SE201719C1

SE201719C1 -

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Publication number: SE201719C1
Authority: SE
Publication date: 1965-01-01

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Uppfinnare: F Koppelraann Prioritet begoird frdn den juni 1959 (Forbundsrepubliken TysIdand) Tanken att .medelst ledande vatskor koppla eller reglera elektriska stromkretsar har redan ofta uttalats och forverkligats. Trots detta ha dylika stromstallare, med undantag for nagra specialfall, annu joke inom elektrotekniken funnit nagon allmannare anvandning. Skalet harfOr torde Tara att sOka i en del oangenama egenskaper hos de ledande vatskorna, sasom i den vid hog str5mta4het upptradande forangningen, i den kemiska sonderdelningen genom strOmgenomgangen och i svarighcten: att i tillracklig utstrackning, t. ex. med 4 till 5 storleksordningar, variera vatskans motstand. Inventor: F Koppelraann Priority begoird from June 1959 (Federal Republic of TysIdand) The idea of .conducting or regulating electrical circuits by means of conductive water tanks has already often been stated and realized. Despite this, such switches, with the exception of some special cases, have found more general use in electrical engineering. The shell should therefore be sought in some unpleasant properties of the conductive liquids, such as in the evaporation occurring at high current, in the chemical probe division through the current passage and in the response: that to a sufficient extent, e.g. with 4 to 5 orders of magnitude, vary the resistance of the water.

Uppfinningen avser att undanrnj a dessa olagenheter och bestar huvudsakligen dari, att vid varaktig drift, atminstone ifraga om stromstallare, strOmmen icke ledes genom vatskan utan far gb. over en parallellkopplad metallkontakt, sit att vid varaktig drift joke uppst5r nagon uppvarmning eller nagon sonderdelning ay vatskan. Darvid uppstar emellertid svarigheten, att vid omkoppling .eller reglering metallkontakten maste oppnas, innan vatskan trader i funktion sasom reglerings- eller kopplingsorgan. For att vid Oppnande av metallfOrbikopplingsstrOmstallaren Over denna joke skola upptrada nagra kopplingsurladdningar, valjes enligt uppfinningen vatskestrackans motstand sa Mgt, att strommen Over densamma endast framkallar en spanning av storleksorthlingen 10 V eller mindre. Denna spanning kan namligen joke tanda nagon ljusbage Over metallkontakterna. Vid stora strOmmar fir det lute latt att uppfylla detta villkor. Sâ maste exempelvis vatskans m.otstand vid en strom av 1000 A vara mindre eller lika med 1/100 2. Om man viii vidga denna spanningsgrans, kan man utfiirametalldverbryggnings striimstallar en med flera i rad liggande, samtidigt Oppnande brytstraekor, i stallet for med endast en sa'- dan. Spanningsfallet i vatskan kan i kontaktoppningsogonblicket dit vara en motsvarande multipel av 10 V. Anvander man kolkontakter i stallet for metallkontakter, kan spanninggransen hojas till ungefar 20 V. FOr att en tillracklig strombrytning eller str5mregleringskall komma till stand maste vatskans mot-stand, som till en borj an exempelvis u.ppgar till 1/100 S2, under det kopplings- eller regleringsforloppet pagar andra sig med flera starleksordningar. Exempelvis, maste motstandet vid en stromkrets med 1000 V spanning (elektriska banor) stegras till ungefar 1000 St, dvs. med 5 storleksordningar, om reststrommen skall kunna pressas ned till storleksordningen 1 A. Under hojningen av vatskemotstandet uppstar i vatskan en effektomsattning, som kan medfora risk for att vatskan forangas pa vissa stallen och att genom den anga, som uppsta'r mellan elektroderna tan-des en urladdning. Enligt uppfinningen hindras detta genom olika medel. For att helt bryta strommenvid reglerings- eller kopplingsforloppets slut, an det lampligt att helt skilja en av elektroderna frail vatskan. Detta kan astadkommas exempelvis darigenom, att vatskan tranges ut ur elektroclmellanrummet, eller darigenom att en av elektroderna drages ut ur vatskan. Forsok ha givit vid handen, att sarskilt nar denna elektrod i brytogonblicket 2 har positiv potential i forhallande till va.tskeytan, en gasurladdning kommer till stand endast med svArighet. Anledningen hartill är att det pit en vatskeyta med ionledning, alltsa exempelvis ph en elektrolytisk vatska, endast med svarighet eller icke ails kan utbildas nit-got ljusbagskatodspanningsfall. The invention is intended to eliminate these disadvantages and consists mainly in the fact that in the case of permanent operation, at least in the case of power stalls, the current is not led through the liquid but far gb. over a parallel-connected metal contact, sit that in case of permanent operation joke there is no heating or no probe division in the water. In this case, however, the responsibility arises that when switching or regulating, the metal contact must be opened before the liquid enters into operation as a regulating or coupling means. In order to occur during the opening of the metal bypass current switch over this joke, some switching discharges are selected according to the invention. This voltage can in fact joke light a candle bag Over the metal contacts. With large currents it is not easy to meet this condition. For example, the resistance of the water tank at a current of 1000 A must be less than or equal to 1/100 2. If you want to widen this voltage limit, you can make a metal bridging strip stables with several concurrent, simultaneously opening breaking streaks, instead of only and sa'- dan. The voltage drop in the liquid can at the moment of contact opening there be a corresponding multiple of 10 V. If carbon contacts are used instead of metal contacts, the voltage limit can be raised to about 20 V. start at, for example, u.ppgar to 1/100 S2, during the coupling or regulation process others pay with several star orders. For example, the resistor at a circuit with 1000 V voltage (electrical paths) must be increased to approximately 1000 St, ie. with 5 orders of magnitude, if the residual current can be pressed down to the order of 1 A. During the increase of the liquid resistance, a power conversion arises in the liquid, which may entail a risk that the liquid evaporates in certain places and that des a discharge. According to the invention, this is prevented by various means. In order to completely break the current at the end of the regulation or coupling process, it is advisable to completely separate one of the electrodes from the liquid. This can be achieved, for example, by pushing the liquid out of the electrocellulum, or by pulling one of the electrodes out of the liquid. Attempts have been made to suggest that especially when this electrode in the breaking moment 2 has a positive potential in relation to the water surface, a gas discharge occurs only with difficulty. The reason for this is that it pit a water surface with ion conduit, i.e. for example ph an electrolytic liquid, can only with respect or not ails can be formed nit-got light bag cathode voltage drop.

Till och rued vid strOmmar pa nagra hundra ampere fordras for tandning av en stromstark urladdning i detta fall spanningar, vilka kunna uppga till 1000 V och .mera. Up to and including currents of a few hundred amperes are required for ignition of a strong discharge in this case voltages, which can amount to 1000 V and more.

For att slutgiltigt avbryta vatskekontakten med elektroderna kan man alien lata elektroderna Tara kvar i vfitskan och bryta sammanhallningen i sjalva vatskan, antin.gen genom att astadkomma en fortrangning i vatskan eller genom isolerande barriarer. I detta fall kan en kopplingsurladdning bildas endast mellan de hada sig htskiljande vatskeytorna, vilket emellertid icke är utan vidare mojligt oberoende av polariteten. In order to permanently interrupt the liquid contact with the electrodes, one can alien leave the Tara electrodes in the liquid and break the cohesion in the liquid itself, either by causing a displacement in the liquid or by insulating barriers. In this case, a coupling discharge can be formed only between the separating water surfaces, which, however, is not quite possible regardless of the polarity.

En stor svarighet vid stromstallare och regleringsanordningar med ledande vatskor Egger i vatskans forangning under paverkan av strOmgenomgangen. For att forsvara eller forhindra denna forangning utsattes vatskan enligt ett ytterligare kannetecken av uppfinningen under kopplingsforloppet for statiskt iivertryck. Detta overtryck kan valj as mycket hagt, exempelvis anda upp till det kritiska trycket, vid vilket i princip icke uppstar nagon forangning. For detta Endamal maste vatskan under vissa forhallanden kylas ned under den kritiska temperaturen. Det statiska iivertrycket liar samtidigt den fordelen, att genomslagshallfasibeten hos den vid kopplings- eller regleringsforloppets slut upptradande brytstrackan Mies. A great similarity in power stables and control devices with conductive water shoes Egger in the evaporation of the water under the influence of the current passage. In order to defend or prevent this evaporation, the liquid according to a further feature of the invention is subjected to static pressure during the coupling process. This overpressure can be chosen very gently, for example breathing up to the critical pressure, at which in principle no evaporation occurs. For this Endamal, the liquid must be cooled below the critical temperature under certain conditions. At the same time, the static pressure exerts the advantage that the breakthrough fascia of the breaking path Mies occurring at the end of the coupling or regulation process.

En sarskild utforingsform av uppfinningen erhalles, om man under kopplings- eller regleringsforloppet hojer den ledande vatskans specifika motstand, och darigenom minskar eller omkastar strommen. Exempelvis kan man, om man som ledande vatska anvander en saltlosning, sa smaningom ersatta denna genom en mindre koncentrerad losning och slutligen utfylla mellartrummet mellan elektroderna med destillerat vatten, eller till och med med en isolerande vatska, sasoiu exempelvis olja, hexan e. d. A special embodiment of the invention is obtained if, during the coupling or regulation process, the specific resistance of the conductive liquid is increased, and thereby the current is reduced or reversed. For example, if a saline solution is used as the conductive liquid, it can gradually be replaced by a less concentrated solution and finally fill the gap between the electrodes with distilled water, or even with an insulating liquid, for example oil, hexane and the like.

Hur man an astadkommer hojningen av vatskans motstand under kopplings- eller regleringsforloppet, maste man strava efter att under detsamma om majligt forhindra att pa nagot stalle skulle upptrada forangning av vatskan. For att detta skall kunna lyckas, maste stromtatheten i vatskemotstandets alla omraden valjas alit mindre, ju storre vatskans specifika motstand och ju langre pakanningstiden 5.r. Den stromtathet, som in staller sig, ar far en viss given vatska beroende av elektrodernas storlek och form. Det sistnamnda spelar darfor en avgorande roll. Darvid maste den mellan elektroderna forhandenvarande vatskevolymen vara desto storre, in starre produkten av strom och spanning i kopplingsstrackan Or, och ju langsammare kopplingen forsigga.r. Kopplingshastigheten begransas bland annat genom den Over-spanning, som uppstar i stromkretsen. Darav foljer att for stora strommar och spanningar en viss minimistorlek pa tvarsnittet och for den stromgenomflutna vatskestrackans langd icke kan undersliridas. Darvid maste vid kopplingsfiirloppets biirjan vid liten langd, vatskans tvarsnitt vara stort, vid kopplingsforloppets slut daremot maste vid litet tvarsnitt langden vara stor. Den erforderliga variationen av motstandet kan inte alltid uppnhs genom enbart tvarsnittsandring eller en-hart genom langdandring, fastmer maste man anvanda sig av bagge dessa medel. How to achieve the increase of the water resistance during the coupling or regulation process, one must strive to prevent evaporation of the water at some point during the same time. In order for this to be successful, the current density in all areas of the water resistance must be chosen less and less, the greater the specific resistance of the water and the longer the packing time 5.r. The current density that settles is given a certain given liquid depending on the size and shape of the electrodes. The latter therefore plays a crucial role. In this case, the volume of liquid present between the electrodes must be the larger, the more rigid the product of current and voltage in the coupling section Or, and the slower the coupling proceeds. The switching speed is limited, among other things, by the over-voltage that arises in the circuit. It follows that for large currents and voltages a certain minimum size of the cross section and for the length of the stream of water flowing through the stream cannot be underestimated. In this case, at the beginning of the coupling flow at a small length, the cross-section of the liquid must be large, at the end of the coupling process, on the other hand, at a small cross-section, the length must be large. The required variation of the resistance cannot always be achieved by changing the cross-section alone or by changing the length alone, but these means must be used.

Teoretiskt finns det manga mojligheter att losa denna uppgift, exempelvis kan man anvanda sig av den vid vatskans forangning upptradande gasutvecklingen for att Oka vatskestrackans motstand. Forangningen kan darvid pa godtyckligt sittt inledas utifran darigenom att ett fore kopplingsforloppet pa vatskan vilande hagt tryck minskas ph sklant satt, att vid forhandenvarande temperatur och det minskade tryeket kokning uppstar. Genom att man i vatskan bygger in strypanordningar, sail eller dysor kan man uppna, att de uppsthende angblasorna avbryta vatskans sammanhallning pa oriskat salt, pit liknande satt sasom detta sker vid Hilda Wehnelt-avbrytare genom den vid sjalva straingenomgang,en framkallade forangningen. Jamfort med Wehnelt-avbrytarprineipen har anordningen enligt foireliggande uppfinning med godtycklig styrning av det statiska trycket den fordelen, att den arbetar oberoende av den genom vatskan brytande strommens storlek. Theoretically, there are many possibilities to solve this task, for example, one can use the gas evolution occurring at the evaporation of the liquid to increase the resistance of the liquid stack. The evaporation can then be started at any time by reducing the pre-coupling process on the high pressure of the liquid to such an extent that boiling at the present temperature and the reduced pressure occurs. By incorporating throttling devices, sails or nozzles in the liquid, it can be achieved that the rising vesicles interrupt the cohesion of the liquid on unsalted salt, similar to what happens at Hilda Wehnelt interrupters through the evaporation caused by the actual straining. Compared with the Wehnelt circuit breaker principle, the device according to the present invention, with arbitrary control of the static pressure, has the advantage that it operates independently of the size of the current breaking through the liquid.

Praktiskt anvandbara losningar kan man i manga fall nit, om vatskans undantrangande ur elektrodrummet eller elektrodernas rorelse astadkommas pa hydraulisk vag genom isolerande vatskor eller genom tryckluft. Utsattandet av vatskan for statiskt avertrya under kopplingsforloppet bar den fordelen, att den forsvarar bildandet av big- eller gasblasor. Dessutom ka.n man genom att anvanda hoga tryck uppna stora hastigheter hos vatskan eller i elektrodernas rorelse. Practically usable solutions can in many cases be achieved if the displacement of the liquid from the electrode space or the movement of the electrodes is effected on a hydraulic path by insulating water shoes or by compressed air. The exposure of the liquid to static avertrya during the coupling process had the advantage that it defends the formation of big or gas bubbles. In addition, by using high pressures, high velocities of the liquid or in the movement of the electrodes can be achieved.

Da det Or fragan om stromstallare eller regleringsanordningar med stor eller periodisk kopplingstathet, ar det sarskilt viktigt, att den kopplande vatskan fornyas, innan den liar ph 3 ett otillatet satt blivit uppyarmd eller tsonderdelad. Enligt en vidareutbildning av uppfinningen ersattes dad& vid dylika strOmstallare eller regleringsanordningar den ledande vatskan Mom kopplingsstrackan standigt genom fly sadan vatska. I manga fall kan detta astadkommas darigenom att man anvander sig av en sluten vatskekrets, med kylare °eh ev. filter. I andra fall, speciellt vid stromstfillare och regleringsanordningar, som icke anvandas sa ofta, kan man fran en behallare i kopplingsstrackan infora en viss volym ny vatslia sasom kopplingsvatska vid varje kopplings- eller regleringsforlopp och stota ut oeh Mira bort den forbrukade vatskan. Since it is a question of switches or control devices with a large or periodic switching frequency, it is particularly important that the switching fluid is renewed before it is allowed to be heated or subdivided unauthorized. According to a further education of the invention, in such switchgear or control devices, the conductive liquid Mom coupling line is constantly replaced by escaping such liquid. In many cases this can be achieved by using a closed water circuit, with cooler ° eh ev. filter. In other cases, especially with current fillers and control devices, which are not so often used, a certain volume of new water sludge such as coupling water can be introduced from a container in the coupling section at each coupling or control process and expel the used liquid.

Vid vis,sa elektrolytiska vatskor uppsta genom stromgenomgangen sonderdelningsgaser, exempelvis knallgas. Genom kemiska medel, eller cla det gaiter knallgas aven genom att tanda densamma, kan denna sonderdelning ater upphavas, sa att elektrolyten bibehalles sitt ursprungliga tillstand och inga farliga gasbildningar upptrada. A andra sidan kan man ibland aven anvanda sig av sOnderdelningsgaserna eller den uppstaende angan for att astadkomma vatskans undantrangande eller elektrodernas rorelse, vilka skola framkalla motstandsandringen. By the way, said electrolytic liquids arise through the current passage probing gases, such as explosive gas. By chemical means, or cla det gaiter burst gas also by igniting it, this probe division can be originated again, so that the electrolyte is maintained in its original state and no dangerous gas formations occur. On the other hand, one can sometimes also use the decomposition gases or the rising steam to effect the displacement of the liquid or the movement of the electrodes, which should provoke the change in resistance.

Den enligt uppfinningen erforderliga overbryggningsstromstallaren oppnas eller slutes lampligen tvangsvis, genom den rOrliga elektroden eller genom den undantrangda vatskan. Pa detta satt kan man uppna, att metalloverbryggningskontakten fir oppnad resp. sluten sa kort tid som mojligt fore kopplingsforlo,ppets bOrjan resp. kortast mojliga tid efter kopplingsforloppets slut, sâ att stromgenomgangen genom vatskan kan begransas till kortast mojliga tid, sa att ett tvangsvis tillordnande av rorelserna till varandra sakerstalles. The bridging current switch required according to the invention is suitably opened or closed by means of the movable electrode or by the displaced liquid. In this way it can be achieved that the metal bridging contact is opened resp. closed as short a time as possible before the coupling process, ppets bOrjan resp. the shortest possible time after the end of the coupling process, so that the current passage through the liquid can be limited to the shortest possible time, so that a forced assignment of the movements to each other is ensured.

Uppfinningen skall nu narmare beskrivas i anslutning till bifogade ritningar, i vilka fig. 1 visar en stromstallare enligt uppfinningen, medan fig.'2 visar en regleringsanordning enligt uppfinningen. The invention will now be described in more detail in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 shows a switch according to the invention, while Fig. 2 shows a control device according to the invention.

Vid den sasom ett utforingsexempel i fig. 1 askadliggjorda stromstallaren enligt uppfinningen ar i ett h.us 1 av metal' uppifrhn isolerat inford en konformig elektrod 2. Ett skaft 3 p5. denna elektrod uppbar (isolerat) en kolv 4, som kan glida i det som ett metallror utforda huset 1. Den ovre delen 5 pa skaftet 3 fir utformad som ett stotorgan av isolermaterial, vilket skiljer den av metall utforda bryggan 6 fran de fasta kontaktstyckena 7 och 8 i metalloverbryggningsstrinnstallaren, da kolven 4 Hires uppat. Forskjutes kolven 4 nedat, sa kommer metallbryggan 6 under paverkan av fjaderkraften 9 att bringas till an liggning mot kontaktstyckena 7 och 8, sa att strommen i tar vagen fran kontakten 7 over bryggan 6 till kontakten 8. Metallhuset 1 Sr ledande forhundet med kontakten 7, den konformiga elektroden 2 over skaftet 3 och ledningen 10 med kontaktstycket 8. I slutet till-stand befinner sig den konformiga elektroden 2 i sitt nedre laze, varvid den ledande vatskans nivâ intar sitt hogsta lage 11. Konens 2 mantelytor kunna darvid berora det konformiga satet 12 i roret 1 eller ocksa befinna sig ett visst avstand fran namnda sate. I varje fall 'Waste motstandet Indian roret 12 och konen 2 i detta lage vara tillraekligt litet for att vid kontaktbryggans oppnande icke framkalla nhgot stOrre spanningsfall an 2 X 10 V (dubbel brytning). For man in tryckluft under kolven genom. oppningen 13, sh kommer den pa. skaftet 3 isolerat fasta kolven 4 att drivas uppat, sit att bryggan 6, lyftes av kontaktstyckena 7 och 8. S,amtidigt hojes den konformiga elektroden 2, sa att spalten melIan densamma och satet 12 blir starre. Den vid oppn.ingen 13 inforda tryckluf ten trycker vatskan nedat genom spalten. I denna spalt uppstar alltsã en kraftig vatskestromning, soul forhindrar en alltfor kraftig uppvarmning av vatskan genom stromgenamgangen. Da kolven har kommit till sitt ovre anslag, liar den konformiga elektroden 2 lyfts upp ur vatskan och vatskenivan har sankts till laget 18. Brytningen av den genom det inkopplade vatskemotstandet minskade strommen sker mellan den sig uppat rorande spotsen ph den konformiga elektroden 2 °oh den sig nedfil rorande vatskeytan. Om man ordnar det sit, att vatskeytan Sr negativ i forhallande till den konformiga elektrodens spets, kan nagon urladdning svarligen uppsta. i det ogonWick, dd konspetsen skiljes fran vatskan, sa att en sadan strOmstallare kan bryta strOmmar pa flera hundra ampere och flera hundra volt aven i induktiva likstromskretsar praktiskt taget utan ljusba.ge. Vid kterinkoppling tryckes lull genom oppningen 14 till kolyens 4 Eivre sida, so. att densamma Hr sig nedat. Darvid doppas till en borjan konens 2 spets i vatskan, dess nivh hojes saint pressas in i den ringformiga mellan konen 2 och det koniska satet 12 bildade spalten, sa. att Sven vid inkoppling faran for vatskans forangning hindras genom en snabb rorelse. Vid inkopplingsfOrloppets slut lager sig bryggan 6 Ler Over de fasta kontaktstyekena 7 och 8, s5. att flagon strom icke flyter genom vatskan. Under konens, spets har man en vatskebehallare 15. Denna kan gOras betydligt storre an vad som visats pa ritningen, sâ att vid star kopplingstathet i densamma kunna lagras alla joke Onskvarda sonderdelningsprodukter. Konens 4 spets 2 omges vid brytningen av ett isolerror 16, for att icke urladdning skall kunna bildas mellan konens spets och vaggen. Pa metallroret 1 aro runt dess omkrets anordnade kylribbor 17, vilka forhindra en Overdriven uppvarmning av vatskan vid upprepad koppling. Fors& med en dylik anordning liar givit till resultat, att strommar pa flera hundra ampere vid spanningar pa. 500 till 1000 V kunde brytas pa nagra millisekunder, varvid praktiskt taget ingen ljushage bildades. Detta resultat avser saval vaxelstrom som induktiv likstrom. Dylika effekter upptrada exempelvis vid koppling eller reglering av drivinotorerna i elektriska fordon, sasom sparvagnar, tunnelbanevagnar, snabbtag m. m. Dylika for-dons motorer kopplas och regleras for narvarande med hjalp av mekaniska ljusbagsbrytare och me(tallmotstand. En olagenhet ãr darvid att vid hog kopplingstathet ljusbagsbrytaren uppvisar en otillatet stor avbranning pa elektroderna. Den praktiskt taget utan ljusbage arbetande stromstallaren enligt uppfinningen är sarskilt lampad att speciellt vid stora kopplingstatheter Oka kopplingsanordningens livslangd. In the case of an electrified switch according to the invention as embodied in Fig. 1, a conical electrode 2 is insulated in a housing 1 made of metal from above. A shaft 3 p5. this electrode carried (insulated) a piston 4, which can slide in it as a metal tube challenging the housing 1. The upper part 5 of the shaft 3 is formed as a shock member of insulating material, which separates the metal challenging bridge 6 from the fixed connectors 7 and 8 in the metal bridging stepper, when the piston 4 Hires up. If the piston 4 is displaced downwards, the metal bridge 6 will, under the influence of the spring force 9, be brought into abutment against the contact pieces 7 and 8, so that the current in takes the carriage from the contact 7 over the bridge 6 to the contact 8. The metal housing 1 the conical electrode 2 over the shaft 3 and the conduit 10 with the connector 8. In the closed state, the conical electrode 2 is in its lower laze, the level of the conductive liquid occupying its highest layer 11. The mantle surfaces of the cone 2 can thereby touch the conical set. 12 in the rudder 1 or also be at a certain distance from said sate. In any case, the resistance of the Indian tube 12 and the cone 2 in this layer should be small enough so as not to produce a larger voltage drop of 2 X 10 V (double break) when the contact bridge is opened. Pressurized air was passed under the piston. opening 13, sh it comes on. the shaft 3 insulated the fixed piston 4 to be driven upwards, so that the bridge 6 is lifted by the contact pieces 7 and 8. At the same time the conical electrode 2 is raised, so that the gap between it and the seat 12 becomes stiffer. The compressed air introduced at opening 13 pushes the liquid downwards through the gap. In this column, therefore, a strong liquid flow occurs, soul prevents an excessive heating of the liquid through the stream passage. When the piston has reached its upper stop, the conical electrode 2 is lifted out of the liquid and the liquid level has been lowered to the layer 18. The breaking of the current reduced by the connected liquid resistance takes place between the upwardly moving spots ph the conical electrode 2 ° oh the down the roaring water surface. If it is arranged that the water surface Sr is negative in relation to the tip of the conical electrode, some discharge can certainly occur. in the ogonWick, dd the concept is separated from the liquid, so that such a current generator can break currents of several hundred amperes and several hundred volts even in inductive direct current circuits practically without a light arc. When connecting the tank, push lull through the opening 14 to the upper side of the coal 4, so. that the same Hr himself down. In this case, the tip of the cone 2 is dipped into the water at the beginning, its nivh hojes saint is pressed into the annular gap formed between the cone 2 and the conical set 12, sa. that Sven, when connected, the danger of the water evaporating is prevented by a rapid movement. At the end of the connection process, the bridge 6 Ler Over the fixed contact pieces 7 and 8, p5. that flake strom does not flow through the liquid. Under the tip of the cone you have a liquid container 15. This can be made considerably larger than what is shown in the drawing, so that in the event of a coupling tightness in it all jokes can be stored. The tip 2 of the cone 4 is surrounded by the breaking of an insulating tube 16, so that no discharge can be formed between the tip of the cone and the cradle. Cooling ribs 17 are arranged on the metal pipe 1 around its circumference, which prevent an excessive heating of the liquid during repeated connection. Provided with such a device liar resulted in currents of several hundred amperes at voltages on. 500 to 1000 V could be broken in a few milliseconds, whereby virtually no light field was formed. This result refers to both alternating current and inductive direct current. Such effects occurred, for example, when coupling or regulating the drive motors in electric vehicles, such as trams, subway cars, high-speed roofs, etc. Such vehicle motors are currently coupled and regulated with the help of mechanical light bag switches and me (pine resistance). The practically without light bag operating switch according to the invention is particularly lighted in order to increase the service life of the switching device, especially at large switching speeds.

Vid den sasom ett utforingsforingsexempel I fig. 2 askadliggjorda elektriska vatskeregleringsanordningen enligt uppfinningen uppbar en kontaktstav 1' vid sin undre ande ett isolerande holje 2' med samma diameter som staven I ovrigt. StrOmmen tillfOres denna kentaktstav vid dess iivre ande och uttages genom fasta kontaktstyeken 3'. Kontaktstaven 1' är utefter stone delen av sin langd omgiven av ett isolerror 4', vars lure diameter är endast obetydligt storre an kontaktstavens diameter. Genom den ringformiga spalten mellan kontaktstaven 1' och isolerroret 4' tryckes med hj alp av en pump 5' en elektrolylisk vatska. Denna vatska trader vid stallet 6' i en vidgad ringformig spalt, strommar genom isolerrOret 4' och den undre vidgade ringformiga spalten 7', darefter genom. kontaktstycket 3' ned i en forradsbehallare 8'. Fran denna behallare suges vatskan genom pumpen 5' Over en kylare 9' och ett filter 10' ater upp till det i den vidgade spalten 6' mynnande roret 16' och kretsloppet genom roret, osv. fornyas. En latning 11' hindrar vatskan frail att lacka ut ur anordningen, sa att denna kan arbeta i ett slutet kretslopp liven vid Mgt statiskt overtryck. For reglering av motstandet mellan kontaktstaven 1' och det fasta kontaktstycket 3' fOres staven 1' uppat och nedat. I det understa laget hefinner sig kontaktstavensundre ande i kontaktstyc- kets 3' tranga oppning, dar fjadrande kontaktfingrar 12' astadkomma metallisk kontakt mellan kontaktstaven 1' och kontaktstycket 3'. I det pa ritningen visade laget glida dessa kontaktfingrar p isolerhylsan 2', sa att den direkta metalliska kontakten är uppha.vd. Strom kan endast flyta fran kontaktstavens 1' undre ande 13' till den koniskt vidgade vagg.en i kontaktstycket 3' genom den strommande vatskan. Ju hogre kontaktstaven 1' lyftes, desto stone blir votskestrackans mot-stand, dã. dess langd blir storre och dessutom kontaktstavens isolerande hOlj e 2' undan f5r undan fyller ut alit storre del av isolerrOrets 4' langd, sIt att for strommens passage endast aterstar den tranga ringspaltens yta mellan stavens 1' isolerhylsa 2' och isolerroret 4'. Vatskan drives genom denna ringformiga spalt med stor hastighet och eventuellt under hogt statiskt tryck, sIt att den icke kan forangas och uppstaende sonderdelningsgaser forbliva lOsta saint snahht avlagsnas. De olika tvarsnitten, vitskans ledningsformaga, dess stromningshastighet och det statiska overtrycket avstammas pa sadant satt till varandra, att i varje lage pa kontaktstaven, dvs. vid varje motstand, strommen kan flyta kontinuerligt. I och fOr kylning kan kontaktstycket 3' och dess behallare 8' aven vara forsed- da med kylribbor 14'. Vasentligt for en lamplg stegvis gradering av vatskemotstandet beroende av kontaktstavens 1' lage är den koniskt utvidgade delen 7' i kontaktstycket 3' och i anslutning dàrtili aven i isolerroret 4'. Den sistnamnda kan eventuellt stracka sig uppat utefter isolerrOrets 4' hela langd. Med hj alp av den beskrivna anordningen kan man uppna motstandsandringar av flera storleksordningar sitsom det dr erforderligt for kopplings- och regleringsandamal. Vid tilltagande stromstyrka valjer man kontaktstavens diameter storre och vid tilltagande spanning Ras isolerrOrets 4' langd. For att kunna utfora anordningen utan tatningen 11' kan man anordnad fjadrande kontaktfingrar aven i det byre kontaktstycket 15' pa motsvarande satt som tatningen 11', kontaktstycket 15' pa motsvarande salt som kammaren 8' tillslutande omkring kontaktstaven och astadkomma kontaktstavens rorelse i axiell riktning pa hydraulisk eller magnetisk vag. De koniska, vidgade delarna 6' och 7' maste liksom hela vatskebanan vara sa avpassade, att joke nagra virvlar uppsta., vilka medfora avlosning, och sIt att stromningsmotstandet far vatskan icke blir fOr stort. Man kan av -vdtskeregleringsanordningens elektriska data, namligen av strommen och spanningen i densamma med utgangspunkt fran vatskans specifika varme utrakna, hur stor den per sekund cirkulerande vatskemangden skall vara for att forangning skall undvikas. Under vissa forhallanden kan man vid speciella driftstillstand liven till- rata en delvis forangning av vatskan, exempelvis vid kortslutning eller vid overbelastning. Koncentrationen och den kemiska sammansattningen hos elektrolyten maste liksom aven kontaktmaterialet vara valda ph sadant satt, att det under driften icke ph isolerdelarna bildas nagon ledande avsattning. For att forsvara detta kunna isolerdelarna fOrses med pa lampligt satt utformade krypvagar, exempelvis spar. Vatskeledningen 16' maste vara utformad pa sadant salt, att den bildar tillrackligt Mgt elektriskt motstand, da den elektriskt Jigger parallellt med kopplingsroret 4'. Man kan valja dess la.ngd stor och dess tvarsnitt litet och tillverka det av isolerror. Man kan emellertid aven i pumpen, i kylaren eller i filtret bryta sanamanhallningen i vatskan, sâ att motstandet blir praktiskt taget oandligt start. Man kan exempelvis anvanda en droppkylare eller utfora pumpen pa sadant salt, att den varje gang endast hojer begransade vatskevolymer frail den undre kontaktens 3' potential till kontaktstavens 1' potential. In the case of an electric water control device according to the invention which has been damaged in accordance with an embodiment lining example in Fig. 2, a contact rod 1 'has at its lower end an insulating cover 2' with the same diameter as the rod I otherwise. The current is supplied to this pin bar at its upper end and is taken out through the fixed connectors 3 '. The contact rod 1 'is along the stone part of its length surrounded by an insulating tube 4', the lure diameter of which is only slightly larger than the diameter of the contact rod. Through the annular gap between the contact rod 1 'and the insulating tube 4', an electrolylic liquid is pressed by means of a pump 5 '. This liquid enters at the stable 6 'in a widened annular gap, flows through the insulating tube 4' and the lower widened annular gap 7 ', then through. the connector 3 'down in a storage container 8'. From this container the liquid is sucked through the pump 5 'over a cooler 9' and a filter 10 'back up to the tube 16' opening into the widened gap 6 'and the circuit through the tube, etc. renew. A charge 11 'prevents the liquid from leaching out of the device, so that it can work in a closed cycle alive at very static overpressure. To regulate the resistance between the contact rod 1 'and the fixed contact piece 3', the rod 1 'is moved up and down. In the lower layer, the lower end of the contact rod is located in the narrow opening of the contact piece 3 ', where resilient contact fingers 12' provide metallic contact between the contact rod 1 'and the contact piece 3'. In the drawing shown in the drawing, these contact fingers slide on the insulating sleeve 2 ', so that the direct metallic contact is maintained. Current can only flow from the lower end 13 'of the contact rod 1' to the conically widened cradle in the contact piece 3 'through the flowing liquid. The higher the contact bar 1 'is lifted, the more the stone becomes the resistance of the votskestrack, then. its length becomes larger and in addition the insulating housing 2 'of the contact rod gradually fills a larger part of the length of the insulating tube 4', since for the passage of the current only the surface of the narrow ring gap between the insulating sleeve 2 'of the rod 1 and the insulating tube 4' remains. The liquid is driven through this annular gap at high speed and possibly under high static pressure, so that it cannot evaporate and the arising probe gases arising remain dissolved and quickly removed. The different cross-sections, the conductivity of the white, its flow rate and the static overpressure are derived in such a way that in each layer of the contact rod, ie. at each resistor, the current can flow continuously. For cooling, the connector 3 'and its container 8' can also be provided with cooling ribs 14 '. Essential for a lamp-like stepwise gradation of the liquid resistance depending on the position of the contact rod 1 'is the conically expanded part 7' in the contact piece 3 'and in connection therewith also in the insulating tube 4'. The latter may possibly extend upwards along the entire length of the insulating tube 4 '. With the aid of the described device it is possible to achieve resistance changes of several orders of magnitude as required for coupling and control purposes. With increasing current, the diameter of the contact rod is chosen to be larger, and with increasing voltage, the length of the insulating tube is 4 '. In order to be able to perform the device without the seal 11 ', resilient contact fingers can also be arranged in the adjacent contact piece 15' in the same way as the seal 11 ', the contact piece 15' in the corresponding salt as the chamber 8 'closing around the contact rod and effect the contact rod movement in the axial direction. hydraulic or magnetic vague. The conical, widened parts 6 'and 7' must, like the entire waterway, be so adapted that some vortices arise, which lead to loosening, and so that the flow resistance of the water does not become too great. It can be deduced from the electrical data of the water control device, namely of the current and the voltage in it, on the basis of the specific heat of the water, how large the liquid volume circulating per second should be in order to avoid evaporation. Under certain conditions, a special evaporation of the liquid can be arranged under special operating conditions, for example in the event of a short circuit or overload. The concentration and the chemical composition of the electrolyte, as well as the contact material, must be selected in such a way that during operation the non-insulating parts do not form any conductive deposit. To justify this, the insulating parts can be fitted with appropriately designed crawler carriages, for example tracks. The water line 16 'must be formed on such a salt that it forms sufficiently high electrical resistance, as it is electrically jigger parallel to the connecting pipe 4'. You can choose its length large and its cross section small and make it from insulating tubes. However, even in the pump, in the radiator or in the filter, the same inclination in the liquid can be broken, so that the resistance becomes practically unsightly. One can, for example, use a drip cooler or run the pump on such a salt that each time it only raises limited volumes of liquid from the potential of the lower contact 3 'to the potential of the contact rod 1'.

Den beskrivna anordning.en kan awn anvandas som stronastallare. Genom seriekoppling av dylika anordningar kan man. aven beharska hogspanningar, exempelvis kan. man med stromstallaren enligt uppfinning.en losa problemet att koppla likstrommar av de hogs-In spanningar. Da man i detta fall endast sal-Ian verkstaller kopplingar, kan man under vissa forhallanden bortse fran att ordna ett kretslopp for vatskan och i stallet farnya kopplingsvatskan vid varje kopplingsforlopp ur en behallare. Lampligen kan man vid de hiigsta spanningarna aven anvanda sig av farslaget enligt fOreliggande uppfinning, att under kopplingsforloppet ersatta den ledande vatskan genom en isolerande vatska exempelvis destillerat vatten eller vanligt vatten med icke ledande tillsatser eller genom isolervatskor. Aven i detta fall anvander man sig lampligen av statiskt overtryck. The described device can be used as a strona stall. By series connection of such devices one can. also master high voltage, for example can. with the current generator according to the invention.s solve the problem of connecting direct currents of the hogs-In voltages. Since in this case only the couplings are made, it is possible in certain circumstances to disregard arranging a circuit for the liquid and instead to replace the coupling liquid at each coupling process from a container. At the highest voltages, it is also possible to use the farce type according to the present invention, to replace the conductive liquid during the coupling process by an insulating liquid, for example distilled water or ordinary water with non-conductive additives or by insulating water shoes. Even in this case, static overpressure is conveniently used.

Claims

Patent claim

Electric switch or control resistor, in which during the coupling process the current flows from electrode to electrode Over a liquid with electrolytic conductor shape, it can be shown that in the closed state the water line is bridged by a metal contact, and at this contact opening the liquid to a well fills a narrow space with such a wide surface between the electrodes that the voltage at the opening contacts through the resistor has the parallel-connected liquid resistance is equal to or less than about 10 V and that the resistance of the strainer is adjoined thereto by changing its specific conductivity, and / or by Displacement of the electrodes, and / or by displacement of the liquid on such salt increases over time, that the desired break or regulation of the current is achieved.

2. An electric current according to claim 1, characterized in that - at the end of the coupling process an electrode, preferably the positive one, is displaced galvanically from it by moving the electrode or by displacing the roller, so that any gas discharge can be ignited only between the electrode and the lamp. negative water surface.

3. An electric current generator according to claim 1, characterized in that at the end of the coupling process the cohesion of the annuated electricity is broken by displacing it: the same and / or by insulating barriers, so that a possible gas discharge can be ignited only between the separating water surfaces.

4. An electric current according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that during the coupling process the liquid is under static overpressure.

5. An electric current generator according to claim 1, characterized in that the resistance increase of the liquid stack due to the displacement of the conductive liquid is achieved by a less conductive or insulating liquid or by gas of very specific pressure.

6. An electric switch according to claim 1, which claims that the increase in the resistance of the liquid line during the coupling process is thus achieved by reducing the length and / or reducing the cross section so that no evaporation occurs at any level of the liquid.

7. An electric switch according to any one of the preceding patent claims, which may be characterized by the fact that the water stack is not reduced by pressure reduction and thereby evaporation of the liquid.

8. An electric generator according to any or all of the foregoing patent claims, characterized in that the displacement and / or displacement of the electrodes by the liquid is effected hydraulically by insulating water shoes or by compressed air.

9. An electric current according to any one of the preceding patent claims, characterized in that the suitably positive electrode is in the form of a cone which, when coupled with its tip, is lowered into the liquid or lifted out of it.

10. Electric switch according to any or all of the foregoing patent claims for switch or control resistor with large or periodic switching stiffness. filtered.

11. An electric power generator according to any one or more of the preceding patent claims, characterized in that probing gases arising during a current passage are reunited by chemical or other means.

12. An electric current generator according to any one or more of the preceding patent claims, characterized in that probing gas arising during current passage is used for displacement in the liquid and / or for displacement of the electrodes.

13. An electric switch according to any one of the preceding patent claims, characterized in that the change in resistance of the electrolyte is effected by simultaneous displacement of an electrode and by displacement of liquids.

14. An electric current according to claim 13, characterized in that the liquid displacement is forced into the liquid by the movement of the electrode.

15. An electric current according to claim 13, characterized in that the electrode movement and the simultaneous liquid displacement are effected on a hydraulic path by means of insulating water shoes or by means of compressed air.

16. An electric current according to claim 1, characterized in that the all-bridge contact has several breaking points in series and that the voltage at the opening contacts through the water resistance is kept equal to or made less than about 10 V per breaking point.

17. An electric current stall according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal bridging switch 8 is opened and forcibly closed by the movable electrode or the displaced liquid.

18. Electric switch according to any one of the preceding patent claims for a switch with lower coupling strength, characterized in that for each coupling or control process one uses ay from a container to supply volume with unused water. Request publications: Patents from Sweden 127,577; Germany 914 27 6.