 63 and enters the upper sieve 58 "and the straw is thrown by the air stream onto a slope. The pick-up conveyor 64 and is fed into the press chamber of the roll press 8.

The heads that did not fall into the zone of action of the cutting unit 24 are cut with the rest of the stems by the cutting unit 45 of the lower header 6 at the minimum height. The cut stems are placed on the transverse conveyors 46 so that the upper part of the stems containing the spike is located at the rear wall of the platform of the header 6. The head is fed to the drums 5, the lower threshing apparatus, thus providing threshing only 0.3 meters wide, forming the reels 50. The disc knives 51 cut the stems, thereby preventing the stems from being fully tightened and ensuring the process of uniform feeding of the cereal mass into the lower threshing apparatus and throwing out the straw.

The grain that has passed through decks 53 enters receivers 54 and then is fed to grain boards 57 by grain elevators 55. The straw, removed from the lower threshing apparatus, is placed on a swath to the stubble and then picked up by a pick-up 15 and a conveyor 64 and ribbons 74 and 75 It is fed into the press chamber of the press 8. Here comes the straw coming out of the pneumo-separating chamber 13.

The straw and chaff, coming off of the extension 60 of the upper sieve 58, falls on the belt 75 and the belt 74 is dropped on the swath.

In the baking chamber, the straw twists into a roll with a diameter of 1 and a width of 1.2 m, after which it is automatically fed to the conveyor 9. The transfer of the coil to the conveyor 9 is carried out as follows. The free part of the conveyor belt -9 and the control rollers 79 are raised upwards. The belt 76 rolls the roll out of the bale chamber onto the conveyor 9, which in this case lowers to the middle position, i.e. the axes of the drive 81 and the support roller 82 are in the same horizontal plane, and the control rolls 79 are returned to their original position. The belt 83 is tensioned by the weight of the roll, and after 5-6 times of winding with a string and tying the knot in the slotting machine, the free part of the conveyor 9 is lowered to the lower position, and the roll is dropped into the cart-storage 84 The rolls are ejected automatically every 300-500 4 pieces per accumulation lanes, then the rolls are delivered to the storage site. Depending on the yield of straw and the capture width, the distance between the accumulation bands varies

When using a combine on a roll of hay-straw mass, both headers rise to the upper position, and the pick-up is lowered to the lower and feeds the weight into the press chamber. When harvesting undersized breads with a stem length of less than 0.5 m, as well as peas, the combine operates without a lower header, while the entire mass is cut off by the upper header and threshed by an upper threshing apparatus.

When mowing grass for hay, the combine operates with the lower header, while the threshing apparatus is removed from the header, and the cut weight is thrown through the V-shaped outflow window 47. The pick-up and upper header are raised.

When chopping green mass, the pick-up is lowered, and instead of a press, a chopper (not shown) is installed.

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Claims (7)

1. A method of harvesting crops, including two-tier cutting of plants, laying the stems of the lower tier in a roll, selection of a roll and separate threshing of the mass of the upper and lower tiers, characterized in that, in order to reduce grain loss, as well as increase harvesting productivity by reducing the amount of harvest threshing of the straw mass, cutting the stems of the lower tier into upper and lower parts to obtain the upper parts of the stems shorter than the length of the lower parts, and when threshing the mass of the lower tier of grinding ivayut upper portions of stems, with the stems in the lower tier valok'osuschestvlyayut after threshing these parts. 2. The method of pop. 1, characterized in that before cutting the upper tier of plants carry out pneumatic lifting of the stems with the capture of shedding grain. 3. Combine harvester containing upper and lower reapers mounted on the frame, swath forming device for lower tier stems and a threshing apparatus for the upper tier mass, characterized in that it is equipped with a threshing apparatus for lower tier stems and a thresher stalk picker for this tier, and the swath-forming device has two transverse conveyors installed with the formation of an ejection window between them, and the threshing device for the stems of the lower tier has two threshing machines installed in this window drum, each of which is formed by a frusto-conical smaller base facing the direction of motion of the combine, and is provided located in front of this base disk knife. 4. The combine harvester is distinguished by the fact that it is equipped with a pneumatic elevator of stems having pipelines arranged along the width of the upper header to be taken with suction windows located above the cutting apparatus of the upper header and a grain-collecting nozzle connected to the pipelines. 5. The harvester according to claim 3, characterized in that the threshing drums are mounted on the frame of the harvester by means of a removable frame. 6. Combine pop. 3, characterized in that the swath-forming device is provided with a lower stalk separator located in front of the drums, made with a gable working surface. 7. Combine pop. 3, characterized in that the upper header ^{1 is} mounted on the combining frame by means of a parallelogram linkage.