SG192271A1 - Forward osmosis membrane and method of manufacture - Google Patents
Forward osmosis membrane and method of manufacture Download PDFInfo
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- SG192271A1 SG192271A1 SG2013059290A SG2013059290A SG192271A1 SG 192271 A1 SG192271 A1 SG 192271A1 SG 2013059290 A SG2013059290 A SG 2013059290A SG 2013059290 A SG2013059290 A SG 2013059290A SG 192271 A1 SG192271 A1 SG 192271A1
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- Singapore
- Prior art keywords
- forward osmosis
- osmosis membrane
- forming
- membrane
- solvent
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 164
- 238000009292 forward osmosis Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 9
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000004695 Polyether sulfone Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001266 acyl halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001477 hydrophilic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- -1 poly(phenylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920006380 polyphenylene oxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004962 Polyamide-imide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004693 Polybenzimidazole Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004697 Polyetherimide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000701 coagulant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004820 halides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002312 polyamide-imide Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002480 polybenzimidazole Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- QFDISQIDKZUABE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1'-bipiperidine Chemical compound C1CCCCN1N1CCCCC1 QFDISQIDKZUABE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GEYOCULIXLDCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-phenylenediamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1N GEYOCULIXLDCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000006297 carbonyl amino group Chemical group [H]N([*:2])C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- ZZLVWYATVGCIFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexane-1,1,2-triamine Chemical compound NC1CCCCC1(N)N ZZLVWYATVGCIFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YMHQVDAATAEZLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexane-1,1-diamine Chemical compound NC1(N)CCCCC1 YMHQVDAATAEZLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 31
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 29
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 20
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000012695 Interfacial polymerization Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 9
- CBCKQZAAMUWICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-phenylenediamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(N)C=C1 CBCKQZAAMUWICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012527 feed solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- UWCPYKQBIPYOLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,3,5-tricarbonyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C1=CC(C(Cl)=O)=CC(C(Cl)=O)=C1 UWCPYKQBIPYOLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009285 membrane fouling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920012266 Poly(ether sulfone) PES Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000000777 acyl halide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011088 calibration curve Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011389 fruit/vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012510 hollow fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003186 pharmaceutical solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000614 phase inversion technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013557 residual solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001029 thermal curing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
- B01D67/0009—Organic membrane manufacture by phase separation, sol-gel transition, evaporation or solvent quenching
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
- B01D69/125—In situ manufacturing by polymerisation, polycondensation, cross-linking or chemical reaction
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
- B01D69/125—In situ manufacturing by polymerisation, polycondensation, cross-linking or chemical reaction
- B01D69/1251—In situ manufacturing by polymerisation, polycondensation, cross-linking or chemical reaction by interfacial polymerisation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/56—Polyamides, e.g. polyester-amides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
- B01D2323/219—Specific solvent system
- B01D2323/22—Specific non-solvents or non-solvent system
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
- B01D2325/022—Asymmetric membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
- B01D2325/022—Asymmetric membranes
- B01D2325/0233—Asymmetric membranes with clearly distinguishable layers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/36—Hydrophilic membranes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/002—Forward osmosis or direct osmosis
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
A forward osmosis membrane (10) and method (50) of forming the forward osmosis membrane (10) are provided. The forward osmosis membrane (10) has an integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer (12). The integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer (12) includes a first sublayer (18) having a plurality of first elongated pores (20) extending along a depth of the first sublayer (18) and a second sublayer (22) having a plurality of second elongated pores (24) extending along a thickness of the second sublayer (22). The first elongated pores (20) are dimensionally smaller than the second elongated pores (24). A polyamide layer (14) is formed over a surface of the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer (12).
Description
FORWARD OSMOSIS MEMBRANE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
The present invention relates to membrane technology and more particularly to a forward osmosis membrane and a method of manufacturing the same.
Water scarcity poses a serious constraint to sustainable development, particularly in drought-prone and environmentally polluted areas. To alleviate the problem of water scarcity, efforts have been made to develop technologies for seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation that consume reduced amounts of energy.
One such area of technology is membrane technology. Membrane based separation processes have advantages of avoiding thermally imposed efficiency limitations on heat consumption compared to thermal separation techniques.
Membrane processes are commonly distinguished based on the main driving forces that are employed to accomplish the separation.
Forward (direct) osmosis (FO) processes, employing osmotic pressures as the driving force, represent an emerging membrane technology with low energy cost that has attracted considerable attention in various fields including wastewater treatment, seawater desalination, pharmaceutical applications, juice concentration, power generation, and protein enrichment. The forward osmosis process utilizes semi-permeable membranes to separate water from dissolved solutes. In a forward osmosis process, the osmotic pressure gradient between the concentrated draw solution and the saline feed supplies a spontaneous driving force for the transportation of water. The driving force of osmotic pressures used in forward osmosis processes can be significantly higher than that of hydraulic pressures used in reverse osmosis (RO) processes, resulting in a higher theoretical water flux. qi
Moreover, forward osmosis processes can offer the advantages of higher rejection to a wide range of contaminants and lower membrane-fouling propensities compared to traditional pressure-driven membrane processes.
However, a fundamental hurdle that deters the successful implementation of forward osmosis processes is the lack of desirable membranes with appropriate separation performances.
It is therefore desirable to have a forward osmosis membrane that exhibits higher rejection of ions and a higher water flux during forward osmosis processes and a method of manufacturing the same.
Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a forward osmosis membrane having an integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer. The integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer includes a first sublayer having a plurality of first elongated pores extending along a depth of the first sublayer and a second sublayer having a plurality of second elongated pores extending along a thickness of the second sublayer. The first elongated pores are dimensionally smaller than the second elongated pores. A polyamide layer is formed over a surface of the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method of forming a forward osmosis membrane. The method includes preparing a polymer solution, the polymer solution including a polymer, a hydrophilic polymer additive, a solvent and a pore forming agent. The polymer solution is cast on a surface to form a liquid film.
The liquid film is contacted with a coagulation medium to form an integral asymmetric membrane. A surface of the integral asymmetric membrane is contacted with a monomeric aromatic polyamine in an aqueous solution and the surface of the integral asymmetric membrane is then contacted with a polyfunctional acyl halide in a polar organic solvent to form a composite membrane.
Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the invention.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic, enlarged cross-sectional view of a forward osmosis membrane in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method of forming the forward osmosis membrane of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3A is a scanning electron microscope image of a cross-section of an integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer of a membrane in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3B is a scanning electron microscope image of a cross-section of a first sublayer in the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer of FIG. 3A;
FIG. 3C is a scanning electron microscope image of a top surface of the membrane of FIG. 3A;
FIG. 3D is a scanning electron microscope image of a bottom surface of the membrane of FIG. 3A;
FIG. 4A is a scanning electron microscope image of a cross-section of a thin film composite membrane in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4B is a scanning electron microscope image of a further enlarged cross- section near a top layer of the thin film composite membrane of FIG. 4A;
FIG. 4C is a scanning electron microscope image of a top surface of the thin film composite membrane of FIG. 4A;
FIG. 4D is a scanning electron microscope image of a bottom surface of the thin film composite membrane of FIG. 4A;
FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a forward osmosis setup using the thin film composite membrane of FIG. 4A;
FIG. 6A is a plot of water permeation flux through the thin film composite membrane of FIG. 4A against NaCl concentration in the draw solution;
FIG. 6B is a plot of reverse salt flux through the thin film composite membrane of FIG. 4A against NaCl concentration in the draw solution; and
FIG. 7 is a plot of water permeation flux against NaCl concentration in the feed.
Detailed Description of Exemplary Embodiments
The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of presently preferred embodiments of the invention, and is not intended to represent the only forms in which the present invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that the same or equivalent functions may be accomplished by different embodiments that are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the invention.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a schematic, enlarged cross-sectional view of a forward osmosis membrane 10 is shown. The forward osmosis membrane 10 includes an integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer 12 and a polyamide layer 14 formed over a surface 16 of the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer 12. The integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer 12 includes a first sublayer 18 having a plurality of first elongated pores 20 extending along a depth D of the first sublayer 18 and a second sublayer 22 having a plurality of second elongated pores 24 extending along a thickness T of the second sublayer 22. As can be seen from FIG.
1, the first elongated pores 20 are dimensionally smaller than the second elongated pores 24.
Examples of applications in which the forward osmosis membrane 10 may be used include salt water desalination, osmotic concentration of foods, pharmaceutical applications and membrane reactors. The forward osmosis membrane 10 may be formed as a flat sheet, a hollow fiber or in a tubular configuration.
In one embodiment, the forward osmosis membrane 10 has a pure water permeability of between about 0.4 litres per square metre of membrane per hour at a transmembrane pressure of 1 bar (L/m? h bar) and about 5.0 L/m? h bar. In the same or a different embodiment, the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer 12 has a pure water permeability of between about 100 L/m® h bar and about 1000 L/m® h bar.
In one embodiment, the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer 12 has an overall porosity of between about 50 percent (%) and about 85 %. In the same or a different embodiment, the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer 12 has an effective mean pore diameter of between about 2 nanometres (nm) and about 50 nm, and more preferably between about 5 nm and about 25 nm.
The polyamide layer 14 may include one or more polyamide structures selected from a group comprising -NH-CO-, -NH-CO-Ar-COOH (where Ar is an aromatic group),
of —N
TL CONH
NHOC conn wel)
I o
Co
COOH _ and SCY
In one embodiment, the polyamide layer 14 has a thickness T’ of between about 50 nanometres (nm) and about 500 nm. In such an embodiment, the forward osmosis membrane 10 is a thin-film composite membrane.
In one embodiment, the first sublayer 18 extends to a depth D or has a thickness T” of between about 1.0 microns (zm) and about 5.0 zm. In the same or a different embodiment, the second sublayer 22 has a thickness T of between about 50 zm and about 200 zm.
In one embodiment, the first elongated pores 20 have a mean pore diameter d, of between about 0.5 um and about 5.0 um. In the same or a different embodiment, the second elongated pores 24 have a mean pore diameter do of between about 5 4m and about 25 zm.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a method 50 of forming the forward osmosis membrane 10 of FIG. 1 will now be described. The method 50 begins at step 52 with the preparation of a polymer solution. The polymer solution includes a polymer, a hydrophilic polymer additive, a solvent and a pore forming agent. In one embodiment, a weight ratio of the hydrophilic polymer additive to the polymer in the polymer solution is in a range of from about 1:10 to about 1:1.
The polymer may be polyethersulfone, polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyetherimide, polyamide-imide, cellulose acetate, poly(phenylene oxide) or a combination thereof.
The hydrophilic polymer additive may be sulfonated polyethersulfone, sulfonated polysulfone, polybenzimidazole, polyvinyl alcohol, sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) or a combination thereof.
The solvent may be N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, N-methyl-pyrrolidone, triethylphosphate, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4- dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone or a combination thereof.
The pore forming agent may be ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, glycerol, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or a combination thereof.
At step 54, a plurality of bubbles is removed from the polymer solution prior to casting the polymer solution at step 56 on a surface to form a liquid film.
At step 58, the liquid film is contacted with a coagulation medium to form an integral asymmetric membrane. This may be done by immersing the liquid film in a coagulant bath. In one embodiment, the coagulation medium is made up of a mixture of a second solvent and a non-solvent. In such an embodiment, the second solvent may be N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, N- methyl-pyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, triethylphosphate, 1,4-dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone or a combination thereof, and the non-solvent may be water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or a combination thereof. In one such embodiment, a weight ratio of the second solvent to the non-solvent in the coagulation medium is in a range of from about 1:10 to about 10:1, and more preferably in a range of from about 1:3 to about 3:1. Advantageously, the use of a mixed solvent/non-solvent coagulant system facilitates formation of a desired membrane microstructure that forms a skin layer and gives the membrane surface uniform pores and higher porosity.
In the present embodiment, the integral asymmetric membrane serves as a membrane substrate for the manufacture of a composite forward osmosis membrane. Because forward osmosis membranes contact two feed fluids simultaneously, the physicochemical properties of the membrane substrate (that is,
hydrophilicity, porosity, pore size, pore size distribution, and substructure resistance) have a significant effect on the performance of the resultant membrane.
Advantageously, the introduction of an amount of sulfonated polymer into the membrane matrix helps adjust the hydrophilicity of the membrane substrate and helps maintain membrane stability. Further advantageously, a combination of relatively hydrophilic sulfonated polysulfone (undissolvable in water) blended with hydrophilic polyethersulfone helps enhance the wettability of the membrane substrate.
Consequent to the foregoing, a porous hydrophilic membrane support is produced in the present embodiment via wet-phase inversion of the polymer solution. The resultant membrane substrate has an asymmetric structure containing a thin, porous, sponge-like top layer and a porous middle layer full of finger-like macrovoids. The thin, porous, sponge-like top layer acts as a cushion to enhance the mechanical strength of the membrane substrate.
During a forward osmosis process, water is transported through the membrane based on a solution-diffusion mechanism, that is, water or solutes in the feed solution or the draw solution diffuse within the porous support layer. Therefore, the highly porous, hydrophilic support that is formed facilitates transportation of water and solutes and decreases membrane fouling.
At step 60, a surface of the integral asymmetric membrane is contacted with a monomeric aromatic polyamine in an aqueous solution. This may be done by soaking the porous hydrophilic support in an aqueous solution containing a monomeric aromatic polyamine reactant, then taking out the soaked hydrophilic membrane substrate and drying the membrane substrate by blowing with air.
In one embodiment, the monomeric aromatic polyamine in the aqueous solution has at least two (2) primary amine substituents on an aromatic nucleus of less than three (3) aromatic rings. The monomeric aromatic polyamine may be phenylenediamine, phenylenetriamine, cyclohexane triamine, cyclohexane diamine,
piperazine, bipiperidine or any other aromatic compound having —NH2- or -NH- groups.
In the same or a different embodiment, a concentration of the monomeric aromatic polyamine in the aqueous solution is in a range of from about 0.1 weight percent (wt %) to about 5.0 wt %.
At step 62, the surface of the integral asymmetric membrane is contacted with a polyfunctional acyl halide in a polar organic solvent to form a composite membrane.
The polyfunctional acyl halide may be
X
X
X
X X
X X X
, , ; or X ) where X represents a halide. The halide may be fluoride (F), chloride (Cl), bromide (Br) or iodide (I).
The polar organic solvent may be an alkane and/or a cycloalkane such as, for example, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, isopar, benzene or a combination thereof.
In one embodiment, a concentration of the polyfunctional acyl halide in the polar organic solvent is in a range of from about 0.01 wt % to about 5.0 wt %. In the same or a different embodiment, the surface of the integral asymmetric membrane is contacted with the polyfunctional acyl halide in the polar organic solvent for a period of between about 5 to about 120 seconds (s).
A thin-film composite membrane is synthesized via the in-situ interfacial polymerization reaction between two monomer solutions: the aqueous polyfunctional amine solution and the polyfunctional acyl halide dissolved in the polar organic solvent. An exemplary reaction scheme to form the thin-film composite membrane is shown below:
NH, . ! cloc CcocCI 0 H * 1S} _— ned com c per co 200 07 co ) 1-n : COOH
Due to the solubility preferences of the monomers in the two different immiscible phases, namely the organic and aqueous phases, the interfacial polymerization reaction generally takes place very quickly on the organic side and produces a defect free, ultrathin film at the interface. Advantageously, this significantly reduces the membrane production cost.
Thin-film composite membranes have key advantages over conventional cellulose acetate based asymmetric membranes, namely higher water permeability whilst maintaining greater solute rejections due to the ultra-thin active layer (approximately 100 nm) over the porous substrates, and also non-biodegradability.
The expected higher water flux of thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes is partially attributed to higher hydrophilicity of the aromatic polyamides that arises from the carboxylic acid structure from the hydrolysis of the acyl halide groups.
The physicochemical property of the membrane substrate is a key factor in the formation of thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes as it influences the rate and extent of the interfacial polymerization reaction by controlling the amount of aromatic polyamine diffusing to the reaction interface, the breadth of the reaction interface, and the polyamide layer thickness formed inside the pores.
After the in situ reaction on the substrate surface, the resultant membrane may be dried at a temperature of between about 20 degrees Celsius (°C) and about
125°C, more preferably between about 25°C and about 60°C, for a period of between about 1 minute (min) to about 30 min, and then kept in water until subsequent use.
Experiments conducted on the synthesized thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes show that the membranes exhibit higher rejections to ions and a higher water flux during the forward osmosis process. More particularly, the thin- film composite membranes showed higher rejection of divalent ions (MgClz, MgSO.) and lower rejection of monovalent ions (NaCl) under hydraulic pressures and achieved a higher water flux of 69.8 litres per square metre of membrane per hour (L/m? h) against DI water and 25.2 L/m? h against a 3.5 weight percent (wt %) sodium chloride (NaCl) solution under 5.0 molar (M) NaCl as the draw solution in the pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) mode.
Example 1. Fabrication of a hydrophilic polyethersulfone/sulfonated polysulfone substrate 15.4 percent weight per volume (% w/v) of polyethersulfone (PES) and 2.2 % w/v sulfonated polysulfone (SPSf, self-made with the ion-exchange capacities (IEC) of 0.65 milliequivalents of charge per gram (mEg/g)) were dissolved in N-methyl-2- pyrrolidone (NMP, > 99.5%) with 12.4 weight percent (wt %) diethylene glycol (DG) to form a casting solution.
The PES/SPSf alloyed substrate was prepared by the Loeb-Sourirajan wet phase inversion method. :
The casting solution was placed overnight at 25°C to remove bubbles and then cast on a flat glass plate to form a liquid film with a uniform thickness. The liquid film was then immersed into a mixture of NMP/deionised (DI) water (50/50 wt %) to form a porous substrate with a thickness of 60-100 micron (um). After being peeled off from the glass plate, the membrane was rinsed with tap water for 6 hours (h) to remove residual solvents.
A selective top skin layer was formed during the phase inversion.
Images of the membrane taken with a scanning electron microscope are shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D. The morphology of the PES/SPSf alloyed membrane substrate can be seen from FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D.
Referring now to FIG. 3A, a scanning electron microscope image of a cross- section of an integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer of the membrane is shown. The asymmetric membrane structure includes a thin sponge-like top layer (1.2 = 0.1 micron in thickness), a porous middle layer full of finger-like macrovoids (93.5 £ 7.5 micron in thickness) and a thin bottom layer (approximately 1.0 micron in thickness).
The overall porosity of the PES/SPSf substrate is about 0.833. An enlarged, cross- sectional view of the sponge-like top layer is shown in FIG. 3B.
A scanning electron microscope image of a top surface of the membrane is shown in FIG. 3C and a scanning electron microscope image of a bottom surface of the membrane is shown in FIG. 3D. The effective mean pore diameter of the
PES/SPSf substrate is 15.9 nm. The larger pores on the bottom surface connect with the finger-like macrovoids to help mitigate the effects of internal concentration polarization within the porous support layer. The PES/SPSf substrate has a pure water permeability of 505.2 L/m? h bar.
Example 2: Fabricating a thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane on the hydrophilic PES/SPSf substrate
A polyamide thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane was fabricated by firstly immersing the fabricated PES/SPSf membrane substrate in an aqueous 2.0 % w/v p-phenylenediamine (PPDA) solution for 120 s. Only one side of the membrane substrate was in contact with the PPDA solution. After removal from the solution, excess PPDA drops were removed from the support surface with tissue paper followed by blowing with air. Thereafter, 0.15 % w/v 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride or trimesoylchloride (TMC) dissolved in heptane was poured on the surface of the PPDA soaked membrane substrate for 30 s, leading to the formation of an ultra-thin, salt selective, crosslinked polyamide film over the substrate. The resultant membrane was washed with ethanol to remove organic solvent residue and then dried in air at 25 °C for 30 min. Subsequent to that, the resultant membrane was thoroughly washed with deionised water to remove residual PPDA and then stored in deionised water for further characterization. There was no thermal curing of the resultant composite membrane in order to prevent the membrane from dehydration which can result in air bubbles being trapped inside the membrane support layer.
Images of the thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane taken with a scanning electron microscope are shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C and 4D. The morphology of the thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane can be seen from
FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C and 4D.
Referring now to FIGS. 4A and 4B, a scanning electron microscope image of a cross-section of the thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane is shown in
FIG. 4A and a further enlarged, cross-section near a top layer of the thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane is shown in FIG. 4B. As can be seen from
FIG. 4B, after the interfacial polymerization reaction on the top surface of the membrane substrate, a thin active polyamide layer having an average thickness of 150 nm is formed with a ridge-and-valley morphology.
A scanning electron microscope image of a top surface of the thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane is shown in FIG. 4C and a scanning electron microscope image of a bottom surface of the thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane is shown in FIG. 4D.
The thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane that was formed had a pure water permeability of 0.77 L/m? h bar, and a salt rejection rate of 96.5 percent (%) sodium chloride (NaCl) at a pressure of 10 bar.
Example 3: Water and salt transport through the thin film composite membrane
Referring now to FIG. 5, a schematic block diagram of a forward osmosis setup 100 employing the thin-film composite membrane 102 of FIG. 4A is shown.
The forward osmosis setup 100 includes a crossflow cell 104 of a plate and frame design with a rectangular cell channel 106 and 108 on each side of the membrane 102. A feed solution 110 is circulated via a first pump 112 through a first cell channel 106 and a draw solution 114 is circulated via a second pump 116 through a second cell channel 108. Flow meters 118, temperature indicators 120 and pressure indicators 122 are provided to measure the flows and temperatures of the feed and draw solutions 110 and 114 and the pressures at the two channel inlets. A computing device 124 is provided for data acquisition.
Water flux during the forward osmosis process is determined by measuring the volume change of the feed solution 110 over a predetermined period. Co-current cross flows of the feed and draw solutions 110 and 114 are used.
The flow velocity during the testing is 8.3 centimetres per second (cm/s) for both the feed and draw solutions 110 and 114 which flow co-currently through the first and second cell channels 106 and 108. The temperatures of the feed and draw solutions 110 and 114 are maintained at 22 + 0.5 °C and the pressures at the two channel inlets are kept at 1.0 pound per square inch (psi).
The draw solutions 114 are prepared from NaCl solutions with different concentrations. When using pure water as the feed, the salt leakage is calculated by measuring the conductivity in the feed solution 110 at the end of the experiment.
The water permeation flux ( J) is calculated from the feed volume change:
J. = AV/(AAr) (1) where AV measured in litres (L) is the permeation water collected over a predetermined period of time Ar measured in hours (hr) during the forward osmosis process and A is the effective membrane surface area measured in square metres (m2).
The salt concentration in the feed water is determined from the conductivity measurement using a calibration curve for the single salt solution. The salt leakage, salt back-flow from the draw solution 114 to the feed, J , measured in grams per square metre per hour (g/(m? h)), is thereafter determined from the increase of the feed conductivity:
J. = Alc ian) 2) where (C, and }/ are the salt concentration and the volume of the feed at the end of forward osmosis tests, respectively. }
Referring now to FIGS. 6A and 6B, plots of water permeation flux and reverse salt flux through the thin film composite membrane 102 against NaCl concentration in the draw solution are shown. As can be seen from FIGS. 6A and 6B, the water flux goes up with an increase in the draw NaCl concentration, while the salt leakages are satisfactorily low under any circumstances. The water flux can achieve 69.8 litres per square metre of membrane per hour (L/m? h) in a pressure- retarded osmosis (PRO) mode using 5.0 molar (M) NaCl as the draw solution, which is much higher than that in the forward osmosis (FO) mode.
Example 4: Sea water desalination using the thin film composite membrane
Referring now to FIG. 7, a plot of water permeation flux against NaCl concentration in the feed is shown. More particularly, FIG. 7 shows the water flux performance for the desalination of salt water using the thin film composite membrane under different membrane orientations. The water flux in the pressure- retarded osmosis (PRO) mode is higher than that in the forward osmosis (FO) mode at the same draw concentration. There is a water flux of 12.7 L/m? h under 2.0 M
NaCl as the draw solution and 3.5 wt % seawater as the feed.
Comparative Example 5: Fabrication of a polyethersulfone substrate based thin- film composite forward osmosis membrane for comparison 17.5 % w/v of polyethersulfone (PES) is dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, > 99.5%) with 12.4 wt % diethylene glycol (DG) to form a casting solution.
The procedure of Example 1 was followed exactly to fabricate a porous PES substrate having an effective mean pore size of 12.8 nm in diameter and a pure water permeability of 411.4 L/m? h bar.
The procedure of Example 2 was also followed to conduct the interfacial polymerization reaction on the substrate surface.
When the resultant PES thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane was tested according to the conditions in Example 3, it showed lower water fluxes of 32.8 and 21.3 L/m? h, but higher salt leakages of 44.7 and 36.5 g/(m? h) at the pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) and forward osmosis (FO) modes, respectively, under 2.0 M NaCl as the draw solution.
As is evident from the foregoing discussion, the present invention discloses a scheme to fabricate high performance membranes for forward osmosis (FO) applications through interfacial polymerization (IP) reactions on porous hydrophilic polymeric substrates. Through the interfacial polymerization reaction, an ultrathin active layer is formed that produces high water flux and salt rejection. Additionally, through the use of the modified hydrophilic substrates, the membranes do not require further thermal treatment under high temperature after the interfacial polymerization reaction. This helps reduce the fabrication cost of the membranes.
Further advantageously, membrane fouling is also reduced with the combination of the hydrophilic polyamide active layer and the hydrophilic support layer. The membranes are particularly suitable for seawater desalination, water reclamation, and the osmotic concentration of foods and pharmaceutical solutions.
While preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be clear that the invention is not limited to these embodiments only.
Numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as described in the claims.
Further, unless the context dearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words "comprise", "comprising" and the like are to be construed in an inclusive as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of "including, but not limited to".
Claims (37)
1. A forward osmosis membrane, comprising: an integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer comprising a first sublayer having a plurality of first elongated pores extending along a depth of the first sublayer and a second sublayer having a plurality of second elongated pores extending along a thickness of the second sublayer, wherein the first elongated pores -are dimensionally smaller than the second elongated pores; and a polyamide layer formed over a surface of the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer.
2. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 1, wherein the first sublayer has a thickness of between about 1.0 microns (xm) and about 5.0 um.
3. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 1, wherein the second sublayer has a thickness of between about 50 zm and about 200 um.
4. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 1, wherein the first elongated pores have a mean pore diameter of between about 0.5 zm and about 5.0 um.
5. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 1, wherein the second elongated pores have a mean pore diameter of between about 5 £m and about 25 am.
6. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 1, wherein the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer has an overall porosity of between about 50 percent (%) and about 85 %.
7. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 1, wherein the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer has an effective mean pore diameter of between about 2 nanometres (nm) and about 50 nm.
8. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 7, wherein the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer 12 has an effective mean pore diameter of between about 5 nm and about 25 nm. :
9. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 1, wherein the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer has a pure water permeability of between about 100 litres per square metre of membrane per hour at a transmembrane pressure of 1 bar (L/m? h bar) and about 1000 L/m? h bar.
10. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 1, wherein the integral hydrophilic asymmetric layer is formed from a polymer solution comprising a polymer, a hydrophilic polymer additive, a solvent and a pore forming agent and wherein a weight ratio of the hydrophilic polymer additive to the polymer in the polymer solution is in a range of from about 1:10 to about 1:1.
11. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 10, wherein the polymer is one or more selected from a group comprising polyethersulfone, polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyetherimide, polyamide-imide, cellulose acetate and poly(phenylene oxide).
12. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 10, wherein the hydrophilic polymer additive is one or more selected from a group comprising sulfonated polyethersulfone, sulfonated polysulfone, polybenzimidazole, polyvinyl alcohol and sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide).
13. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 1, wherein the polyamide layer comprises one or more polyamide structures selected from a group comprising -NH- CO-, -NH-CO-Ar-COOH, J —N TL _ CONH NHOC Conn —w— I Oo cq COOH . and % wherein Ar is an aromatic group.
14. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 1, wherein the polyamide layer has a thickness of between about 50 nm and about 500 nm.
15. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 1, wherein the forward osmosis membrane has a pure water permeability of between about 0.4 L/m? h bar and about 5.0 L/m? h bar.
16. The forward osmosis membrane of claim 1, wherein the forward osmosis membrane has a salt rejection rate of 96.5 percent (%) sodium chloride (NaCl) at a pressure of 10 bar. :
17. A method of forming a forward osmosis membrane, comprising: preparing a polymer solution, the polymer solution comprising a polymer, a hydrophilic polymer additive, a solvent and a pore forming agent; casting the polymer solution on a surface to form a liquid film; contacting the liquid film with a coagulation medium to form an integral asymmetric membrane;
contacting a surface of the integral asymmetric membrane with a monomeric aromatic polyamine in an aqueous solution; and contacting the surface of the integral asymmetric membrane with a polyfunctional acyl halide in a polar organic solvent to form a composite membrane.
18. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein a weight ratio of the hydrophilic polymer additive to the polymer in the polymer solution is in a range of from about 1:10 to about 1:1. :
19. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein the polymer is one or more selected from a group comprising polyethersulfone, polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyetherimide, polyamide-imide, cellulose acetate and poly(phenylene oxide).
20. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein the hydrophilic polymer additive is one or more selected from a group comprising sulfonated polyethersulfone, sulfonated polysulfone, polybenzimidazole, polyvinyl alcohol and sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide).
21. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein the solvent is one or more selected from a group comprising N,N- dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, N-methyl-pyrrolidone, triethylphosphate, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane and methyl ethyl ketone.
22. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein the pore forming agent is one or more selected from a group comprising ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, glycerol, methanol, ethanol and isopropanol.
23. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, further comprising removing a plurality of bubbles from the polymer solution prior to casting the polymer solution.
24. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein the step of contacting the liquid film with the coagulation medium comprises immersing the liquid film in a coagulant bath.
25. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein the coagulation medium comprises a second solvent and a non-solvent.-
26. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 25, wherein the second solvent is one or more selected from a group comprising N,N- dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, N-methyl-pyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, triethylphosphate, 1,4-dioxane and methyl ethyl ketone.
27. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 25, wherein the non-solvent is one or more selected from a group comprising water, methanol, ethanol and isopropanol.
28. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 25, wherein a weight ratio of the second solvent to the non-solvent in the coagulation medium is in a range of from about 1:10 to about 10:1.
29. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 25, wherein a weight ratio of the second solvent to the non-solvent in the coagulation medium is in a range of from about 1:3 to about 3:1. *
30. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein the monomeric aromatic polyamine in the aqueous solution comprises at least two (2) primary amine substituents on an aromatic nucleus of less than three (3) aromatic rings.
31. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 30, wherein the monomeric aromatic polyamine is selected from a group comprising phenylenediamine, phenylenetriamine, cyclohexane triamine, cyclohexane diamine, piperazine and bipiperidine.
32. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein a concentration of the monomeric aromatic polyamine in the aqueous solution is in a range of from about 0.1 weight percent (wt %) to about 5.0 wt %. )
33. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein the polyfunctional acyl halide is selected from a group comprising 0 X O X 0 X 0 X X od X X X Oo : X
0 . and x , wherein X represents a halide.
34. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein a concentration of the polyfunctional acyl halide in the polar organic solvent is in a range of from about 0.01 weight percent (wt %) to about 5.0 wt %.
35. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein the polar organic solvent is one or more selected from a group comprising an alkane and a cycloalkane.
36. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 35, wherein the polar organic solvent is selected from one or more of a group comprising hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, isopar and benzene. :
37. The method of forming a forward osmosis membrane of claim 17, wherein the surface of the integral asymmetric membrane is contacted with the polyfunctional acyl halide in the polar organic solvent for a period of between about 5 to about 120 seconds (s).
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