SI24967A

SI24967A - Packaging for food products

Info

Publication number: SI24967A
Application number: SI201500082A
Authority: SI
Inventors: Valter Krmac
Original assignee: K.M.K. Box, D.O.O.
Priority date: 2015-04-01
Filing date: 2015-04-01
Publication date: 2016-10-28

Abstract

Z namenom zasnovati preprosto, ceneno ter za serijsko proizvodnjo in tudi za uporabo na visokozmogljivih pakirnih linijah primerno embalažo, ki naj bi po eni strani omogočala kakovostno embaliranje prehrambenih izdelkov, iz katerih se med hrambo v embaliranem stanju navzlic regularnim pogojem skladiščenja običajno izceja tekočina, in sicer na tak način, da bi bil med skladiščenjem vsakokrat embaliranega izdelka preprečen neposreden prehrambenega izdelka z vsakokrat izločeno tekočino, po drugi strani pa najbi bila tovrstna embalaža tudi okolju prijazna, namreč primerna za ekonomično recikliranje, dno (11) pladnja (1) obsega množico od spodnje površine (111) glede na embalažo navznoter štrlečih izbočitev (15), katerih glede na embalažo navznoter obrnjene pročelne površine (150) so razporejene vsaj približno v isti ravnini (E), ki se nahaja na zadostnem odmiku od omenjene spodnje površine (111) dna (11) pladnja (1), tako da je v območju med omenjenim izbočitvami (15) na voljo vsakokrat ustrezen volumen (V),obenem pa je v notranjosti omenjenega pladnja (1) smiselno preko vsaj približno celotne površine dna (11) na pročelnih površinah (150) omenjenih izbočitev (15) nameščena za tekočino prepustna plast (3), ki je prirejena za naleganje vsakokratnega prehrambenega izdelka (P) in pritrjena na vsaj del izmed vsakokrat razpoložljivih pročelnih površin (150) omenjenih izbočitev (15) dna (11) pladnja (1).In order to design simple, cheap and for serial production and also for use on high-performance packaging lines, suitable packaging, which, on the one hand, should allow for the quality packaging of food products from which, in the course of storage in a packaged state, despite the regular storage conditions, the liquid is normally discharged; otherwise, in such a way that during the storage of the packaged product each time a direct food product is prevented with each liquid being discharged, and on the other hand, such packaging is also environmentally friendly, namely suitable for economical recycling, the bottom (11) of the tray (1) comprises a plurality from the lower surface (111) with respect to the packaging of the inwardly protruding protrusions (15), which are arranged at least approximately in the same plane (E), in relation to the packing of the inverted faceted surface (150), located at a sufficient distance from said lower surface (111) ) of the bottom (11) of the tray (1) so that it is in the region between said projections and (15) there is an appropriate volume (V) in each case, and at the same time, within the interior of said tray (1), a permeable layer is arranged on the fluid surfaces (15) on the front surfaces (150) of the at least approximately the entire surface of the bottom 3), which is adapted to fit the respective food product (P) and is attached to at least a portion of each of the available faceted surfaces (150) of said projections (15) of the bottom (11) of the tray (1).

Description

Izum v okviru transporta in delovnih procesov spada na področje embalaže, in sicer embalaže za pakiranje kosov mesa, sira in podobnih plastičnih ter na dotik lepljivih prehrambenih izdelkov, po izbiri pa tudi za pakiranje sadja ali zelenjave.The invention in the context of transportation and work processes falls within the field of packaging, namely packaging for the packaging of cuts of meat, cheese and similar plastic and touch-stick food products, and optionally for the packaging of fruits or vegetables.

Namen izuma je zasnovati preprosto, ceneno ter za serijsko proizvodnjo in tudi za uporabo na visokozmogljivih pakimih linijah primemo embalažo, ki naj bi po eni strani omogočala kakovostno embaliranje prehrambenih izdelkov, iz katerih se med hrambo v embaliranem stanju navzlic regularnim pogojem skladiščenja običajno izceja tekočina, in sicer na tak način, da bi bil med skladiščenjem vsakokrat embaliranega izdelka preprečen neposreden prehrambenega izdelka z vsakokrat izločeno tekočino, po drugi strani pa naj bi bila tovrstna embalaža tudi okolju prijazna, namreč primerna za ekonomično recikliranje.The purpose of the invention is to design a simple, inexpensive, for batch production as well as for use on high-performance packet lines receiving packaging, which, on the one hand, enables quality packaging of food products, which, during storage in the packaged state, normally drains liquid during storage, in such a way that during the storage of the packaged product the direct food product with the liquid extracted at all times would be prevented, and on the other hand, such packaging would also be environmentally friendly, namely suitable for economical recycling.

Embalaža za prehrambene izdelke je opisana v US 2003/0035867 in sestoji iz konkavnega pladnja iz za tekočino neprepustnega materiala, ki obsega vsaj približno ravno dno, ki je obdano z od podlage vstran usločenimi stenami, kot tudi iz folije, ki je namestljiva preko omenjenega pladnja. Na omenjenem ravnem dnu pladnja je nameščena vpojna blazina, preko katere se med embaliranjem položi vsakokraten prehrambeni izdelek, preko slednjega pa se - po izbiri npr. v koraku vakuumskega embaliranja ali drugače - namesti omenjeno za tekočino in plin v splošnem neprepustno folijo, ki nalega na zgornjem robu omenjenih sten po celotnem obodu embalaže, s čimer je prehrambeni izdelek zavarovan pred zunanjimi vplivi. Tekočino, ki se med skladiščenjem izceja iz prehrambenega izdelka, načeloma vsaj v pretežni vpije omenjena vpojna blazina na dnu pladnja. Kljub absorpciji omenjenega izcedka je prehrambeni izdelek med skladiščenjem še vedno v stiku s prepojeno blazino in torej v bistvu tudi s samim izcedkom, kar neugodno vpliva na skladiščenje prehrambenega izdelka in običajno že po razmeroma kratkem času skladiščenja tudi v regularnih temperaturnih razmerah znatno poslabša organoleptične značilnosti tako skladiščenega prehrambenega izdelka.Food packaging is described in US 2003/0035867 and consists of a concave tray made of a liquid-impermeable material comprising at least about a flat bottom, which is enclosed by a sideways side-by-side wall, as well as a foil that is adjustable via said tray . An absorbent cushion is placed on said flat bottom of the tray, through which a food product is placed during packaging, and through the latter, optionally e.g. in the vacuum packing step or otherwise - install the fluid and gas mentioned generally in an impermeable foil that rests on the upper edge of said walls throughout the circumference of the packaging, thus protecting the food product from external influences. Liquid that drains from the food product during storage will in principle at least absorb the absorbent cushion at the bottom of the tray into the bulk. Despite the absorption of said discharge, the food product is still in contact with the soaked cushion during storage, and therefore essentially the discharge itself, which adversely affects the storage of the food product and usually, after a relatively short storage time, significantly degrades organoleptic characteristics even at regular temperature conditions. stored food product.

Nadaljnja embalaža za prehrambene izdelke je opisana v CA 2 142 034 Al, izvedena pa je iz večslojnega ploščnatega materiala, ki obsega za tekočino polprepusten vrhnji oz. notranji sloj, vpojen vmesni sloj, kot tudi in za tekočino neprepusten spodnji oz. zunanji sloj. Vrhnji sloj, s katerim je med skladiščenjem v stiku vsakokraten prehrambeni izdelek, v osnovi sestoji iz za tekočino neprepustnega materiala, ki pa je perforiran in prepušča prehod tekočine proti vpojnemu vmesnemu sloju. Spodnji oz. zunanji sloj iz za tekočino neprepustnega materiala je v osnovi namenjen za preprečevanje prehajanja tekočine, absorbirane v vmesnem sloju, v okolico. Tovrstna embalaža je zaradi svoje troslojne zasnove razmeroma zahtevna in draga za izdelavo, še zlasti zapleteno pa bi bilo tudi njeno recikliranje. Razen tega je funkcionalna edinole v primeru, če je notranji sloj dovolj debel in s tem trden oz. tog, vmesni sloj pa razmeroma tanek. V nasprotnem primeru namreč • · med skladiščenjem prehrambenega izdelka na notranjem oz. vrhnjem sloju izcejena tekočina skozi pore prodira v vmesni sloj in se tam absorbira, pri čemer pa prehrambeni izdelek s svojo težo deformira vrhnji sloj, ki potem pritiska na vmesni sloj in izriva absorbiran izcedek skozi pore v vrhnjem sloju izven območja prehrambenega izdelka nazaj na površino vrhnjega sloja, kar ima za posledico, da tudi v takem primeru prehrambeni izdelek med skladiščenjem lahko pride v stik z izcedkom, Ta problem še zlasti pride do izraza med skladiščenjem več sicer vsakega posebej embaliranih prehrambenih izdelkov enega nad drugim, kar je na trgovskih policah zelo pogosta praksa.Further packaging for foodstuffs is described in CA 2 142 034 Al and is made of a multilayer sheet material comprising a semi-permeable top or foam container. the inner layer, the absorbed intermediate layer, as well as the liquid or impermeable lower or the outer layer. The top layer in contact with each food product during storage is essentially composed of a liquid-impermeable material, which is perforated and permits the passage of fluid towards the absorbent intermediate layer. Lower or lower. the outer layer of liquid-impermeable material is essentially designed to prevent the fluid absorbed in the intermediate layer from flowing into the environment. Due to its three-layer design, such packaging is relatively demanding and expensive to produce, and recycling it would be particularly difficult. In addition, it is functional only if the inner layer is thick enough and thus solid or. rigid and the intermediate layer relatively thin. Otherwise, • during storage of the food product on the inside or on the inside. the top layer of leaked fluid penetrates into the intermediate layer and is absorbed there, the food product deforming the top layer by its weight, which then presses the intermediate layer and displaces the absorbed discharge through the pores in the top layer beyond the surface of the top This results in the fact that, in such a case, the food product may come into contact with the leak during storage, this problem is particularly manifested during the storage of several otherwise packaged food products one above the other, which is very common on commercial shelves practice.

Izum se nanaša na embalažo za prehrambene izdelke, ki je v osnovi zasnovana kot enovit konkavno oblikovan in vsaj v okviru regularne uporabe za tekočino in pline neprepusten pladenj, sestoječ iz za skladiščenje vsakokratnega prehrambenega izdelka primernega polimernega materiala. Omenjeni pladenj obsega smiselno ravno dno s spodnjo, glede na samo embalažo pa zunanjo površino, ki je prirejena za naleganje na vsakokratni podlagi. Omenjeno dno je obdano z od podlage vstran ukrivljenimi stenami s sklenjenim končnim obodnim robom, ki je prirejen bodisi za prejem vsakokrat ustreznega pokrova za zapiranje embalaže in s tem zaščito vsakokratnega prehrambenega izdelka pred zunanjimi vplivi, ali pa za naleganje za tekočine in pline neprepustne pokrivne folije in s tem zaščito vsakokratnega prehrambenega izdelka pred zunanjimi vplivi.The invention relates to food packaging, which is basically designed as a single concave shaped and at least in the context of regular use of liquid and gas impermeable tray, consisting of suitable polymeric material for the storage of each food product. Said tray comprises a reasonably flat bottom with a bottom and, depending on the packaging itself, an outer surface adapted to fit on a particular surface. Said bottom is surrounded by curved sidewalls with a closed end edge which is adapted to either receive a suitable cover to seal the packaging and thereby protect the food product from external influences, or to allow impermeable coverings for liquids and gases. and thus protecting each food product from external influences.

Po izumu je predvideno, da dno pladnja obsega množico od spodnje površine glede na embalažo navznoter štrlečih izbočitev, katerih glede na embalažo navznoter obrnjene pročelne površine so razporejene vsaj približno v isti ravnini, ki se nahaja na odmiku od omenjene spodnje površine dna pladnja, tako da je v območju med omenjenim izbočitvami (15) na voljo vsakokrat potreben volumen, kot tudi, da je v notranjosti omenjenega pladnja smiselno preko celotne površine dna na pročelnih površinah omenjenih izbočitev nameščena za tekočino prepustna plast, ki je prirejena za naleganje vsakokratnega prehrambenega izdelka in pritrjena na vsaj del izmed vsakokrat razpoložljivih pročelnih površin omenjenih izbočitev dna pladnja.According to the invention, it is envisaged that the bottom of the tray comprises a plurality of the lower surface relative to the packing of projecting projections projecting at least about the same plane, which is located at a distance from said lower surface of the bottom of the tray. the volume required is always available in the area between said projections (15), and that a fluid-permeable layer adapted to accommodate each food product is affixed to the inside of said tray on the front surfaces of said projections mutatis mutandis. to at least a portion of the front projections of the said projections of the bottom of the tray.

Pri prednostni izvedbi izuma je omenjena za tekočino prepustna plast, ki je prirejena za naleganje vsakokratnega prehrambenega izdelka, na voljo v območju celotne površine dna pladnja, ki je obdana z omenjenimi stenami. Omenjeni pladenj nadalje prednostno sestoji iz polipropilena, medtem ko je omenjena za tekočino prepustna plast je izvedena bodisi kot netkana in za tekočino prepustna tekstilna plast, sestoj eča iz vlaken na osnovi polipropilena, ali pa kot tkana in za tekočino prepustna tekstilna plast, sestoj eča iz vlaken na osnovi polipropilena. Pri prednostni izvedbi izuma nadalje omenjena ravnina, v kateri se nahajajo pročelne površine izbočitev dna pladnja, poteka vzporedno z zunanjo površino dna pladnja. Pri tem so omenjene pročelne površine izbočitev po izbiri bodisi vsaj približno ravne ali pa usločene v smeri proti notranjosti embalaže. Še nadalje je omenjena za tekočino prepustna plast bodisi privarjena ali pa prilepljena na vsaj nekatere izmed glede na embalažo navznoter obrnjenih pročelnih površin izbočitev, ki so razporejene vsaj približno v isti ravnini na odmiku od zunanje površine dna pladnja.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, said fluid-permeable layer adapted to fit the respective food product is available in the area of the entire surface of the bottom of the tray surrounded by said walls. Said tray further preferably consists of polypropylene, while said liquid-permeable layer is made either as a non-woven and fluid-permeable textile layer consisting of polypropylene-based fibers, or as a woven and liquid-permeable textile layer consisting of polypropylene based fibers. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the aforementioned plane in which the face surfaces of the projection of the bottom of the tray are located extends parallel to the outer surface of the bottom of the tray. The said projection surfaces are optionally either at least approximately straight or folded towards the inside of the package. Further, the fluid permeable layer is either welded or glued to at least some of the projections of the inwardly facing projection surfaces, which are arranged at least approximately in the same plane at a distance from the outer surface of the tray bottom.

Izum bo v nadaljevanju obrazložen s primerom izvedbe, ki je ponazorjen na priloženi skici, kjerThe invention will hereinafter be explained by an embodiment illustrated in the accompanying drawing, where

Sl. 1 kaže embalažo za prehrambene izdelke po izumu v vzdolžnem prerezu v vertikalni ravnini;FIG. 1 shows the packaging for food products according to the invention in a longitudinal section in a vertical plane;

Sl. 2 kaže embalažo v pogledu v smeri vstran od vsakokratne podlage, namreč v smeri puščice B po Sl. 1; medtem koFIG. 2 shows the packaging in a side-by-side view, namely in the direction of arrow B according to FIG. 1; while

Sl. 3 kaže podrobnost A po Sl. 1.FIG. 3 shows the detail A of FIG. 1.

Na Sl. 1 prikazana embalaža za prehrambene izdelke P je v osnovi zasnovana kot enovit konkavno oblikovan in vsaj v okviru regularne uporabe za tekočino in pline neprepusten pladenj 1, ki sestoji iz za skladiščenje vsakokratnega prehrambenega izdelka P primernega polimernega materiala in obsega smiselno ravno dno 11 s spodnjo, glede na samo embalažo pa zunanjo površino 111.In FIG. 1, the food packaging shown P is essentially designed as a single concave and, at least in the context of regular use, a liquid-and-gas-tight tray 1 consisting of a suitable polymeric material for storing the respective food product P and comprising a reasonably flat bottom 11 with a bottom, depending on the packaging itself, the outer surface 111.

Omenjena spodnja površina 111 pladnja je prirejena za naleganje na vsakokratni podlagi G in obdana z od podlage vstran ukrivljenimi stenami 12 s sklenjenim končnim obodnim robom 120, ki je prirejen bodisi za prejem vsakokrat ustreznega pokrova za zapiranje embalaže in s tem zaščito vsakokratnega prehrambenega izdelka P pred zunanjimi vplivi, ali pa za naleganje za tekočine in pline neprepustne pokrivne folije 2 in s tem zaščito vsakokratnega prehrambenega izdelka P pred zunanjimi vplivi.Said lower surface 111 of the tray is adapted to fit on each base G and is surrounded by curved sidewalls 12 with a closed end edge 120, which is adapted to either receive a suitable cover to seal the packaging and thereby protect the respective food product P from being external influences, or to support the liquid and gases of the impermeable cover film 2, thereby protecting the particular food product P from external influences.

Dno 11 pladnja 1 obsega množico od spodnje površine 111 glede na embalažo navznoter štrlečih izbočitev 15, katerih glede na embalažo navznoter obrnjene pročelne površine 150 so razporejene vsaj približno v isti ravnini E, ki se nahaja na odmiku od omenjene spodnje površine 111 dna 11 pladnja 1, tako daje v območju med omenjenim izbočitvami (15) na voljo vsakokrat ustrezen volumen V. Obenem je v notranjosti omenjenega pladnja 1 smiselno preko vsaj približno celotne površine dna 11 na pročelnih površinah 150 omenjenih izbočitev 15 nameščena za tekočino prepustna plast 3, ki je prirejena za naleganje vsakokratnega prehrambenega izdelka P in pritrjena na vsaj del izmed vsakokrat razpoložljivih pročelnih površin 150 omenjenih izbočitev 15 dna 11 pladnja 1.The bottom 11 of the tray 1 comprises a plurality of the lower surface 111 relative to the packaging of projecting projections 15, with respect to the packaging of the inverted projecting surface 150, arranged at least approximately in the same plane E, located at a distance from said lower surface 111 of the bottom 11 of the tray 1. , so that an adequate volume V is available in the area between said projections (15). At the same time, within the said tray 1, a fluid-permeable layer 3 is arranged over at least about the entire surface of the bottom 11 on the face surfaces 150 of said projections 15. for fixing the respective food product P and attached to at least a portion of the available frontal surfaces 150 of said projections 15 of the bottom 11 of tray 1.

Ko je preko omenjenih izbočitev 15 nameščena za tekočino prepustna plast 3 in na slednjo nameščen vsakokrat embaliran prehrambeni izdelek P, iz katerega se med skladiščenjem izceja tekočina, zahvaljujoč vsakokrat razpoložljivemu volumnu V med izbočitvami v dnu 15 pladnja 1 izcedek prodira skozi plast 3 in se zbira v območju pod plastjo 3 in torej na odmiku od prehrambenega izdelka P. Na ta način je med skladiščenjem embaliranega izdelka P preprečen stik med vsakokratnim prehrambenim izdelkom P in izcedkom.When, through said projections 15, a fluid permeable layer 3 is mounted and a food product P is placed on the latter, from which a liquid is drained during storage, thanks to the volume V available at each time during the projections in the bottom 15 of the tray 1, the discharge flows through layer 3 and is collected in the area under layer 3 and therefore at a distance from food product P. This prevents contact between the respective food product P and the discharge during storage of the packaged product P.

Omenjena za tekočino prepustna plast 3, ki je prirejena za naleganje vsakokratnega prehrambenega izdelka P, je prednostno na voljo v območju celotne površine dna 11 pladnja 1, ki je obdana s stenami 12.Said fluid-permeable layer 3, adapted to accommodate the respective food product P, is preferably available in the area of the entire bottom surface 11 of tray 1, which is surrounded by walls 12.

Pladenj 1 prednostno sestoji iz polipropilena (PP), omenjena za tekočino prepustna plast 3 pa je lahko po izbiri izvedena bodisi kot netkana ali tkana za tekočino prepustna tekstilna plast, ki prednostno prav tako sestoji iz vlaken na osnovi polipropilena (PP), s čimer se v znatni meri poenostavi recikliranje embalaže po prenehanju skladiščenja prehrambenega izdelka P.Tray 1 preferably consists of polypropylene (PP), said fluid-permeable layer 3 may optionally be made as a non-woven or fluid-permeable textile layer, which also preferably consists of polypropylene (PP) based fibers, thereby substantially simplifies the recycling of packaging after the storage of P food has ceased.

Pri embalaži po izumu je nadalje prednostno, če omenjena ravnina E, v kateri se nahajajo pročelne površine 150 izbočitev 15 dna 11 pladnja 1, poteka vzporedno z zunanjo površino 111 dna 11 pladnja 1, s čimer se znatno poenostavi izdelava same embalaže.In the packaging of the invention, it is further preferred that said plane E, in which the projecting surfaces 150 of the projections 15 of the bottom 11 of the tray 1 are located parallel to the outer surface 111 of the bottom 11 of the tray 1, thereby greatly simplifying the manufacture of the packaging itself.

Nadalje je po izumu predvideno, da so omenjene pročelne površine 150 izbočitev 15 bodisi vsaj približno ravne ali pa usločene v smeri proti notranjosti embalaže.It is further contemplated according to the invention that said face surfaces 150 are projections 15 either at least approximately straight or contracted toward the inside of the packaging.

Omenjena za tekočino prepustna plast 3 je bodisi privarjena ali prilepljena na vsaj nekatere izmed glede na embalažo navznoter obrnjenih pročelnih površin 150 izbočitev 15, ki so razporejene vsaj približno v isti ravnini E na odmiku od zunanje površine 111 dna 11 pladnja 1.Said fluid-permeable layer 3 is either welded or glued to at least some of the packing faces 15 of the projections 15, which are arranged at least approximately in the same plane E at a distance from the outer surface 111 of the bottom 11 of tray 1, relative to the packaging.

Claims

1. Food packaging (P) essentially designed as a single concave shaped container and at least in the regular use of a liquid and gas tight tray (1), consisting of a suitable polymeric material for storing the food product (P) in question, and comprising a reasonably flat bottom (11) with a lower and, depending on the packaging itself, an outer surface (111) adapted to be supported on each base (G) surrounded by curved walls (12) side-to-side with a closed end circumferential edge (120) ), which is adapted either to receive a suitable cover at each time to close the packaging and thereby protect the food product (P) from external influences, or to secure the liquid and gases of the impermeable cover film (2) and thereby to protect the food product in question ( P) in front of external influences, characterized in that the bottom (11) of the tray (1) comprises a plurality of the lower surface (111) with respect to the packaging of projecting projections (15), which with respect to the packaging, inwardly facing front surfaces (150) are arranged at least approximately in the same plane (E), which is at a sufficient distance from said bottom surface (111) of the bottom (11) of the tray (1), so that it is in the area between said a suitable volume (V) is provided at each time from the projections (15), and it is appropriate for the inside of said tray (1) to be positioned over at least about the entire surface of the bottom (11) on the face surfaces (150) of said projections (15) a permeable layer (3) adapted to support the respective food product (P) and attached to at least a portion of the projection surfaces (150) of said projections (15) of said bottom (11) of the tray (1).

Packaging according to claim 1, characterized in that said fluid-permeable layer (3) adapted to fit each food product (P) is available in the area of the entire surface of the bottom (11) of the tray (1) that is surrounded with walls (12).

• ·

Packaging according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the tray (1) consists of polypropylene (PP) and the fluid-permeable layer (3) referred to as a non-woven and fluid-permeable textile fiber-based layer polypropylene (PP).

Packaging according to any one of Claims 1 - 3, characterized in that the tray (1) consists of polypropylene (PP), and the fluid-permeable layer (3) referred to as a woven and liquid-permeable textile layer consisting of fibers based on polypropylene (PP).

Packaging according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that said plane (E) extends parallel to the outer surface (111) of the bottom (11) of the tray (1).

Packaging according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that said projecting surfaces (150) of the projection (15) are at least approximately straight.

Packaging according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that said projecting surfaces (150) of the projection (15) are arranged in the direction towards the inside of the packaging.

Packaging according to any one of Claims 1 - 7, characterized in that said fluid-permeable layer (3) is welded to at least some of the projections (150) inwardly facing projections (15) spaced at least approximately with respect to the packaging. in the same plane (E) at a distance from the outer surface (111) of the bottom (11) of the tray (1).

Packaging according to any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that said fluid-permeable layer (3) is glued to at least some of the projections (150) of the projections (15), which are at least approximately spaced apart from the packaging, in the same plane (E) at a distance from the outer surface (111) of the bottom (11) of the tray (1).