RU92110U1 - CRYOGENIC HYDRO POWER PLANT - Google Patents

Abstract

1. Cryogenic hydroelectric power station including heat exchangers for fuel-free heating of a cryogenic working fluid with a constant volume, an expander for adiabatic expansion of the working fluid, a condensing unit and an evaporator, cryogenic circulation pumps and duct fans, steam cryo separators, steam turbines with electric generators, feeding tank-cryostat, characterized the fact that it is equipped with heat exchangers installed in the working circuit of the technical complex of the cryogenic hydroelectric power station, while they use water-steam heat exchangers, which are resistant to ice formation to heat the working fluid with water, it also has an internal cryo-refrigerator sufficient to compensate for cold losses in the working circuit, and an engine with an external heat supply connected to the electric generator. ! 2. The cryogenic hydroelectric power station according to claim 1, characterized in that a Stirling engine is used as an external heat supply engine. ! 3. The cryogenic hydroelectric power station according to claim 1, characterized in that freezers are used as superheaters. ! 4. The cryogenic hydroelectric power station according to claim 1, characterized in that a mixing capacitor is used in the condensation installation.

Description

The proposal relates to the field of alternative energy and can be used as an electric power station, a power unit of a vehicle or a source of industrial cold.

Each year, hydrocarbon reserves are declining, global energy consumption is growing, and the environmental situation in the world is deteriorating. Therefore, the development strategy of civilization proceeds from the fact that by 2050 it is necessary to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions by 50%. This requires the introduction of alternative energy sources.

Russia is the coldest and longest country in the world. If we objectively compare the reduced costs of enterprises located in warmer countries and the costs of a similar company operating in the Russian Federation, it turns out that the costs of a Russian company will always be higher. It is clear that equality in the competitiveness of products cannot be achieved by simply transferring high-performance technologies to Russian soil. To do this, it is necessary to have technologies for producing cheap energy that would compensate for the shortcomings of the cold climate. And the first, in this series, is the need to develop fuel-free energy technologies. It is proposed to use the heat of the Water-Ice Phase Transition (FPVL) as a base for such.

Well-known methods for generating electricity in thermal and nuclear power plants, where water is used as a working fluid in a turbine in the form of steam. Before steam is supplied to the turbine, it is heated using hydrocarbons or nuclear fuel. Adiabatically expanding, the steam gives off energy to the turbine, cooling and condensing into water. Thus, the water is initially heated, and then cooled to ambient temperature, generating energy. Energy is produced by burning fuel, with a total efficiency = 25 ÷ 35%.

Thermal and nuclear plants do significant harm to nature, causing thermal pollution. Heat stations - emit a lot of harmful gases and dust. Nuclear plants - produce radioactive waste, the storage of which is a long-term problem.

There are also known methods of generating energy at hydroelectric power plants, wind power plants, tidal power plants, solar thermal power generators, from vegetable oils (biodiesel), etc. The existing “Alternative Energy” is capable of solving local problems, but is unpromising for the Russian Federation because of its “low power” (academician P .Kapitsa) and moral obsolescence. It is based on the antediluvian ideas of the southern peoples. It is proved that such energy will never replace the "Big Energy" for civilization, and even more so for such a cold country like the Russian Federation.

The use of environmental energy, with the help of heat pump units (HPU), has been widely used abroad, where about one million HPU is sold annually. At the same time, HPIs have inherent fundamental disadvantages associated with the reverse thermodynamic cycle through which HPIs work. The efficiency (SOR) of HPI does not exceed 3-4 units, and decreases with increasing temperature gradient (Tg-Tx), which does not allow them to be used to generate electricity [1].

The well-known "Cryogenic gas turbine installation with a closed circuit (patent RU 2131045 from 06.16.1997, class F01K 25/10), containing serially connected in the circulation circuit: condenser, pump, heat exchanger and turbine. The heating of the working fluid in the installation is carried out by transferring radiant energy to the walls of the sealed enclosure having an ambient temperature to the surfaces of the cooling screen and the receiver-superheater. This power plant has low productivity for generating electric energy, as it has a heat exchanger with an undeveloped surface, and heat transfer is carried out by the transfer of radiant energy to the walls of the casing, which have an ambient temperature.

The closest analogue to the claimed device is “A device for extracting thermal energy from ambient air in order to generate electricity and fresh water”, patent RU 2219370, dated 16.12. 2002, F03G 7/04, F01K 25/00. The device comprises a liquid nitrogen evaporator with a heater, a compressor for compressing the vaporized gas, a compressed nitrogen heater with ambient air heat, a turbine or cascade of turbines operating on heated nitrogen, pipelines connecting structural elements. In this case, the pipeline from the evaporator to the compressor is thermally insulated, and the pipeline from the compressor to the turbine or turbine cascade is not thermally insulated. For additional cooling of the working nitrogen gas leaving the turbine or cascade of turbines, a refrigerator is made in the form of a coil immersed in liquid nitrogen.

The disadvantages of this device are:

1. The use of electric heating of liquid nitrogen in the evaporator and the use of a compressor to compress the working fluid, which reduces the efficiency of the installation.

2. The use of ambient air for heating the working fluid, which reduces the productivity of the installation, due to the low heat content of the air and significant fluctuations in air temperature over time.

3. An open nitrogen cycle is used, which requires regular supply of liquid nitrogen from the “outside” to ensure the operation of the device.

4. Great energy costs for the removal of spent chilled air, which will have to be diverted by pumping through the pipeline, since it is heavier than ambient air.

The technical problem and the positive technical result of this device is the conversion of the potential energy of water, and specifically the energy of the water-ice phase transition into electricity.

The specified technical problem and the technical result of the developed technical device are that

A cryogenic hydroelectric power station includes: heat exchangers for fuel-free heating of a cryogenic working fluid at a constant volume, an expander for adiabatic expansion of the working fluid, a condensing unit and an evaporator, cryogenic circulation pumps and duct fans, steam cryo separators, steam turbines with electric generators, and a feed cryostat, while in it in the working circuit there are installed water-steam heat exchangers for heating the working fluid with water, resistant to ice formation, it also has an internal nny krioholodilnik sufficient to compensate for losses in the cold working circuit and the motor with an external supply of heat associated with the electric generator.

A cryogenic hydroelectric power station is characterized by the fact that a Sterling engine is used as an engine with an external supply of heat.

The cryogenic hydroelectric power station is also characterized by the fact that freezers are used as superheaters.

A cryogenic hydroelectric power plant, characterized in that a mixing capacitor is used in the condensation installation.

The cryogenic hydroelectric power station uses equipment resistant to sea water.

Cryogenic hydroelectric power station, also original in that it is installed on a mobile platform.

A schematic diagram of the implementation of the proposed device is presented in figure 1 and figure 2.

The essence of the technical proposal lies in the fact that a device is proposed that allows the energy of the water-ice phase transition to be converted into electricity by means of a controlled heat exchange process between water and a working fluid with an initial cryogenic temperature, followed by heating of the working fluid to temperatures close to the initial water temperature and cooling water to an ice melting point or lower.

Presented in figure 1, the Device contains three closed circuits and includes:

- the main circuit for the circulation of the working fluid (cryogenic liquid vapor), combining, including: a turboexpander (TD) 1, mechanically connected to an electric generator (EG) 2, a condenser-evaporator (KI) 3, a steam separator (PS) 4, channel fan (KB) 5, heat exchanger-condenser (TC) of the internal cryo-refrigerator (KX) 6, cold cylinder (HC) 11 of the Sterling engine (DS) 10, heat exchanger (TM) 14 of the external freezer (BM) 15, duct fan (KB) 16 , interphase heat exchanger (TF) 17 heated by technical cold water (ТХВ), low-grade heat exchanger heat ceiling elements (TT) 18 Heated technical warm water (HWS);

- cooling circuit for the circulation of cryogenic liquid, combining: a cryostat tank 7 with cryogenic liquid, cryogenic pumps KN 8 and KN 9, heat exchanger-evaporator (TI) 19 of the internal cryo-refrigerator 6, condenser-evaporator (KI) 3;

- the refrigerant circuit of the cryo-refrigerator 6 operating according to the reverse Carnot cycle (ideal thermostating cycle in the area of wet steam) includes: a compressor (K) 20 for isentropic compression and an expander (D) 21 for isentropic expansion, as well as a heat exchanger-condenser (TC) 19 and a heat exchanger-evaporator (TI) 22, providing reversible processes of heat transfer [2].

The device also includes: Stirling engine] 0, mechanically connected to the electric generator EG 12, including cold (HC) 11 and hot (HZ) 13, cylinders.

An external freezer (MK) 15 is connected to the device to return industrial cold to consumers.

As an example, the device’s operation on R729 refrigerant (atmospheric air) is given. The temperature ТХВ = 277 К (4 ° C), ТТВ = 297 К (24 ° C), the boiling point of the refrigerant at a normal pressure of 81.4 K.

The device operates as follows. Heated to the maximum possible temperature of 293 K, with a constant volume, in heat exchangers 14, 17 and 18, the resulting steam enters the turbine 1, where the heat is converted into mechanical work, and then into the electric energy in the electric generator 2. The spent steam enters the condenser - evaporator 3, where it gives off the residual heat of the coolant (liquid air) supplied at T = 62.4 K from the cryo-refrigerator 6, by means of a cryopump 23. KI 3 is a mixing condenser similar to the device [3], when it enters it warm steam and cold liquid intensive heat exchange occurs, while the steam condenses, giving up the heat of condensation, and the liquid evaporates due to the heat of condensation. The resulting mixture of steam and liquid R729, at T = 81.4 K, enters the steam separator 4, where it is divided into steam and liquid. The liquid through the KN 8 cryopump enters the cryostat tank that serves as a storage device, and then through the cryopump 9 it is sent to the cryo-refrigerator 6.

The steam obtained by channel fan KB 5 is sent to a cryo-refrigerator 6, where it is heated by heat taken from the cooled liquid to T ~ 120 K, after which the steam is supplied to cooling by blowing a cold cylinder 11 ДС 10. At the outlet of the steam pipe, the steam expands and, due to the throttle effect, is cooled to T = 81.4 K. Due to the mixing of the steam in DS 10, its temperature rises to approximately T = 130 K. After this, the steam, through KB 16, passes through the heat exchangers TP 14, TP 17, TT 18 in series, and at T = 293 K falls into TD 1. The Rankine cycle is over.

The device produces industrial cold, which is selected from TM 14 by a coolant (cryogenic liquid), through circulation organized by a cryopump 24, enters the MK 15 freezer, where it is used by consumers for their intended purpose.

The Stirling engine [4] is used in the Device for additional energy production, due to self-cooling of the working fluid organized in the Rankine cycle. Like all engines of external heat supply, DS 10 operates from a temperature difference between different environments, in this case, cooled steam of the working fluid and TTW (TXV).

The operation of the device is controlled by measuring the temperature of the vapor of the working fluid and water. The process control system (not shown conditionally) is involved in the process control, where the information from the sensors comes from and where (based on the mathematical model of the process) commands are issued to the actuators.

On figa, shows the Rankine cycle on an overheated pair in the TS diagram.

On figb, depicts the Sterling cycle in the PV diagram.

The calorific value of water (HB) is equal to the difference between the enthalpies of water and ice and is determined by the expression [5]:

HB = 335 + 4.19 (T-To) [kJ / kg]; where: T and To are the water temperature and the melting point of ice, respectively, [K].

The theoretical power of TD 1 is calculated by the formula:

N _t = (h _g -h _x ) · m, [W]; where: m is the second flow rate of steam, [1 kg / s]; h _g , h _x - enthalpy of hot and cold steam [6], respectively, [kJ / kg].

The removed electric power with EG 2 is calculated by the formula:

N ₂ = η _e · η _a · N _t [BT]; where: η _e , η _a is the electric efficiency of the generator (0.8), and the adiabatic efficiency of the turboexpander (0.85), respectively.

The refrigeration coefficient was calculated by the formula: f = Tx / (Tg-Tx) · η _k · η _a ; where η _k is the compressor efficiency (0.74).

The processes occurring in the Rankine cycle (figa):

- (a-b) - in the TD 1 turboexpander, the heated steam expands adiabatically and generates energy q ₁ to the EG 2 generator;

- (bb ^/) - steam condenses in CI 3 and gives heat q ₂ cryogenic cooling fluid at constant pressure;

- (b ^/ -s) - the cryogenic liquid is heated in KI 3 with steam heat q ₂ ;

- (c-c ^/ ) - boiling of the cryogenic liquid and its conversion into steam in KI 3, under the influence of q ₂ ;

- (s ^/ -d) - the steam is heated in the condenser of the internal refrigerator TK 19 with heat q ₃ ;

- (d-e) - the steam is adiabatically compressed by channel fans KB 5 and KB 16, energy consumption q ₄ ;

- (e-a) - the steam is heated by heat from the MK 15 freezer, by the heat of the supplied water TF 17 and TT 18 and fed to TD 1. The cycle is completed.

The Sterling DS 10 engine works by thermal expansion of the gas, and subsequent compression, after cooling. The upper part of the hot cylinder ГЦ 13 with the piston is constantly heated by an external heat source (water), while the upper part of the cold cylinder ХЦ 11 with the piston is constantly cooled (cold steam of the working fluid). The pistons are mounted on the crankshaft so that they provide a phase shift of 90 degrees, i.e. while the hot piston reaches its upper position, the cold piston is in the middle position, moving to the right. In this case, power is allocated, part of which is stored by the flywheel. The processes occurring in the Sterling cycle (figb):

- stage (g-h) - gas cooling at a constant volume;

- stage (h-j) - the cold piston moves to the right, compressing the cooled gas at a constant temperature;

- stage (j-f) - a cold piston displaces the cooled and compressed gas into the hot cylinder of the HZ 13, it is heated at a constant volume;

- stage (f-g) - the hot gas expands, pushing the piston in the hot cylinder down. The cycle is over.

Removable electrical power from the EG 12 is calculated by the formula: N ₁₂ = η · _e (Tg-Tx / Tx) (h _{x g} -h) · m, [W].

Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 show the initial data, intermediate data, and calculation results.

Table 1 presents the initial data for the calculations.

Table 2 presents the Temperatures and Enthalpies of the working fluid at characteristic points.

Table 3 presents the calculation results.

Table 1. Basic physical properties of air (R 729) [7]. No. Parameter Units measuring Value one Steam heat capacity kJ / kgK 1.003 2 Heat capacity of the liquid kJ / kgK 1.97 3 Boiling temperature TO 81.35 four Freezing temperature TO 60.15 6 Heat of vaporization kJ / kg 205,4 Table 2. Temperatures and Enthalpies of working fluid at characteristic points [6] The state of the working fluid at a characteristic point in the cycle Temperature in heat exchangers (hall / mountains) and characteristic points, K. Enthalpy, working fluid, kJ / kg TTV = 277 K TTV = 297 K TTV = 277 K TTV = 297 K Cryoliquidity in KH 23 64.8 63 67.2 63.6 Steam at HC 11 85 / 81.4 85 / 81.4 309 309 Steam on TK 19 112/110 119.5 / 117.5 - - Steam at GTs 13, Steam at TF 17 277/273 - 497.6 - Steam at HZ 13, Steam at TT 18 - 297/293 - 517.7 Coolant on TM 14 / Steam 132/128 132/128 - - Steam at the input of KI 3 BY 112 334.2 337.2

Table 3. The results of the calculation of energy indicators Energy Balance Articles The first version of TTTV = 277 K The second option TTV = 297 K 1. Incoming articles. 1.1. Electricity supply from EG2 kW / s: 130.6 144.2 1.2. Electric power supply from EG12, kW / s: 105.8 120.4 Electricity arrival kW / s TOTAL: 236.4 264.6 2. Consumables Electricity to compensate for cold losses, kW / s: 38.7 55.2 Electricity consumption for cryopumps (4.2 m3 / h = 3.5 kW), kW / s: 4 × 3.5 = 14 fourteen Electric energy consumption for channel steam fans (4650 m3 = 10kW) kW / s: 2 × 40 = 80 80 2 × 10 = 20 twenty Power consumption, kW / s, TOTAL: 72.7 89.2 The arrival of electricity, kW / s, TOTAL: 163.7 175.4 Electricity productivity, kW / h: 163.7 175.4 Water consumption, m3 / h four four Efficiency 40.9% 43.9%

Thus, the developed Cryogenic Hydroelectric Power Station includes all the necessary units and devices for the implementation of an urgent problem: the development of technologies that would be based on the use of renewable environmental energy of the “water-ice” phase transition. The advantage of the proposed device is the ability, in addition to electricity, to produce free industrial cold, since in the modern world the problem of obtaining cold is associated with high energy costs.

The electricity generated by the proposed device after use will ultimately return to the environment in the form of heat, as a result of which environmental changes will not occur. The device is environmentally friendly. Its use when used will give not only a great economic effect, but also qualitatively change the energy industry itself.

Information sources:

1. E.I., Levin L.A. Industrial heat pumps. - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1989.

2.. Refrigeration Processes.

3. RF patent No. 2073185 of 04/13/1992, "Mixing capacitor", Krivoshchapov Yu.M.

4. G. Reeder., C. Hooper. Stirling Engines. M, Publ. The World, 1986.

5. The study of processes in humid air: laboratory work / comp .: V.I. Lyashkov, V. A. Rusin. - Tambov: Ed. Tamb. state tech. University, 2008 .-- 28 p.

6. Thermodynamic diagrams of i-IgP for refrigerants. M .: AVISANKO, 2003 .-- 50 p.

7. Baron R.F. Cryogenic systems. - M: Energoatomizdat, 1989 .-- 408 p.

Claims (4)

1. Cryogenic hydroelectric power station including heat exchangers for fuel-free heating of a cryogenic working fluid with a constant volume, an expander for adiabatic expansion of the working fluid, a condensing unit and an evaporator, cryogenic circulation pumps and duct fans, steam cryo separators, steam turbines with electric generators, feeding tank-cryostat, characterized the fact that it is equipped with heat exchangers installed in the working circuit of the technical complex of the cryogenic hydroelectric power station, while they use water-steam heat exchangers, which are resistant to ice formation to heat the working fluid with water, it also has an internal cryo-refrigerator sufficient to compensate for cold losses in the working circuit, and an engine with an external heat supply connected to the electric generator. 2. The cryogenic hydroelectric power station according to claim 1, characterized in that a Stirling engine is used as an external heat supply engine. 3. The cryogenic hydroelectric power station according to claim 1, characterized in that freezers are used as superheaters. 4. The cryogenic hydroelectric power station according to claim 1, characterized in that a mixing capacitor is used in the condensation installation.