SI9011086A - Process and device for producing mouldings, in particular for structural elements, insulations and/or packaging, and mouldings so obtained - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a process for making new ones moldings, preferably particle boards, whereby a base mass formed by at least one contact with this binder fine material brought, at elevated temperature and pressurizes the extrusion process. According to the invention estimated total humidity of 6 to 25% by weight comprising or. brought to said humidity a base mass of at least biopolymer, preferably starch - containing materials, at least used in to expel the temperature and pressure to the melt and / or gel, and subject to fine extrusion and immediately afterwards under spontaneous expansion undergoes pressure relief. The preparation according to the invention is characterized by by means of extrusion devices (2, 20) for bulky ones the starting components comprise in the upward direction compression nozzle flow (26, 260) arranged processing partial pressure relief zone (204) for internal partial expansion of the base the mass that we process. Designer of the invention it comprises the dense surface of the extrusion and the mass, v which are the particles of fine fiber containing of material within the matrix comprising the crowd hollow spaces of small dimensions, whereby the starch content of the matrix contains 5 to 85% by weight.

Description

M. Kaindl Holzindustrie

The process of making new molds, especially for structural elements, insulation and / or packaging, preparation for carrying out the process, as well as the molding obtained therefrom or. with her

The object of the invention is a process for making new molds, in particular for structural elements, insulation and / or packaging, preferably particle boards and / or fiber profiles and / or plates, said molder itself, as well as plants for its production.

Many processes are known to allow the breakdown of biopolymer-containing products to be further processed into e.g. wood fiber boards. This is done either by steam cracking and subsequent pressure relief or mechanical crushing. For the most part, a combination of both of these processes is used. The major drawbacks of these processing operations are the high energy consumption and only the carbon black the way of processing the associated intermediates.

Methods are also known in which structural panels are made by extruding the mass of resin and wood noodles. Specially designed extruders, in particular extrusion screws, must be used. For the most part, only semi-finished products are questionable, but not reaching the final product in a single work step. The disadvantage, the use for these products of single-purpose machines, is further increased by the extrusion of manufactured panels, wall elements and the like on known plants.

Instead of the known extrusion processes for the manufacture of plates and profiles from lignocellulose-containing materials, in particular wood noodles, DE-A1 1 653 263 is known, after which the wet cut raw material is first dried to the desired humidity in a drying mixer and then mixed in at least one adhesive mixer. and only after

21225PR0.IV moistening with a binder - in this particular case, glue is supplied - it is fed into the final product by a continuously adjustable pressure in the auger press and at a regulated temperature.

A disadvantage of particleboard obtained by known methods so far is its high density, which e.g. even with small furniture it leads to high weight and inconvenience, furthermore they are less suitable for thermal insulation purposes, e.g. floor, wall and ceiling panels, attic finishing, etc.

A further large area is the production of insulating panels - especially smaller densities - by their properties of widely removable foamable plastics, the porosity of which is achieved by means of primary components or additives having the property of being able to extract gas. The disadvantages of these are, at low density, greatly reduced strength, rapid melting and ignition ability, insufficient resistance to chemicals and, last but not least, their unfavorable tear-down properties. In general, problems with the environment, as is well known, can occur even with the fiber boards described above in their manufacture with the chemicals used and even during their intended use.

It is an object of the invention to create a method while avoiding the disadvantages of the known processes and products in the field so far, using conventional conventional extrusion plants without first adhering to the living and / or fibrous materials that will allow the production of the aforementioned products essentially in one working step using environmentally friendly starting materials. It is expected to produce products that are characterized by higher isotropy and thus more uniform physical properties than the plates known so far, and further a lower density with higher mechanical stability.

According to the invention, novel products are produced in a particularly preferred way, as is indicated in the characteristic part of the first patent claim.

Particularly preferred is the formation of pure melting gel using pressure and temperature, in which the starch may advantageously contain other binders capable of forming a melt to which the starch itself is added, as well as in solid bulky forms, such as e.g. . pure rice grains, optionally together with envelopes, in the same way as the proportion of fibrous material, mixed evenly with the rest of the biogenic particle or. fibrous material, e.g. wood noodles, straw, cardboard, paper, etc., after setting the appropriate humidity, are directly filled into the extruder. This allows production in practically one working step. To biogenic high2

21225PR0.IV Molecular materials may include, in addition to cut, fragmented, fiber-broken, fibrous, fiber-containing and fiber-forming materials mentioned above, fibrous molecules comprising substances such as e.g. rubber or the like.

Changing it as a solid of a binder into a melting-gel-like consistency, in spite of the subsequent expansion, unproblematic processing with many different types of extruders is possible. The product is made by linking the biogenic materials used, e.g. of wood noodles, smoothed in this highly viscous phase, the process is well-managed and produces products with a pleasant surface, lower density and higher strength. The formation of this gel-like consistency may also be supported by additional substances which do not by themselves include such hairs, but which cause them on one of the other components, e.g. in wood noodles, in intensive processing in the extruder, such as cellulose swellings or solvents.

The invented new products have the advantage, in particular, that by varying the rate of expansion, which can be influenced in wide areas by pressure and temperature, a specific mass can be controlled and thus a substantially lighter particle board can be produced by weight, which is only a slight loss of strength.

The gel, especially the stronger gel, begins immediately after leaving the extruder, which may comprise extrusion nozzles of any known shape, with the simultaneous internal expansion of the moisture vapor present inside the base mass, for cooling, to enter a kind of vitreous state. By adjusting the moisture, starch content, biopolymer supply, as well as operating conditions, then the joint processes underway to obtain an excellent finished product can be fine-tuned against one another. Finally, the essential advantage is that all the time and without the addition of additional chemicals to develop or separate gas from the internal moisture of the base mass, e.g. of wood noodles and / or starch, reaches the desired density of the final product.

In particular, the invention may also be used for the manufacture of disposable packaging and thermal insulation containers, e.g. for hot snacks, etc. The products thus obtained are distinguished by their consumer-friendly appearance and good impact damping properties and elastic properties, which is especially important in packaging fillers, e.g. spherical or leaf-shaped, as well as in wrapping elements or foils. A further advantage is their "crisp" consistency, which significantly facilitates their crushing, e.g. during removal and thus their natural weathering.

In the preferred operating mode according to claim 2, precise expansion control can be achieved in particular and even smoother ive or. fiber product. Partial pressure relief within the extruder can be achieved e.g. with the appropriate, compression range, the next step extension or. by reducing the number of snail threads.

21225PR0.IV

When the process temperature is set as predicted according to claim 3, moisture can be advantageously allocated to the internal energy that allows controlled expansion in the competitive solidification of the mass to the desired density.

By maintaining the pressure conditions within the meaning of claim 4, the desired expansion can preferably be achieved.

In a further preferred operating mode according to claim 5, a separate device for heating the mass in the extruder can be detached, which results in the resulting corner, conical and rounding effect on the bulbous fiber-containing material on the nozzle, as previously mentioned, A "smooth" consistency of the base mass that minimizes the extrusion problems of the fusible masses comprising larger bulky fillers.

Pressure relief to maintain the expansion index priority values of claim 6 can preferably achieve "light" but structurally rigid panels and profiles.

A particular advantage of the preferred process method of claim 7 is that the crushing and any other preparation of the binder components can be spared when they are e.g. cereals, ie as grain, e.g. all cereal varieties. In addition, in addition to all cereal varieties, roots, tubers such as tapioca and other tropical roots and tubers, potatoes and similar stems or other parts of plants containing or supplying starch and / or starch may be used. binder, after proper, only relatively large crushing. They can therefore be used in their natural state in an important way.

As used in the invention, the binders used herein, in addition to the particular advantages of all kinds of starches, may be mentioned dextrins, pectins, collagens, proteins, caseins, etc., if they are only suitable for the essential formation of melting gels under extrusion conditions.

When using biopolymer binders in the preferred quantitative ranges given in claim 8, at higher variation widths relative to the particleboard used or the binder. fiber-containing materials achieve the necessary processability of the base mass and the always excellent mechanical properties of the light structural elements finally obtained.

In order to advantageously utilize the expansion process in a particularly variable control manner, as specified in claim 9, the substances provided therein may be additionally added to support the moisture expansion effect of the bulk itself.

21225PR0.IV

Particularly preferably, because it fully corresponds to the habits of manufacturers and / or consumers so far, the biogenic macromolecular materials which comprise fibers and substantially support the structure of the new designer are used in claim 10.

Preferentially producing molds, such as plates and profiles, with water-repelling modifiers to inhibit the onset of germs according to claim 11, a higher lifespan can be achieved and subsequent unproblematic removal. Thus, e.g. By introducing rubber or silicone molecules, the molds have a lower density with a soft but stable and even elastic consistency.

Similarly, the advantageous process method of claim 12, wherein the direct incorporation of the modifiers into the structure of the binding molecules themselves, increases the lifespan and, in a preferred manner, the modification of the appearance of the new molds.

In the equally preferred operating mode according to claim 13, molders can be obtained with e.g. compared to the basic body, more durable, more elastic or different "crust", "skin" or. the surface layer. According to this claim, it is preferable to apply adhesive, such as, for example, based on the release - as is known from the manufacture of extruded or structural panels - resulting from extrusion. resin which is frozen in hot or the like.

For retrieving plates, profiles, etc., fitted with surface debris - e.g. for ornamental purposes - can be advantageously proceeded as described in claim 14, with the advantage being that the extrusion device does not need to be processed to supply the dewatering mass before the base mass has left the extruder.

In the operating mode according to claim 15, it is advantageous in the preferred manner to achieve dimensionally accurate shapes in the inherently unavoidable fluctuations of the input raw materials, their particle size, or grains, moisture, etc.

If the production of loose plates or. The profiles are made according to the method of claim 16, a technically simple, inexpensive combination is provided to ensure the desired precision of the extrusion dimensions, which has the advantage of being precisely adapted for later surface finishing purposes.

A further essential and preferred object of the invention is the preparation for the manufacture of the above-described molds by means of devices for crushing and / or conditioning and / or mixing of the starting components, which are preferably available in solid state, preferably piecewise or. in small particles, and devices for dosing them into the extruder

21225PR0-IV device, in particular multi-pole extruder, optionally with variable pitch and / or conical design comprising augers, and at least one shaped, preferably rectangular shaped extrusion port.

The preparation of the scope comprises, in the characteristic part of claim 17, a summary combination of features. The design of the extrusion plant has the advantage, in particular, of the precise ability to control the dimensions of the expanded workpieces and of a "smoother" processing technique. With appropriately enlarged steps spanning areas, respectively. by providing larger "free" filling volumes between the rotating auger and the displacement of the extruder, partial pressure relief is achieved.

A particular advantage of a further preferred embodiment of the device according to claim 18 is its simple design, which is capable of providing good dimensional accuracy in a product that cannot be controlled by dimensions in production by itself.

In the particular embodiment according to claim 19, it is advantageous that, in a simple design, it may degrade its own drive for the extruder's movement-conformal movement of the limiting elements.

If greater requirements for surface flatness or the like are made, the more expensive embodiment of the production plant according to claim 20 is advantageously used.

An interesting reduction for the release of molds with foils of otherwise necessary technical disadvantages can be achieved by the embodiment of claim 20, in which high dimensional precision and surface finishing can be combined.

The problem with applying a layer other than foil, e.g. a release mass or such dust, at the right moment, when the expansion nozzle leaves and continues to expand, it can be avoided if the device according to the invention is designed as provided in claim 22.

The invention, and in particular for the realization of the preferred variants of the preparation, are presented in greater detail by means of the plans, with Figs. 1 shows the most important parts of the plant according to the invention for the production of expanded fibreboards with a roller-based cross-sectional profile, in axonometry, and FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a plant according to the invention with a profile limiting device, each comprising, as endless strips, designed wall elements.

21225PR0.IV

According to FIG. 1, wood noodles, starch-containing binders and "additives" - each in solid bulky form or as small particles - are fed into the stock hopper 21 of the extruder 101, 111 and 121 through the dosing tapes 10 and 11 as well as the metering screw 12. 2. From the funnel 21, the mass is continuously fed into the workspace of the two-pressed press 2 with actuator 22, followed by the mixing of the output components directly to the funnel 21 of the connected inlet of the extruder, and in that case the sealing region 202 is inhibited on the one hand. back, ”on the other hand, is followed by the first predisposition of the underlying mass. A conduit 206 extends into this region 202 through which, e.g. water to adjust the predicted total humidity of the base mass. In this subsequent extrusion zone 203 - here referred to as the "shear zone" - it is followed, in particular, by a suitable snail design, a greater energy input with a strong increase in pressure and temperature in the base mass. A further processing area 204 following a shear zone 203 comprises a feeder 207, e.g. for the delivery of hydrophobic binder agents, and serves to calm the molten base mass, to introduce binder modifiers, or - in such a way that the worm step is expanded there or the number of threads is reduced in the case of a multi-stage worm, with the result that the first partial pre-expansion occurs there, and also "smoothing" the base mass. A further conduit 208 extends into the emptying region 205, which is connected in the downstream direction of the material flow, through which a filler of material can be supplied to the residing mass in order to modify its surface, e.g. for the outer release of the panels being manufactured, the plastic freezing in the hot. Finally, the base mass is squeezed through - here as a rectangular flat rectangular - extruded nozzle 26 which can be heated, and as a result of the pressure relief the spontaneous expansion of the flat extruder 4 begins directly due to the evaporation of part of the moisture contained therein with continuous "obesity" at density reduction in area 41 after leaving the flat nozzle 26.

To limit the thickness of the plates, a limiting device 3 of the extrusions is provided, the frame 31 comprising, preferably, movable and precisely adjustable in relation to each other, upper and lower cylinders 33 and 32 arranged against each other, between which the extrusion is guided due to the increase in viscosity. due to cooling, it extends more slowly, shapes the profile precisely, and holds it so that we finally get the "infinite plate" of the desired thickness. This is followed by cutting into the size of the plates, and, if necessary, finishing, e.g. by surface hydrophobing or the like.

With the proper design of the surfaces of cylinders 32 and 33, which are preferably coated with silicone or Teflon, the panels can be made with the desired surface structure.

21225PR0.IV

The dashed lines in Figs. and further shown how, through a reversing roller 52, a release film 5 at the end of the expansion area 41 is guided by a closer-disposed film release device 5 towards the upper side of the extrusion 4, once again rotating about the first of the upper rollers 33 of the roller table 3 for limiting the profiles, and finally pulls between the extruder 4 and the upper cylinders 33. By applying the adhesive through the inlet 208 in front of the nozzle 26 into the extruder region 205, e.g. through the inside of the cylinder arranged in an open annular groove to the snail, the surface of the extrusion 4 may be provided with a "layer of adhesive", by means of which a foil 50 can be pulled into the roller frame 3 while the foil layer 45 is firmly connected to the surface of the plate 40.

Of course, the analogue device shown in the shown foil inlet 50 can also be provided for releasing the underside of the plates.

In FIG. 2 shows a limiting device 30 of a profile section comprising, on a frame 310, rollers 311 for guiding the upper and lower endless strips 330 and 320, which each form an upper and a lower "wall element", flowing continuously in the direction of the extrusion 4 (see arrow) the movements of it. The belts 330 and 320 can be driven, at each appropriate speed of the extruder, at an adjustable speed, but can also be designed as "total conveyor belts". Through the inlet 280 in the extrusion region 250, which is closer to the flat nozzle 260, of the incompletely shown cylinder of the extruder 20, a surface-emitting medium can be supplied, which, in consequence of the subsequent extrusion, is especially integrally coupled with the extruder 40.

The dashed lines illustrate a second surface-release device 50 extending transversely over the area 410 leaving the nozzle 260 straight and in the expansion state, the extrusion 40, and at its underside, the outlet openings for even distribution through the inlet 510 supplied. surface release medium. The same device can, of course, be provided for supplying the underside of the print with a release medium.

It is understood that in order to have a structured surface of expanded light panels 40, the endless strips 330 and 320 may comprise a suitable surface design, with particular reference to their having an adhesion-reducing coating as mentioned above.

Finally, further essential objects of the present invention are novel molders, in particular for structural elements, insulation and / or packaging, preferably of fiber profiles and / or plates, structure-based, in particular structurally rigid, small particles comprising, in particular fibers containing and / or fibrous material comprising extruding the resulting mass itself. These designers preferably comprise a combination of the features summarized in the characteristic part of claim 23. They are represented mechanically

21225PR0.IV Extremely solid, resilient, "lightweight", for manipulating simple shapes having latencies e.g. trouble-free cutting and grinding with a pleasing exterior and a high life span, whose applications are unlimited and range from construction through interior architecture, vehicle and car construction to efficient lightweight packaging.

The designers of claims 24 to 26 each have advantages which have already been adequately described in the process variants.

In the texture of claim 27, particularly high strengths are given to new molders and the isotropy of their mechanical and processing properties.

Texture molders according to claim 28 have the advantage of high resistance to absorption of liquids, in particular water, and can therefore also be used in areas of high humidity, e.g. in tropical places, cellars or as packaging for fresh fruit or meat.

The moldings according to the invention with the densities of claim 29 are, due to their "lightness", preferred at the still demanding sufficient mechanical stability.

The advantages that the reduced density designers can bring to the liberation of claim 30 derives from the advantages already discussed. In addition to surface finishing, the sanding effect achieves a sandwich effect, which further increases stability and formability.

The new, especially flat, expanded, moldings having the strength values of claim 31 have the advantage that they can be easily used in place of conventional particle boards of any thickness.

The invention is further explained by the following examples:

Example 1:

Production of expanded wood fiber board by weight of wood noodles between 0 and 3 mm in size with a residual moisture of 12%, 35% by weight of cassava flour with a moisture content of 12% and 5% by weight of pitch resin, each in solid state, is dosed in a conical a two-pole extruder whose actuator is so adjusted that a temperature of 160 ° C and a pressure of 150 bar are reached near the nozzle. Plastic gel-like

21225PR0.IV The molten mass is compressed through a flat nozzle that can be tempered, and with the instantaneous pressure relief, when setting the expansion index to 3, it is translated into an endless plate, which is then transported for further processing.

The board had a dense surface, 20 mm thick, 0.48 tm ' ³ density and flexural strength

14,2 Nmm \

Example 2:

The two-pole extruder was continuously fed rice paddy and natural rubber in a volume ratio of 70% by weight to 29% by separate dosing devices.

In the area of the pressing zone, so much water was fed into the extruder through the inlets each time (approximately in the range of 2 to 10% by weight, relative to 99% of the starting material), so that the base mass with a uniform water content of 14% was introduced into the compression zone of the extruder. Through the second conduit, 1 wt.% 60% aqueous paraffin emulsion was introduced into the "further processing area" of the extruder relative to the solid starting components. During stable continuous operation, the mass temperature was 165 ° C, the pressure of the base mass was 200 bar. Through circular apertures in diameter

When adjusting the expansion index to 6, 1.5 cm were extruded round extrusions and crushed into a spherical pellet in a state of slight expansion with a rotary knife. The resulting packaging material of a suitable appearance was waterproof, elastic, had a high elastic force and finally showed good degradation properties after use.

Example 3:

We proceeded - as described in Example 2 - except that we extracted less natural rubber than 70% by weight in the extruder except rice mash, namely 24% by weight, and an additional 5% by weight of cellulose as biogenic fiber material. and extruded packaging materials of about 1.5 mm thickness through the flat nozzles.

We obtained an elastic, form-resistant, lower density fleece, which, with increasing pressure, showed proportionally increasing elastic forces and high scratch resistance.

Example 4:

The following components and conditions have been selected for extrusion:

21225PR0.IV Potato starch 67.5% by weight of phthalic anhydride 2.5% by weight pH value 8-11 (adjusted with NaOH (30%)) cellulose (from the paper industry) 30% water content of the whole mixture adjusted to 16% by weight

Operating conditions:

expansion index 4.5 density 0.25 thorn ³ mass temperature 150 ° C mass pressure 120 bar.

3.5 mm thick plates were obtained, which are very suitable as material for fruit packaging, heat-retaining containers for fresh snacks, etc., but for removal they show the necessary "crunchiness" for crushing.

Example 5:

Cornmeal stock 37% by weight polyethylene 10% by weight softwood noodles 50% (particle size 1 to 10 mm) Linseed oil 3% by weight was pressed in a single-screw extruder into light particle boards 24 mm thick. The expansion rate was 3 and the density of the plate obtained was 0.3 tm ³ .

The working conditions were as follows:

mass temperature 145 ° C pressure mass 90 bar

The resulting wood chipboard was waterproof, even under tropical conditions, with a flexural strength of 13.8 and a pleasant yellow-brown color.

Claims (31)

Patent claims 1. A process for the manufacture of new molds, in particular for structural elements, insulation and / or packaging, preferably ive and / or fiber profiles and / or plates, wherein the base mass is substantially formed by at least one binder, at least one of said binders. binders bringing in small particles comprising, in particular fiber-containing materials, and optionally at least one additive, characterized in that it has a basic mass, essentially comprising small parts of the solid and a total humidity of 6 to 25% by weight, in particular 8 up to 20% by weight, or moistened to said humidity, with at least one biopolyme, preferably a starch-containing binder, which can be converted into a melt and / or gel (including starch alone) at least at extrusion temperature and (or starch itself), in small portions, preferably biogenic macromolecules, in particular fibers containing fiber and / or forming material, and optionally with the foreseen addition, under substantially simultaneous mechanical loading conditions, elevated temperature and pressure upon formation of the biopolymer melt and / or gel, preferably starch-containing binder, subjected to extrusion and immediately thereafter, preferably upon formation of a dense surface of the extrusion, upon spontaneous expansion, preferably exclusively, of moisture contained in and / or held in the mass, subjected to compression. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the pre-expansion basic mass is subjected to pre-expansion within the extrusion device with partial compression load immediately after leaving the extrusion device immediately after leaving the extrusion device. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the base mass in the extrusion device, preferably solely by the action of mechanical loading thereafter, especially the shear effect and pressure increase, is heated to temperatures above 100 ° C, in particular in the range 125 to 250 ° C. Method according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the base mass in the extruder is compressed to a pressure of 15 to 600 bar, in particular in the range of 20 to 250 bar. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the base mass in the extruder is subjected to a specific mechanical power supply ("SME") of 0.05 to 0.7 kWhkg, in particular 0.1 to 0, 3 kWhkg ' ¹ . 21225PR0.IV Method according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the basic mass leaving the extruder directly, while holding the expansion index to at least 1.1, preferably at least 1.4, in particular from 2 to 8, is subjected to spontaneous pressure relief. Method according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the base mass with starch and / or optionally crushed, starch-containing plants or plant parts, in particular cereals, preferably in natural form as a starch-containing binder, is subjected to extrusion by expansion. The process according to claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the base weight containing the biopolymer, preferably starch-containing, binder is from 5 to 85% by weight, in particular from 10 to 50% by weight, each relative to the dry base weight, subjected to extrusion by expansion. The process according to claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the base mass is a liquid expansion agent, preferably water miscible, preferably from a group of alcohols and / or ketones boiling in the range of from 70 to 70 180 ° C, subjected to extrusion. The method according to claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the base mass with wood noodles and / or vegetable fibers and / or optionally recycled pulp and / or paper material is subject to expansion by extrusion. A method according to claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the base mass with at least one property modifier is for the starch binder material, in particular a hydrophobic agent, e.g. from a group of natural or synthetic oils, waxes, fats, resins and rubbers, paraffins, silicones and / or plastics, subject to expansion by extrusion. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the base mass with at least one under extrusion conditions for the formation of crosslinking bridges between the biopolymer binder molecules, preferably starch molecules, is capable of at least a bifunctional modifier, e.g. from the group of di- or polycarboxylic acids, di- or poly (ti) lead and their short-chain derivatives, a tertiary amino group of containing molecules as well as polyphosphoric acids, subjected to extrusion. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 12, characterized in that a peripherally supplied release mass, preferably a resin or adhesive, is applied to the surface when extruding the resulting extruder of the base mass before leaving the extruder. 21225PR0.IV Method according to claims 1 to 13, characterized in that a release is applied to the surface during extrusion of the resulting extruder of the base mass immediately after leaving the extruder, preferably before the completion of the spontaneous expansion. The method according to claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the extrusion formed in the extrusion device and spontaneously expanded immediately after leaving it, to achieve the desired cross-section or. of the profile subject to expansion limitation. 16. The method according to claims 1 to 15, characterized in that a surface release, in particular a release film, is preferably applied to the extrusion during spontaneous expansion, preferably during the extrusion limitation. 17. A device for carrying out the process according to any one of claims 1 to 16, with devices for crushing and / or conditioning and / or mixing of the starting components and with devices for dosing them, delivery to an extrusion device, in particular a screw extruder with at least one molding, preferably as a flat rectangle a design extrusion opening, characterized in that the extrusion device (2, 20) comprising the devices (10, 11, 12) for dosing bulky or. as small particles of pre-solid state preformed feed components, upstream of the extrusion nozzle (26, 260) comprises a recessed processing area (204) for partial pressure relief for internal partial expansion, in particular pre-expansion of the bulk, which is being processed. A device for performing the process according to one of claims 1 to 16, optionally according to claim 17, characterized in that it comprises, preferably, a direct device (3, 30) connected to the extrusion opening (3, 30) for restricting the spontaneous expansion of the extruder (4, 40) with retractable and / or collision elements (32, 33, 320, 330) that can be adjusted, in particular, to adjust the speed of movement of the extruder. Device according to claim 17 or 18, characterized in that the rolling elements (32, 33) of the device (3, 30) for limiting the extruder are substantially transverse to the direction of movement of the extruder to the desired cross-section or. the profile of the expanded extruder (4, 40), suitably spaced and / or designed, optionally displaced extruder speed, driven by driven cylinders (32, 33) designed with an adhesion-reducing surface, optionally structured. 21225PR0.IV Device according to one of Claims 17 to 19, characterized in that the collision elements (320, 330) of the extrusion limiting device (30) are substantially in the direction of movement of the latter and substantially with the speed of movement of the extruder moving, the desired cross-section or . the profile of the expanded extruder (40) with properly designed and / or arranged wall elements, preferably endless strips (320, 330), structured with an adhesion-reducing surface, optionally structured. Apparatus according to one of Claims 17 to 20, characterized in that it comprises at least one device for essentially extruding the feed film (50) substantially at the speed of the extruder between the surface of the extruder and the recoil and / or collision elements (32, 33) extrusion limiting devices (3). Apparatus according to one of Claims 17 to 21, characterized in that the extrusion device (2) comprises more in the space near the nozzle (26) in the extrusion zone (205) of the extruder space via its internal circumference of the extending inlets (208) for the floor pressure adjustable release and / or adhesive media for the surface of the extrusion. 23. Designer, in particular for structural elements, insulation and / or packaging, preferably of fibrous profiles and / or plates, based on extrusion of the resulting mass, comprising structure forming material and in particular structurally rigidly bonded, designed as small particles, especially one which contains fibers and / or may form them, the mass being preferably made according to the method according to one of claims 1 to 16, preferably by the preparation according to one of claims 17 to 22, characterized in that the mold comprises a substantially dense surface of the extruder and formed essentially essentially immediately after extrusion of a spontaneously expanded basic mass in which particles of fine, in particular fibers-containing biogenic, high-molecular materials and / or such materials forming fibers, in particular comprising bubbles and / or pores, are arranged , essentially a structure-forming matrix based on at least one solidified, especially hardened, melt after operation of elevated temperature, elevated pressure and / or mechanical load non-biopolymer, preferably starch containing binder (including starch), wherein the starch content of the matrix contains 5 to 85% by weight, preferably 10 to 50% by weight, each relative to the dry base weight. A mold according to claim 23, characterized in that it comprises a spontaneously expanded matrix based on the solidified melt of starch and / or starch-containing plants and / or plant parts, in particular cereals. 21225PR0.IV A mold according to claim 23 or 24, characterized in that it comprises a spontaneously expanded matrix based on a hydrophobically equipped, solidified biopolymer melt, in particular starch-containing binder. A mold according to any one of claims 23 to 25, characterized in that it comprises a spontaneously expanded matrix made up of modified starch comprising linked starch molecules which are made of bi- or polyfunctional molecules. A mold according to any one of claims 23 to 26, characterized in that it comprises a substantially foamy texture comprising a spontaneously expanded matrix based on the solidified melt, preferably starch-containing binder. A mold according to any one of claims 23 to 27, characterized in that it comprises a spontaneously expanded matrix based on a melt binder with substantially separate cavities of small dimensions from each other, especially as closed cell-like textures. A mold according to one of claims 23 to 28, characterized in that it has a density below the total density of the components from which it is constructed, in particular from 0.05 to 1.0 tm ' ³ , preferably from 0.1 to 0.4 tm ' ³ . A mold according to any one of claims 23 to 29, characterized in that it comprises an extruded, spontaneously expanded extruder, optionally coupled release, with the surface of the extruded. 31. The designer, especially particleboard or flat pressed plate according to one of claims 23 to 30, characterized in that at a material thickness in the range of 13 -2--25 -3240 - 50 mm, the value of flexural strength is at least 14.5, 13.5, 13, 11. 9.5 and 7 Nmm ' ² .