SI20857A - Procedure of supervised manual sorting of general waste - Google Patents

Abstract

The procedure of supervised manual sorting of general waste represents supervised handling of waste from source to user, which is based on manual sorting. In the phase of determining subgroups the processing companies define to the carrier the exact identifications of the subgroups, so that along with instructions and training the sources of waste (households, shops,...), it also supplies containers (attractive independent sacks, air-tight sealed plastic buckets or labels with their personal sign and labels with designation (colour, code, bar code...) for individual types of waste (glass, plastics,...) or more common subgroups (green glass) so that they can fill, lock and label containers in their own premises (kitchen, bathroom,....). There is no label showing "other waste". The carrier with its services provides help, but does not tolerate wrongdoing. At the places of disposal those in charge or the employee supervise the labelling of containers, assists the source, accepts clean containers and information on his behalf. In public places, which show their proper source tags there are no containers without 24-hour supervision by employees. Upon receipt the operators read the labels, provide the records with information for entering to the card and load only labelled containers. At the warehouse the warehouseman labels the containers with a card. Those in charge of separating waste read the cards from the weighed containers, sort them on the workbench, read and add the cards to the commission order. The sorters (the most important tool) need to be tested and supervised as well as guided with the help of foreman. This is followed by the preparation of containers and information for the source and the preparation of the subgroup for dispatch. Upon dispatch the labels are read and the subgroups are loaded for dispatch to different processors. The dispatched quantities are equal to the incoming ones, which proves that all quantities have been sorted manually and that there is no unidentified piece of waste. The recor

Description

PROCEDURE FOR CONTROLLED MANUAL CLASSIFICATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE

The procedure concerns the manual sorting of municipal waste.

The problem of waste is too demanding due to its negative effects on the human environment and itself, so that it can be left unchecked by the elements.

Partial knowledge of the negative impact of landfills and incinerators of mixed, unknown waste, but many of the adverse effects will only emerge with other developments in the future. Pollution and waste have an interesting characteristic of attracting (eg improperly discarded waste, which invites us to add other waste to the company, both on the street and in a crowded container) and even give birth to new pollution, since they can completely and completely mix other properties and effects.

We usually plan and control the production of our products. No stage in the process of manufacturing the simplest product escapes control. All events are recorded and analyzed in different ways. The subject of analysis is usually the product, production and marketing. It is produced for a known user. In addition to their own records, information from other sources is also systematically collected for the analysis of purchasing and sales marketing. The decisions need to know where the sources of the most suitable, currently developed raw materials are and what the wishes of the users need to be met. Manufacturers must actively communicate with sources and users through recording and information and, if communication is not correct, the production of the product will cease.

The product, after satisfying the user's desire, becomes waste at one point and at that moment the user, without being aware, becomes the source and on the other hand, the producer who can process the waste becomes the user. The problem is that the source pays the waste manager to keep the waste from being burdened. Initially, with a small amount of waste and a lack of awareness of the negative consequences, the organizers could easily accept responsibility and accumulate waste. With development, however, the wider society had to be involved in solving the problem. Government bodies, chambers of commerce and crafts, environmental associations, organizations, services and various institutes are engaged. Everyone is doing analysis and thinking about our polluted future without quality data to evaluate the actual situation and rank the hazard of waste and its sources.

Pollution and waste, which determine how long we will be born on Earth, are left to the elements, while carefully planning the production of unnecessary wishes.

The environmental problem is not with the waste, but with the recording of waste management events. When we see waste, we must not close our eyes to it (like the ostrich that plunges its head into the earth in danger), but must open it even more to prepare for the danger. Properly controlled manual sorting of waste (machines and tools can only help us) with measurements and event logging is a basic condition for survival on Earth.

From this very moment, toxic and dangerous things could, to the extent possible, even destroy many times (not just once) life on Earth.

With the current uncontrolled handling of dangerous things, with the increased bureaucratization of responsible services in the world, I am surprised that I am still alive. Only on the basis of factual data can analyzes be made that are useful for improving waste management, risk management and influencing desires and healthy production, since no desire is worth the harmful production.

In today's municipal waste management process, the organizer does not deliver the appropriate containers for the separate disposal of waste at their premises during the delivery phase. In agreement with households, manufacturing, shops and establishments, it identifies sources of deposition as sources, and usually places: small metal (small less than 5m3), small plastic, large metal (large larger than 5m3) and large plastic containers and still containers , containers for paper, cardboard, for glass, for metal packaging in various designs, shapes, sizes. Containers, unfortunately, take up a lot of space, they are not exactly decoration for the environment and are generally heavier than the waste in them. The container organizer delivers the containers to the disposal sites without instructions and most containers carry the label "other waste".

For the dual system, the organizer also uses a special pvc bag, called the "yellow bag", intended for all different types of waste for reprocessing, which are specifically defined in the instructions, but unfortunately it is not intended for a single type of waste.

The bag is not disposed of with normal special utility vehicles, but with conventional trucks and is destroyed in the organizer's warehouse on the conveyor belt and sorted with other types of waste.

PVC bags are currently the most advanced solution because they can be installed in apartments and individual business premises, but they have a number of disadvantages that impede their efficient use:

a) are not household or household; offices friendly for separate placement - not personal, free-standing (solid) and of appropriate dimensions

b) are not colored differently for different types of waste - therefore do not provide for separate disposal of individual types of waste

c) they do not indicate the origin of the waste because they are not interested in their quality of disposal

d) they are not reversible because they provide for a simplified shaking of the waste onto the belt by destroying the bag.

At the stage of waste disposal in the area of origin, the decision on disposal is completely left to the origin - both in the selection of containers and in the classification of waste.

The organizer at this stage does not mark the sources and does not influence their behavior; tolerates misconduct, does not point to other options, because he usually does not even know them.

Such is the destruction of classified documents (cutting of documents into tapes with special destroyers) and cutting of books (destruction of inappropriate or unsold books). Unlearned destroyers do not separate the two types of waste and cut or shred it together. they tear apart paper, plastic, or. plasticized paper, metal folders or folders. book binding and bonding glue. The chopped mixture can no longer be separated and is unusable for reprocessing - both in paper and plastic. Surface work thus turns raw material into waste.

In the premises of the sources, the sources mainly use very different containers (PVC bags, buckets ...), of their choice, most suitable for disposal and transfer.

In the phase of transfer to the landfill site, the sources usually have different wastes: metal packaging, plastic, glass, paper, organic waste, toxic waste, returnable packaging, batteries and accumulators, minor metal waste, minor wood waste, textile waste, etc. from the various containers mentioned, shake containers or containers installed at disposal points. they are thrown away with bags. Ideally, different containers for several different types of waste are installed. Containers are also provided for the disposal of organic waste, but they are not separated as a rule. No one controls the correct disposal of waste, and containers are usually crowded, stinky, and waste is thrown away. Even on the part of the organizer, the sent controllers in the field cannot detect the irregularities of disposal, as they do not shake the contents of the container. As a rule, there are several sources of concussion. dispose in the same containers in such a way that it is not possible to record the quantity, quality or regularity of the disposal of the waste of individual sources. The waste of the individual sources is not in separate containers and the containers are not marked so that their classification can be determined later.

At the stage of taking over the containers at the place of disposal and transportation, the drivers waste with the help of manipulators or. automation is shaken into special utility vehicles with upgraded press container, which are compressed or load them with special containers on special vehicles. Shaken vessels are not recorded even at the point of disposal, let alone by source. Containers that are not loaded do not have a label for disposal or disposal. sources. Special vehicles with an upgraded storage container, on the other hand, are the third container into which the same waste has been shaken. Undoubtedly, the work on waste is very diverse.

Access to special vehicles is impeded in the event of inclement weather, while the use of special vehicles impedes traffic in settlements. Slowly shaking them. loading further causes noise, pollution, but transport to the organizer's warehouse increases road traffic near them.

On the other hand, waste management, as a rule in heavier containers, additionally burdens the roadways and further pollutes the atmosphere through increased fuel consumption.

During the acceptance phase at the organizer's warehouse, the waste is not registered without the origin or source. disposal sites, their quantities and often even without weighing take over. There is no real quantitative takeover.

At the waste sorting stage, these are shaken again into a container called conveyor.

All the vessels mentioned so far are generally large, so that after the first shaking, the trace of the individual source is lost. Size, due to shaking and mixing of waste, reduces the transparency of sorting. The waste is already heavily altered, exhausted and absorbed by a wide variety of odors after strenuous change, and with too much effort, a small part of the waste is difficult to eliminate for recycling users.

Sorting is done or. conveyor belt transports waste, regardless of the suitability of the sorters, as if the waste were perishable. Such sorting from a large belt is technically and psychologically unsuccessful due to the shaking of large quantities of different types of waste onto a moving belt because:

- the large, moving mass of miscellaneous waste does not allow complete sorting because one type of waste is not on the tape for some time and then there is too much to be picked up by the species responsible for subspecies from the tape before the end of the tape and then vice versa for parallel traveling species (full sorting on tape is too demanding as moving requires completely flexible work organization, superhuman motor skills and mental abilities due to the uneven distribution of different types of waste on the belt to collect all waste from the belt);

- employees are not fully employed at all times as they wait for their waste subspecies and the tape forces them to their rhythm, which does not motivate creative productivity;

- does not have a fair measure of the quantity and quality of sorting (shaking on a moving strip creates different conditions and complexity of sorting), which also does not stimulate quality work;

- the work is, as a rule, dirty, smelly, unworthy and resilient;

- due to the demanding complete classification of all types of waste on the conveyor belt, logically no classification of all the masses is required, but only individual elements are eliminated from the masses, while the rest continues on to the end;

- non-recovered waste is a complete unknown - in terms of origin and quality, only quantities are usually measured;

- a more environmentally friendly, but more time-consuming, circular sorting route where all the elements need to be properly collected from the strip;

- the tape classification of session elements as unnaturally far removed from the natural classification from a smaller container into which the items were discarded or delayed (the further away the elements from the container in which they are made; the more containers are replaced; the more elements are combined and mixed, the more inseparable they become or the more time and effort it takes to sort them).

Today, municipal waste sorting technology is not based on manual sorting, since the majority of waste is not in contact with human hands and travels uncontrollably on the strip. Tools sort waste and the sorter is just an insignificant link in the organizational scheme of waste management: it does not matter how much waste is disposed of and how much waste goes on the ribbon route. It does not measure its effectiveness and does not exclude the bad from the process, as is typical for each machine (each machine is measured by its capacity or ability, which is subsequently controlled). The most sophisticated sorting machine is therefore only a side element of the waste sorting technology.

In the preparation phase for the shipment and temporary storage of the press, the presses are mainly compacting unknown mixed waste (this is the most dangerous since the tape path can thus continue unhindered in unpleasant edible packaging, nuclear packaging, biological toxins, etc.). This bulk of the waste is usually permanently compressed (or not) in the landfill. is brought to it from dual system sorters. Mixed bales are often temporarily stored only for removal to technologically demanding mixed waste incinerators to relieve the landfill.

Crushers, on the other hand, usually shred glass as much as it is disposed of from other municipal waste separately by subspecies (green, brown and white), because glass is one of the better used types of recycling waste for easy separation in non-destructive form. Numerous shaking and occasional squeezing of municipal waste helps to break the glass. The glass is crushed in containers along with a few other bales or bales. Disposal of waste subspecies is only temporarily stored until it is shipped to recovery facilities, composting facilities, poisonous waste management organizations, temporary landfills and other users.

Also from the warehouse of the organizer of the dual system, where waste is mainly sorted for reprocessing, waste for transport to processing plants, toxic waste management organizations, temporary landfills and other users is temporarily stored.

The recording phase does not provide for current records related to the sources of waste on waste, so no measurements are taken until the end of the process (work orders, if written at all, do not contain data on sources, types of waste and do not have any annexes with this data) . Typically, classifiers only record arrival time and departure time.

From the records it is not possible to determine even the true total quantities of waste, let alone the quantities of their individual types or species. subtype. The quality of the sources is unknown and communication with them is impersonal. It mainly covers only modest reports, instructions and a notice on the amount of their liabilities.

Thus, the organizers have no influence on the behavior of the sources: they do not control or direct their actions.

Without knowledge of current and future waste structures, communication with users is not constructive.

The waste management process does not adhere to the user's instructions.

Municipal waste, the most easily identifiable segment of environmental protection, can be elegantly managed with the right process, without much organizational and work effort (we leave it to the perfect element). When properly handled, this waste can be reprocessed into the same product. However, the products are packaged in materials that are the easiest to recycle into the same packaging.

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In the stage of delivery of containers in the process of controlled manual sorting of waste, each source, which is a completed unit (cost center), receives its own personal code (code, code ...) prior to the start of waste disposal. Labeling enables the identification of sources that improperly dispose of individual types of waste.

The organizer using the same containers for disposal in the area of origin, transfer to the place of disposal, transportation and sorting of municipal waste, delivers for disposal in the area of origin of the transport bag. Personal bags for the disposal of various types of metal packaging, plastic, glass, paper, toxic, returnable packaging, batteries and accumulators, small metal, small wooden, textile waste are colored differently, have a suitable pocket for storing record cards and have a designated space for the mark of origin (code, code ...) and for the subtype code (with color sticker, code, different computer format ...). Colors distinguish predominant types of waste (metal packaging, plastic, glass, paper ...), while other types and possibly more common subtypes can be separated by special colored stickers on a neutral bag, e.g. in larger quantities appearing green bottles at the origin. To the extent that we use modern computer recorders and readers, stickers are also used on colored bags, not just neutral ones. In no case, however, is there a mark of type or. much less the "other waste" subtype. The bags are made of the toughest plastic fabric, tailored round, sturdy enough to provide self-restraint and have a strap attached (for easier hand or shoulder or other manipulation). At the top, they make a commitment to avoid spills. The dimensions of the household and commercial sacks range from 0.03 to 0.06 m3 due to the personal, unobstructed appearance of the room and not the heavy transfer. They should not be smaller than 0.03 m3 due to excessive waste of time to be unloaded during grading. The standard size of sacks for disposal of individual types of waste is 30x30x40 cm, sacks for disposal

-1111 individual subspecies in the industry are 90x90x100 cm, but the organizer may use other dimensions as long as they prove more appropriate over time. Special plastic buckets - airtight containers with a 10 liter holder - delivered by the organizer for work with organic waste. The organizer therefore adjusts the waste collection container to the needs of facilitated separate disposal of individual types of waste at the premises of the waste sources and subsequent effective manual sorting.

In addition to delivering appropriate containers (an adequate number of clean, disinfected bags of all colors and buckets), the organizer provides quality labels for color and special marking (with codes, codes ...) subtypes and labels with origin markers (codes, codes ...) , educates the sources for the knowledge of individual species and characteristic subspecies and the ease of their proper disposal. In case of more demanding delays at source, offer your service, e.g. destroyers of confidential documentation and useless books are instructed on the different types of waste to properly sort materials (paper, natron paper folders, plastic folders, plastic sheets, folders ...) before destroying them and just cut the materials properly. Correctly destroying waste paper (usually a nice, lightly printed, lightweight office paper in the folders, which is an excellent raw material for reprocessing paper and removing paper from folders and folders is a much easier and faster task than putting paper in a folder, so it can destroy paper with paper at the same time there is no excuse, however, if this is too demanding for the sources, the organizer performs the service properly instead of them and does not allow for incorrect disposal). A similar example of paper recycling is the scrapping of books (the organizer does not allow the destruction by cutting through the middle to avoid trafficking in inappropriate books, or being crushed by paper collectors, since books are so hard or even because of hard covers and glue on the backs) they end up being a bad addition

-1212 oz. as waste, despite the fact that the book, with the exception of covers and backs, mainly contains first-class paper reprocessing papers). Superficially. improper work of the raw material turns into waste (even if we manage to recycle several types of waste into a new product, we end up with a new type of waste and thus multiply the waste), so the organizer even offers his own service so that he can request the proper treatment of municipal waste.

In the waste disposal phase at the premises of origin, the organizer, as a connoisseur of waste management, performs his service wherever it is too difficult for the sources to properly dispose of the waste or waste. where it is necessary to separate the waste into subtypes already at the waste disposal stage at the source. Thus, at any moment, the source has the possibility to dispose of any waste in a suitable bag near or. to call the organizer for help but not to contradict the instructions. Production, commerce, institutions, households in multi-dwelling buildings and settlements and households of detached houses may dispose of waste separately according to the organizer's instructions, with the recommendation that (for ease of disposal) sacks for different waste be placed even in different premises of households or. business premises, according to the source of the particular waste. For households, for example. they place the metal bag in the kitchen, the plastic in the bathroom, the glass in the pantry or basement, the paper in the living room or room, for the other species separately in the basement or separate room, and the organic waste bucket as a separate container in the kitchen. Sources can therefore separately dispose of metallic packaging, plastic, glass, paper, toxic waste, returnable packaging, batteries and accumulators, smaller metal, minor wooden, textile waste, etc. in separate bags, although the last six types of waste are usually provided for. contractors. Such contractors may be temporary landfills that provide metal, wooden, textile, construction, bulky items, etc. waste. Temporary landfills, as far as they are formed, try to gain users

-1313 used materials, so they are treated accordingly and only if used materials cannot be marketed, will they be shipped to the appropriate users. In the event that temporary landfills are not formed, the organizer of the controlled manual waste sorting process also organizes this service. On the other hand, brokers and / or batteries are usually in charge of the marketing of returnable packaging, batteries and batteries. merchants; if this is not the case, the organizer will take over this task, which in no case allows for improper disposal.

By involving the organizer in the problematic disposal of waste, there is no longer any reason for irregularities. Sources dispose of all types of waste in the appropriate bags without the bag for the "other waste" type! Each bag is identified by its own source with its own code (code, code ...) and, if necessary, the type code. subspecies.

In the transfer phase to the landfill site, the sources, in agreement with the organizer, determine the landfill sites to which full bags will be disposed of by separate types of waste, where there are no longer overflowing, smelly containers. Certain scents are isolated in sealed bags and do not mix with others. Residents provide control over the disposal site, as the organizer will not take over the unmarked bags. he will take them under a special regime.

At the landfill sites where the waste is deposited by several sources, the sources determine a duty officer for picking up containers (disinfected clean bags or buckets) and for submitting information to the organizer in exchange for handing over marked containers. The origin always receives the same number of bags of the same color as it was handed over. In public places are all disposal sites e.g. islands on commercial streets, markets, parks under constant surveillance. The employees of the sources or organizer 24 hours a day to ensure the cleanliness of the street, proper disposal of waste and the collection of appropriate containers and information of the organizer in exchange for the delivery of marked

-1414 waste bins. Commercial and more frequent streets have their origin mark (code, code .. No containers are placed on the streets, squares, parks, etc. without physical control by the employees of the originator or organizer.

Sources can deliver sacks, buckets, barrels or sorted bales of waste sub-types (production, shops, establishments) to the disposal sites, as larger disposal sites with employees may have a waste press. The organizer offers larger sources to its employees to train people on sources for proper waste management or self-management. the originator's employees provide the service on an ongoing basis. The organizer can set up its collective storage for up to 200,000 inhabitants, if the distances between the disposal sites are large, since it does not require more than 5,000 m2 of flat surface and in agreement with the sources it is easier to organize and plan the annual plan (by days and types of waste) of removal from the sites delays. In this way, it ensures a quick waste disposal (better appearance, less odor and more hygienic waste disposal).

During the takeover phase at the disposal site, the organizer engages all trucks and not special vehicles. It is very flexible when taking luggage, since personal light bags can carry any truck and can also be carried in a passenger car. A wide selection of vehicles ensures regular removal even in the worst conditions (eg weather), and these vehicles with adequate number of manipulators with speed and invisibility of loading significantly impede the traffic in the settlements, while at the same time the vehicles can be properly withdrawn from the carriageway. On the other hand, reducing manipulation time reduces fuel consumption and air pollution. Driver or. its manipulators read the source codes at the place of disposal and record the time, the manipulator, the number of vessels of each species or. subspecies by origin (manual, visual, computer, coding, or using state-of-the-art reading and recording tools).

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They record the data in a work order. The driver shall enter the place of departure mark, kilometers, time of arrival, departure time, while from the beginning of the journey the date, vehicle, name of the driver and his manipulators shall be recorded. After reading and recording, the manipulator loads the containers separately into the vehicle. Contents of containers are not shaken, shaken or pressed during loading and transportation! After loading the full vehicle, the drivers are taken to the organizer's warehouse by the shortest route.

When using state-of-the-art computer tools connected to the central computer, it is immediately recorded, at the time of reading, where a driver is located at a certain time and from which source the manipulator took over what type of waste. Modern techniques already allow even visual monitoring of events, but unless the vehicles are modernly equipped, manipulators can log the recorded data via mobile phone to the records they enter into the central computer. Thus, the warehousekeeper is already in the organizer's warehouse when the manipulators are loaded. during transportation, be aware of what the full vehicle will bring. Even before the arrival of the vehicle, it has printed record cards, which are already equipped with known date, origin and type codes. waste subtypes. The card is written in processing font with state-of-the-art readers and computers, or printed with the simplest printer.

During the pickup phase, the warehousekeeper, upon arrival of the vehicle, reads out and confirms the acceptance of each container already read by the manipulators (small bags, big bags, bales of subspecies, exceptionally bales of the kind, soda or buckets) and holds a card attached to it (the bag inserts the bags in a special pocket), additionally equipped with new data that he writes to his computer. On the encoded record card, additional places are provided for the record of the bag number or. bales, weights, pick-up time and signature of the storekeeper. On the back

-1616 card is a place to record the findings of the classifiers: to record or. the footprint of the start and end times of sorting, the marking of the acceptability of the sorting of origin (yes, no), the record of the short comment on the sorting of the origin, the record of the marks of the obtained subspecies or. species with associated quantities and record (V) in the event of the emergence of a new, unknown species or species. waste subtypes.

When using state-of-the-art computer solutions, new data is recorded when read with a reading unit or. However, the novelties affect only the speed of the information, its easy presentation and its transparency, and in no way can affect its quality, since it depends on the organizer's instructions and the execution of the storekeeper.

The containers fitted with the cards go for weighing, where the weights are also written on the card in addition to the record on the central computer. The storekeeper prints the labeled commercial label containing the information on the first page of the encoded user card on the subtypes of apparently correctly weighed baled bales upon admission to temporary storage and directs it to the appropriate location with respect to the subtype of compressed waste. They only balance on the relevant waste subspecies. Incorrectly classified sub-types of bales and bales of individual types of waste are accepted only in agreement with the organizer!

In the waste sorting phase, the organizer adjusts the subclass sorting to the needs of the recyclers outside the national borders as it has constant communication with them. Country or. only for the benefit of the environment does the association identify harmful users (eg uncontrolled waste incinerators, landfills) and adjust the classification for other users, since the new municipal waste disposal process is based on the most environmentally safe and technically and practically most efficient new manual sorting. The most important elements of the new manual sorting method are: small volume sorting

-1717 (0.03 - 0.06 m3) of one type of waste per subtype, which allows for greater transparency and waste does not move independently during classification. The sorting method for waste disposal is a little tricky, as waste is quickly, easily thrown into a container and not too fast to think about. Similarly, sorting one type of waste from small containers into subtypes is not a time-consuming, demanding act. For the sake of transparency, the sorting time is almost equal to the delay time at the origin. Waste did not change during manipulation from the place of origin to the sorting site, since it was not shaken, mixed with other wastes or even compressed. Manual sorting is done by trained people. Before working, their abilities are measured as a machine. After the start of work, their work is constantly monitored and, in the event of a mistake, they are removed from the procedure or. move to a less responsible place.

The correct work of the classifiers is based on the whole process, so their selection is all the more responsible as they are the most important tool in the process. The sorters therefore take the weighed brought bags, read the already known data from the enclosed cards and, on the basis of shaking on the flat table, write down the new data: the correctness of sorting, the quantities of subspecies, the samples ... They distribute each type of waste into specific subspecies and if they come across to a new species or. sub-type of waste, hand over the sample in a special bag to the foreman. To the extent that individual subspecies are marked by manufacturers, they are rewritten for more accurate and faster sorting records (subspecies cannot be marked on paper). Each subspecies is weighed up and identified numerically for each sorted bag fitted with a card. When they finish sorting the container, they already have all the new information on the card.

From one type of waste, compressed bales are taken by the sorters of that type of waste, they read the card, pound the bale, sort the waste into

-1818 subspecies, store cards with new data recorded on the back and direct each subspecies to baling.

Classifiers mainly classify metal packaging, glass, plastics, and paper, while the organic waste is only screened for shredding at the origin, only direct toxic waste to the competent organizations and refer any other waste to appropriate users.

Organic waste sorters read, check the correct disposal at the designated source, empty the buckets into larger casks, disinfect and vapor clean them for reuse. For each task, they are constantly adding new information to the card. Larger containers of organic waste, equipped with cardstock, are sent for temporary storage.

In the case of plastics, glass and metal packaging, labels and emptiness can cause certain problems that need to be properly addressed by washing, etc., while sorting by subtype is easy; on the contrary, for relatively clean paper that does not need to be washed, it is more difficult to distinguish subspecies (the organizer immediately reacts to the detected irregularities of origin, eg emptiness, with a warning against the origin, while the technologically over-affixed commercial labels alert the trader, the manufacturer or the relevant department ).

The sorters of the mentioned types therefore perform in different places: simple (sorting easily separable paper from prints, separating other types into subtypes); more demanding (sorting hard-to-read paper from prints or archives in folders, folders, foils on paper subspecies and washing or cleaning other types of waste) and very demanding sorting (cutting books, destroying classified documents, removing labels, separating two glued types, etc.) for other species).

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When organizing controls or it is most important that the sorter touches the waste at most once before it falls into the press (crusher).

Classification of individual types and organization of work is constantly directed and supervised by the foreman in charge of each type of waste.

Each type of waste is sorted in a different place.

At the end of the working day, the sorter prints out a work order from the cards, to which he also encloses them. He hands over the tasks so equipped to the foreman (there is also a permanent or occasional intermediate control of the work of the classifiers by examining the cards, their computer records, or even through video surveillance). The supervisor shall submit the inspected work assignments to the records for computer processing, control or. archiving.

The waste sorting phase is followed by the cleaning and storage phase of the containers. Cleaner bags at the treatment site are properly disinfected and cleaned for replacement at the source disposal site. The irrelevant ones are, of course, eliminated, but for each one already on the card it is recorded where, who and why he injured her. In normal manipulation, no damage is possible, only frequent wear is possible. The clean containers are handed over to the container warehouse, where the storekeeper hands over to the drivers an appropriate number of individual containers and messages for the individual sources in the envelopes that he / she records or computerized. mark to whom messages and bags have been handed over.

In the preparation phase for shipment and temporary storage, large containers, called conveyor belts, are only used, which, in a normal manner, is intended for presses only for handling properly sorted waste.

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After sorting and checking, the waste lands in an automatic press (glass in the crusher). The organizer ensures that the presses (crushers) are located on the lower floor, as this does not require the use of conveyor belts. The driver or. baler weighs the bale and writes to the computer or. the computer independently records already known information; bale number, date, type of waste or raw materials, bale formation time, bale weight and baler name. It waits for the commercial label to be displayed, which is equipped with user information, affixes it to the bale and directs the bale to a suitable place for temporary storage.

The bale storage must be the size of two railway wagons for each waste subtype. The size required depends, of course, on the organization of further processing. The premises are covered or stored only under the eaves.

In the shipping phase, the bale shipper and the broken glass container are equipped with commercial labels, which he / she writes to the computer or. reads with readers, orders to be transported to processing plants. Similarly, load other waste for other users in agreed containers, also equipped with commercial labels. E.g. organic waste is intended for composting, toxic waste requires a specific approach, which is carried out only by qualified and registered waste management organizations, which must also provide guidance for their classification; Incorrectly disposed waste (metal, rubber, wooden, construction, textile, batteries, returnable packaging) is properly diverted to temporary landfills or waste. other registered users. It is advisable to leave the organization of organic waste disposal to the composting plants as much as possible, while the toxic waste can logically be taken over by the organizer, due to their non-continuous occurrence in households or households. minor sources of such waste. The computer records all the numbers of shipped bales, respectively. other containers. Hand over the computerized delivery note to the driver.

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The logging phase is read-only when every event occurs. For the operation of the process of controlled manual classification of municipal waste, the organizer consistently performs the recording and analysis of events for timely interventions on participants, as improper implementation of a single phase of the process may jeopardize its proper functioning. Manually or through the use of state-of-the-art computer equipment, keep the following records:

a) a code list of marked disposal sites and sources with precise information on the location of origin (name, field, address, tel / fax, e-mail ...), difficulty of access, size, tools, number of vessels, quality of separate disposal ...

b) a register of containers, types and sub-types of waste

c) Codex of employees, vehicles

d) the code list of other employees

e) Work Order Forms for Drivers, Classifiers as well as Receipt, Balancing and Dispatch Sheets

f) Attachment - card.

The use of marking (encryption, coding ...) with modern forms of reading and writing enables the organizer to have greater visibility, significantly faster process and ongoing control of events, which allows for immediate elimination of irregularities and greater flexibility.

The results of computer processing are used for:

a) selection of tools at all stages

b) Determining the quality of waste disposal by type on the sources of warnings, awards, penalties in the waste disposal phase in the area of origin

c) monitoring the input volumes of each type and sub-type of waste for:

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- assurance of quantity and quality of waste at all individual sources

-analysis of individual species in terms of their comparability and substitutability

-analysis of best and worst waste by users

d) capture of non-existing waste sub-types of waste samples to alert the sources and producers of users

e) Determination of output quantities of individual types and subspecies by individual users for determining the correct operation of the process and communication with users

At the stage of determining the subspecies and writing instructions for the sources and classifiers of each species, which represents the beginning and end of the process, the organizer receives from the producers or processors of different materials or materials. the types of waste are labeled individually with instructions for their proper preparation, packaging and labeling. Processors tend to process waste products into the same products (eg, they re-process newsprint into newsprint), so they further mark the waste sub-type for the organizer sub-type on the product. With the help of a special label, the sorters of individual types of waste, with the help of modern computer equipment in the organizer's warehouse, for the sake of better recognition of the faster types, sort them into subtypes and record their classification. Manufacturers already designate a waste subtype for recovery at the product development stage. The subtype designation is a prerequisite for the start of the regular batch production of each product. Based on the instructions of the processors, the organizer prepares instructions and training for the sources and classifiers of individual types of waste.

Claims (14)

PATENT APPLICATIONS 1. The process of controlled manual classification of municipal waste is characterized by the fact that at the stage of determining subspecies, writing instructions for sources and classifiers of individual types, processors of different materials or materials. waste types (glass) are assigned to the organizer by sub-labels (green glass), in the delivery phase of the containers the organizer delivers personal containers (freestanding bags and airtight plastic buckets, barrels) with labels and instructions to the source (households, shops ...). personal label and labels with labels (colored, encrypted, encoded, tags for modern computer readers ...) of individual types or. more frequent sub-types of waste so that they can easily fill, close and mark the containers of individual types of waste in their own premises (kitchen, bathroom ...); during the waste disposal phase, it is important that there is no label for the type of “other waste”, that, if sub-type classification is already required at the source, the organizer performs sorting on their premises instead of sources, and does not allow for contravention of the instructions; during the transfer phase to the place of disposal on duty (at several original disposal) or by the organizer or. the originator employed (when depositing in public areas) controls the labeling of containers or correctness in the place of disposal of the container installed, sorted, pressed, handing over only marked containers and picking up the same, clean, empty, with information of the origin organizer, while in public places with their own markings of origin, there are no containers without 24 employee supervision; during the takeover phase at the disposal site, the manipulators read the data on the container, load the marked containers, but take the bales from individual types of waste only in agreement with the organizer and report the data during the ride to the records or. are automatically downloaded to record the card already -2424 before being picked up at the warehouse; during the takeover phase, the storekeeper shall read and confirm the acceptance of each container, immediately equip it with a card and direct it for weighing; during the sorting phase, the weighers are taken over by the sorters of each type of waste, read the card, shake all the small contents on the table, sort and read the individual subspecies, and write the data on the card, which is attached at the end of the work to the work order for inspection by the classmaster (the most important tool) in the process, before work tests and then constantly monitors and directs; After the sorting phase, the stage of cleaning and storage of the containers for delivery to the originators comes along with the information and instructions of the organizer, while the subspecies go to the stage of preparation for dispatch, where they are formed in proper form and properly labeled and temporarily stored to read and subtype the tags during the dispatch phase. they load for processors, and finally the logging phase directs the process by reading. 2. The method of controlled manual classification of municipal waste according to claim 1. "characterized in that" the organizer provides a sufficient number of multicolored, personal, freestanding, recyclable, in the dimensions 0.03-0.06 m3, for the separate disposal of individual types of waste. sacks fitted with card pockets, a carrier belt for easy transfer to disposal sites, in addition to being labeled with multicolored sacks already marking individual types of waste, with additional labels for modern computer readers. 3. The method of controlled manual sorting of municipal waste according to claim 2. "characterized in that" the organizer can hand over bags in the dimensions of 90x90x100 cm or larger to major sources that separate waste even into subtypes. 0,81 m3, unlike otherwise for classification of the most suitable dimension of 30x30x40 cm or. 0.036 m3, while 10 liter, airtight, sealed buckets for smaller ones and barrels for larger ones are used for organic waste; it can additionally offer larger sources with hiring or buying staff -2525 waste management tools (non-metallic waste presses, destroyers, cutters, mills, crushers). 4. The process of controlled manual classification of municipal waste according to claim 1. "characterized in that" the organizer hands over to each source labels with his own label, labels with labels of all existing types and subspecies of waste according to the classification of processors, which does not include a label for type or type. much less for the subtype "other waste", the instructions for handling, the provision of education and the provision of its services in the event of the need to separate the waste into subtypes at origin (destruction of confidential documentation). 5. The method of controlled manual sorting of municipal waste according to claim 1. "characterized by" that the on-site duty officer only takes care of the proper handling of containers, while the employed classifier in a public place, in addition to directing the disposal of waste, sorting, preparing waste for removal by labeling with a public place mark and a subtype mark, it additionally takes care of the cleanliness of the street or. public place, as there are nowhere unsupervised waste bins in the whole settlement, and people have to take them to supervised disposal sites. home. 6. The method of controlled manual classification of municipal waste according to claim 1. "characterized in that" its manipulators record the source code when reading it (manually, visually, by computer using state-of-the-art recorders and readers); time, manipulator, number of vessels of each type or. The subspecies by origin and the data are entered in the work order, while the driver enters: location code, kilometers, time of arrival, departure time, but from the beginning of the journey it has: written date, vehicle, name of the driver and his manipulators - contents of containers at loading and do not shake, stir or squeeze during transportation! 7. The method of controlled manual sorting of municipal waste according to claim 1. "characterized by" that the storeier in the warehouse each carries labels -2626 Fill a marked bag, bucket, barrel or bale with a marked card with the following information: • bag number or bales in day • day • code or. source code • type or. waste subtype • weight • storekeeper signature • on the back of the card controllers: a) indicate acceptable origin classification (yes, no) b) write a short comment on the classification of the source c) record the amount of individual subspecies obtained when classifying d) mark with a special mark the presence of a new, unknown subspecies which is handed over to the foreman in a special bag. 8. The method of controlled manual sorting of municipal waste according to claim 1. "characterized by" that the storeier prints the marked commercial label on admission to temporary storage and, with respect to the subtype of compressed waste, directs it to the appropriate location, as they are billed only on the relevant waste sorted subspecies, while incorrectly sorted bales and bales of individual types of waste are only taken in agreement with the organizer! 9. The method of controlled manual sorting of municipal waste according to claim 1. "characterized in that" special care is given to classifiers who specialize in individual types according to the organizer's instructions, taking into account all daily accepted changes in the handling of tables, the contents of each bag of their waste type. subspecies, and specifically in the foreman's bag, dispose of unknown unknown waste, which is not possible -2727 be classified in any subspecies known to them, and to the extent that specific or obvious deposition errors at a particular source write a brief comment in the reference to the source, while their work order, after inspection, is the supervisor who eliminates the improper classifiers. 10. The method of controlled manual sorting of municipal waste according to claim 9. "characterized in that" it is not necessary to sort it immediately into the repository of bags unless there is a lack of appropriate sorters for a while, and even when the sorter picks up the bag for treatment, no one drives it. the most important prevailing process. 11. The process of controlled manual sorting of municipal waste according to claim 1. "characterized by" being an organizer through labeling, reading, manual records, computer input and / or advanced computer recording techniques (optical, video, audio ... records and readers) provides the following records: g) a codebook of coded disposal sites and sources with precise information on the location of origin (name, field, address, tel / fax, e-mail ...), difficulty of access, size, tools, number of vessels, quality of separate disposal ... h) a register of containers, types and sub-types of waste i) the code list of employees, vehicles j) code list of other works k) forms of work orders for drivers, classifiers, as well as takeover bills, bales and consignment notes. l) Attachment - card. 12. The process of controlled manual sorting of municipal waste according to claim 1. "characterized in that" the results of computerized processing of records serve to: f) selection of tools -2828 g) determining the quality of waste disposal by type on sources for communication with sources h) monitoring of input quantities of individual types and sub-types of waste for: - assuring the quantity and quality of waste at all individual sources -analysis of individual species in terms of their comparability and substitutability -analysis of the best and worst waste by processors i) capture of non-existing waste sub-types of waste samples to alert processors j) Determining the output quantities of each species and subspecies by individual processors to communicate with and compare with the input quantities. 13. The method of controlled manual sorting of municipal waste according to claim 12. "characterized in that" the quantities shipped are equal to the received quantities, which confirms that all quantities were manually sorted and that no unknown waste is present. 14. The process of controlled manual sorting of municipal waste according to claim 1. "characterized by" that the processor, with specific labels, identifies the individual waste subtypes used in its production, advises the organizer on the necessary properties of the individual subspecies, advises the use of tools for the proper preparation of subspecies and even equip it with them for ease