RU2820436C2 - Device in form of isolating and insulating frame and methods for manufacture and use thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to insulating structural elements, method of their manufacturing and application. Disclosed is an insulating structural member comprising a first elongated frame member having a first length and a second elongated frame member spaced apart from the first elongated frame member and parallel thereto; Second elongated frame member has second length equal to that of first frame member. Insulating structural member includes a central elongated frame member located between and parallel to the first and second frame members; central frame member has a third length, the same as the first length, and a plurality of first frame members attaching the first elongated frame member to one of the surfaces of the central frame member; first frame elements have connection length, which is less than the first length. Insulating structural element includes a plurality of second connecting elements connecting the second elongated element to the opposite surface of the central element of the frame, wherein said second connection element has connection length considerably smaller than that of first length.

EFFECT: improved insulation properties.

32 cl, 46 dwg

Description

Related applications

This application claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/720,808, filed August 21, 2018, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Other publications

[1] "Measurement Guide: Wood Window Repair, Restoration and Replacement" by Peter Baker, Building America Report - 120, Building Press, 2012. Retrieved from https://www.buildingscience.com/documents/bareports/ ba-1203-wood-window-repair-rehabilitation-replacement/view.

[2] "Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach - 3rd Edition" (Y.A. Chengel, McGraw-Hill, New York (2003).

[3] “Acoustic absorption in porous materials”, Kuchmarsky et al., NΔSA/TM-2011-216995.

[4] Title of the standard ΔSTM C168-97 "Standard Terminology Relating to Insulating Materials" issued by the American Society for Testing and Materials.

Technical area

This information applies generally to construction and, in particular, to the construction of insulating structures using the structural elements described.

Structural members used in the construction of walls, ceilings, floors, doors and windows are typically made of wood or other composite material. Wood conducts energy, mostly in the form of heat, in all directions. However, the conductivity along the grain of wood is approximately 2.5 times higher than the conductivity in the direction across the grain. A typical wall frame stud allows energy to flow from the surface of the stud when the first panel is attached to it, to the opposite surface of the stud, and the second panel is attached to the stud. This allows energy to flow in a straight path from one panel to another through this stud if there is no insulating material to impede this energy flow. In particular, in a rack in which the edges of the rack are separated by connecting elements, the connecting element allows direct flow of energy between the opposing surfaces of the racks. If, in order to increase the resistance to energy flow, the connecting element is placed diagonally between the inner and outer parts of the post to increase the length of the connecting element, the energy flow can actually increase, since the energy flow in the direction of the wood fibers is 2.5 times greater than the energy flow across the grain.

There is a need for a structural element that increases resistance to the flow of energy from one edge in contact with the first panel to the opposite surface in contact with the second panel.

The structural element described herein provides the desired resistance to energy flow, which improves the overall insulating properties of the structure created using such structural elements.

Buildings account for about 30% of global energy consumption. The structural frame of a residential building, framed by solid lumber, accounts for about 20% of the total heat loss unless corrective measures are taken. This problem is called thermal bridging. Windows are a source of even more heat loss. For example, calculations performed by the Building Technology Corporation show that a nominal R-value of 15 (°F.sq.ft/BTU*h) for a wall results in an actual R-value of 7 (°F.sq.ft/BTU*h) ), resulting in inefficiencies greater than 50% when double-glazed polyvinyl frame windows with a rated R-value of 5 (°F.sq.ft/BTU*h) comprise only 18% of the total wall area [1].

Experimental application of modern design solutions and methods using off-the-shelf parts such as conventional 2x4 lumber and glass produces a 2x4 wall with an actual R-value of 15 (°F.sq.ft/BTU*h), 0% heat loss and fully insulated (see Fig. 36E) relative to the nominal R-value of 15 (°F.sq.ft / BTU*h) for the wall mentioned above (see table 5) and a more attractive window with an actual R- 15 (°F.sq.ft / BTU*h), 0% heat loss due to no thermal bridge and fully insulated (see Figure 36G) relative to a nominal R-value of 15 (°F.sq.ft / BTU) *h) for the wall. Retrofitting every building with windows that have zero heat loss relative to the rest of the building envelope within just 20 years would have a significant impact on the energy consumption of buildings on a global scale.

The design solutions and methods described here provide a viable way to solve the problem and cost-effectively construct buildings that can maintain a comfortable indoor environment through passive radiant heating from the sun in winter and passive radiant cooling to the sky in summer. The industry standard for calculating the energy efficiency of buildings is based on one-dimensional heat transfer models. Because of this fact, a fairly extensive amount of disclosure is provided to explain the intuitive understanding of heat flow in three dimensions and how to accurately adjust standard one-dimensional heat flow models to fully capture the meaning of the influence of three-dimensional heat flow and thermal bridging.

For example, standard one-dimensional heat flow models in industry do not allow for the funnel effect, where heat flows partially laterally through the wall into a thermal bridge and bypasses the insulation (see wall structure 3602 in Figure 36B). For this reason, the thermal bridge effect is usually underestimated. The more efficient the building, the greater the influence of the “cold bridge” on the percentage of heat loss and heat gain. Standard industrial 2D and 3D heat transfer models implemented by computer programs are not available for most heat transfer applications, require long setup times, and provide little physical insight into the problems and solutions in actual use.

In contrast, the disclosures mentioned above define measurable ways (ways that have a measure) that a builder can actually depict with a pencil drawing and measure the result with a tape measure (see Fig. 1D-1H, Fig. 2AH and Fig. 2AI). After measuring the metric length in inches (mm) that the heat flow travels, the builder can simply multiply that value by the R-value per inch (R _SI per 1 mm) to obtain the R-value for insulated construction, R _sval (R _SIs ), in imperial (metric) units. For the case of underestimation (by a large margin), this method can be as reliable as the 3D heat flow calculation developed in all parts, but it has the advantage of simplicity and a better physical understanding of the paths of least resistance along which heat can and does flow in reality .

With the necessary experience and based on the above disclosure, a conscientious builder will be able to understand that more indirect measurement methods will result in larger R-values for insulated construction and more direct methods will result in lower R-values. An experienced and conscientious builder can then, without any actual measurements or calculations, develop an intuitive approach to determine the dimensions required to achieve the minimum R-value for an insulated structure using common building materials such as wood. The very concept of R-value for insulated structure defined in this document will help create an understanding of the thermal bridging problem in the construction industry, as well as approaches to how to accurately measure the parameters that characterize this problem and how to solve it.

The industrial products described here have specified lengths (layer thicknesses) in the heat transfer sections and non-straightness (deviation from straightness) measurements "built" into them to achieve any required minimum R-value for an insulated design and therefore do not require There are no calculations in their application. After assembling products such as posts and structurally insulated slabs (a structural implementation of the invention) into a structurally insulated frame (also a solution that is a structural implementation of the invention), using the same traditional methods as a conventional pallet frame, the builder performs structural insulation of the building. After filling the sealed structural frame with insulation, an insulation contractor will completely insulate the building. A significant advantage is that the proposed thermal and structural insulation products also work to achieve structural noise insulation and to prevent the spread of fire.

Insulating building elements that are not structural are well known. Non-structural insulation has characteristics such as relatively high resistance and relatively low density compared to structural elements. When the structural members used to construct any structure allow energy in the form of heat, fire, electricity, radiation, sound and vibration to penetrate the insulation, problems arise. It would be beneficial to provide sufficient strength to the structural member and to provide sufficient space for insulation within the structural member, but to reduce the energy flow through the structural members themselves, in order to improve the performance of the insulating barrier or to assemble such insulating barriers that incorporate the structural members.

The preferred solution to this problem is to design and construct a structurally insulating and insulating frame that has (1) measurable paths of sufficient length, i.e. the shortest paths along which heat flows between the warm and cold parts of the structure (insulation aspect), (2) sufficient internal space to accommodate the insulation (insulation aspect), (3) structural elements of sufficient thickness and width (strength aspect), (4) a balanced relationship between the length of structural insulation and the thickness of the insulating layers (balance between the insulating and insulating aspects), (5) a balanced relationship between the thickness of the insulating layers and the thickness of the structural elements (balance between the separating and strength aspects).

Although these designs and methods are designed to provide fire safety and energy efficiency in residential and commercial buildings, they are widely used in other applications that require structures that insulate not only heat, but also other forms of energy, such as sound, fire, electricity and vibration. For example, the application of the proposed design solutions at the micro- or nanostructural level, with gas filling the internal cavities and providing a sufficient degree of insulation, promises materials with high designed insulating resistance values due to their structure and better overall strength than the best modern materials.

Description of the invention

Therefore, taking into account the problems and shortcomings of the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a structural member having insulating properties.

Another object of the present invention is to provide such a structural element that complements the insulating materials used in conjunction with the structural element.

Another object of the invention is to provide a structural member for support panels on opposite sides of the structural member that provides resistance to heat transfer between the opposing panels.

Another aspect of the present invention is a panel structure with first and second flat panels spaced apart to provide structural integrity and heat transfer resistance.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will be partly obvious and partly apparent from the specification.

The above and other objects that will be apparent to those skilled in the art are achieved by the present invention, which is directed to a panel structure including first and second planar panels that are structurally spaced apart and a plurality of spaced apart structural elements connecting front surfaces of the first and second panels. Each of the structural elements includes a first frame element (frame portion) in longitudinal contact with the first flat panel, a second frame element in longitudinal contact with the second flat panel, a second frame element spaced from the first frame element and substantially parallel thereto, and a frame connecting member in contact with the first and second frame members, a frame connecting member in contact with the first frame member at a plurality of first locations and in contact with the second frame member at a plurality of second locations; the first and second frame elements have free front surfaces turned inward, located between the first and second places. The frame connecting element ensures that there is no direct path for conductive heat flow in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal one between the inward facing surfaces of the first and second frame elements. Structural elements can be made of wood or its composite. The distance between the first and second places is at least 2 times greater than the distance between the first and second places of the frame elements. The frame coupling member consists of a central frame member substantially parallel to the first and second frame members, and a plurality of coupling members perpendicular to the central frame members being in contact with the first and second frame members at first and second locations. The frame connecting element consists of a central frame element substantially parallel to the first and second frame elements, a plurality of first connecting elements connecting a first surface of the central frame element to the first frame element, and a plurality of second connecting elements connecting a second surface of the central frame element located opposite the first surface of the central frame element with the second frame element. None of the first connecting elements is directly opposite any of the second connecting elements. The frame connecting element is composed of a central frame element substantially parallel to the first and second frame elements, and a plurality of connecting elements; each of the connecting elements is attached either diagonally between the first frame element and the central frame element, or diagonally between the second frame element and the central frame element. The panel structure may include secondary connecting elements connecting one of the spaced structural elements to at least one of the other structural elements. The secondary connection elements may connect one of the spaced structural elements to at least one of the other spaced structural elements, wherein the secondary connection elements do not provide a direct path for conductive heat flow between the spaced structural elements in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a panel structure wherein multiple spaced apart structural members have first and second panel faces connected by structural members wherein the frame connector provides no direct path for conductive heat flow in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction between facing inward facing surfaces of the first and second frame elements.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a structural element that connects the first and second panels to create a panel structure. The structural element includes a first elongate frame element, a second elongate frame element spaced from the first and substantially parallel to the first elongate frame element, and a frame connecting element between the first and second frame elements, a frame connecting element in contact with the first frame element at a plurality of first places and in contact with a second frame element at a plurality of second places, and the first and second frame elements also have free internal surfaces between the first and second places. The frame connecting element ensures that there is no direct conductive heat flow path in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal one between the inward facing surfaces of the first and second frame elements.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to an insulating structural member including a first elongate frame member having a first length and a second elongate frame member spaced from and substantially parallel to the first elongate frame member; the second elongate frame member also has a second length substantially similar to the length of the first frame member. The insulating structural member includes a central elongate frame member located between and parallel to the first and second frame members, a central frame member having a third length substantially the same as the first length, and a plurality of first frame members attaching the first elongate frame member. frame member to one of the surfaces of the central frame member, the first connecting members having a connecting length that is shorter than the first length. The insulating structural member includes a plurality of second connecting members connecting the second elongate member to an opposing surface of the central frame member, the second connecting member having a connecting length significantly less than the first length. This structural element ensures that there is no direct conductive heat flow path in a direction perpendicular to the first length. The length of the connection of the plurality of first connecting elements and the plurality of second connecting elements may be less than 20% of the first length of the first elongated frame element and further may be less than 10% of the first length of the first elongated frame element. The first, second, and central elongate members may each be comprised of a plurality of elongate lamination members attached to adjacent elongate members, and the first and second connecting members may be comprised of a plurality of connecting lamination members. The connecting lamination elements of the first connecting element may be interwoven with the elongated lamination elements of the first and central elongate element, and the connecting lamination elements of the second connecting element are interwoven with the elongated lamination elements of the second and central elongate element. The first and second connecting elements may be secured diagonally between the corresponding first or second elongate frame element and the central frame element. The first and second connecting members may be configured to provide a first measurable path between an outer surface of the first elongated frame member and an opposing outer surface of the second elongated frame member with a first length L1, a first width S1, and a first width deviation along the span I1={L1/ S1}-1 greater than 100% (insulation aspect), equivalent to the first geometric insulation factor F1=L1/S1 greater than 2, where the first measurable path is shorter than any other measurable path between the inner and outer surface. The first and second connecting members may be configured such that a first straight path between an outer surface of the first elongated frame member and an opposing outer surface of a second elongated frame member with a second width and a first cumulative distance between the structural members is (a) greater than {(9% ±1%)} from the second span (isolation aspect) and (b) less than {80% of the second span} (not so isolated that the structure becomes weak), where the first cumulative distance between parts of the structure is less than any other cumulative distance between parts structures for any other direct path between the inner and outer surface. The first and second connecting elements may be configured to provide a first path length that is 85 times less than the first aggregate distance between the structural parts (a balance between insulating and insulating aspects), wherein the structural parts include each structural element as well as first and second connecting elements.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to an insulating structural panel having a front and a rear surface; the insulating structural panel consists of a pair of spaced structural members having a first length, a depth equal to the distance between the front and rear surfaces, a width extending perpendicular to the depth, and spaced in the width direction. Each of the spaced apart structural elements consists of a first elongated frame element located along the rear surface and elongated in the direction of the length of the structural element spaced from it, a second elongated frame element located along the front surface located at a distance from and parallel to the first elongated frame element, a second an elongated frame member having a second length substantially the same as the first length, and a central elongated frame member disposed between and parallel to the first and second frame members, and a central frame member having a third length substantially the same, same as the first length. Each spaced structural element consists of a plurality of first connecting elements connecting the first elongate element to one surface of the central frame element; the first connecting elements have a connection length less than the first length; as well as a plurality of second connecting elements connecting the second elongate element with the opposite surface of the central frame element; the second connecting elements have a connection length significantly shorter than the first length. The spaced structural element ensures that there is no direct conductive heat flow path in a direction perpendicular to the first length. The insulating structural panel includes a reinforced insulating material located in depth between the front and rear surfaces, between each of the spaced structural members in the width direction, and substantially the entire space between the first and second frame members. The insulation panel may include at least one additional structural element located parallel to a pair of spaced structural elements. The insulating structural panel may include at least one additional spaced structural element located perpendicular to the pair of spaced structural elements. At least one additional spaced structural element may be attached to each end of one of the pair of spaced elements. The insulating structural panel may include a film radiation barrier attached to at least one of the front or rear surfaces. The insulating material being reinforced may be closed cell rigid polyurethane foam.

Another aspect of the present invention includes an insulated window frame for installing a window with a perimeter frame. A window frame consists of many structural elements connected around the perimeter of the window. Each structural element consists of a first frame element located along the edge of the window on one side of the window, and a second frame element located along the edge of the window on the opposite side of the window and at some distance and substantially parallel to the first frame element. Each structural element includes a window connecting element in contact with the first and second frame elements, a window connecting element in contact with the first frame element at a plurality of first points and in contact with a second frame element at a plurality of second points, first and second frame elements having free internal facial surfaces between the first and second points. The window connecting element ensures that there is no direct path of conductive heat flow in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal one between the first and second frame elements. The window connecting element may extend diagonally between the first and second frame elements. The window connecting element may include a central frame element substantially parallel to the first and second frame elements, and a plurality of first connecting elements connecting a first surface of the central frame element to the first frame element, and a plurality of second connecting elements connecting a second surface of the central frame element. with the second frame element and located opposite the first surface of the central frame element.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to an apparatus consisting of first, second and third structural members spaced apart from each other, a first bracket connecting the first structural element to a second structural element, and a second bracket connecting the second structural element to a third structural element. The second structural element is located between the first and third structural elements. The first and second brackets are shaped to provide a minimum lengthwise non-linear coupling greater than approximately +5%/-0% for energy flow along the shortest measurable path between the first structural member and the third structural member. The first and second brackets are configured so that the total distance between the structural elements exceeds 20% of the depth of the device.

Another design described herein is a device consisting of first, second and third structural elements located separately from each other, a first bracket connecting the first structural element to the second structural element, and a second bracket connecting the second structural element to the third structural element. The second structural element is located between the first and third structural elements. The first and second brackets are configured to provide a minimum non-linear coupling length greater than zero for energy flow along measurable paths (thicknesses) between the first structural member and the third structural member. This condition means that there are no immediate and direct diagonal paths for the conductive flow of energy through structural members and brackets.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a building frame consisting of: a first elongate structural element, a second elongate structural element and a third elongate structural element located between the first and second elongate structural elements, a first truss lattice element connecting the first and third structural elements, connected and spaced apart from each other, and a second truss lattice element connecting the second and third structural elements connected and spaced apart from each other, the second truss lattice element being closer to the first truss lattice element than any other truss lattice element located between the second and third structural elements. The first truss lattice element is located relative to the second in such a way that the shortest distance between the first and second truss lattice elements is greater than or equal to 5 times the thickness of the third structural element.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a building frame consisting of: a first elongate structural element, a second elongate structural element and a third elongate structural element located between the first and second elongate structural elements, a first truss lattice element connecting the first and third structural elements, connected and spaced apart from each other, and a second truss lattice element connecting the second and third structural elements connected and spaced apart from each other. The first truss lattice element is positioned relative to the second truss lattice element such that the most direct installed measurable path between the first elongate structural element and the second elongate structural element has a minimum non-rectilinear coupling across the entire width greater than 100% (structural isolation factor greater than 2) for flow energy between any point on the first structural element and any point on the second structural element.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of creating a building frame, including: providing first, second and third structural members, providing a first truss lattice member configured to be placed between the first and third structural members, and a second truss lattice member configured to be placed between second and third structural members, determining the connection locations for the first and second truss lattice members to provide the most direct measurable end-to-end path establishing a maximum non-rectilinear full-width connection greater than zero for energy flow between any point on the first structural member and any point on the second structural element, and connecting the truss lattice elements to the structural elements at certain connection points.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to an insulated building frame: a first elongate structural element and a second elongate structural element in a coplanar arrangement (ie, lying in the same plane); and a first structural member connecting the first and second elongated structural members; when either the truss lattice structural element has a non-linear shape, resulting in a non-linear relationship along the length of the frame greater than zero for the shortest measurable path between the first and second structural elements, or the truss lattice structural element has a straight (linear) shape and has a slope substantially equal to r1 /r2, where r1 is the thermal resistance of the insulating material surrounding the truss lattice structural element, and r2 is the thermal resistance of the truss lattice structural element along its entire length. In existing embodiments, the truss lattice element is straight, and the angle between the truss lattice element and the first elongate structural element is between approximately 5° and 40°. The thermal resistance r1 may also be the thermal resistance of the insulating material surrounding the device, which may be different from the insulating material surrounding the truss lattice element.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a construction device consisting of a set of structural parts; these parts of the structure include a first structural element (a), a second structural element (b), a third structural element, a first truss lattice, a first truss lattice element, a second truss lattice and a second truss lattice element, a second structural element located between the first and third structural element; the first truss lattice includes a first truss lattice element, the second truss lattice includes a second truss lattice element; each truss lattice element in the first truss lattice connects spaced apart first and second structural elements at a distance of at least 30% of the thickness of the second structural element; each truss lattice element in the second truss lattice connects spaced apart second and third structural elements at a distance of maximum 30% of the thickness of the second structural element; Each truss lattice member is constructed of a material with a tensile strength along the strongest axis of the material greater than approximately 1% of the least tensile strength of the structural member. The parts of the structure are sized and arranged such that their length is at least one of the following: (A) the size of the largest direct path through the parts that is at least 1.5 times the width of the largest direct path for parts of the structure or (B) the size of the largest straight line through the parts of the structure that is 2 times longer than the width of the straightest line through the parts of the structure or (C) the size of the largest straight line through the parts of the structure that is at least 2.5 times longer than the width of the straightest line path through structural members, or (D) the size of the largest straight path through structural members that is at least 3 times longer than the width of the straightest path through structural members, or (E) the size of a truss lattice element connecting a pair of spaced structural members at a distance of minimum 30% of the thickness of the second structural element.

Brief description of drawings

The features of the invention that are considered new and the elements characterizing the invention are set forth in the attached claims with the necessary parts. Drawings are for illustration purposes only and are not to scale. However, an understanding of the invention itself, both with respect to organization and method of operation, is best accomplished with reference to the detailed description of the invention, which is given below, together with the accompanying drawings in which it is illustrated:

Figure 1A illustrates the first solution, which is a structural implementation of the frame configuration.

Figure 1B illustrates the first solution, which is a structural implementation of a frame configuration with insulating material.

Figures 1C-1H illustrate the paths for energy flow through the structural element and the truss lattice elements that make up the frame.

Figures 2AA-2AD illustrate designs with diagonal frame elements.

Figure 2AE illustrates the control circuit for obtaining diagonal frame elements.

Figure 2AF illustrates a truss with a straight frame member.

Figure 2AG illustrates a truss with a straight frame member.

Figure 2AH illustrates a preferred design that is a nominal 2x6 rack design that can be scaled to define a preferred design that has a nominal size of 2x3, 2x4, NxM, where N and M can be integer values. meanings.

Figure 2AI illustrates the measurable path for the frame shown in Fig. 2AN.

Figures 2AJ-2AL illustrate a cross-section of the embodiment shown in Figures. 2AN.

Figures 2B-2I schematically illustrate various 1D and 2D (biaxial) frame designs with more than one layer of diagonal braces.

Figures 2J and 2K schematically illustrate additional frame options with more than one layer of diagonal staples.

Figures 2M-2T schematically show various options for uniaxial/1D frames with straight staples.

Figures 3A-3F schematically show various truss lattice shapes (strut or connector) in a two-float half-member frame.

Figures 3G-3L show the various shapes of truss lattice elements in a double chord frame member.

Figures 4A-4F show different truss lattice shapes in three-loop trusses.

Figures 5A-5F show schematically the various truss lattice shapes in a half-member frame with three chords.

Figures 6A-6C illustrate design solutions having three chords in one direction and three chords in the other.

Figures 6D-6F illustrate various solutions for structural insulation-bearing biaxial frames.

Figures 6G-6H illustrate structural insulation-bearing, insulating frames with the camber included.

Figure 61 shows a design that is not itself an insulating frame solution carrying structural insulation, but is a potential component of a biaxial frame implementation.

Figure 6J shows another option for a structurally insulating biaxial frame.

Figure 7 shows another option for a structurally insulating biaxial frame.

Figures 8-10 show a combination of a single-axial frame and an assembly of several external connecting truss grids, each of which represents a 6A biaxial frame and is an embodiment of an insulating frame carrying structural insulation.

Figure 11A illustrates the connection of four uniaxial frames using the first joinery assembly method i.

Figure 11B illustrates the connection of four uniaxial frames using the second joinery assembly method.

Figure 11C illustrates the connection of four uniaxial frames using the third joinery assembly method.

Figure 12A shows a double glazed unit consisting of a first, second and third biaxial frame, which are shown, and a fourth biaxial frame, which is not shown to better illustrate its construction.

Figure 12B shows a solution that is a design implementation of Figure 12A with a protective coating.

Figure 12C shows a view of the object shown in Figure 12A from the opposite point.

Figure 12D shows a view of the object shown in Figure 12B from the opposite point.

Figure 12E shows a structural implementation of the frame, which includes four uniaxial frames.

Figure 12F shows a variant of the design shown in Figure 12E with one of the four double-axle frames removed, and additionally consisting of six sheets of material between the single-axle frames.

Figure 12G shows another frame option.

Figure 12H shows the variant shown in Fig. 2, where one of the four uniaxial frames is removed and in which there are additionally four sheets of material between the frames.

Figure 13A shows the Type 800 design and shows how single-axle frames and dual-axle frames can be combined into a frame that is structurally insulated in three directions.

Figure 13B shows a close-up of the lower right corner of the 800 structure shown in Figure 13A.

Figure 14 illustrates one of the design solutions for a cylindrical tubular frame.

Figure 15 illustrates one of the design solutions for a biaxial frame, which provides structural insulation in the longitudinal direction of the biaxial frame.

Figure 16 illustrates one design of a triaxial frame with a front layer consisting of three strut-like structures and a front layer consisting of four strut-like structures.

Figure 17A illustrates one design solution for an insulating frame with structural insulation in the form of a building panel with inserts.

Figure 17B shows the structural and lattice elements of the truss of the building panel shown in Figure 17A without other parts.

Figure 18 shows one embodiment of an insulating frame with structural insulation in the form of a building panel containing a lattice structure between two coverings.

Figure 19 illustrates one version of an insulating frame with structural insulation in the form of a window with a double-glazed window and a connection with an oblique lock.

Figure 20A illustrates a solution that is a structural implementation of a frame demonstrating how to make and use a skew lock to connect biaxial frames.

Figures 20B and 20C schematically illustrate the various frame designs shown in Figure 20A.

Figure 21 illustrates one frame design that reduces energy flow along its normal axis.

Figure 22A illustrates one design solution for a uniaxial/1D frame filled with insulating material.

Figure 22B enlarges the area indicated by the dotted line in Figure 22A.

Figures 23A and 23B illustrate two types of connections between a structurally insulated stud and an insulated top plate.

Figures 24A and 24B illustrate a frame consisting of laminated parts.

Figures 25A-25C schematically illustrate in cross-section various options for a frame with a structure of timber-like elements.

Figure 25D illustrates a frame with a beam-like structure that combines one type of truss, including diagonal truss members, and a second type of truss, including several chords connected together by blocks.

Figure 26A illustrates a frame with a beam-like structure, with two parts, each similar to the frame shown in Figure 25D, and a third part in which the two chords are connected by straight through trusses that create a rectangular opening in the center of the frame.

Figure 26B illustrates a frame with a beam-like structure containing several chords connected together by blocks, which may include straight through truss members.

Figures 27A and 27B illustrate another solution, which is a structural implementation of a three-lane I-beam containing two closed truss lattice elements.

Figure 28A illustrates one of the roof frame design solutions.

Rice. 28B illustrates the frame shown in Figure 28A with bevel plates to connect the frame members.

Figure 29 illustrates another solution, which is a structural implementation of a frame that includes a roof truss on the body.

Figures 30A-30D schematically illustrate various stacked and rotatable frame options with seamless connections between truss lattice and bracket structural members.

Figures 31A-31D schematically illustrate various stacked and rotatable frame options.

Figure 31E illustrates a brick frame with cavities.

Figures 32A-32J schematically illustrate various frame designs with curvature, bends, twists, bulges and other distortions.

Figure 33 illustrates one of the design solutions for a radial-shaped frame with surface protrusions in the truss lattice elements.

Figure 34 shows one of the design solutions of a three-belt frame and a potential energy transfer path.

Figures 35A-35C show design solutions for a rectangular frame frame with and without insulating material.

Figures 36A, 36B show thermal imaging results from a comparative side-by-side testing of wall assemblies constructed using battens and structurally insulated studs (a design implementation of the invention) versus conventional studs with externally applied rigid foam insulation.

Figures 36C, 36D show drawings of a test assembly including structurally isolated posts and cross braces (a solution that represents a structural implementation of the invention).

Figure 36E shows the results of a thermal imaging examination of side-by-side comparison testing of wall assemblies constructed using structurally insulated studs (a solution that represents a structural implementation of the invention) with conventional studs with externally applied rigid foam insulation.

Figure 36F shows the results of a thermal imaging examination of side-by-side comparison testing of wall assemblies fabricated using structurally insulated studs (a solution that represents a structural implementation of the invention) against control studs with foam-covered truss lattice elements instead of wood truss lattice elements.

Figure 36G shows a thermal photograph of the interior surfaces for (1) the 2963 prototype window, (2) the 2966 R-15 (°F sq ft/Btu h) insulation surrounding the prototype window, and (3) the standard window. type 2960 with double glazing.

Figure 36H shows a thermal photograph of the exterior surfaces for (1) the 2970 prototype window, (2) the 2973 R-15 (°Fsq ft/BTU h) insulation surrounding the prototype window, and (3) the standard 2976 window. with double glazing.

Figure 36I shows a thermal photograph similar to that in Fig. 36I, but showing part of the cold sky type 2983 with a temperature of -40°F and another view of the window 2980 with a different exposure level for the thermal imager.

Figure 37 shows one type of joint used between frame structures.

Figures 38A-38I show various variations of uniaxial frames combined into a biaxial frame.

Figures 39A and 39B show several structurally insulated double-stud frames.

Figure 40 shows a measurable path through a device with irregularly shaped passages, cavities, protrusions, edges, and boundaries associated with the device (shown as black lines).

Figures 41A, 41B, 42A, 42B illustrate various four-strap single-axis frames with different transverse profiles.

Figure 43 is an exploded view of a panel structure in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 44 is an exploded view of an insulated panel structure in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 45 is a perspective view of a structural element in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 46 is a perspective view of a laminated structural member in accordance with the present invention.

The section entitled “Definitions” provides a list of definitions to clarify the meaning of words and terminology used in this application. The remaining paragraphs in this section define the terminology used to describe and illustrate the instructions in the next section, which describes the drawings in detail.

Definitions

The following definitions are generally used in the context of this specification, but the word used outside of this context may have its ordinary meaning.

Unless otherwise indicated, each of the following definitions is given in the context stated and in the context of a structurally insulated insulating frame device. Definitions are given for the first level of approximation, and sometimes for the second level of approximation. At third and higher levels of approximation, interpretation and modification of the definitions below may be required using the full specification, mathematics, physics and linguistics to make all texts consistent and error-free. Unless otherwise stated, all other meanings of words and phrases apply outside the stated context.

1 by 3 (N by M): (in the context of a structurally insulated insulating frame) the dimensions of the frame, expressed as N, the number of uniaxial frames making up the frame, and M, the number of structural members in each of the N uniaxial frames.

surface thermal resistance: 1. the temperature difference that occurs when resisting any given heat flow through a material, divided by that heat flow; 2. temperature difference per unit of heat flow required to maintain one unit of heat flow; 3. R-value; 4. R _∅ .

connected path: 1. (in the context of a frame) any path that passes over or within a frame and does not pass through any cavities formed by the frame 2. (in the context of a structure) a path that passes through or within a structure but does not pass through through any of the cavities formed by the structure; 3. (in the context of a structure consisting of parts of a structure) a path that passes through parts of the structure and only through parts of the structure.

connected path of least resistance: (in the context of a specified first part of a structure and a specified second part of a structure) a connected path from a first part of a structure to a second part of a structure with a resistance characteristic of that path, where the resistance of that path is less than the resistance of any other connected path between the first part of the structure and the second part of the structure; 2. (in the context of a specified first location and a specified second location in or within a structure) a connected path from a first location to a second location with a path resistance where the resistance of that path is less than the resistance of any other connected path between the first location and the second location.

BTU*h: British thermal units per hour

set: 1. (in the context of measurable paths for a device) a set of measurable paths that all pass through the same sequence of parts of the device; 2. (in the context of measurable paths for a device) a set of measurable paths that converge at the same point.

compressive strength: 1. (in SI units) the compressive force per unit area, measured in measurable units N/m ² , that a structural element can withstand without failure or plastic deformation; 2. (in imperial units) the compressive force per unit area, measured in imperial units pound force/square inch (PSI), that a structural member can withstand without failure or plastic deformation.

cumulative distance between structural members: (in the context of structural insulated framing) the total length of the distance between pairs of structural members traversed by a direct path between the outermost outermost structural members of the frame.

direct path: 1. (in the context of a structurally insulated insulating frame device) the shortest distance unrestricted path that can pass through any part of a structurally insulated insulating frame device, including cavities, material in cavities, and parts of the structure; 2. (in the context of a path with a defined origin on or within a structurally insulated isolation frame device) an unconstrained path that can pass through any part of the structurally insulated isolation frame device, including cavities, material in cavities, and parts of the structure with a straightness value, greater than this value for any other path starting at the specified origin; 3. (in the context of a path with a defined origin on or within a structurally insulated insulating frame device) an unrestricted path that can pass through any part of a structurally insulated insulating frame device, including cavities, material contained in cavities, and parts of the structure with a straightness value greater than that for any other path starting at the specified reference point;

straight limited path: (in the context of a path with a defined origin on or within a structurally insulated isolation frame device) a limited path passing through parts of the structure, but not through the intervening cavities of a structurally insulated isolation frame device, with a straightness value greater than that value for any other trajectory starting at the specified starting point;

Straightness: (in the context of a length-span path) the amount of span divided by the length.

flow resistance ( _R∅ ): (in the context of a general description of surface resistance for various forms of energy). 1. the equivalent of the "R-Value of Thermal Insulation", otherwise known as surface resistance, which quantifies the stimulation per unit of energy flow required to pass a unit of energy flow through the barrier; 2. The "R-value of thermal insulation" or the temperature difference (ΔT) per unit heat flux ( ^q∅ ) required for a unit of heat flux to pass through the barrier, i.e. R _∅ =ΔT/q ^∅ , obtained from ΔT=q ^∅ R _∅ or q ^∅ =ΔT/R _∅ (Fourier’s law for heat); 3. "R-value for electrical insulation" or the square of the voltage (ΔV ² ) per unit of electrical energy (p) required for one unit of electrical energy to pass through the barrier, i.e. R=ΔV ² /p or equivalent R _∅ =ΔV ² /p ⁰ =R/A=bkb=V/R _∅ , obtained from p=ΔV ² /R through p⋅ R∅=∅⋅ΔV ² /R and p ^∅ =ΔV ² /(R⋅∅ ^-1 ) and bp ^∅ =ΔV ² /R _∅ ; 4. R(Pa/(M ³ /c))=Δp(Pa)/Q, where Δр is the pressure difference at both ends of the channel and Q=volume air flow in m3/s [3]; 5. “acoustic R-value,”=R _∅ =D c/cos(θ), or the square of the sound pressure value obtained from q ^∅ =p ² cos(θ)/(D s), where q ^∅ is the sound flow energy, p is the sound pressure, θ is the angle between the direction of sound propagation and the normal to the surface, D is the mass density, and c is the speed of sound propagation in the medium (Fourier’s law for sound).

frame: 1. (in the context of a structurally insulated insulating frame device) an interconnected assembly of two or more structural members and one or more truss lattice members, 2. (in the context of a rough general design definition) a structure consisting of parts connected or connected into a common the mass of particles and intermediate spaces in which the intermediate spaces are detected with a given resolution.

heat transfer coefficient: 1. Thermal conductivity per area; 2. heat flow maintained by the temperature difference divided by the temperature difference.

horizontal: outer x direction.

non-straightness: 1. (in the context of a measurable path) non-straightness within a span and/or non-straightness along its length.

insulating (also to be insulated): 1. (adjective, in the context of a frame) providing (providing) space for insulation within the frame; 2. (adjective, in the context of a structure) providing (providing) space for insulation within a structure; 3. capable of being covered with insulation

insulation axis: (in the context of a structure) any internal direction or internal angle of a structure along which there is a span on either side of the path to be measured and a sufficiently large value of non-straightness in length or non-straightness in width.

insulation material: (as used herein) any mixture of substances that resists the flow of energy through a device, such as closed cell insulation, open cell insulation, rigid insulation, loose fill insulation, poured insulation, spray insulation, wrap insulation, foam, polyurethane foam, spray foam, thermal insulation, foamed in place, cork, clay, straw, rough plaster, sand, autoclaved aerated concrete, wood fibre, fibreboard, glass wool, fabric, ceramic composites, foil, films, fibrous polymers, asbestos , cellular glass board, cementitious foam, polyisocyanurate foam insulation, polyurethane foam, expanded polystyrene foam, extruded polystyrene foam, fiberglass mats, cellulose insulation, airgel, vermiculite, perlite, mineral wool, natural fibers, cotton, straw, hemp, plastic, wool, atmospheric pressure gas, atmospheric pressure gas with a molecular weight greater than that of air, low pressure gas, inert gas, greenhouse gas, thermal insulation, electrical insulation, a layer of metal foil that reflects thermal radiation, acoustic insulation, fireproof insulation, fireproof insulation, etc. d. external truss lattice connector: A connector between the first and second frames that is shared by the first and second frames (synonymous with external truss lattice element).

external connector: (in the context of a truss lattice element of a multi-axial structurally insulated frame isolating device consisting of a pair of frames) connecting an adjacent pair of frames.

internal truss lattice connector: a connector between structural members within a frame (synonymous with internal framing member).

internal connector: (in the context of a truss lattice element of a multi-axial insulated frame isolating device consisting of a pair of frames) connecting the first and second structural members in an adjacent pair of structural members.

isothermal and adiabatic approximation of resistance: for example, page 148 [2], <.see. file://Wright-truss-parallel-resistance-formula-derviation-adiabatic-approximation.mw.>.

least cumulative thickness of structural parts: the smallest value of the cumulative length of each successive straight path in which any of the structural parts overlaps a long straight path passing through the structural parts, as assessed for a representative set of all long straight paths passing through the structural parts (example criterion using this definition); the smallest combined thickness of the parts of the structure that is less than 85% of the length of the longest straight path passing through the parts of the structure,

bound path of least resistance: See bounded path of least resistance.

length to width ratio: 1. (in the context of a path with width and length) the length divided by the width of the path; 2. (in the context of a path with width and length) the fractional number of segments equal to the width contained in the length; 3. (in the context of resistance) the factor by which the resistance of a path multiplied by the width is multiplied to obtain the resistance along the path.

length: 1. (in the context of a path), the length measured along the path; 2. (in the context of a path) a length measured along a path, but not equal to the distance between objects; 3. (in the context of a path) the length of the path.

along-path resistance: See structural insulation resistance.

long straight path: a straight path that is longer than any other straight path on which the straight path overlaps.

longest minor measurable path: (in the context of a set of measurable paths in a set) a measurable path with a length greater than the length of any other measurable path in the set, starting at any point on the opposite side of the most direct measurable path from the starting point of the longest measurable path; (in the context of a set of measurable paths) a measurable path with a length greater than the length of any other measurable path, starting at any point on the opposite side of the longest measurable path from the starting point of the longest measurable path.

longest measurable path: (in the context of a set of measurable paths in a set) a measurable path whose length is greater than the length of any other measurable path in the set; (in the context of a set of measurable paths) a measurable path whose length is greater than the length of any other measurable path.

maximum length non-straightness: the maximum value of non-straightness for a given set of measurable paths.

maximum non-straightness along length: the maximum value of non-straightness for measurable paths extending from any first point in the first specified space to any second point in the second specified space.

maximum lengthwise non-straightness: 1. (in the context of the specified first and second spaces) the maximum value of lengthwise non-straightness for measurable paths passing from any first point in the first space to any second point in the second space; 2. (in the context of a specified set of measurable paths) the maximum value of non-straightness along the length for a given set of measurable paths; 3. (in the context of the straightest measurable path) the maximum value of non-straightness in length for the shortest measurable path superimposed on the straightest measurable path.

element: one of a set, group, array, matrix, combination, pair, triple, multiplicity, multiple, or any other collection of things.

measurable distance: 1. (as defined at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_space#Definition) for any road system and terrain, the distance between two places can be defined as the length of the shortest measurable path connecting those places; 2. (in the context of a measurable path in a frame) the length of the shortest measurable path connecting two parts of the frame; 3. (in the context of a measurable path in a structure) the length of the shortest measurable path connecting two parts of the structure.

measurable path: 1. (in the context of the first part of the frame and the second part of the frame) the shortest path between the first part of the structure and the second part of the frame; 2. (in the context of a first frame part and a second frame part where the frame contains temporary truss lattice members and/or non-structural truss lattice members) the shortest path between the first frame part and the second frame part, determined by excluding temporary truss lattice members and non-structural lattice elements farms; 3. (provisional patent application) the shortest path along which energy can flow through an object between any two specified points within or within the object; 4. (in the context of a frame made of an isotropically resistant material) the connected path of least resistance; 5. (in the context of a frame made of an isotropically resistant material) the path associated with least resistance.

measurable: (in the context of paths) a property related to a binary function of topological space that gives, for any two points in space, a value equal to the distance between them, or equal to a value considered for the purposes of analysis to be analogous to distance, such as measurable distance.

minimum length non-straightness: the minimum value of non-straightness for measurable paths passing between any first point in the first space and any second point in the second space.

minimum lengthwise non-straightness: 1. (in the context of the specified first and second spaces) the minimum value of lengthwise non-straightness for measurable paths passing from any point in the first space to any second point in the second space; 2. (in the context of a given set of measurable paths) the minimum value of non-straightness along the length for a given set of measurable paths; 3. (in the context of the straightest measurable path) the minimum length non-straightness value for the shortest measurable path that overlaps the straightest measurable path.

most direct connected path: (in the context of the first and second part of the frame) the connected path from the first part of the structure to the second part of the structure, characterized by path length L, width S and straightness S/L, where the straightness is greater than that of any other connected path from the first parts to the second.

straightest path: (in the context of a path) a straight path that has greater straightness than any other straight path on which the straight path is superimposed.

most straight: 1. (in the context of a path) having the least amount of non-straightness in width; 2. (in the context of a path) having the greatest straightness value.

truss mother lattice: a combination of structural parts that connect the outermost structural members in a single-axis frame.

minimum truss mother lattice width: (in the context of point 1) the statistical minimum width value for a set of straight paths that intersect a truss mother lattice.

number: 1. (in the context of the text "any quantity used in the formula") any non-negative integer; 2. (in the context of the text "any quantity used in a formula") any integer equal to zero or greater than zero.

panel: (in the context of a design with measurable paths and sets) the spatial region of a design containing one set of measurable paths.

part: 1. (in the context of a frame) structural element, truss lattice, truss lattice element, truss lattice system, structural system, node, surface, cross section, etc. in the frame; 2. (in the context of a structure) structural element, truss lattice, truss lattice element, truss lattice system, structural system, node, surface, cross section, etc. within the design.

path length: (in the context of a measurable path with endpoints) the distance along a measurable path between endpoints, determined by dividing the measurable path into a representative set of path segments and cumulatively summing the segment lengths of all paths in the representative set of path segments.

path of least resistance: (in the context of a specified first part of a device and a specified second part of a device) a path from a first part through any part of a device to a second part with a path resistance in which the resistance of that path is less than the resistance of any other path.

path resistance: (in the context of a path) the local resistance along the direction of the path, multiplied by the elemental length element and integrated over all elemental length elements along the total length of the path.

path segment: (in the context of a measurable path) a portion of a measurable path created by dividing the measurable path into a finite number of pieces, each of which is small enough to be defined as a straight line with the required accuracy for any given calculation.

r-value: 1. resistivity with common units (K m)/W or (°F ft)/(BTU*h); 2. the value of "small r".

range: (in the context of a path with two endpoints) the distance between the two endpoints of the path.

by length: by the distance between the two end points of the path.

straightness by length: (in the context of a path with path length and range) range divided by path length.

length non-straightness: (in the context of a path with path length and range) 1. {path length divided by range} minus one; 2. (in the context of the most direct measurable path for a frame) (the length of the measurable portion of the path divided by the range for the measurable portions of the path) minus one, where the measurable portion of the path is the shortest portion of the path between the outermost structural members to which the most direct measurable path relates path; 3. (in the context of the most direct measurable through path for a frame) {the measurable length of the path portion divided by the range of measurable path portions} minus one, where the measurable path portion is the shortest portion of the path between the outermost structural members on which the most direct measurable path is superimposed through path.

number of hops along the length: the number of inflection points along the measurable path divided by the length of the measurable path.

number of hops along the length: the number of inflection points along the measurable path divided by the length of the measurable path.

resistance along the entire length of the path: 1. (in the context of a path that passes through a material with isotropic resistance) the distance along the path multiplied by the isotropic resistance of the material; 2. (in the context of a path with length and distance of passage through a material with a non-isotropic resistance, described by the resistance tensor) an integral of the components corresponding to the elements of the elementary length in the direction of the distance traveled, consisting of elements of the elementary length multiplied by the component of the resistance tensor in the direction of the distance traveled, consisting of elements of elementary length, obtained as a result of integration over the entire length of the path.

removable: (in the context of a removable truss lattice element) a truss lattice element which is not essential to the structural integrity of the frame, and which can be completely removed, and therefore partially removed, to eliminate all measurable paths that pass through that truss lattice element .

representative set: 1. a subset with enough elements to achieve any required level of confidence for a computation, depending on the number of elements in the subset such that the subset fairly represents the properties of the set containing the subset; 2. a subset with properties that fairly represent the properties of the set containing the subset, provided that it is subject to analysis.

Resistivity: (in the context of this document unless otherwise noted) area resistivity

resistivity: 1. the temperature gradient per unit heat flux that maintains one unit of heat flux between a warmer surface and a cooler thermal barrier surface; (2) (in the context of imperial units and colloquial expression) R-value per inch; (3) (in the context of measurable units and colloquial expression) _RSI per m or _RSI per mm; (4) (in the context of a general description of all forms of energy) the gradient of positive stimulation per unit energy flow maintaining one energy flow between the higher stimulation surface and the lower stimulation surface of the energy barrier.

multiplier that determines resistance: See structural insulation factor.

R _sval : (capital "R", subscript "sval") structural insulating resistance.

r _sval : (lower case "r" - subscript "sval") structurally insulating resistance.

leg length: the distance, determined by a distance formula, between the end points of a leg of path and which is short enough to be accurately approximated as a straight line, to justify the use of the distance formula, and to achieve any required accuracy for any calculation depending on it.

path segment resistance: (in the context of a path segment with length and width passing through a material with non-isotropic resistance) the length of the path segment multiplied by the resistance of the material in the direction of the path segment.

path segment width: (in the context of a measurable path with a first endpoint and a second endpoint related to or within two specified objects) the projected length of a path segment when projected onto any nearest intersecting line, between two specified objects, each containing an endpoint a measurable path point or connects to another object that contains the measurable path's end point.

shortest connected path: 1. (in the context of the first part and the second part of the frame) any connected path from the first part of the structure to the second part of the structure, characterized by a path length in which the length of the path is less than the length of any other connected path from the first part to the second; 2. (in the context of a set of measurable paths in a set) a measurable path whose length is less than the length of any other measurable path in the set; 3. (in the context of a set of measurable paths) a measurable path whose length is less than the length of any other measurable path within the set of measurable paths.

width straightness: (in the context of a measurable path with path width and path length) the width divided by the path length.

width: (in the context of a measurable path with a first endpoint on the first surface and a second endpoint on the second surface) the shortest distance between the first and second surfaces, measured from the first endpoint or the second endpoint, when both measurements give the same result, where the first and second surfaces may be defined by constant depth contours when either the first end point or the second end point is not on that surface; 2. (in the context of a measurable path with a first endpoint on the first surface and a second endpoint on the second surface) the distance traveled along the measurable path between the first endpoint and the second endpoint, determined by dividing the measurable path into a representative set of path segments, and then summing the segments for all path segments in a representative set of path segments, where the first and second surfaces can be defined by constant depth contours when either the first endpoint or the second endpoint is not on that surface.

by width: limits determined by the width.

width direction: (in the context of a path between two endpoints) the radius to the point where surrounding objects touch.

non-linearity in width: 1. (in the context of a path with path width and path length) {path length divided by width} minus one; 2. (in the context of a path with width and overwidth leg length) {overwidth leg length divided by width} minus one; 3. (in the context of a path with width and length) the ratio of length to width minus one; 5. (in the context of a path with some width resistance when passing through a material with isotropic resistance) the factor by which the path width resistance is multiplied to obtain the path resistance along the length of the segment where the excess width occurs; 6. (in the context of increasing the resistance of a structure) a multiplicative factor that quantifies the increase in resistance of a measurable path in a structure compared to a direct path through an array of the same material and the same external dimensions as the given structure.

number of width transitions: The number of inflection points along the measurable path divided by the width of the measurable path.

path width resistance: 1. (in the context of a path passing widthwise through a material with isotropic resistance) the width of the path multiplied by the isotropic resistance of the material; 2. (in the context of a path passing in width and length through a material with isotropic resistance, described by a resistance tensor) the width resistance of the path, determined by dividing the measurable path into a representative set of path segments, and then summing the width resistance of all path segments in the representative path a set of path segments.

width resistance: path width resistance.

Width Resistance of a Path Segment: (in the context of a path segment passing both width and length through a material with a non-isotropic resistance) the width of the path segment multiplied by the resistance of the material in the width direction of the path segment.

non-straightness considering width resistance: (in the context of a path with length and width) {path resistance divided by path width resistance} minus one.

statistical homogeneity: the first statistical value divided by the second, where the first statistical value is the minimum for a given set of values and the second statistical value is the maximum.

stimulation: 1. (in the context of thermal energy) temperature; 2. (in the context of electrical energy) voltage for electrical energy; 3. pressure (in the context of acoustic energy); 4. (in the context of vibrational energy) pressure; 5. (in the context of mechanical energy) work; 6. (in the context of a general description for all forms of energy) a quantity analogous to temperature according to Fourier's law for all fundamental equations that can be expressed in the same form as Fourier's law; 2. temperature for heat flux density grad(T)=q ^∅ R _∅ , obtained from q ^∅ =grad(T)/R _∅ (Fourier’s law for heat); 3. Squared voltage value or voltage for electrical energy based on the choice of R _∅ =R _∅ ' or R _∅ =V/R _∅ ', ΔV ² =p ^∅ R _∅ obtained from p _∅ =ΔV ² /R _∅ (analogous to the law Fourier for electrical energy). Note: I think the square of the voltage will actually be the square of the voltage gradient (grad.V⋅grad.V), which is a quantity that characterizes the electric field; 4. The square of the sound pressure value for acoustic power; 5. pressure for hydraulic power; 6. work for mechanical power. 7. spatial concentration of energy particles, causing energy redistribution; 8. level of energy activity as a function of space-time coordinates.

Structural insulation factor: (in the context of a frame with the most direct measurable path with length L and width S) L/S.

structural member: 1. a structural part whose primary purpose is to carry applied structural loads; 2. a primary structural element, such as, for example, a wall, wall frame, stud, part of a stud, fabric fabric, window frame, part of a window frame, rafter, part of a rafter, beam, part of a beam, belt, part of a belt, but not limited to ; 3. (in the context of a structurally insulated insulating frame device having exactly two structural members and exactly one truss lattice element) the part of the structure that interacts with the truss lattice element; 5. (in the context of a structurally insulated frame device meeting definition 1 or 2) a collection of any number of structural sub-elements, each of which is physically in contact with another sub-element in the set; 6. (in the context of patent application claims) frame.

structural part: (in the context of a structurally insulated framed device) a part that partially or entirely constitutes the frame, has significant structural strength compared to other parts of the device, and contributes significantly to the structural strength of the frame.

structural strength: 1. (SI units) the force per unit area, measured in metric units N/m ² , that a structural element can withstand without failure or plastic deformation; 2. (Imperial units) the force per unit area, measured in imperial units pound force/square inch (PSI), that a structural member can withstand without failure or plastic deformation.

structural: (in the context of a rough definition for a given application), relating to or being part of the structure of a building or other element, such as a panel, window, window frame, door frame, etc., structural elements of a window frame are not necessarily structural elements of the building , into which the window frame is installed. Thus, "constructive" is a relative term that depends on the context.

structural: relating to or being part of the structure of a building or other object, such as a panel, window, window frame, door frame, etc. The structural elements of a window frame are not necessarily the structural elements of the building into which the window frame is installed. Thus, "constructive" is a relative term that depends on the context.

structural: serves to form a structure. The term "structural" depends on the context. The structural element of a window does not require the same strength as a structural element for a load-bearing wall of a house.

constructively insulate: 1. (in the case of a frame with the most direct measurable path of length L and width S) have a measurable path whose length is greater than its width; 2. (in the case of structural members with isotropic resistance) have a path of least resistance across the width and a structural insulation resistance that is greater than the resistivity times the width; 3. (in the case of structural elements with isotropic resistance) have a path of least resistance across the width and a structural insulation resistance that is greater than the resistance across the width.

constructively insulate: 1. (in the context of a given direction) resist the flow of energy along measurable paths with a directional width substantially coinciding with the given direction; 2. (in the context of a structurally insulated insulating frame) resist the flow of energy along measurable paths, e.g., the most direct measurable path through the frame.

Structural insulation resistance: 1. (in the context of a path in which the width passes through a material with isotropic resistance) the length of the path multiplied by the isotropic resistance of the material; 2. (in the context of a path in which the width passes through a material with isotropic resistance) the resistance along the length of the path, determined by dividing the measurable path into a representative set of path segments and then summing the segment resistance for all path segments in the representative set of path segments; 3. resistance along the path; 4. R _sval .

Structural insulation resistivity: 1. (in the context of a path where the width passes through a non-isotropic resistive material) the structural insulation resistance of the path divided by the width resistance of the path; 2. (in the context of a path with width through an isotropic resistance material) the structural insulation resistance of the path divided by the path width resistance; 4. r _sval .

R-value determined by the design insulation resistance: 1. (in

context of a measurable path in which the path length passes through a material with isotropic resistivity) structural insulation resistance.

structure: a single body of material with cavities, such as the frame of a 3D printed house or an object formed from parts such as frame, frame, window frame, door frame, window, door, building, house, building frame, house frame, frame, frame , lattice, farm, skyscraper, furniture, etc.

post: (in the context of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/720,808) a belt or elongated structural member.

part-path length: (in part-path context) the length of a curve along a part of the path.

length exceeding range: 1. (in the context of a path with range and length) length minus range; 2. (in the context of a path with a range and length) the part of the length value by which it is greater than the range and goes beyond it.

overrange resistance: (in the context of a path with range and length) the difference between the resistance of the path along the length and the resistance of the path along the range.

excess of length over length: 1. (in the context of a path with width and length) - length minus width; 2. (in the context of a path with width and length) - the part of the length value by which it is greater than the width and extends beyond it.

overwidth resistance: (in the context of a path with width and length) the difference between the resistance of a path along the length and the resistance of a path along the width.

tangential direction: (in the context of a structurally insulated insulating frame device) - a term for the longitudinal direction of the frame in which bends and reverse loops (rounds) are formed, forming annular or ring-like structures.

temperature gradient: 1. (simple definition) the difference in temperature at points located at some distance from each other, divided by this distance; 2. (physical definition) vector derivative of the spatial temperature distribution function; 3. (in the context of this document) a location for a stimulation gradient that might otherwise be considered a vague term.

temperature: 1. (simple definition) level of thermal activity; 2. (broad definition, applicable to any form of energy, not just thermal energy) level of stimulation; 3. acoustic stimulation.

tensile force: 1. (SI units) the tensile force per unit area, measured in metric units N/m ² , that a structural element can withstand without failure or plastic deformation; 2. (Imperial units) the tensile force per unit area, measured in imperial units pound force per square inch (PSI), that a structural member can withstand without failure or plastic deformation.

specific thermal resistance: thermal resistance.

thermal conductivity: 1. The reciprocal of thermal resistance.

thermal conductivity: heat flow maintained by a temperature difference and divided by that temperature difference.

thermal conductivity: heat flow maintained by a temperature gradient divided by the temperature gradient.

thermal conductivity: the flow of heat through a material in the direction of the gradient, i.e. the flow of heat through a material, measured in W/m ² or BTU*h/ft ² , created in proportion to a given thermal gradient through the material, measured in K/m or "F/in with the common units of W/(m K) or ( Btu*h in)/(sq ft°F) or Btu*h/(ft°F) and called thermal conductivity for short.

thermal energy flow: 1. energy per unit area per unit time, characterizing the number of steady state quanta passing through a unit area per unit time. 2. instantaneous energy per unit area per unit time, characterizing the instantaneous number of quanta passing through the area per unit time.

thermal insulation: 1. R-value for the material with total units (K m ² )/W or (°F ft ² )/(Btu * h); 2. apparent surface thermal resistance of the material, including the effects of conduction, convection and radiation; 3. The reciprocal value of heat transfer; 4. thermally transmitted flow temperature difference across the material.

thermal resistance: temperature difference per unit heat flux density.

thermal resistance: 1. temperature difference caused by thermal conduction flow in a material; 2. the temperature difference between opposite sides of a material, in K or °F, required to produce a given heat flux through the material in W/m ² or BTU*h/ft ² with common units (K m ² )/W or (°F ft ² )/(BTU*h); 3. term used, for example, in ISO 8497:1994(E); 4. a more precise term for a physical quantity, which is sometimes called thermal resistance for brevity [1]; 5. a quantity similar to the R-value of a material, except that it only includes the effect of thermal conduction, as opposed to the R-value, which takes into account all modes of heat transfer, including radiation and convection, as well as conduction; 6. (from the point of view of thermal insulation) the part of thermal insulation per unit area and associated with thermal conductivity, and no other mode of heat transfer; 7. (in terms of R-value) R-value when conduction is the only mode of heat transfer.

thermal resistivity: 1. the temperature gradient per unit of heat flux that is required to maintain one unit of heat flux between a warmer surface and a cooler surface of a thermal barrier; 2. r _val .

thermal resistivity: the ratio of the temperature gradient (in K/m or °F/in) through an object divided by the thermal conduction flux (in W/m ² or BTU*h/ft ² ) through the material created by a thermal gradient with common units ( K/m)/(W/m ² ) or (K*m)/W or (°F ft ² )in BTU*h) or (ft°F)/BTU*h.

through path: 1. a path (in the context of a structure consisting of structural members and the outermost pair of structural members) between the outer faces of the outermost pair of structural members of the frame.

U-Value: Thermal transmittance with common units of W/(m ² K) or BTU*h/(ft ² °F).

vertical: outer direction y.

truss lattice element: 1. (in the context of a structurally insulated insulating frame device) a part of a structure whose primary purpose is to connect other parts of the structure together; 2. (in the context of an insulating frame device with structural insulation) a connecting element; 3. (in the context of a multi-axial frame) an external truss lattice connecting element or an internal truss lattice connecting element; 4. (in the context of a truss lattice as defined herein) a truss lattice member.

truss lattice elements: 1. (in the context of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/720,808) truss lattice, where "truss lattice" means colloquially "truss lattice elements"; 2. (in this application) parts of a truss lattice, where “truss lattice” means “a set of truss lattice elements.”

truss lattice: (in the context of a structurally insulated insulating frame device) a lattice of one or more connecting members.

wood product: wood, finger-joint lumber, variable length lumber, sawn timber, logs, industrial lumber, paper, cardboard, corrugated cardboard, wood fiber reinforced plastic, wood fiber reinforced polymer, fiber boards, GUTEX wood insulation, wood fiber Medium Density Board (MDF), High Density Fiberboard (HDF), Oriented Fiberboard, Plywood, Engineered Wood, Custom Lumber, Structural Composite Lumber (SCL), Laminated Laminate (LVL), Laminated Timber Cross Laminated Lumber (CLT), Cross Laminated Lumber (CLL), Dowel Laminated Timber (DLT), Dowel Laminated Lumber (DLL), Toothpicks, Nail Laminated Timber (NLT), nail-laminated veneer (NLL), parallam, glulam laminated veneer, engineered strand lumber (ESL), laminated strand lumber (LSL), oriented strand lumber (OSL), laminated strand lumber (LSL), laminated strand lumber (LSL), parallel grain lumber (PSL), other forms of structural composite lumber, other forms of structural lumber, other structural wood products.

Method(s) for implementing the invention

When describing the design features contained in the present invention, reference will be made herein to Fig. 1-46 drawings, in which similar numbers indicate similar features of the invention.

In the first embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of truss lattice elements or similar structures are arranged in a certain order among themselves and connect together a plurality of structural elements or similar structures, forming a labyrinth of passages with intermediate cavities. The cavities are preferably filled with one or more insulating fillers or other embodiment of a device embodiment of a device disclosed herein for reducing the flow of energy through said cavities. In some design options, insulating filler is not used. In some design options, voids are evacuated to create a vacuum with a residual partial pressure of a certain value. The passages and cavities are preferably shaped and proportioned such that the shortest paths and passages between the various parts of the device are of sufficiently long length in proportion to their width or thickness to create a multiplicative gain in resistance to energy transmission along the major axes of the device. Any increase in resistance relative to the increase in resistance along the direct path provides an opportunity to reduce the energy flow through the device, even if it is made of materials of construction that are typically of higher density and lower resistance than the insulating core. Preferably, the cavities have a geometry that balances the set of goals of (1) minimizing any reduction in device strength, (2) creating space for one or more insulating fillers, (3) maximizing the length of measurable paths through the device, ( 4) reduce the transfer of target forms of energy along direct paths through the device and (5) reduce the transfer of target forms of energy along any paths through the device. The relative importance of each goal depends on the specific application of the device. Thus, the relative importance of each goal depends primarily on the factors used in the design and construction of any given device for any particular application.

When designing and constructing a device, care must be taken to correctly evaluate the resistivity in relation to the target forms of energy for the materials from which the structural members and truss lattice are made. Resistance for all forms of energy is usually described by a tensor with different components that depend on the direction of energy flow relative to the material's axes, which are determined by the internal design of the material. Care should also be taken to correctly assess the strength of the materials from which the structural elements and lattice elements of the truss are made. Strength is also usually described by a tensor with various components that depend on the orientation of the material's axes relative to the applied force. For example, wood and other materials containing fibers have strength, conductivity, and resistivity values that depend on the orientation of the fibers relative to the stimuli. The strength along the grain is greater than the strength perpendicular to the grain. The electrical conductivity along the fibers is also greater than the conductivity perpendicular to the fibers. The resistance along the fibers is less than the resistance perpendicular to the fibers. Additional benefits of the patented device may include: (1) increased surface area to achieve greater capacitance and contact resistance, (2) reduced area through which energy can flow, (3) increased dimensional stability, (4) reduced weight, (5) directing mechanical forces so that their flow is oriented along the axis of greatest strength of the structural materials used, (6) providing space for the installation of fasteners, such as nuts, bolts, floating teeth, rivets and rivet nails, as well as other fasteners, requiring space for their installation, (7) reducing the need to drill holes through frame elements for laying utilities, (8) providing space for routing structural brackets, structural reinforcement cables and tie-down cables, (9) reducing the moment arm on truss lattice elements experiencing tension and compression, (10) reduced labor, material, injury, and overall construction costs of insulated buildings, (11) reduced production and distribution costs of insulation materials, (12) greater energy efficiency, (13) equal or better strength, or (14) a higher strength-to-weight ratio relative to similarly sized structural members that do not have cavities, have smaller cavities, or are geometrically inferior.

Moreover, the disclosed methods for reducing energy transfer can maintain or even increase the cross-sectional area of the passages, but still reduce the energy transfer through the passages. For example, a design solution for a device may have arbitrarily large transverse dimensions to achieve a given structural strength without compromising the thermal performance of the device along its normal axis. The solution, which is a structural implementation of the device disclosed in the patent, also makes it possible to reduce the transfer of energy along two, three or any number of its axes, called insulating axes. Embodiments may also allow for insulation even when the truss lattice members and structural members are made of the same structural material or structural materials with the same resistivity values. Embodiments may compensate for situations where the truss lattice elements, for reasons of structural integrity, economic cost, or other practical considerations, are oriented such that the axis of least resistance is aligned with the path of energy passing through the structure in an undesired direction. The material from which the truss lattice elements are composed does not require significantly greater resistivity than that of the structural elements. The solution, which is a structural implementation of the patent, may allow structural insulation even when the structure is a thermally unbroken frame for which the resistance of the truss lattice elements is less than or equal to the resistance of structural elements lying along the undesired energy flow path. Various designs of the device disclosed in the patent can reduce the transmission of various forms of energy, such as heat, sound, vibration, shock waves, electricity, electromagnetic energy, radiation and ignition. Thus, device designs are useful for achieving energy efficiency, temperature control, utilization of natural energy sources, temperature control, construction purposes, materials science, energy storage and many other applications. The document also discloses relevant options, systems and methods of use. In general, the disclosed methods can be applied to improve the insulating value of an arbitrary structural frame or material, for example, by selectively removing material or creating frames to design indirect measurable paths and cavities in properly sized frames.

Statistical functions can be used to characterize the properties that define a set of measurable paths for various designs of the disclosed devices. Width non-straightness, length non-straightness, structural insulation coefficient, length non-straightness multiplier, number of transitions along width, number of length transitions, flatness determined by width non-straightness, and flatness determined by length non-straightness - all these are examples of properties that characterize a set measurable paths for various design solutions of disclosed devices. Normalized spread of values, statistical homogeneity, mean, standard deviation, mean deviation, maximum, minimum, statistical range, dispersion - all statistical functions can be applied to properties characterizing a set of measurable paths for various design solutions of the disclosed devices. I envision using these properties and statistical functions to further determine the scope of invention disclosure in future patent applications.

In Fig. 1A and 1B and in general for all images, any specific frame has three directions of its own, (lateral), (longitudinal), (normal). Domestic direction , which is also the longitudinal direction, runs parallel to the length of the frame. Domestic direction , which is also the normal direction, runs perpendicular to the longitudinal direction and parallel to the line passing through the center of the first, second and third belt. Domestic direction , lateral direction, runs perpendicular to the normal and longitudinal direction. Each internal direction has an associated axis through the center of gravity of that application unless otherwise noted. These directions are generally applicable to any object. If the object is part of a frame device, then the longitudinal direction of this part corresponds to the longitudinal direction of the product. If the object has no extensions in any direction, then the longitudinal direction corresponds to the longitudinal direction for the frame as a whole consisting of a given part, unless otherwise specified. If any particular direction inherent in an object is not uniquely determined, then the direction inherent in the object corresponds to the direction for the frame as a whole consisting of a given part, unless otherwise specified.

The words "horizontal", "vertical" and "transverse" are associated with the outer x, y, z directions, respectively. External directions can be indicated in the figure by three straight line segments x, y, z, which originate from one point. The line segment labeled x indicates the positive/negative horizontal direction, sometimes called right/left. The line segment labeled y indicates the positive/negative vertical direction, sometimes called the up/down direction. The line segment labeled z indicates the positive and negative vertical directions, which are sometimes described as “into the page” and “out of the plane of the page,” respectively. The words "horizontal", "vertical" and "transverse" do not refer to the internal axes of frames and do not limit their use. Unless otherwise indicated, when text is face up, (a) the vertical direction runs parallel to the long axis of the drawing page and defines the terms "up" and "down", (b) the horizontal direction runs parallel to the short axis of the drawing page, defining the terms "left" and "right", and (c) the lateral direction goes in and out of the page, defining the terms "in" and "out". In the absence of more detailed information, the longitudinal direction of the referenced object is associated with the external direction described by the adjective used to describe it. For example, "horizontal frame 10" with reference to Fig. 1A will mean that the horizontal direction runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the frame 10.

Three characteristic directions x, y, z determine the characteristic directions of rotation around the axes , , . Each characteristic direction of rotation around the axes , , characterizes rotation around the characteristic directions of any specific frame or object, the axis of rotation of which does not coincide with the axis for a given characteristic direction. Characteristic angle , the roll angle, characterizes rotation about the longitudinal direction when the roll axis and the longitudinal axis are offset as in a spiral motion. Characteristic angle , the yaw angle, characterizes the rotation about the normal direction when the yaw axis and the normal axis are offset, like a turn made in a car. The characteristic angle Ox, the pitch angle, characterizes rotation around the lateral axis when the casting axis and the lateral axis are displaced, as when performing a dead loop. Each characteristic direction of rotation can be used to determine position, offset and angle difference. When the axis of rotation about the characteristic direction actually coincides with the axis of rotation for the characteristic direction of rotation, then the rotation about the axis becomes pure rotation, called proper rotation. In this case, each of the three characteristic angles , , characterizes its own rotation around the characteristic direction of any specific frame or object, because the axis of rotation coincides with the characteristic direction. To distinguish angles relative to an axis from angles of proper rotation, a slash is added to the symbol for proper rotation angles. Characteristic angle of proper rotation , called the lateral inclination angle, characterizes its own rotation around the longitudinal direction when the axis of transverse rotation and the longitudinal axis coincide. Characteristic angle of proper rotation , called the yaw angle, characterizes the rotation around the normal direction when the axis of rotation and the normal axis coincide. Characteristic angle of proper rotation , pitch angle, characterizes rotation around the lateral direction when the axis of rotation and the lateral axis coincide. Each of the external directions x, y, z determines the external rotation angles Ox, Oy, Oz and the external rotation angles Ox, Oy, Oz. External rotation angles , , apply to the rotation of an object about an axis parallel to an outward direction that does not intersect with the object. External rotation angles , , apply to the rotation of an object about an axis parallel to an outward direction that does not intersect with the object. Pure intrinsic rotation of an object around an axis of rotation occurs when the axis of rotation coincides with the axis of the corresponding external or characteristic direction. The central axis of any orbital/proper rotation angle can be derived by finding the center of a circle that is superimposed on the arc drawn in the figure to represent the orbital/rotation angle. Each orbital angle and rotation angle are also useful for describing angular position, displacement, and differences in angular position.

Each solution that represents a design implementation also has corresponding design solutions based on the spatial orientation of the materials that make up the base. The orientation of the material within a structural member, truss lattice, or any part of the framing device is important when the material has non-isotropic strength properties. This specification uses an arbitrary convention whereby Y indicates the direction of greatest strength of the material, X the direction of least strength, and Z the direction transverse to the X and Y directions. In the case of a timber structural member, the direction of greatest strength of the material is often parallel to the longitudinal direction of the structural member . The angles of rotation of the material Ox, Oy, Oz and the angles of rotation of the material Ox, OY, Oz can also be determined for the linear directions of the material X, Y, Z.

Label containing directions X, Y, Z, x, y, z, , or , followed by an identification number with a suffix, indicates that the direction refers to the object indicated by the same identification number in the figure. This mark is often accompanied by a line or arrow to provide a visual indication of direction. For example, the arrow labeled Y104 in Fig. 3A indicates the selected direction of greatest material strength for the diagonal lattice member of the truss 104. Unless explicitly stated, there are no restrictions on the orientation of the materials illustrated or described. The arrow labeled Y105 in Fig. 3G shows that the preferred direction of greatest material strength for the truss lattice element 105 is the same as the longitudinal direction for the truss lattice element 105, indicated by the arrow. 105. Unless otherwise expressly stated, any indication of material direction in the drawing represents a preference and represents a design implementation and not a limitation. As a hypothetical example, the horizontal line indicated in Fig. 1A how 14 will indicate the longitudinal direction of the frame 14. If the identification number corresponds to the grouping of parts, then X, X, Z, x, y, z, , or , followed by an identification number, indicates the direction for all parts in a grouping of parts. As a hypothetical example, the arrow labeled Y412 in Fig. 10 will indicate the direction of greatest strength for the material composing all the truss lattice elements in the on-grid truss lattice array 412. Any set of linear directions can be generalized to any curvilinear coordinate system, such as a paraboloid coordinate system, an ellipsoidal coordinate system, a spherical coordinate system, a cylindrical coordinate system.

Figure 1A illustrates a structure 10 with four 1D (uniaxial) structural members or frames, including vertical structural members or vertical frames 12, 14 and horizontal structural members or horizontal frames 16, 18. In the design solutions for structure 10, the vertical frames 12, 14 are functional as posts, support posts, deformable posts, pillars or spacers, while the horizontal frames 16, 18 function as top slabs, double top slabs, bottom slabs, transoms, trusses, foot slabs or sill slabs. The vertical frames 12, 14 are mounted on the horizontal frames 16, 18. The horizontal frames 18 are mounted on the upper ends 20, 22 of the vertical frames 12, 14, respectively. The horizontal frames 16 are mounted on the lower ends 24, 26 of the vertical frames 12, 14, respectively. Each frame consists of a first element or first belt 31, a second element or second belt 33 and a central element or third belt (rack) 35, which in the structural implementation in Fig. 1A are usually parallel to each other. For structural insulation purposes, the first, second and third chords 31, 33, 35 of each horizontal frame 16 are preferably installed on the first, second and third chord 31, 33, 35 of the vertical frames 12, 14, respectively, as shown in Fig. 1A. Each middle chord has a connecting member or truss lattice member on each side. Each connecting member or lattice member of a truss connects an elongated frame or chord to an adjacent chord. For example, the frame 18 has at least a first tie or lattice element of the truss 32 between the chords 31, 33 in the normal direction z32, which in the embodiment shown is located at the end 37 of the horizontal frame 18 in the longitudinal direction y32. The frame 18 has at least a second truss lattice element 34 between chords 33, 35 in the normal direction, which in the embodiment shown is located at the end 39. Figure 1A also shows a third truss lattice element 32b between chords 31, 33 in the lateral direction , which is located in the longitudinal direction from the first lattice element of the truss 32, towards the end 39. The distance between the lattice elements of the truss 32, 32b is selected so that it coincides with the distance between the vertical frames 12 and 14 in the preferred embodiment, or vice versa, as shown in the figure. . In the version shown in Fig. 1A, there is also a fourth truss lattice element 34b located longitudinally from the first truss lattice element 34, towards the end 37. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 1A, the fourth truss lattice element 42b in the longitudinal direction is located midway between the truss lattice elements 32, 32b. This preferred positioning relative to the truss lattice elements 32, 32b, 34 creates a preferred measurable path 42 through the truss lattice element 32b and 34b in the frame 18. Within the frame, the spacing between the truss lattice elements in vertical frames may or may not be the same (as shown) with horizontal frames. . Another embodiment (not shown) with a truss lattice element 34b located in the third part of the path between the truss lattice elements 32, 32b will have a longer path length and therefore greater resistance for the measured path 42, but will also have a shorter path length and , therefore, less resistance for the most direct measurable path through the truss lattice elements 32 and 34b. The preferred design option shown in Fig. 1A has the same relative distance between any pair of truss lattice elements. Therefore, the straightest measurable path through any given pair of truss lattice elements has the same non-straightness in width as the preferred measurable path 42. In a preferred embodiment with framing members having greater depth than those shown, the interframe spacing between truss lattice elements in the longitudinal direction, the arrangement of frame parts would be large in order to maintain the level of non-straightness across the width. The truss lattice elements 32, 32b form the first truss lattice. The lattice elements 34, 34b form a second lattice of the truss. In the preferred frame design with three structural members, two truss lattice and sequentially spaced lattice elements, as shown in Fig. 1A, truss lattice elements in adjacent lattices are longitudinally offset by half the intra-lattice spacing between truss lattice elements, as shown in the figure.

The vertical frames 12, 14 and the horizontal frame 16 have configurations similar to the horizontal frame 18. The vertical frame 14 is attached to the ends of the horizontal frames 16, 18, while the vertical frame 12 is located closer to, but is not attached to, the ends of the horizontal frames 16, 18 to allow attachment to other frames and an unobstructed view of the ends of the horizontal frame 16, as shown in the figure. In other designs, the vertical frame 12 will be attached to the ends of the horizontal frames 16, 18 to form a rectangular structure. In such designs, the vertical frame 12 will preferably be rotated 180° about its longitudinal axis y such that the truss lattice element 34b lies closest to the other truss lattice element at the left end of the horizontal frame 16.

Another solution (not shown), which is an implementation of the design shown in Fig. 1A includes an embodiment of a vertical structure 12 having a longitudinal spacing of the truss lattice members 34, 34b that is different from the central spacing of the lattice members of the truss 34, 34b in the horizontal frame 18. Another (not shown) solution is an implementation designs in Fig. 1A, includes another embodiment of the horizontal frame 18, in which the longitudinal spacing of the lattice elements of the truss 34, 34b is different from the horizontal spacing of the vertical frames 12, 14. A solution for which the longitudinal spacing of the lattice elements of the truss 34, 34b is equal to the horizontal spacing of the vertical frames 12, 14, gives large values of non-straightness in width for measurable paths in the transverse direction z. Another (not shown) solution, which is an implementation of the design in Fig. 1A, includes another embodiment of a horizontal frame 18, in which the truss lattice elements 32, 32b are long and extend downward between the structural elements 31, 33 of other vertical frame embodiments 12, 14, for which the nearest ends of the truss lattice elements 20, 22 are positioned even further down to accommodate their placement. Another (not shown) solution, which is a structural implementation of the design in Fig. 1A includes an embodiment of a vertical frame 12 in which the proximal end of the lattice member of the truss 20 is long and protrudes upward between the chords 31, 33 of the horizontal frame 18. In this embodiment, the frame 18 is sufficiently offset horizontally to accommodate could fit in. One can also define the normal direction for an energy barrier with inner and outer surfaces consisting of any number of scaffolds. The normal direction is along the line of closest approach between the inner and outer surfaces of the barrier at any given point on any surface. It is desirable that the frames be oriented so that the normal direction of the frame is substantially aligned with the normal direction of the barrier.

In Fig. 1B shows a frame 10' containing a curable insulating material or solid insulation. The frame 10' includes a central slot cavity 44' containing an insulating segment 46' formed from an insulating material. In addition, in Fig. 1B shows a first rectangular cavity 49' defined by opposing and facing surfaces, i.e. the inner front surface 50' of the chord 31' and the opposing surface 52' of the chord 33', as well as the opposing surfaces 54', 56' of the truss lattice elements 32' and 32b', respectively. The rectangular cavity 49' contains an insulating segment 58' formed from an insulating material. The insulating agent used to insulate the segment 58' may be the same or different than the insulating agent used to insulate the segment 46'. Another type of rectangular cavity, i.e. rectangular cavity 62', defined by three surfaces, i.e. the inner front surface 51' of the chord 31', the opposite surface 53' of the chord 33' and the outer side surface 64' of the lattice element of the truss 32'. The length of the cavity 62' extends to the edge 66' of the frame 10'. The rectangular cavity 62' contains an insulating segment 63'. The insulating material used to insulate segment 63' may be the same or a different insulating material as that used to insulate segment 46' or insulating segment 58'. All other cavities between parallel chords are created similarly to 49' and 62' and may optionally contain similar insulating segments formed from the same type or different types of insulating materials. Each solution, which is an implementation of an insulating frame device with structural insulation, has a first associated solution that includes factory-installed cavity insulation and a second associated solution that includes installation of cavity insulation by the builder. For example, one such implementation consists of vertical elements 12 and 14, shown in Fig. 1B, and rigid foam or other rigid insulation that supports the vertical frames 12 and 14 in the configuration shown in Fig. 1B as a 10' prefabricated panel so that the installer can effectively make structural connections that more firmly hold the configuration shown in Fig. 1B by attaching horizontal frames 16 and 18 to vertical frames 12 and 14 and other vertical frames, possibly in similar types of panels. In a more specialized variation of this design, the vertical frames 12 and 14 are made of wood and function as posts. Horizontal frames 16 and 18 attached to the prefabricated panel function as the bottom and top plate of the insulated wall. In another similar structural implementation, the longitudinal axis y14 of the prefabricated panel is oriented in the horizontal x direction and therefore functions as a floor panel. In another similar embodiment, the longitudinal axis y14 of the prefabricated panel is oriented horizontally or inclined diagonally to function as a roof panel. The horizontal frame 16 design includes factory-installed continuous insulation secured between any number of cavities in a manner that eliminates the labor required to install the insulation on the construction site. The vertical frame implementation 12 has factory-installed solid insulation secured between any number of cavities to eliminate the labor required to install the insulation in the field.

In other designs, the frame 10 may be positioned in any specific direction in any suitable position and rotated about any internal corner in any suitable orientation. Frames can move diagonally relative to the horizontal, vertical or transverse direction. In the design solutions shown in Fig. 1A and 1B, the truss lattice elements are shown to expand in a direction usually perpendicular to the chords, however, in various designs, such as those shown in Fig. 2AA, at least one element of the truss lattice is inclined diagonally relative to the chords. In other designs not shown in the figure, at least one element of the truss lattice is extended (b) diagonally at an angle of rotation relative to the chords.

In Fig. Figure 1C shows a representative set of measurable 1CX paths for the 1C framework. Each black dot represents a starting point for another measurable path, typified by starting points 1CA3A, 1CB2A, 1CC1A, 1CD4A, 1CD3A. Each circle with a dot inside (focal point) represents the end point of a measurable path, typified by the end points 1CA3F, 1CB2F and 1CC1F. Representative measurable paths converge to a focal point, typified by the 1CDXF focal point, which is superimposed on the endpoints of the measurable paths with the starting points 1CD4A and 1CD3A, as well as all other measurable paths converging at the 1CDXF focal point. Any endpoint that overlaps the focal point can serve as a representative of the focal point. Thus, endpoints 1CA3F, 1CD2F, 1CC1F, and 1CDXF represent focal points numbered one, two, three, and four, respectively. Each focal point defines a set of measurable paths that all converge at or pass through the same focal point. Thus, focal points one, two, three and four define sets A, B, C and D, respectively. For example, all measurable paths that pass or converge at the focal point 1CDXF form a set D. Each set of measurable paths includes a set of special paths, i.e. the most direct measurable end-to-end path that passes through the defining focal point in addition to the shortest measurable path, the most direct measurable path, the longest measurable path of the smaller paths, and the longest measurable path that converges at the defining focal point.

In Fig. Figure 1D shows examples of special measurable paths in various sets. For example, the longest measurable path in set D is the path that starts at the origin point 1CD4A and ends at the focal point 1CDXF, as shown in Fig. 1D. The longest of the smaller measurable paths in set C is the path that originates at the origin point 1CC3A and ends at the focal point 1CC3F, as shown in Fig. 1D. The most direct measurable path in set B is the path that starts at the origin point 1CB2A and ends at the focal point 1CB2F, as shown in Fig. 1D. The shortest measurable path in set A is the path that originates at the origin point 1CA1A and ends at the focal point 1CA1F, as shown in Fig. 1D. The most direct measurable end-to-end path in set B, shown in Fig. 1E is a path that originates at point 1CB5A, passes through point 1CB2F (shown in Fig. 1C) and ends at point 1CB5G. The most direct measurable end-to-end path and the most direct measurable path require further explanation. If frame 1C has well-defined outer normal faces, then the most direct measurable path in set B can be defined as the shortest measurable path in set B that originates on the outer normal face. If the 1C frame does not have clearly defined external normal facial surfaces, then a more general definition is necessary. More generally, the straightest measurable path in set B is defined as a measurable path in set B with length L, width S, and straightness parameter L/S greater than any other measurable path in set B. To show that a path starting at the initial point 1CB2A in set B and ending at point 1CB2F is the most straight measurable path in set B, it is necessary to prove that no other measurable path in set B has a greater straightness value. To do this, we start by proving that the straightest measurable path in set B has a higher straightness value than the shortest measurable path in set B (see Fig. 1F). The segment of the straightest measurable through path after point 1CB1A is identical to the shortest measurable path having the same length L, the same width S and the same straightness D equal to L/S. Up to point 1CB1A, any measurable path deviating from the shortest measurable path in a direction parallel to the line running in the width direction by a positive amount ΔS will have a width parameter equal to S+ΔS and a length parameter equal to L+ΔS, so the straightness of D will be equal to (S+ΔS)/(L+ΔS). Straightness D (S+ΔS)/(L+ΔS) is greater than S/L in proportion to the value of ΔS. The most direct measurable path in set B, shown in Fig. 1D, has the largest possible deviation ΔS in the width direction and thus has the largest straightness value. To point 1CB1A, any measurable path in a direction parallel to the width-oriented line and deviating from the shortest measurable path by a positive amount ΔS, as well as deviating in a direction perpendicular to the width-oriented line by a positive amount will have a width equal to S+ΔS and a length equal to and in such a way that the straightness of D will be equal to Straightness D, equal to always less than (S+ΔS)/(L+ΔS) for all positive values of ΔS and positive values The same argument applies to any other possible combination of multiple deviations from the most direct measurable path. Any amount of deviation always results in a measurable path with a straightness value less than the straightest measurable path.

Likewise, the most direct measurable end-to-end path also requires further explanation. If frame 1C has well-defined outer normal faces, then the most direct end-to-end measurable path in set B can be defined as the shortest path in set B that passes between the outer normal faces. If the 1C frame does not have clearly defined external normal facial surfaces, then a more general definition is necessary. More generally, the most direct measurable end-to-end path in set B is defined as the most direct connected path in set B, i.e. a connected path in set B of length L, width S, and straightness L/S that is greater than any other connected path in set B. To show that a path starting at starting point 1CB5A in set B and ending at point 1CB5G is the most directly connected path in set B, one must prove that no other connected path in set B has a greater straightness value. To do this, we start by proving that the straightest measurable end-to-end path in set B has a higher straightness value than the straightest measurable path in set B (see Figure 1F). The straightest measurable path and the straightest through measurable path are identical up to point 1CB1F, have the same length L, the same width S and the same straightness D equal to L/S. After point 1CB1F, any straight measurable path deviating from the straightest measurable path in a direction parallel to the breadth-oriented line by a positive amount ΔS has a width equal to S+ΔS and a length equal to L+ΔS, so that the straightness D is (S+ΔS)/(L+ΔS). Straightness D (S+ΔS)/(L+ΔS) is greater than S/L, proportional to the value of ΔS. The most direct measurable end-to-end path, shown in Fig. 1D, has the largest possible deviation ΔS in the longitudinal direction and thus has the largest straightness value. After point 1CB1A, any straight measurable path deviating from the most direct measurable path in a direction parallel to the width line by a positive amount ΔS and deviating in a direction perpendicular to the width line by a positive amount will have a width equal to S+ΔS and a length equal to such that the straightness D will be equal to Straightness D, equal to always less than (S+ΔS)/(L+ΔS) for all positive values of ΔS and positive values The same argument applies to any other possible combination of multiple deviations from the most direct measurable path. Any amount of deviation always results in a measurable path with a lower straightness value than the straightest measurable path. To be completely accurate, it is necessary to describe the path in Fig. 1D as the straightest measurable through path in the normal direction from set B. The straightest measurable through path has the extremely powerful geometric feature of extending between the outer surfaces of the frame in the direction of the width of the straightest measurable through path, regardless of what shape the outer surfaces have.

The longest measurable path in any given set is a measurable path of such length that it is greater than the length of any other measurable path in the set. The shortest measurable path in a set is a measurable path whose length is less than the length of any other measurable path in that set. The longest measurable path of any given smaller path in a set is a measurable path of such length that its length is greater than the length of any other measurable path in the set starting at any point on the opposite side of the straightest measurable path from the starting point of the longest measurable path. The set of local most direct measurable paths in any specified direction is the set containing every most direct measurable path in the specified direction from each set. The set of locally shortest measurable paths in a given direction is the set containing every shortest measurable path in a given direction from each set. The set of the most direct local measurable end-to-end paths in a specified direction is the set that includes every straightest measurable end-to-end path in a specified direction from each set. The set of locally longest measurable end-to-end paths in a specified direction is the set including every longest measurable end-to-end path in a specified direction from each set. The set of locally longest smaller measurable paths in a specified direction is the set including each longest smaller measurable path in a specified direction from each set. Each of these sets defines a set of values for each physical property of interest, such as path length. Each set of values for each physical property of interest then defines a set of statistical values for each statistical function of interest, such as the mean statistical value. Thus, the average statistical path length for a set of locally most direct measurable end-to-end paths is available to characterize the structurally insulated insulating frame device. The list of physical properties of interest is literally unlimited and includes path length, width, straightness along the length, straightness along the length, structural insulation resistance, structural insulation resistance, structural insulation factor and other physical properties. An unlimited list of statistical functions of interest includes maximum, minimum, standard deviation, mean, uniformity of magnitude, occurrence, and other statistical functions. For example, the average width non-straightness for the local straightest measurable paths in the normal direction of a 1C uniaxial frame means the statistical average for each set of width non-straightness values for each straightest measurable path in each set for a given frame. If a measurable path type is not specified for an aggregation function, the aggregation function is applied to all measurable paths except end-to-end paths. For example, average width non-straightness means the average of a set of width non-straightness values for a representative set of measurable paths.

If the set is not specified, then (1) the term "shortest measurable path" means a measurable path of such length that its length is less than the length of any measurable path in any set, (2) longest measurable path means a measurable path of such length that its length greater than the length of any measurable path in any set, (3) the term "longest of the smaller measurable paths" means a measurable path of such length that its length is less than the length of any smaller measurable path in any set, (4) the term "straightest measurable path" means a measurable path with such straightness that its straightness is greater than the straightness of any measurable path in any set, (5) the term "straightest measurable end-to-end path" means a connected path with such straightness that its straightness is less than the straightness of any connected path in any set. For example, in Fig. 1G shows the shortest measurable path in the normal direction for frame 1C. As another example, in Fig. Figure 1H shows the most direct measurable end-to-end path for frame 1C. In Fig. Figure 2AA shows a frame consisting of three structural elements and truss lattice elements with a diagonal slope. The indicated tilt angles are significantly less than ±45° relative to the belts, i.e. 15°. Diagonal elements of the truss lattice in Fig. 2AA can have a variable angle of inclination ±45° relative to the belts. The diagonal elements of the truss lattice in different layers form a chevron pattern. Another design option (not shown) has truss lattice elements with a diagonal slope and diagonal rotation relative to the structural elements.

In Fig. 2AB shows three parallel chords with one row of diagonal braces located between each set of adjacent chords. This frame has diagonal braces/truss lattice elements with a constant distance between braces/truss lattice bars within a layer and a maximum characteristic displacement between braces/truss lattice bars, with the same angular pitch sign, in different layers.

In Fig. 2AC shows a frame 1900 with one open lattice truss of straight diagonal lattice truss elements connecting two parallel chords. The truss lattice elements for this type of design solution have a characteristic longitudinal inclination angle ∅y ₁₉₀₀ relative to the lower chord of less than 40°. The characteristic longitudinal inclination angle ∅y ₁₉₀₀ for the design solution shown in Fig. 2AC, is 15° with alternating positive and negative signs. US Pat. No. 3,452,502, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, discloses a method of connecting two diagonal truss lattice elements to each other and a truss chord using finger joints. The diagonal lattice truss implementations described herein include this type of finger joint as well as any other type of joint used in woodworking.

In Fig. 2AD shows a truss 1900' similar to truss 1900, except for one truss lattice with straight diagonal members 1902 connecting two chords 1901 and 1903 with a spatial spacing of Δz ₁₉₀₁₃ . The straight diagonal lattice element of the truss 1902 has a longitudinal inclination angle ∅y ₁₉₀₁₂ relative to the belt 1901 of 15°. The straight diagonal lattice element of the truss 1902 has a thickness equal to half the spatial separation ΔZ ₁₉₀₁₃ . Pitch angle ∅y ₁₉₀₁₂ , thickness and the spacing ΔZ ₁₉₀₁₃ define a shortest path through the structure from the chord 1901 to the chord 1903, which is the shortest measurable path 1904. The shortest measurable path 1904 has an inclination angle of 29° ∅y ₁₉₀₁₄ relative to the chord 1901; the width of S ₁₉₀₄ is equal to the spatial separation ΔZ ₁₉₀₁₃ , and the length L ₁₉₀₄ is equal to 2 times the spatial separation ΔZ ₁₉₀₁₃ . The structural insulation factor F ₁₉₀₄ for the shortest measurable path 1904 is equal to L ₁₉₀₄ divided by S ₁₉₀₄ , i.e. 2. If the straight diagonal element of the truss lattice 1902 is made of a material with a specific isotropic resistance r ₁₉₀₂ , then the structural insulation resistance r _s1902 is equal to the specific resistance r ₁₉₀₂ multiplied by the structural insulation coefficient, which in this case is equal to 2⋅r ₁₉₀₂ . The physical value of non-straightness along the width I indicates an increase in resistivity provided by the coefficient of structural insulation, i.e. {2⋅r ₁₉₀₂ - r ₁₉₀₂ }/r ₁₉₀₂ , which also leads to the definition of {r-(L/S) - r}/r, which simplifies to 1={L/S - 1}. In this case, the non-straightness along the width is expressed conventionally as a percentage. For the design solution shown in Fig. 2AD, the non-straightness in width is equal to {2⋅r ₁₉₀₂ -r ₁₉₀₂ }/r ₁₉₀₂ . Thus, truss 1900' has a width straightness of 100%, which corresponds to a 100% improvement in structural insulation resistance for an isotropically resistive material. For any non-linearity width I and specific isotropic resistance g, the resistance of structural insulation is {1+1}⋅r. In existing embodiments preferred from a strength point of view, the axis of maximum moments of inertia of the cross-section of the material (the "strong" axis) constituting the lattice element of the truss Y ₁₉₀₂ is oriented parallel to the longitudinal direction of the truss lattice element 1902. In another design embodiment, preferable from a strength point of view, the axis of maximum moments of inertia of the cross-section of the material from which the truss lattice element Y1902 is made is oriented perpendicular or not substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction yi902 of the truss lattice element 1902. These orientation variations the strong axis of the material relative to the axis of the part of the structure where it is used is applicable to all design solutions.

For comparison with the 1900 frame, in Fig. 2AE shows a control sample in the form of a truss 2000 with two belts 2001, 2003 with a spatial spacing Δz ₂₀₀₁₃ , connected to each other by a straight diagonal element of the truss lattice. The straight diagonal lattice element of the truss 2002 has a longitudinal inclination angle ∅у ₂₀₀₁₂ relative to the belt 2001 of 45°. The straight diagonal lattice element of the truss 2002 has a thickness equal to half the distance Δz ₂₀₀₁₃ . Pitch angle ∅у ₂₀₀₁₂ , thickness and spatial separation Δz ₂₀₀₁₃ determine the shortest path through the structure from the belt 2001 to the belt 2003, which is the shortest measurable path 2004. The shortest measurable path 2004 has a longitudinal inclination angle 0ugо14 relative to the belt 2001 of 75°, width S ₂₀₀₄ equal to the spatial separation Δz _{20 013} and length L ₂₀₀₄ equal to 1.04 of the spatial separation Δz ₂₀₀₁₃ . The structural insulation factor F ₂₀₀₄ for the shortest measurable path 2004 is equal to L ₂₀₀₄ divided by S ₂₀₀₄ , i.e. 1.04. If the truss 2000 is made of a material with an isotropic resistivity r, then the structural insulation resistivity is equal to the resistance r multiplied by the structural insulation factor, which in this case is 1.04 R.

For comparison, the 2005 farm shown in Fig. 2AF, includes belts 2006 and 2008 with a spatial spacing Δz ₂₀₀₆₈ , connected by a straight lattice element of the truss 2007 with an inclination angle ∅у ₂₀₀₆₇ relative to the belt 2006 of 90°. These values determine that the shortest measurable path 2009 between chords 2006 and 2008 has a length L ₂₀₀₉ and a width S ₂₀₀₉ equal to the spatial separation Δz ₂₀₀₆₈ , and a structural insulation coefficient L/S equal to 1. If the truss 2005 is made of the same material as and truss 2000 with isotropic resistivity r, then the structural insulation resistivity is equal to the resistivity r multiplied by the structural insulation factor equal to r. Thus, farm 2000 has an improved ratio of {1.04-r - r}/r, i.e. by 4% compared to the 2005 truss. Width non-straightness defines this improvement as {length/width}-1. For example, the shortest measurable path 2004 has a width non-straightness I ₂₀₀₄ equal to {L ₂₀₀₄ /S ₂₀₀₄ } - 1, that is, 4%, so the geometry of the truss 2004 provides a 4% improvement due to the resistivity of the structural insulation.

Figure 2AG illustrates a truss 2000' with chords 2001' and 2003' and a truss member 2004'.

Double chord trusses with straight diagonal truss lattice elements, shown in Fig. 2AC and Fig. 2AD compensate for the effects described for the 2005 truss by (1) increasing the percentage of the length of the most direct measurable inter-string path relative to the size of the diagonal element of the truss lattice, (2) reducing the linear density of the material along the longitudinal direction of the chords, (3) maintaining the ability to increase the transverse extent of the material in structure of the truss, (4) increasing the smallest angle between the shortest measurable path and the local direction along the width, (5) providing a larger area for connecting the truss lattice element to the chords, which strengthens the connection, and (6) increasing the length L of the most direct measurable path relative to its width S, thereby increasing the structural insulation factor L/S and (a) increasing the resistance R=r⋅L along the most direct measurable path, where r is the resistivity in a direction approximately parallel or equivalently (b) an increase in the resistivity of the structural insulation of the truss lattice element, r _s =r _val ⋅L/S. Table 1A summarizes useful formulas, and Table 1B summarizes symbols and terminology. related to the angle relative to the width of the measurable path, in the table corresponds to the slope along the width of the tangent line (the change in the normal direction divided by the change in the longitudinal direction, or the change in the transverse direction divided by the change in the longitudinal direction) relative to any straight part of the path of the straightest measurable path or the shortest measurable path. associated with the angle relative to the chords, in the table corresponds to the slope of the tangent line (change in the longitudinal direction divided by the change in the normal direction, or change in the transverse direction divided by the change in the transverse direction) relative to any straight part of the path of the straightest measurable path or the shortest measurable path.

In Fig. 2AN shows a uniaxial frame 1000, which has three chords 1001, 1003, 1005 and two truss grids 1002, 1004, similar to the uniaxial frame 12 in Fig. 1A. Each of the truss lattice 1002, 1004 consists of at least one truss lattice element 1002a, 1004a, respectively. The truss lattice 1002, 1004 includes end truss lattice elements 1002N and 1004N, which may be the same as the truss lattice elements 1002a, 1004a in the frame, with only one truss lattice element in each of the truss lattice 1002a, 1004a.

For the design solution shown in Fig. 1A, truss lattice 1002 includes truss lattice elements 1002a, 1002b, 1002N, and truss lattice 1004 includes truss lattice elements 1004a, 1004N. For the design solution shown in Fig. 1A, the truss lattice 1002 includes floating connecting teeth 1002a', 1002b', 1002N', and the truss lattice 1004 includes floating connecting teeth 1004a', 1004N'. Two wavy lines 1009 indicate the possibility of using additional lengths of chords 1001, 1003, 1005, additional truss lattice elements and additional floating teeth. Table 2 shows the preferred values of the main dimensional parameters. The preferred dimensional parameters for any other design solution can be obtained by multiplying these parameters by a scale factor. For example, multiplying by a scale factor of 2 results in the preferred dimensions for an 11-inch (~280 mm) deep frame.

In Fig. 2B schematically shows a chord 230 without truss lattice elements, which can be described by code 1. In Fig. 2C-2I schematically show various designs of 1D (uniaxial) frames with each pair of chords connected by a lattice of diagonally spaced truss lattice elements.

In Fig. 2C shows a chord having a vertical row of inclined diagonally expanding truss lattice elements 236 connected to each other, and which can be described by code 1a.

In Fig. 2D shows a solution that is a constructive implementation similar to the image in Fig. 2C, except that the direction of the diagonal staples is reversed. This solution is described by code 1b.

In Fig. 2E shows three parallel chords with one row of diagonal braces located between each set of adjacent chords. In Fig. 2E horizontal diagonal staples are stretched in different directions from each other. This design solution shows a constant intra-layer distance between the truss lattice elements and a characteristic zero offset between the brackets/lattice, with the same angular inclination sign, in different lattice and can be described by the code 1a1a1. Horizontally placed diagonal brackets are almost parallel to each other.

In Fig. 2F shows 2 chords and two sets of diagonal staples, one set to the right of each chord. This frame has a code 1a1a, similar to that shown in Fig. 2E, with the exception of one peripheral belt, omitted for display.

Rice. 2G is similar to Fig. 2E except that staples positioned vertically apart have a different alternation pattern. This frame is code 1a1a1 with diagonal truss lattice elements inclined relative to the longitudinal axis in one direction in the first half of the frame, and then in the opposite direction along the second half of the frame.

Rice. 2H is similar to Fig. 2E except that all diagonal brackets are parallel to each other. This frame code 1a1a1 has diagonal truss lattice elements inclined in one direction and one direction only. For any frame of this type, one or both peripheral posts/belts can be omitted. For some design solutions of the frame shown in Fig. 2C-2I, some or all adjacent truss lattice elements in the same horizontal layer touch each other, as in the structural solutions shown in Fig. 2A and 2B. For other frame options in Fig. 2C-2I (not shown), some or all of the adjacent truss lattice elements in the same horizontal layer are not in contact with each other, as in the embodiments shown in Fig. 3C, 3F. Some design solutions include half-member cells and an odd number of truss lattice elements for each horizontal layer of those truss lattice elements. The number of truss lattice elements per horizontal layer of truss lattice elements varies between one and any positive integer.

In Fig. Figure 21 shows four belts with diagonal braces between them. Horizontally positioned braces are parallel to each other. Vertically positioned braces alternate in a diagonal direction. This can be described as a 1a1a1a1 frame with two unit cells, 4 posts/strings, and 3 layers of diagonal braces/truss lattice elements with constant intra-laminar distance of brackets/truss lattice elements and inter-laminar characteristic zero offset between truss lattice elements with the same polarity of arrangement.

In Fig. 2J shows four chords with diagonal staples between them. Horizontally located curly staples alternate in a diagonal direction. Vertically positioned braces also alternate in a diagonal direction. This can be described as a 1a1b1a1 frame with two unit cells, 4 posts/strings, and 3 layers of diagonal truss brackets/lattices with a constant intra-layer distance between brackets/truss lattice elements and a maximum characteristic interlayer displacement between brackets/truss lattice elements of the same polarity. In Fig. Figure 2K shows five belts with diagonal braces between them. This is a 1a1b1a1b1 frame with two cells, 5 posts/strings and 4 layers of diagonal truss brackets/lattices with constant intra-layer spacing between brackets/truss lattice elements and a maximum characteristic inter-laminar displacement between brackets/truss lattice elements of the same polarity.

In Fig. 2M-2T schematically shows various design solutions for uniaxial/1D frames with straight brackets. The frame in each figure has 1.5 unit cells with a pair of chords each, connected by a lattice having two truss lattice elements.

Figure 2M shows 1 chord 330 with two straight truss lattice members 336. This frame is the control member described by code 1a.

In Fig. 2N shows 1 chord with two straight truss lattice elements attached at lower vertical locations than in the design option shown in Fig. 2B, but essentially the same distance from each other, as in the design implementation Fig. 2B. This frame is a control element described by code 1a.

In Fig. 20 shows three chords with two straight truss lattice elements located between each such set of adjacent chords. The pair of truss lattice elements between the first and second chords is vertically higher than the pair of truss lattice elements between the second and third chords. This frame has code 1a1b1.

In Fig. Figure 2P shows four chords with two straight truss lattice elements between each set of adjacent chords. The pair of truss lattice elements between the first and second chords is at the same vertical height as the pair of truss lattice elements between the third and fourth chords, patterned after design code 1a1b1a1.

In Fig. 2Q shows four chords with two straight truss lattice elements between each set of adjacent chords. Each pair of truss lattice elements is at a different vertical height compared to the other pairs of truss lattice elements, similar to design code 1a1b1c1.

In Fig. 2R shows five chords and four pairs of straight truss lattice elements. The vertical height of the first and third pairs of truss lattice elements is identical in pairs. The vertical height of the second and fourth pairs of truss lattice elements is also the same in pairs. This arrangement corresponds to design pattern code 1a1b1a1b1.

In Fig. 2S shows three chords in the example design code a1b1a1b, with the chord on the left not shown to show that the lattice can be left unattached on one side to create an additional layer of insulating voids when connected to another object.

In Fig. 2T shows four chords in a sample design code 1a1b1o, where the “o” denotes a grid of horizontally expanding truss lattice elements “entering” and/or “exiting” the page. In this case, the truss lattice elements do not connect two chords in the normal direction, but perform the function of connecting a chord in one frame (shown) to a transverse chord in one or more other frames (not shown).

For the most straight measurable path in the normal and/or transverse direction of the frame, defining the width, path length, range, skewness in the range direction, skewness in the width direction, and the largest thickness of a truss lattice element parallel to the width, (1) the ratio of path length to maximum thickness of the truss lattice element is less than a certain value, (2) the maximum thickness of the truss lattice exceeds a certain percentage of the width, and (3) the frame has at least one of (A) the amount of unstraightness in the range direction exceeds 0%, and the amount of unstraightness in the direction width exceeds x, or the amount of non-straightness in the range direction is zero and the amount of non-straightness in the width direction exceeds y, in a preferred design for any application.

In Fig. 3A-3F show six non-limiting examples of lattice shapes in a half-cell frame 129. Each lattice is shown between two adjacent chords. Vertical lines on each of Fig. 3A-3F schematically illustrate the belts as shown at the belt marks 130 and 132 in FIG. 3A. The dotted lines 104, 106, 108, 110 and 112 between adjacent chords schematically represent grids 104, 106, 108, 110 and 112 between chords 130 and 132. Grid 104, shown in Fig. 3A is straight and extends diagonally between chords 130 and 132. A preferred frame device, by way of non-limiting example, that does not have a thermal bridge when installed in an insulated wood frame building with a resistivity of approximately r1 due to insulation in wall cavities, is a truss, shown in Figure 3A and made of a material with a resistivity approximately equal to r2 along the longitudinal direction of the diagonal lattice element of the truss 140, in which the diagonal lattice element of the truss 104 has a slope (Δy/Δx) substantially equal to the value of r1 divided by r2; The x and y directions are shown in Fig. 3A, and resistivities are measured in thermal units °F⋅kb. ft / BTU*h per inch.

The grid shown in Fig. 3B includes a third chord 131 and two grids 105 and 107, which together function as a structural member of a structure similar to grid 106. Grid 108, shown in FIG. 3C is a structural element of a structure like lattice 106, where truss lattice elements 105 and 107 are present in both lattice 108 and lattice 106, and truss lattice element 131' connects truss lattice elements 105 and 107, like structural element 131. However, the lattice element of the truss 131' is not the same structural element as the structural element 131. As a result, the lattice 108 is not a structural element of a lattice-like structure since there is no corresponding structural element included in the lattice 108. In addition, a structural element like segment 131' does not extend across the entire longitudinal length of the half-size cell, delimited by the black circles in Fig. 3C. Each solution that is a design implementation with a half-size cell shape similar to the shape of lattice 106 has a related solution that is a design implementation with a shape like lattice 104, 108, 110, 112 and all other shapes that are implicitly lattice-like. Each closed circle 102 in Fig. 3A-3F represent the junction of a key pair of structural parts. Each closed circle 102 in Fig. 3A-3F appears in the corresponding figure from the group Fig. 4A-4F to illustrate the process of replicating a half-size cell to create a new scaffold. In general, any half-size cell with three structural elements can be replaced by a half-size cell with two structural elements and vice versa in the case of design solutions where the grid shape is advantageous for replacing the half-size cell. The same method applies to half-size cells with more than three structural members. As a rule, with such replacements, the non-straightness along the width can be preserved. Frames with non-zero range skew typically provide higher width skew than structures with zero range skew for any given width of the straightest measurable path in any target direction.

In Fig. 3G-3L show various shapes of truss lattice elements. In Fig. 4A-4F show six non-limiting examples of lattice shapes in a half-size frame cell. The lattice shapes are shown between adjacent chords in a frame that includes at least 3 chords.

For example, in Fig. In Figure 4A, the frame contains three chords, labeled 130', 132', and 132". Compared to the frame in Figure 3A, the frame in Figure 4A has an additional belt - a 132" belt.

In Fig. Figure 4B shows a frame with 5 chords, labeled 130', 131', 132', 131' and 132". The 132" chord is similar to the 132 chord in the sense that the 132" chord is the last chord on the right in the figure and the last chord in the array of structural members, consisting of chords 130', 131', 132', 131" and 132", just like chord 132 - the last chord on the right in Figure 3A and the last chord in the array of structural elements, consisting of chords 130 and 132. Belt 132" has two marks 130" and 132". In the design option shown in Fig. 4B, the 130" belt is the same as the 132" belt. In another embodiment (not shown), the belt 130" is attached to the belt 132" and represents various objects connected to each other. Each closed circle 102' represents a joint of a main pair of structural parts that transfers load to the right and transforms into an open circle 100' to illustrate the process of replicating a half-size cell to create a new frame. Vertical lines schematically represent chords, illustrating chords 130', 132' and 132" in Figure 4A. Dashed lines 104', 106', 108', 110' and 112' between adjacent chords 132' and 132" schematically show truss lattice elements between belts 132' and 132".

In Fig. 5A-5F show six non-limiting examples of lattice shapes in a full-length frame cell. The dash-dotted lines 114', 116', 118', 120' and 122' are the vertical reflection of the dash-dotted lines 104', 106', 108', 110' and 112' in Fig. 4A-4F. The dash-dotted lines 104", 106", 108", 110" and 112" between adjacent chords 130' and 132' schematically show the truss lattice elements between the chords 130' and 132', similar to the dash-dotted lines 104, 106, 108 , 110 and 112 in Fig. 3A-3F The dash-dotted lines 114", 116", 118", 120" and 122" are the vertical reflection of the dash-dotted lines 114', 116', 118', 120' and 122. '. Each of Fig. 5A-5F illustrates how to create a new frame by combining each frame with Fig. 4A-4F, respectively, with a vertical reflection of each frame Fig. 4A-4F.

In Fig. 6A shows a biaxial frame 610 consisting of a plurality of pieces of material, i.e. parts of the structure, including a matrix of 3 by 3 chords, a matrix of 2 by 3 grids intertwined with external elements and a matrix of 2 by 3 grids intertwined with internal elements, in which each grid intertwined with external elements consists of a plurality of externally connected truss lattice elements formed separately from the chords, and each lattice, created by interweaving internal lattice elements, consists of a plurality of truss lattice elements formed separately from the chords. The externally connected truss lattice elements and the internally connected truss lattice elements are arranged such that the biaxial frame 610 is structurally isolated in any direction perpendicular to the chords. In other designs, externally connected truss lattice elements and/or internally connected truss lattice elements are positioned as part of the structural members. These parts of the structure can be conventionally grouped into frames, internally connected lattices (lattices within the frame) and externally connected lattices (lattices between frames) in more than one way, as is typically shown in the following example of the first conditional group. The first level 411 is the frame 411. The second level 412 is the outer connecting array of lattice 412. The third level 413 is the frame 413, which is a copy of the frame 411. The fourth level 414 is the outer connecting array of lattice 414 containing the elements truss lattice for internal connection of lattice panels that are offset relative to the outer lattice connection array 412. The fifth layer 415 is a frame 415, which is a copy of the frame 411. Each of the outer lattice connection arrays 412 and 414 consists primarily of perpendicularly spaced truss lattice elements , participating in internal connections in this direction. In other designs (not shown), the externally connected lattice arrays 412 and 414 and the biaxial frame 610 consist of diagonal lattice truss members for internal connections in that direction, which have diagonal lattice truss elements for internal lattice connections either at a longitudinal angle, either at a transverse angle or at both angles. Each of the frames 411, 413 and 415 consists of a first and second lattice with an internal lattice connection, as well as first, second and third chords. Each of the frames 411, 413 and 415 has substantially perpendicular grids with internal grid connections. In other designs (not shown), the uniaxial frames 411, 413 and 415 and the biaxial frames 610 have diagonal truss lattice members for internally connecting the latticework at a pitch angle, a roll angle, or both pitch and roll angles. In other designs (not shown), these frames have diagonal truss lattice members mounted such that the biaxial frame 610 also has diagonal truss lattice members. The frames 411, 413, and 415 are aligned side-by-side such that the first and second frame chords are aligned with the first and second chords, respectively, and the third frame chords are aligned with each other in a first non-limiting configuration.

Frame 411 is shown separately in Fig. 8. The 412 outdoor joint grid array is shown in Fig. 9 with the frame 411 included in it to clarify the spatial relationships of the lattices and the frame. Frames 413 and 415 are copies of frame 411 shown in Fig. 8. Relative to a single piece of the same material with the same dimensions, the biaxial frame 410 reduces the flow of energy along its normal z-axis, "into" and "out of" the page along a diagonal z-line sloping downward from left to right with respect to the page, and reduces the flow of energy along its lateral x-axis, up and down with respect to the page in the direction shown by the y line. This reduction in energy flow results from the geometric relationship between the structural parts and the measurable paths created by this geometric relationship. As shown in Fig. 6D, the measurable paths for the biaxial frame 410 are substantially the same as the measurable paths for the biaxial frame 410. A preferred solution, which is a structural implementation of a framing device (not shown) for installation in an insulated building, consists of a biaxial frame 410 and an insulating material filling the cavities of the biaxial frame 410.

The preferred solution, which is a structural implementation of a frame device (not shown) for installation in an insulated wood frame building with 2x4 walls and an R-value of 13°F sq.ft. per BTU*h for wall cavity insulation, consists of a biaxial frame 410 constructed of wood and having a normal size of 3.5", wherein the cavities of the biaxial frame 410 contain insulating material with a thermal resistance greater than approximately 2.6°F sq.ft. per BTU*h per inch to achieve minimum compliance with code R5ci, that is, R-values of 5°F sqft per BTU*h per inch to achieve continuous insulation over structural members.

The preferred solution, which is a structural implementation of a frame device (not shown) for installation in an insulated wood frame building with 2x4 walls and an R value of 13°F sqft per BTU*h for wall cavity insulation, consists of a 410 biaxial frame, made of wood, with a normal size of 3.5'', and two cavities with a normal size of 1.5'', where the cavities of the biaxial frame 410 have a common normal size of 1.5", holding insulating material with a thermal resistivity greater than 5 .8°E-sqft per BTU*h per inch, achieving minimum compliance with code R10ci, that is, an R-value equal to 10°F sqft per BTU*h of continuous insulation over structural members.

The biaxial frame 410 has cavities the width of which is similar to the width of the waist members. The agreed value itself is the result of a choice; other options are possible. According to the convention, take the normal direction of the orthogonal biaxial frame, for example, the biaxial frame 410, to parallel guide a line that orthogonally intersects the plane of each component of the uniaxial frame. This same convention, in the context of a manufacturing process that produces uniaxial frames in a first step and then combines the uniaxial frames into biaxial frames in a second step, implies that the normal axis of the biaxial frames produced in the second step is perpendicular to the normal axis of the uniaxial frames. produced at the first stage.

In Fig. 6B shows such a manufacturing process in which two externally connected grids, longitudinally oriented along the horizontal x direction, are positioned in two spaces between three uniaxial frames, which are also longitudinally oriented along the horizontal x direction, to form a biaxial frame 410 by pressing all of the listed structural parts together along the vertical direction y. In Fig. 6B also shows an exploded view of a biaxial frame 410', which is a copy of the biaxial frame 410, but constructed using the second concept of grouping parts of the structure. This grouping concept contrasts with the grouping concept illustrated in Fig. 8-11. The biaxial frame 410' consists of three uniaxial frames 421, 423, 425. The pair of frames 421, 423 are interconnected by a grid array with an external connection 422. The external connection grid array 422 includes three externally connected grids 422a, 422b, 422c , each of which consists of three grids with external connections 422a1, 422a2, 422a3, a typical connection is shown in Fig. 6 V.

In Fig. 6C shows a biaxial frame with a matrix of 3 by 3 chords and 7 truss lattice elements formed separately along each chord, including a peripheral lattice for external connection of peripheral truss lattice elements on the front and back sides of the biaxial frame. The peripheral truss lattice elements for external connection at the front and/or rear of the biaxial frame form a gap and layer of cavities between themselves and another attached frame device or attached object.

In Fig. 6D shows a biaxial frame 409. The biaxial frame 409 has the same shape, size, and cavity design as the biaxial frame 610 shown in FIG. 6A. The structural features of the frame 610 are modeled in relation to the structural parts of the biaxial frame 410 so as to produce a 3 by 3 matrix with chord features and a 2 by 2 matrix with lattice features, which are similar to the chords, external connection grids and internal connection grids in frame 610. These properties can be roughly grouped into frame similarity properties, external joint similarity properties, and internal lattice joint similarity properties, which correspond, respectively, to the frames, external lattice joints, and internal lattice joints described for the biaxial frame structure 610 in Fig. 6A. The biaxial frame 409 reduces the flow of energy along its normal z-axis, in and out of the page along a diagonal z line slanted down from left to right across the page, and also reduces the flow of energy along its lateral x-axis, up and down the page. in the direction shown by the y line. The 409 frame is biaxial because it reduces the energy flow along two axes. In Fig. 6D illustrates two most direct measurable through paths for two different sets of measurable paths with normal direction widths for structural isolation from energy flow from a first chord-like object to a third chord-like object similar to the chords 421a and 421e of frame 410'. In Fig. 6D shows the two most direct measurable end-to-end paths for two different sets of measurable paths with lateral widths for energy flow from the first frame-like object to the third frame-like object. The first and third frame-like objects of the frame 409 are similar to the first uniaxial frame 421 and the third uniaxial frame 425 of the biaxial frame 410'. These measurable paths for the biaxial frame 409 are similar to the measurable paths for the biaxial frame 410 and 410' since the frames 409 and 410 are the same shape and size. The path length of all these measurable paths is calculated as the total length of all path segments between the starting point, intermediate points and the ending point, which are displayed as circles along each of the paths.

In Fig. 6E shows an embodiment of a biaxial frame in which the lattice elements of the truss for external connection of the lattice, running between the structural elements in the vertical direction y, are offset in the longitudinal direction y relative to the lattice elements of the truss for the internal connection of the lattice. Truss lattice elements for internal lattice connections are truss lattice elements that run between structural members in the transverse z direction. This configuration is advantageous for the production of frames in which the structural elements are connected to each other by pins (tenons), since the connections of the truss lattice elements for external connection of the lattice are located in different places than the truss lattice elements for internal connection.

In Fig. 6H shows single-axis frames 415 and 425 without other structural members to show how the structure is constructed.

In Fig. 6I illustrates the principle of converting a single-axis structure 415 or 425 into a solid structure 415' or 425', respectively, which is useful for other disclosed designs. Solid structures 415' and 425' are control samples used to illustrate the process and represent part of a design solution for which a single-axle frame 415 or a single-axle frame 425 is replaced by a solid 415' or a solid 425' in a frame 410 or 410', respectively.

Other design solutions for the frames shown in Fig. 6A-6J and fig. 7, have (1) truss lattice elements with circular, hexagonal, octagonal, polygonal, Nsp-terminal star, where Nsp is an integer, or other shaped sections, (2) Niw of outer connection lattice per each outer connection lattice array, where Niw is an integer.

In Fig. Figures 8-11 show non-limiting examples of frames and external connection grids that can be used to construct the biaxial frames shown in Fig. 6 A and Fig. 6C. In Fig. 8 shows a single-axis frame 411, which is the first part of a two-axis frame 610 shown in FIG. 6A, in accordance with the first conditional grouping. The single-axle frame 411 includes 4 truss lattice elements for internal connection of the lattices 438, 440, 442 and 444, which form a first lattice with an internal connection between the first chord 430 and the second chord 432. The single-axle frame 411 also includes three truss lattice elements for internal lattice connections 446, 448, 450 that form a second lattice with an internal connection between the second chord 432 and the third chord 434. The internal connection truss lattice elements 446, 448, 450 are offset in the longitudinal direction relative to the 4 internal connection truss lattice elements 438, 440 , 442 and 444 at a distance equal to half the distance between the truss lattice elements for internal connections 438 and 440. In Fig. 9 shows, for reference, a single-axis frame 411 and an internal connection grid array 412, which is the second part of the dual-axis frame 610 shown in FIG. 6A in accordance with the first conditional grouping. The external connection lattice array 412 consists of 18 external connection truss lattice elements that expand in the transverse z direction. The external connection lattice array 412 connects the single-axis frame 411 to the single-axis frame 413. The combination of the single-axis frame 411 and the external connection grid array 412 is also an implementation of the single-axis frame with a peripheral lattice array. In Fig. 10 shows an external connection grid 412a that is typical of all three external connection grids in the external connection grid array 412. Each of the three external connection grids includes six external connection truss elements, which are typically represented by external connection truss elements. grating connections 412a. The lattice elements of the truss for the external connection of the grids 412a correspond to the branches of the leading line for the grids used for the external connection 412a. In Fig. 9 shows a uniaxial frame 413 for reference. The combination of a uniaxial frame 413 and an external connection grid array 414 is also a design implementation of a uniaxial frame with a peripheral lattice. The external connection lattice array 414 consists of 18 external connection truss lattice elements, all of which extend in the same transverse direction relative to the plane of the uniaxial frame 413 in an outward direction from the page along a diagonal line sloping down from left to right on the page. By pressing together the frame 411, the external connection lattice array 412, the frame 413, the external connection lattice array 414 and the frame 415, a frame 410 is obtained, as shown in Fig. 6A. When the outer connection lattice array 412, frame 411, outer connection lattice array 412, frame 413, outer connection lattice array 414, frame 415, and outer connection lattice array 414 are pressed together, a biaxial frame is shown in Fig. 6C.

In Fig. 12A reveals the structure of a three-axis window frame 700, consisting of four bi-axial frames 710, 720, 730, 740, similar to those shown in Fig. 6A. The triaxial window frame 700 has structural insulation in the horizontal direction x12, the vertical direction y12, and the transverse direction z12, that is, in the direction parallel to the plane of the frame, shown as x12 in Fig. 12A, and in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the frame, shown as y12 in Fig. 12A. As a result, the triaxial window frame 700 provides structural insulation in any direction perpendicular to any of the constituent biaxial frames. The solution, which is a constructive implementation and shown in Fig. 12A includes first, second, and third sheets 751, 753, 755 of material within the inner perimeter of the window frame 700. Each of them, the first sheet 751, the second sheet 753, and the third sheet 755 may be a rigid sheet such as glass, acrylic , plexiglass, polycarbonate, polymer, crystalline solid, sapphire, diamond, or a non-rigid sheet of optically transparent material such as window film, insulating window film, acetate, polyester. In designs where a flexible material is used, it is preferably tensioned over one of the support frames 701, 703 and 705 and possibly compressed using heat to form a tight seal and remove wrinkles. In other designs (not shown), each of the support frames 701, 703 and 705 contains multiple sheets of material. In some design solutions, as shown in Fig. 12A, sheets 751, 753, 755 and any other sheets are composed of optically transparent or light-diffusing material. In embodiments of the previous designs, the sheets have a coating, such as a protective film, a UV protective film, a low-emissivity coating on any of the front and/or rear surfaces of any additional sheets, as well as on the front and/or rear surfaces of parts 751', 751'' , 753', 753'', 755', 755'', shown in Fig. 12D sheets 751, 753 and 755, respectively. Preferably, sheets 751, 753, 755 and any additional sheets are constructed from a rigid material to provide maximum strength and durability. Preferably, to ensure durability while reducing weight, the end sheets are made from a rigid material, i.e. from sheets 751 and 755 in embodiment 700, as shown in Fig. 12A. Window frame 700 shown in Fig. 12A may, by way of non-limiting example, function as a main window on a wall or a casement window. The window frame 700 is composed of four biaxial frames, including a first frame 710, a second frame 720 (not shown and designated here in the text for reference only), a third frame 730, and a fourth frame 740. The first frame 710 and the second frame 720 are oriented vertically and are joined by a third frame. a frame 730 and a fourth frame 740, which are oriented horizontally. The first and second panels 751, 753 are located adjacent to each other, forming a cavity that can be filled with gas, preferably an insulating gas. The second and third panels 753, 755 are positioned adjacent to each other to form a cavity which may also be filled with gas, preferably an insulating gas. The second vertical frame has been removed to show the interior of the window frame 700. Each frame is a 3 by 3 frame piece formed by joining 3 uniaxial/W frames, each consisting of an array of 3 chords. For example, the frame 710 consists of three uniaxial frames, i.e., uniaxial frames 711, 713 and 715, each of which consists respectively of an array of 3 chords, {711', 711'', 711'''}, {713' , 713'', 713'''} and {715', 715'', 715'''}, which, to preserve the clarity of the illustration, are marked here in the text, but not in Fig. 12A. To illustrate the composition of a uniaxial frame in Fig. 12A shows an array of chords {721', 721'', 721'''} making up the uniaxial frame 721. The uniaxial frames 711, 713 and 715 are connected to each other by external connection truss lattice members 712 and 714, not labeled to avoid confusion in image, but shown in Fig. 12A with members for externally connecting the grids 712' and 714' that form the biaxial frame 710. Each component of the biaxial frame 710, 720, 730, 740 is structurally insulated in its normal direction. and in its lateral direction In the embodiment shown in the illustration, the ends of the frames are cut diagonally and connected to a miter joint (45°). Each chord joint can be a miter joint, a spline joint, a butt joint, a dowel joint, a mortise joint, a lap joint, a tongue and groove joint, a rectangular groove joint, a dovetail joint, a finger joint, or any other known type of butt joint. . The component frames are connected in such a way that the belts in similar belt layers are connected together. Energy will then flow through the corners instead of through the ends of the chords in any of the component frames. In contrast, solid window frames represent thermal bridges in all three spatial directions. In this design option, the corners have “thermal bridges” in the sense that the truss lattice elements in adjacent layers are not displaced. One of the two truss lattice elements at each corner, as indicated by the mark 714' in the upper left corner of the window frame 700, is a temporary truss lattice element that is added to maintain the shape of the frame during transportation and then removed during installation to remove thermal bridging and increasing energy efficiency. This configuration can be further modified by adding a 4th 1D frame at the front or rear, which has 3 chords, and a fourth glass panel. Frame 699, another solution that is a structural implementation of window frame 700, not shown but identified here in the text for reference, has no window glass and forms a frame for a window opening that is structurally insulated in all x12, y12, z12 directions. This opening frame can be installed in a larger frame, such as the 827 wall frame shown in Fig. 13A. Such an opening frame can function as a door frame, a portal frame, a window casement, a window frame for a closed/opened window, a module for an opening, a tunnel through a wall, a frame at the exit of a chamber for household needs, a double-sided flange for mounting insulated shafts on both sides, structural frame of the building, etc. Such an opening frame could consist of three frames, as shown in Fig. 12A, but rotated so that the longitudinal direction frame 720 coincides with the vertical axis .

In Fig. 12B shows a solution that is a constructive implementation of Fig. 12A with a side molding or protective covering 760 around the outer perimeter of the window frame 700, which may also be applied to the frame 699. The covering 760 is a preferred insulating material. The cover 760 may also be made of veneer or film, for example, as a means of sealing the side walls from the penetration or leakage of gases from the internal cavities of the frame 760. Some frame options 699 and 700 have a protective coating along the internal perimeter 760'. Other frame embodiments 699 and 700 do not have a protective coating along (A) the outer perimeter, (B) the inside perimeter, and/or both A and B. In other embodiments, the voids between the structural portions of frames 699 and 700 are filled with material. It is desirable that this material be insulating. If the insulating material is gas, then the cavities between sheets 751, 753, 755 and any additional sheets can be filled - along with the cavities between the structural parts of the frame. If the outer perimeter of the frame does not have a protective coating or the protective coating does not prevent gas penetration or leakage, then the fill material can serve as a seal against gas infiltration/exfiltration through the cavities. The sealant can be used to seal the edges of sheets 751, 753 and 755 and any additional sheets. The sheets may contact the normal surface of the structural member near the edge of the sheet, as illustrated by contact surface 759 shown in Fig. 12C. The feature 735' has a groove on the contact surface 759 that provides a mounting location into which the sheet 755 is seated. The groove also provides a support surface for sealant when it is applied before seating the sheet 755. Any feature with the same groove as the feature feature 735' cannot have the same groove as feature 733', as shown in the image of contact surface 757 in Fig. 13C. For this type of contact surface, the sheet and/or sealant rests on the inner side surface of the structure 733'. For interface 757, a groove can be created without removing material by adding a spacer to the inner side surface of structure 733'. Frames 699 and 700 may have window sills. Non-structural or structural insulating window caps can be incorporated using the same methods described for window frame 700. Frame 359 in Fig. 36C includes structural insulating hardware in the form of a uniaxial frame 360' that is inserted horizontally. In some designs, four frames 710, 720, 730 and 740 form a four-sided cross. The joinery method described can also be used to construct squares, tees, four-sided crosses, flat grids, six-sided crosses and space grids (not shown). At contact surface 755, one structural element in one uniaxial frame is connected to a pair of structural elements in another uniaxial frame. Any of the front face single-axle frames and any of the rear face frames in the frame 700 may be solid, as shown in Fig. 6H by converting frame 425 into solid wood 425' as shown in Fig. 61. Although the resulting solution is no longer structurally insulated directly through the solid timber members, the internal uniaxial frames still structurally insulate the remainder of the frame 700.

Biaxial frames 710, 720, 730 and 740 may also have molding or protective coating on the outer front normal surfaces. The protective covering can be the same as the side one. The specified protective coating is visible during installation and can be used for decoration. The preferred option for excellent insulating performance is a protective coating. In embodiment, side molding 760 includes two vertical components 761, 763 and two horizontal components 762, 764. In embodiment 765, front molding is formed around all four sides of the front side 700' of window frame 700, and rear molding 765' ( 12D) is formed around all four sides of the rear side 700'' of the window frame 700. In Fig. 12C and 12D show the window frame 700 from the opposite side. In Fig. 12D depicts an embodiment of the frame 700 with a protective coating.

In Fig. 12E shows frame 780, which is a single-axis version of triaxial frame 700 that acts as structural isolation in the normal z-direction, which coincides with the transverse z-direction in the figure. The frame 780 consists of three thin frames 781, 783 and 785, which are laid in the transverse z direction. The first thin frame 781 is a combination of structural elements 781', 781'', 781'' and 781''''. Options for the frame 780 may be any of the options mentioned for the opening frame 699. For example, the frame 780 may have a protective coating. By dividing any complete rotation about an internal angle into N discrete angles that are not necessarily evenly distributed, one can conceptually create a frame as an N-shaped polygon, or any part of an N-shaped polygon. For example, a four-step rotation of a structural member along an angle of inclination 781' creates features 781'', 781''' and 781'''' and the entire frame 781 moves as a single piece rather than the set of four parts shown in Fig. 12E. For example, four-step angular rotation of structural members 781', 782', 783', 784', 785' creates the functional equivalent of the entire frame 780 as one piece rather than a set of 20 pieces. It is possible to build the same window frame 780 using four-stage rotation angle rotation of structural members 781', 783' and 785', placing truss lattice members 782', 782'', 782''', 782'''' between reference frames 781 and 783 with a preferred uniform spacing between them, and then placing the truss lattice elements 784', 784'', 784''', 784'''' between the reference frames 783 and 785 so that they are offset relative to the truss lattice elements 782 ', 782'', 782''', 782'''' with a preferred offset towards the rotation angles midway between the truss lattice elements 782', 782'', 782''', 782''''. Additional constraints, such as structural integrity at joints and aesthetic design, may change the preferred rotation angle of truss lattice elements. Another embodiment of the frame 780 has an octagonal shape resulting from eight-stage rotation of the structural parts 781', 782', 783', 784', and 785'. This same conceptual process applies to any design implementation, not just frame 780. You can start with a biaxial frame like biaxial frame 730. For example, a four-step orbital rotation of biaxial frame 730 results in a multi-axis frame 700. End connection conditions The 730 frames at a 45 degree angle give the frame a different aesthetic than the ends of the 780 frames that do not have a 45 degree joint. For a particular design option, it can be concluded how many discrete steps in the angular direction are used for rotation. N steps can be used to rotate structural elements, and another number of steps, M, can be used to rotate truss lattice elements. The offset is applied to truss lattice elements in one of two adjacent trusses.

In Fig. 12F reveals the structure of a window frame 780' using first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth sheets of insulating material numbered 791, 792, 793, 794 and 795 along the inner perimeter of the window frame 780. Each sheet noticeably reduces convective heat transfer between the outermost sheets, which are sheets 791 and 796 for the design option shown in Fig. 12F. Any sheet incorporated into window frame 780' or window frame 700 may be multiple thinner sheets pressed together. Other design options have less than six sheets. For example, window 2963 manufactured for testing has five sheets of glass panels. Other structural implementation options include more than six sheets, more than three structural elements and more than two truss chords made up of truss lattice elements. Options for the window frame 780' may include any of the options mentioned for the window frame 700. For example, the window frame 780' may also serve as a window casement, a sash for a casement window, or the like. Any options mentioned here also apply to 700 and 840' windows. In window embodiments 700, 780 and 840', the space between each pair of sheets is filled with insulating gas. In the preferred energy efficiency embodiments of windows 700, 780' and 840', the space between each pair of sheets is filled with an insulating gas with a molecular weight greater than that of air to slow the convective heat flow between the sheets 751, 753, 755, 791 , 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 851, 852, 853, 854. In the structural implementations of windows 700, 780' and 840', preferable for reducing convection, reducing heat loss and increasing radiation through the window, the space between each pair of sheets filled with a greenhouse gas with a molecular weight greater than that of air. A greenhouse gas is, for example, carbon dioxide, methane or any other gas that absorbs solar radiation. The greenhouse gas works to absorb incoming radiation and then radiates energy in all directions, with approximately 50% of the incident radiation returning to some degree back relative to the direction in which the radiation fell. During the heating season, the greenhouse gas works to prevent heat loss from the building in which the window is installed by absorbing and radiating incident radiation back into the building. During the heating season, greenhouse gases work to actively reflect infrared and visible radiation produced by the sun and surrounding objects. Instead, any other gas with a high molecular weight and/or an absorption line in the visible or infrared spectrum can be used. The experimental window 2963 shown in Fig. 36G, was filled with carbon dioxide using dry ice, and the sublimation process was accelerated to produce carbon dioxide. Experimental window 2963 used a 708' window frame. The greenhouse gas may also serve as a filler for another embodiment of the present invention. In addition, the greenhouse gas can also be used to fill structures that do not have an insulating and insulating frame, such as an insulated glass unit, window, wall cavity, or other type of sealed frame.

In Fig. 11A, 11B and 11C depict an embodiment including four single-axle frames and another method of joining four single-axle frames together to form a rectangular frame. In Fig. 11B shows a method for connecting four uniaxial frames by connecting each structural member in one frame to another structural member in a similar layer of the other frame. Instead of attaching individual features, you can attach a pair of features in one frame to one feature in another frame, as shown in Figure 1. 11A at interface 755. The joinery joining method illustrated in Fig. 11A and 11B, allows for a single structure to be created with the same structural insulation factor as the component frames, measured along the most direct measurable path in a direction perpendicular to those structural members. In Fig. 11B shows an embodiment for connecting uniaxial frames. The joinery joining method shown in Fig. 11B allows for the creation of a single structure with a lower structural insulation factor than the component frames, measured along the most direct measurable path in a direction perpendicular to the specified structural elements. However, this method of joining joinery may be preferred as a non-limiting example.

In Fig. 12F and 12G show a structural isolating frame 840 and a structural isolating window 840', each of which includes four uniaxial frames 831, 832, 833, 834. Each of the uniaxial frames 831, 832, 833, 834 includes two truss chords 841 and 843, interconnected by a lattice of diagonal truss elements, which typify the diagonal lattice elements of truss 842. These lattice truss elements can have any angle of inclination from 0° to ±90° relative to one of the chords of truss 841. The shown elements of the truss lattice have an angle tilt 15° with alternating positive and negative sign. In other embodiments (not shown), the lattice elements of the truss 842 are connecting reinforcement elements with polygonal or circular sections. The latches, which are typical variations of the latches 844, provide a bracket for securing the diagonal lattice members of the truss 842 that terminate at the ends of the frame 831, 832, 833 or 834. In some embodiments, the structural isolating frame 840 is rotated 90° about its central axis , extending in the transverse z direction relative to the frame figure such that the bottom frame 833 supports the frames 832 and 834. In this configuration, the frames 832 and 834 can function as struts, and the frames 831 and 833 can function as a top and bottom plate, or vice versa. In the current configuration, frames 831 and 833 can function as posts, and frames 832 and 834 can function as cross braces. In Fig. 12G shows a partial cutaway view where the single-axis frame 831 has been lowered to more clearly show the edges of the glass panels 851, 852, 853 and 854 that are included in the frame 840 to create a structurally insulating window 840'. All options mentioned for windows 700 and 780' also apply to window 840'.

In Fig. 13A shows a structure 800 that is structurally insulating in three directions. In particular, the figure shows how uniaxial/1D frames and biaxial/2D frames can be combined with each other to form a frame that is structurally insulating in three directions in this case (1) up and down through the foundation frame in the vertical direction y13, (2) inward and outward through the foundation frame along the north/south axis, transverse z13, and (3) inward and outward through the foundation frame along the west/east axis, and horizontal axis x13. Four frames connected at right angles, illustrated by the 825 biaxial frame in Fig. 13 A, form a frame that serves as an insulating and insulating foundation for the walls of the building. In Fig. 13A also discloses a method for constructing a wall with uniaxial/1D frames that serve as studs, exemplified by uniaxial frame 812, and uniaxial/1D frames that serve as top slabs, exemplified by uniaxial frame 816, and bottom plates, exemplified by uniaxial frame 818. . A variant of the structural implementation of the 812 rack-mount single-axis frame, shown in Fig. 13A, and representing each of the posts, has truss lattice elements that (1) have the same thickness and width as the structural members, and (2) are located along the longitudinal direction y812 at the same intervals as the uniaxial truss lattice elements frame 816 having a top plate design. The uniaxial frame 812 having a strut design derives its strength from the fact that the truss lattice elements are short relative to their span in the normal direction z812 so that the applied forces have a small length of leverage on which to exert their effect. Please note that it is advantageous to assemble any biaxial frame using the joinery assembly method shown in Fig. 12G and 12H. Any number of floating connecting teeth between a truss lattice member and adjacent structural members can strengthen the frame against shear forces acting in the longitudinal direction. Note that thermal bridging may occur in the corners of the foundation frame because the staples in adjacent layers are not offset. However, unlike the frame shown in Figures 12A-12D, this frame has only one edge that is exposed to the indoor environment. The entire surface of the frame is not exposed to this environment, as is the case with the window frame shown in Figures 12A-12D. Thus, those truss lattice elements in adjacent layers that are not displaced are not a thermal bridge. They are a purely mechanical joining element that increases strength at the joint corner. In Fig. 6H shows uniaxial frames 415 and 425, which are the outermost uniaxial components of biaxial frame 410. Biaxial frame 810 has a uniaxial frame 815 with a normal z-axis oriented vertically similar to frame 415, and a uniaxial frame 825 similar to frame 425 with a normal z-axis oriented vertically. z axis oriented along the transverse z direction. In an embodiment (not shown), the vertical uniaxial frame 815 is a continuous panel with the same overall dimensions as the frame 815 to provide additional strength and function as a joint member along the rim of the structure when installing other structures, such as a floor. In another embodiment (not shown), the horizontal uniaxial frame 825 is a solid slab with the same overall dimensions as the frame 815 to provide additional strength and function as a base plate for attachment to a sill plate, hook bolts, or as similar methods of connecting the frame 810 to any additional portion of the foundation, which may include, but is not limited to, masonry, a concrete wall, a concrete slab, a pier system, or a solid wood frame. In other embodiments (not shown), the vertical uniaxial frame 815 and the horizontal uniaxial frame 825 are solid slabs configured as in the previous two embodiments, similar to Fig. 1, which shows frames 415 and 425 as solid slabs with the same overall dimensions as frames 415 and 425.

In Fig. 13A, the bottom portion 805 of the structure 800 is formed from (a total of) four biaxial frame segments, similar to the biaxial frame 810, connected in a rectangular shape that resist heat flow in directions not parallel to the length of the truss chords. Each of the four biaxial structure segments includes three single-axle structures and three structural elements per single-axial frame for a total of nine structural elements. At the southeast corner of the bottom of the foundation 800 is a bottom frame 805. Another structural embodiment includes uniaxial frames similar to the uniaxial frames 820 extending horizontally between two opposing biaxial frames of the bottom 805 that function as structural isolating beams in embodiments of the type 800 structure. The vertical portion 827 of the type 800 structure is formed from seven 1×3 uniaxial frame segments 812 that resist heat flow in the z13 direction perpendicular to the plane of the frame portion 827 and function as struts in embodiments of the structure 800. These seven type segments 812 are connected through their lower end portions to a uniaxial frame 818, which serves as a bottom plate for the wall, and are connected above to a uniaxial frame 816, which serves as a top plate, through their upper end portions. In one embodiment of the construction method, the entire vertical portion 827 is assembled lying on a horizontal surface and then inserted into place, as is often done in a conventional timber or stud frame. The weight reduction provided by the cavity structure of each frame in the vertical portion 827 has the advantage of (a) reducing stress and injury to workers, (b) making it easier to lift the vertical portion 827 into position, and (c) allowing larger wall sections to be built when The total weight of the vertical part of the 827 is comparable to the total weight of a conventional wall frame. In another embodiment (not shown), a containment shell, wrapping material, or other means defining the outer surface is applied to the inner and outer surface of the structure 800 to create completely enclosed cavities that are filled with insulating material to block the convective flow of gas trapped in the enclosed cavities, and caused, for example, by temperature differences across the entire surface of the wall or the spread of heat from a fire, as well as blocking the heat-conducting flow through closed cavities, including cavities of frame elements. The three truss chords of each uniaxial frame segment 812 enhance structural reliability by, for example, (1) preventing sudden failure if any of the three truss chords are exposed to fire, chemicals, projectile impact, shock wave, earthquake, hurricane, or other adverse event. , and (2) increased time to failure under steady-state adverse conditions in the above scenarios compared to the double-string truss design options. Another advantage is that the binary relationships between each truss lattice element and each structural element mean that the structure is determinative of structural engineering analysis. Another design option includes a lattice or horizontal truss lattice elements that connect adjacent uniaxial segments of structure 812 into a lattice similar to that shown in Fig. 35A. This design option can further increase the time to failure during a fire, especially if the structure is insulated with a fire-resistant insulation core such as mineral wool or borated cellulose insulation such that the fire burns along the most direct measurable path.

In Fig. 13 A close-up view of the southeast corner of the 800 structure shown in Fig. 13A. This frame is a smaller 2-axle frame that fits into a larger 825 2-axle frame to increase the strength of the corner joint.

In Fig. 14 shows a cylindrical tubular triaxial structure 910, including first, second and third circular frames 913, 915, 917 of concentric, coaxial first, second and third circular chords of trusses 930, 932 and 934, with each circular frame located vertically relative to one frames along a common vertical axis and parallel to others. The circular structural elements and the frame lattice element between them are inextricably linked to each other. In other embodiments, the truss lattice elements and circular structural elements separate sets of structural parts connected together. This configuration provides structural isolation along (a) the axial direction of the cylindrical frame and (b) the radial direction, which covers both the horizontal and transverse directions. To summarize, the triaxial structure 910 provides structural insulation in a direction along any perpendicular to the truss chords. This is a variation of what is shown in Fig. 6A. The configuration may be modified to include (a) fewer concentric truss chords, or (b) additional concentric truss chords, and/or (c) fewer vertically positioned circular frames, and/or (d) additional vertically positioned truss set chords . In the embodiment shown in Fig. 14, between the concentric chords of the trusses there is a distance similar to the thickness of the individual chords of the truss, however, other options (not shown in the figure) have a smaller relative distance and a greater relative thickness of the individual chords of the truss. As a non-limiting example, the distance between the first and second truss chords may be the same or different from the distance between the third and fourth truss chords. In the design option shown in Fig. 14, the distance between vertically arranged sets of truss chords is approximately 4-5 times the thickness of the individual truss chords, which provides significantly non-zero non-straightness along the span in the vertical direction and better illustrates the internal structure of the circular frames. However, a smaller or larger distance can be used. A smaller distance between truss chords results in greater non-straightness along the span and higher values of structural insulation coefficients in the vertical and radial direction. In the design option shown in Fig. 14, horizontally expanding frame lattice elements 936 are arranged so that four horizontally expanding frame lattice elements are located between adjacent pairs on concentric truss chords at a given height. The corresponding distances between frame lattice elements can be derived by scaling the dimensional parameters given in Table 2 and then using them as the lengths of arcs around the circumference of a circular structural element. The spacing between arcs can also be calculated using the equations in Table 2 and working backwards from the target structural insulation factor F _target , adjusted for the effect of non-isotropic resistance along the measurable paths in the target direction, to determine the distance that is related to the length along the measurable path. For example, using the measurable path reference shown in Fig. 2AI for the frame of three truss chords shown in Fig. 2AN, distance approximately equal where L is equal to F _target ⋅S. In this case the interval - corresponds not to linear length, but to arc length. To understand this idea, consider the uniaxial frame 1000 shown in Fig. 2AN, in a circle. Alternatively, imagine cutting out one of the circular structures and straightening it out. Finally, one can rework the equations in Table 2 for curve length and do the calculations directly in cylindrical coordinates. Similar ideas underlie the calculation of the distance between frame lattice elements in vertical directions (axial direction). In the variant of constructive implementation shown in Fig. 14, the vertically flared truss lattice elements 938 are arranged such that four vertically flared truss lattice elements are located between adjacent sets of truss end chords, and four vertically flared truss lattice elements are located between adjacent sets of truss end chords. In other variants of the structural implementation, there are also vertically expanding truss lattice elements located between adjacent intermediate chords of the truss by analogy with the biaxial frame shown in Fig. 6E. In other options, by analogy with the biaxial frame shown in Fig. 6 J, between adjacent intermediate chords of the truss there are vertically expanding frame lattice elements located only between adjacent intermediate chords of the truss. A variant of the structural implementation of the 910 frame, shown in Fig. 14 corresponds to the bend of a slightly longer version of the biaxial frame design shown in Fig. 7, with additional frame lattice elements around the tilt axis in such a way that the ends of the biaxial frame cover and are connected to each other at the ends. Other structural options for triaxial frames can be created by bending any biaxial frame, as shown in Fig. 6A-6J and fig. 7, along the rotation axis, tilt axis, or any other axis, which allows the structural elements to surround and connect to each other at their ends. Frame 910 in fig. 14 is a variant of the constructive implementation of ~20-step rotation along the angle of inclination of structural elements and 4-step rotation along the angle of inclination of the frame lattice elements. The 45° offset is applied to the tilt rotation for the outer lattice of each single-axis frame. This figure practically illustrates the continuous rotation of infinitely short structural elements, but does not accurately illustrate the continuous rotation of a section of structural elements, since 3D CAD software is not capable of modeling continuous curves, i.e. non-discrete curves. Continuous rotation along the first axis of rotation of the spin-symmetric array of transverse structural elements creates concentric structural shells. These structural shells can be structurally isolated by discrete-step rotation about the same axis of rotation and with the same rotation angle of the cross sections of the truss lattice elements, with the truss lattice elements being related to adjacent lattice and with different angular displacement. Further continuous spin rotation of the array of structural elements along the orthogonal direction of rotation creates completely closed concentric structural cells. These structural shells can be structurally isolated by discrete orbital rotation along an orthogonal direction of rotation with the cross-sections of the truss lattice elements, with the truss lattice elements being located in adjacent lattices at different angular offsets. All truss lattice elements for external connection may be solid cylinders, but are shown here to (a) expose the internal structure (b) provide structural isolation along the axial direction and (c) create a triaxial frame.

In Fig. 15 illustrates an embodiment of a multi-dimensional biaxial structure, type 1500. In this embodiment, truss chords 1501, 1503, and 1505 are each manufactured from a vertical row of frames 1510, and each lattice element of the truss 1502 is manufactured from a vertical row of frames 1512. More precisely, in the embodiment shown In the illustration, each truss chord is made from a vertical row containing about 50-60 frames, and each truss lattice element is made from a vertical row containing about 5 frames. More or fewer frames can be used in a vertical row depending on the desired size and strength of the 1500 Multi-Size Biaxial Frame. The 1500 Multi-Size Bi-Axis Frame provides structural insulation in the longitudinal direction (vertical y direction in Figure 15) and normal direction (horizontal x direction in Fig. 15). In the version shown in Fig. 15, the frames in the vertical row of truss chords are stretched horizontally, and the frames in the vertical row of truss lattice elements are stretched vertically.

In Fig. 16 shows a triaxial frame 1600 made from three aligned frames 1601, 1602, and 1603. The lattice elements of the truss 1602 are staggered relative to the lattice elements of the truss 1604. In both sets of elements 1602 and 1604, each lattice element of the truss extends over two of the three aligned frames. The 1600 Tri-Axis Frame is a multi-dimensional frame created using truss lattice members and truss chords, which are small frames themselves. You can create a structural implementation with any arbitrary number of dimensions, turning structural parts of any size into small frames on their own. In the same way, it is possible to create a structural implementation with any arbitrary number of dimensions, making the structural parts in a larger structurally insulating structure. The three-axis frame 1600 provides structural insulation in all three directions, i.e. in the longitudinal direction along the long axis of the frame (transverse z direction in the figure), in the normal direction (horizontal x direction in the figure) and in the transverse direction (vertical y direction in the figure). This frame reduces energy flow in the vertical direction in a manner similar to the frame geometry shown in Figure 17. The front layer of three strut-like structures and the front layer of four lattice elements of the truss 1602 form a single-layer biaxial frame that suppresses the energy flow along the transverse direction z in the figure and the vertical direction y in figure. 16. In another embodiment, shown in Fig. 26 US Provisional Patent Application No. 62/720,808, the overall cross-sectional shape of the truss chords is square rather than rectangular.

In Fig. 17A depicts a structural embodiment of a laterally elongated frame with structural formations in the form of a building panel 1206 with vertical stud frames 1210. The frame panel 1206 also includes a rigid planar solid plate 1270 and a horizontal frame 1272. The insulated frame panel 1206 performs the task of structural insulation in the transverse direction z 17, perpendicular to the plane of the board 1270. The frame panel 1206 contains three structural formations 1270, 1211 and 1212. The structural formation 1270 is a slab 1270. The structural formations 1211, 1212 include three truss chords that are not directly connected to each other and are located at each other from each other in the horizontal direction at a distance x, as shown in Fig. 17V. The leading line branches, designated 1211, correspond to individual truss chords in the structural formation 1211. The leading line branches, designated 1212, correspond to the individual truss chords in the structural formation 1212. Each pair of structural formations is interconnected with one of the lattice formations 1214, 1213. Each of the lattice formations 1213, 1214 contains 3 truss grids. Each of the 3 grids in each of the grid-shaped formations 1213, 1214 contains six truss grid elements. Each of the three leading branches, designated 1213 in Fig. 17B, indicates the first truss lattice element in each of the three lattice structures constituting lattice-shaped formation 1213. Each of the three branches of line 1214 indicated in Fig. 17B indicates the first truss lattice member in each of the three links forming lattice 1214. In other embodiments (not shown), each truss chord is an array of structural members, such as a group of veneer strips laminated together. In other embodiments (not shown), each structure is an array of structures, such as a plurality of frame panels, joined together either by or without the methods described above. As a non-limiting example, the use of the present methods to connect such an array of framing panels can provide protection against lateral fire spread between structurally connected framing panels that form the insulating and insulating structure of the wall framing.

In Fig. 18 depicts an embodiment of an insulating and insulating panel of a building 1800 consisting of a lattice frame 1812 between two sheets 1815 and 1817, which serves as a protective covering for housing the insulating material, as well as a convective and radiative transfer unit in the normal direction (the vertical direction y is shown in the figure). Some embodiments of sheets 1815, 1817 are rigid, while others are flexible. Various embodiments of the two sheets 1815, 1817 constitute a load-bearing structure while others are not. Various embodiments of the two sheets 1815-1817 are transparent, while others are translucent or opaque. Two layers of structural elements 1836 extend in the transverse direction along the z-axis shown in the figure. The structural members 1836 in different layers are offset in the horizontal x direction as shown in the figure. The lattice elements of truss 1834 in different layers are offset in the transverse z direction, as shown in the figure. Two layers of truss lattice elements 1834 extend horizontally in the x direction of the figure and are connected to structural members to create a lattice frame 1812. The lattice frame 1812 provides structural insulation along its normal axis. parallel to the vertical direction y. To conduct thermal flow from the bottom sheet 1815 into the structure 1836 and then into the top sheet 1817 in the vertical y direction, energy must additionally flow in the transverse z direction, then in the horizontal x direction, and then again in the transverse z direction along the entire path. To conduct heat conductive flow from the bottom sheet 1815 into the truss lattice element 1834 and then into the top sheet 1817 along the vertical y direction, energy must additionally flow in the horizontal x direction, then in the transverse z direction, and then again in the horizontal x direction along the entire specified path. The top layer of containment 1817 is conventionally partially cut away to better expose the underlying structure. One or both shell layers can be omitted from display.

In Fig. 19 illustrates one embodiment of a frame in the form of an insulating panel 1900 consisting of three or more sheets 1912, 1914 and 1916 of material with two or more layers of spacer ribs 1918 staggered with respect to adjacent layers. In some embodiments of the panel 1900, the sheets are made of a transparent material and function together as a two-pane glass unit 1900 with a bias lock connection. The illustration shows the displacement of one sheet of material relative to another. This design allows several panels to be joined to each other according to the principle of connecting in an oblique lock and maintaining their full insulating capacity. In the figure, the material is shown transparent, which allows you to better view this design.

In Fig. 20A illustrates a frame design embodiment demonstrating how to make and use a skew joint to longitudinally connect the biaxial frames 1612 shown separately in Fig. 20 V, and 1614, shown separately in Fig. 20C. In the presented embodiment, each frame has nominal external dimensions of 100 mm x 200 mm along axes other than longitudinal. This drawing also illustrates the required configuration of the ends of the truss chords. In some cases, these frames are made of wood. A worker can glue these frames together right on site. Protruding blocks, which are typical variations of the 1616 block in Fig. 20C, fix both structures together along their normal and lateral axes. Using holes drilled in the overlaps of frame sections and filled with pins made of wooden dowels or any other material, you can additionally fasten both frames to each other along their longitudinal axes. Nails or screws driven through overlapping sections of frames can serve the same purpose. The same method works for uniaxial frames. Rice. 20A also illustrates this concept. For example, the set of truss chords shown in the foreground and the truss lattice members 1622, 1624 attached to halves of parts 1612 and 1614, respectively, constitute uniaxial frames and show how they can be connected into a bias lock. In Fig. 32 and 34 show other design options for U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/720,808 for bias-jointed biaxial frames.

In Fig. 21 shows an elevation view of a uniaxial frame 1712 that provides structural isolation along its normal axis (with a pattern orientation in and out of the page diagonally sloping down from left to right relative to the page) and measurable through passages having the least deviation from straight line for parts 1721 and 1723 from two different bundles of measurable passages with a span in the normal direction.

In Fig. 22A shows one of the variants of the structural implementation of a uniaxial frame expanding in the vertical direction, filled with thermal insulation material. The frame has projections providing space, typical of the cavities 5a and 56, for the purpose of isolation between the adjacent truss chord type element and the inner facing surface of any interlocking object cooperating with surrounding objects attached to their projections. One example of protrusions contains points labeled 5c and 5d in Fig. 2A. Points 5c and 5d are the starting points for the two most direct measurable end-to-end paths from two different bundles of measurable paths with a span in the normal direction. The projections also significantly increase the length of the two straightest measurable passages shown in comparison to what they would be if there were no projections.

In Fig. 22B the area of the dotted line in Fig. is enlarged. 22A and shows the intermediate points 6b, 6a', as well as the end point 5 c' for the path starting at point 5 c. In Fig. 22B also shows intermediate points 7b, 7a', as well as an end point 5d' for a path starting at point 5d. The path length of each path is calculated as the total length of all path segments between the starting point, intermediate points and the ending point.

In Fig. 23A and 23B show two different post and plate configurations connected by a screw and nail. In Fig. 23A, the lattice element of the truss 2304 of the plate-like frame 2314 expands into a cavity formed by a pair of structural members in the post-like frame 2311 lying as it would, for example, if the frame structure was attached to a wall. In Fig. 23A shows a screw threaded through a pair of structural members and a truss lattice member 2304. However, a dowel, nail, or any other suitable fastener may be used in place of the screw. This type of connection is preferable in terms of strength than the other type of connection shown in Fig. 23A, in which a nail is driven through the truss chord 2301 of the plate frame 2314 into the adjacent truss chord of the post frame 2311. The lattice element of the truss 2302 is shown in dashed line to indicate that it is not in the same plane as the lattice element of the truss 2304. This is the convention. used in other drawings as well. Thus, the lattice elements of the frame 2302 and 2304 are offset and do not provide a direct path for conductive energy flow between the chords of the truss 2305 and 2301 through the chord of the truss 2303 of the frame 2300. In addition, the greater the offset between the lattice elements of the truss 2302 and 2304, the more deviated from straight becomes the most direct measurable path through them, which increases the insulation coefficient of the structure. In Fig. 23B, the lattice member of the truss 2314 of the frame 23B extends into the cavity created by the chords of the trusses 2305 and 2303 of the frame 2300. The frames 2300 and 2310 are then secured together by a screw through the chords of the trusses 2305 and 2303 and the lattice member of the truss 2314.

In Fig. 24A and 24B <.F040, page 22, original figure 40 on page 35.> shows a uniaxial frame 2400 consisting of multi-layer load-bearing elements 2410, 2411, 2412 and 2413. Frame 2400 is rotated in fig. 24V in relation to the frame in Fig. 24A to show its opposite side, as indicated on the y2400 axis label. Multilayer load-bearing elements 2410 and 2412 form truss chords. Laminated strength members 2412 extend along the entire length of frame 2400. Additional laminated strength members, such as laminated strength member 2412, may be added to create an I-beam cross-section and strengthen the overall frame. A laminated strength member 2410 extends between truss lattice element-like laminated members 2411. A truss laminated strength member 2413 extends between truss laminated strength members 2412. To make the 2400 frame, the multi-layer load-bearing elements can be assembled into a mold with the frame orientation shown in Fig. 21. The multi-layer load-bearing elements can then be pressed together to form a single compressed assembly. Heat can be applied to the structure in a conductive manner through the mold and surfaces of the press. Thermal radiation may also be provided through radiant heating by microwaves or other suitable form of radiation. Other designs utilize multi-layer construction, such as oriented grain lumber, cross laminated timber, parallel grain lumber, or multi-grain lumber. Multilayer strength elements 2410, 2411, 2412 and 2413, shown in Fig. 24 are typical for multi-layer lumber. The multilayer strength members may be pre-compressed with or without heat before they are fully pressed together into the final shape. The frames can also be glued together in the configuration shown in Fig. 6, in accordance with US Provisional Patent Application No. 62/720,808. Frames can be made by creating a wide frame as shown in Fig. 6 according to US Provisional Patent Application No. 62/720,808, and then cutting the wide frame into narrower frames.

In Fig. 25A-25D <.F044, page 23.> shows various structural options and the appearance of the structural and insulating frame of the beam 2512 with and without straight through brackets in the form of a truss lattice element. This set of drawings shows a structure that is balanced, insulating and insulating, with part of it having two structural members and diagonal truss lattice members. The preferred design option, shown in Figure 25D, does not have straight through brackets for attaching the load-bearing frame structures to the beam, which is insulated along its entire length.

In Fig. Figure 26 shows another variant of the structural implementation of a structurally isolated beam frame with straight through brackets/truss lattice elements. The structure shown in Fig. 26A, it may be preferable for the beam to be only structurally insulated at its ends. In this case, the straight elements of the truss lattice do not degrade the thermal characteristics and provide space, for example, for laying utility lines. Figures 25A, 25B, and 25C show various possible profiles of (a) the top and bottom chords of a nominal size 2 by 2 inch truss (c) the top and bottom chords of a nominal size 2 by 4 inch truss (e) the top and bottom chords of a nominal size 2 truss by 3 inches, for structures on a longitudinal view of 25D.

In Fig. 27A is a side view of preformed frame inserts 2211 including three parallel truss chords 2230, 2232, and 2234, with a first continuous truss lattice element 2237 extending along the length of the preformed structural insert 2211 between the first and second truss chords 2230, 2232 , and a second continuous lattice element of the truss 2239 extended along the length of the preformed structural insert 2211 between the second and third chords of the truss 2232, 2234. In Fig. 27B is a final view of the structure, showing that the frame lattice elements 2237, 2239 are thinner than the truss chords. Holes may be cut into truss lattice members 2237 and 2239 to create indirect paths in the vertical direction shown on the page between the first chord of truss 2230 and the third chord of truss 2234 to form the finished structure.

Rice. 28A illustrates an end view of one embodiment of a roof frame 2306. Each end of the roof frame 2306 includes a pair of sloped beams 2353 and 2354 that connect in an inverted V-shape to form a gable apex. The vertical support 2357 provides reinforcement to the beams 2353, 2354, taking part of the load from the roofing material. The main horizontal tie 2310 is formed from the first, second and third chords of trusses 2331, 2333, 2335, respectively, with truss lattice elements 2332 located between the first and second chords of trusses 2331, 2333, and truss lattice elements 2334 located between the second and third chords trusses 2333, 2335. Small vertical frames 2313 and 2315 support the opposite end of the main horizontal support 2310. Each of the vertical frames is made of three truss chords and two truss lattice elements. Diagonal beams 2355 and 2356 provide reinforcement toward the center of the main horizontal tie beam 2310. The roof frame has a main horizontal structure that includes three structural members. Each structural element has a horizontal connecting beam and a vertical supporting part of the structure. The three structural elements are connected to each other by two intermediate lattice partitions. Each of these lattice structures has multiple brackets. Instead of connecting structural members and brackets, you can cut holes the depth of one structural support to create identical indirect paths for three such supports connected by brackets. In this design implementation, various truss members are joined together with metal truss plates that can be stamped to form the required number of embedded nails.

In Fig. 28B shows a roof frame 2306' similar to the frame in Fig. 28A, with wedges 2386, 2388, 2390, 2392, 2394 and 2396 for joining the frame members together. The wedges may be glued, nailed, or otherwise attached in a suitable manner. These wedges do not change the minimum piecewise non-straightness of the main element of the horizontal ligament. The 2397 broken line will be a "W" shaped lattice structure that can replace a single vertical support that rises to the top of the gable.

In Fig. 29 is an end view of structure 2410, which includes a roof frame 2306" similar to the frame in Fig. 28A installed on a 2411 type structure, such as a building. The two structures shown are 2412, 2414, 2416 and 2418 may be single-axial frames, each consisting of a 3x1 matrix of structural elements, or biaxial frames, consisting of a 3x3 matrix of structural elements, or may have other sizes depending on the building size and load requirements. For ease of understanding, the illustration shows the option. the structural implementation shows frames with a 3x1 matrix. In the building design proposed here, the opposite end of the building will have a similar structure, and four horizontal frames will connect the two opposite ends of the building frame. Two transversely oriented uniaxial frames 2413 and 2415 with a top plate are installed on the top of each wall and. rack-type frames are connected to each other at their upper ends. Transversely oriented uniaxial bottom plate and isolated plate type frames are installed at the base of each wall and connect the lower ends of the post type frames to each other. The 2416 single-axle frame is a "floor joist" type frame.

In Fig. 30A-30E<.F050A, F050B, F050C, F050D, page 26 and fig. 51.> schematically illustrates various vertically stacked and rotating structural options for the frame, where the structural and lattice elements of the truss are seamlessly connected in such a way that they become a single whole, with the characteristics of the structural and lattice elements of the truss, and the individual connection elements they are missing. In Fig. 30A shows a first block 2522 illustrated with vertical chords. In Fig. 30B shows a second block 2524. The second block 2524 is the same as the first 2522 except that it has been rotated 180° about its longitudinal axis and has horizontal truss chords positioned on it for illustration purposes. In Fig. 30C shows a first block 2522 stacked on a second block 2524, and a third block 2526 that is identical to the second block 2524. A second block 2524 is stacked underneath and to the left, and a third block 2526 is stacked underneath and to the right. The first block 2522 is drawn on a transparent background to illustrate the positional relationship of the first block to the second and third. The left half 2527 of the closed cavity 2528 of the first block 2522 is aligned with the right open cavity 2532 of the second block 2524. The right half 2531 of the closed cavity 2528 in the first block 2522 is aligned with the left open cavity 2535 of the third block 2526. The right half 2533 of the closed cavity 2534 in the second block 2524 is aligned. relative to the left open cavity 2535 on the left side of the third block 2526. The left half 2536 of the closed cavity 2537 of the third block 2526 is aligned with the open cavity 2538 to the right of the first block 2522. This feature means that the first block 2522 can form a "running bundle" with copies of itself , as shown in Fig. 30D. Running ties are important to achieve strength in wall mounting. In Fig. 30D, the inner edges 2550, 2552 of the lower assemblies 2551, 2553 in the "running bond" configuration are suitably offset at substantially half the length between the inner edge 2554 and the upper assembly 2556. The gaps between the blocks provide space for the fill material to bind the blocks to each other. . Options for structural implementation of frames 2522, 2524, 2612 and 2614 take the form of bricks, wall stones, masonry blocks and other masonry elements. Frame options 2522, 2524, 2612 and 2614 can be made from any material, but common materials used for brick, masonry block and wall block are ceramic, concrete, adobe, brick block and masonry wall block. In Fig. 31E shows a brick frame with a structurally non-isolating cavity 2563. The cavity 2563 can be considered a structurally non-isolating cavity since no measurable path intersects the cavity 2563. Truss lattice elements and structural members are also possible to be structurally non-isolating if no measurable path intersects them. path. The 2563 cavity contributes to some extent to the insulating aspect of the brick. Design options in the form of structurally non-insulating cavities may be preferred due to their thermal insulating aspects. Options for structural implementation, preferable from the point of view of their strength, have from several structurally non-insulating cavities to their complete absence. The characteristics of options 2564 and 2565 are ineffective, since the presence of design options 2564, 2565 does not change the insulation characteristics of the overall structure by more than 10%. An analogue in terms of their ineffective properties in the case of a frame consisting of structural elements are ineffective truss lattice elements and other structural elements, the presence of which does not change the insulating characteristics of the overall structure by more than 10%.

In Fig. 31A-31D schematically show various frame designs stacked in a vertical row and rotated in one direction or another. These illustrations show structural implementations where truss chords and lattice members are seamlessly connected so that they become integral with structural member-like elements and jointless brackets similar to lattice truss elements. In Fig. 31A shows a first set of structural elements 2611 of two staggered and side-to-side blocks 2612 (shown using horizontal chords). In Fig. 31 B shows a second set of structural members 2613 of two staggered and side-to-side blocks 2614. The second set of blocks is a copy of the first except that it is rotated 180° about its longitudinal axis and has vertical stripes for illustration purposes. In Fig. 31C shows the first block 2611 stacked partially on top of the second block 2613. This arrangement provides the same functionality as a "running joint" with the front of the stack appearing as a "stack joint" on both sides of the wall. In Fig. 31D shows what the front half of the first set looks like (highlighted by a thick line): in the foreground it looks like a "vertical row joint".

In Fig. 32A-32J schematically illustrate various frame designs with curves, bends, twists, bulges, and other distortions. Each illustration shows a configuration of 5 truss chords (although each may be formed as a single component rather than by connecting 5 separate truss chords to individual truss lattice members). In Fig. 32A shows an S-shaped frame 2612 with a generally uniform thickness along its length. In Fig. 32B shows a frame 2614 that is wider in the middle than at the ends. Additional width can be taken up by making cavities of different widths and/or using truss chords of uneven width. In Fig. 32C shows a straight frame 2618 with generally uniform thickness and diagonally extending frame lattice elements 2636. The design in Fig. 32D is similar to the design in Fig. 32C except that the layout of the truss lattice elements 2638 is different. Frame 2622 in fig. 32E has wider truss lattice elements 2640 than the truss lattice elements in Fig. 32D. In Fig. 32F, 32G, and 32H show frames 2624, 2626, and 2628 with uneven thicknesses along their length. Frame 2630 in fig. 321 has curved longitudinal ends 2642, 2644.

In Fig. 33 illustrates one embodiment of the frame 2712 with a radial shape for the frame lattice elements 2736 and protrusions on the surface of the frame lattice element 2737. By removing one or more protrusions, other embodiments of the deployable device can be created.

In Fig. 34 shows a photograph of one embodiment of a three-loop truss frame, frame 2812, and the most direct measurable path 2819 between the outer chords of the trusses in frame 2812.

In Fig. 35A-35C show options for the structural implementation of a frame with and without a rectangular frame and insulating material in accordance with Example 5. In Fig. 35A shows an insulation panel 2910 made from five frames 2912, 2914, 2916, 2918, and 2920. The vertical frames 2912 and 2914 and the combination with the horizontal frames 2916 and 2918 form box structures. The 2920 vertical frame acts as a single center post. Cross braces 2926, 2928 and 2930 form the strut mentioned in the previous paragraph.

In Fig. 36A shows a conventional stud wall 3602 and an insulating stud wall 3601 corresponding to the embodiment described herein in accordance with Example 6. The conventional stud wall 3602 has a continuous layer of foam on its exterior with an R-value of 2.5 (°F sqft/hr). Btu) and an estimated overall R rating of 20 (°F sq.ft.hr/Btu). Table 3 shows the values used in the evaluation. The estimated overall R-value rating of a typical 3602 rack does not include thermal bridging effects.

In Fig. 36B is a thermal image of the walls of studs 3601 and 3602. At the time of photography, the outside air temperature was 34°F and the inside air temperature was 72°F. The low temperature on the 3601 insulated rack wall was 68°F, while the low temperature on the 3602 regular rack wall was 57°F.

In Fig. 36C depicts an embodiment of a rectangular single-axis frame 359 lying as it would be mounted when the frame frame is mounted on a platform, for example with its longitudinal direction 59 aligned with the cross-sectional axis z shown on the drawing page. This embodiment of the frame 359 has two uniaxial structurally insulating rack frames 370, 370' and three uniaxial structurally insulating and cross-braced frames 361, 361', 361''. Each of the cross-braced frames has two lattice trusses with two lattice truss elements in the first lattice, as is typical of lattice truss elements 362, 362', and one lattice truss element in the second lattice, as is typical for lattice elements of truss 364. Lattice Elements the trusses in each frame connect a pair of structural members, as shown by connecting structural members 361 and 362 to truss lattice members 362, 362', and by connecting structural members 362 and 363 to truss lattice members 364 in a cross-braced frame 360. Frame 370', assembled from post-type parts, consists of three structural elements 371, 373 and 375. Structural elements 371 and 373 are interconnected by truss lattice elements 372, 372', 372'', and structural elements 373 and 375 are interconnected by lattice elements farms 374, 374', 374''. For example, each of the truss lattice members is 1.5 by 1.5 inches in the longitudinal y and cross x directions and 0.7 inches deep in the normal direction. Each of the structural members is 0.7 inches deep in the normal direction. Truss lattice members within the truss lattice itself are spaced 13.75 inches apart in all post frames and all bracket style frames. Truss lattice elements in adjacent lattice units are offset 6.125 inches from each other. Each of the rack frames 370, 370' has a longitudinal length of 32 inches, a transverse width of 1.5 inches, and a normal depth of 3.5 inches. Each of the 360, 360', 360" cross frames measures 16.75 inches longitudinal, 1.5 inches crosswise, and 3.5 inches normal depth. So the 359 single frame measures 19.75 inches by 32 inches by 3.5 inches These key parameters determine that the most direct measurable path between the outermost structural members of any frame is approximately 0.7 + 0.7 + 6.125 + 0.7 + 0.7 inches long or 8.925 inches, 3.5 inches span, non-straightness along span 155% and structural insulation coefficient 2.55. The longest straight measurable path between the outer members of any frame is approximately 0.7 + 0.7 + 12.25 + 0.7 + 0.7 inches long or 15.05 inches, span 3.5 inches, non-straightness over span 330 % and the coefficient of structural insulation is 4.3. The average coefficient of non-straightness along the span is 242%, the average coefficient of structural insulation is 3.42. The average coefficient of structural insulation satisfies the average condition of zero thermal overlap, which is that the average coefficient of structural insulation is equal to the ratio of the resistances of the insulating material in the cavities of the intercostal frame and the structural material. The insulation material used for testing was cellulose insulation with a resistivity of 3.7°F⋅sq.ft/(BTU*h-in) {or 25.6 K⋅m/W}. The material of construction was wood with a resistivity of 1°F sq.ft/(BTU*h in) {6.9 K m/W}. The average coefficient of structural insulation was 3.42, which is within a 10% deviation from 3.7, i.e. the ratio of the resistivity of the insulating material in the cavity of the frame between the posts and the resistivity of the structural material. This design option was implemented as a real design as a prototype for thermal testing. Another embodiment of this frame is in the form of sheets of transparent material, similar to the conversion of frame structure 780 into window frame 780', illustrated in Fig. 12E, 12F.

In Fig. 36D shows frame 359 with cubic pieces of rigid foam insulation, types 3661, 3662, 3671, 3761, 3762, 3771, 3772, and 3773, inserted into each of the intraframe cavities, the dimensions of which were determined by the structural and lattice members of the truss. Rigid foam insulation had a resistance of 6.6°F sqft/(BTU*h in) with an overall R value of 12°F sqft/BTU*h at 1.4 times the total cavity spacing and including 2 .1 inches of wood for a total R value of 2.1°F sqft/BTU*h, which is also within 10% of the target R value of 13°F sqft/BTU*h. In other design options, instead of elements 3661, 3662, 3671, 3761, 3762, 3771, 3772 and 3773, elements of any rigid insulation are used, which, as shown in the figure, extend beyond the outermost side facing surfaces and do not extend beyond the outermost side facing surfaces frame surfaces. Pieces of insulation extending beyond the outer side facing surfaces of the frame help block direct heat flow paths across the outer side facing surfaces of the frame. The cavities between frames 370 and 370' and between frames 360, 360' and 360' are filled with cellulose insulation enclosed in two pieces of sheathing on opposite sides of the resulting insulated panel.

In Fig. 36E and 36F show results obtained using thermal imaging. Table 3 shows the parameters of the conventional 3795 rack wall and the parameters of the 359 rack wall insulation module. In Fig. 36E shows that a conventional stud wall 3795 has a thermal bridge in the sense that portions of the wall above the studs 3795 are cooler relative to surrounding wall portions. The 37491 stud wall insulation module does not have thermal breaks because the wall sections above the studs and cross bars are the same temperature as the surrounding wall sections. The traditional 3602 stud wall has a higher R-value than the 37491 stud wall insulation module. Therefore, a second type of control experiment was conducted to compare the 37491 stud wall insulation module with the 38001 simulated stud wall insulation module, which was exactly the same as the mentioned module , with the exception of solid foam in the area of the gratings and the absence of structural elements of the truss lattice. From Fig. 36F shows that both modules perform equally well, since both have the same uniform temperature profile across the entire internal surface. The slightly darker border 38002 around the simulated stud wall insulation module 38001 corresponds to the area where the surrounding insulation has been tucked under the protective coating at the edge of the stud wall insulation module 37491, creating a border area with a slightly lower R-value.

In Fig. 36G-36I show test results for a prototype window as one of the options. The prototype window produces significantly higher temperatures than a standard double-glazed window. The outside temperature on test day was 27°F. Radiative cooling from the cold sky made surrounding buildings and surfaces cooler than the ambient air temperature. The prototype 2963 window has a frame similar to that shown in Fig. 12E, and five panels of uncoated glass. Its energy efficiency is equivalent to the energy efficiency of surrounding 2966 insulation with an R-value of 15.6 (°F sq. ft. hour/BTU), as explained in the following paragraphs. Window 2963 retains heat on the warm side, as shown in Fig. 36G, and on the cold side it maintains low temperature stability, as shown in Fig. 36N. Window performance can be improved by (1) filling the window with insulating gas and/or (2) applying a low-e coating to one or more panes of glass, especially the exterior glass. From Fig. 36G shows that the convective heat flow between the panes of the window makes the top part of the window slightly warmer than the bottom, and the bottom part of the window cooler than the top. The bottom of the window can withstand a temperature difference of 75°F (64°F to -11°F), which is equal to the temperature difference of 75°F (66°F to -9°F) supported by 266 foam insulation. Thus, the R-value at the bottom of the window 2963 is equal to the value for foam insulation 266. The top of the window 2963 withstands a temperature differential of 77°F (66°F to -11°F), which exceeds the 75°F temperature differential supported by polystyrene foam 266. Surrounding insulation (four layers 0.7 inch thick XPS foam) has a specific R per inch of 5.6 (°F sq.ft.hr/Btu), a thickness of 2.8 in., and a total R per inch value of 15.6 (°F sq. .ft.hr/BTU) at an average temperature of 25°F. The actual R value is higher because the air films between the 4 layers of XPS foam increase the effective R value per inch of each foam layer.

In Fig. 36H shows that the outer surface of window 2970 is cooler than insulation because glass has a higher emissivity (0.92) than insulation (0.6). Therefore, window glass has a relatively high radiative cooling value towards the sky. In Fig. 361 shows the sky 2983 to be an extremely cold temperature of -40°F. Note that building surfaces may be cooled below ambient air temperature (27°F on the day of image acquisition) due to the same effect of radiative cooling towards the sky. This effect is similar to the heating of building surfaces above the ambient temperature due to heat emitted by the sun.

In Fig. 37 illustrates one type of connection used between frame structures, namely a finger connection (also called a lock connection, a tenon connection, a tongue-and-groove connection, a wedge connection, a tenon connection). Other suitable connection types are described below.

In Fig. 38A-38C provide various non-limiting examples of frame joining techniques. In Fig. 38D shows a structure 3210', which may be constructed in the general form described above in the previous paragraph, from first frames 3240', second frames 3242', and third frames 3244'. In Fig. 38E shows a structure 3210'', which may be constructed in the general form described above from first frames 3240'', second frames 3242'', and third frames 3244''. In Fig. 38F shows a structure 3210''', which can be formed in the general manner described above from first frames 3240''', second frames 3242''', and third frames 3244'''.

In Fig. 39A shows three structural options for frames 3930, 3940 and 3950 with two truss chords each, using the example of the first chord of the truss 3930 and the second chord of the truss 3932, and with diagonal truss lattice elements, as exemplified by the diagonal truss lattice element 3932, as well as modifiable end rectilinear elements truss gratings 3934, 3944,3954. Non-limiting examples of dimensions are provided for truss chord thickness, truss chord width, truss lattice element width, truss lattice element angle, etc.

In Fig. 39B shows frames 3930, 3940, and 3950 with modified truss lattice end members 3934, 3944, 3954 modified into retaining members 3934', 3944', 3954'. Other structural options for frames 3930, 3940, 3950 have a smaller number, possibly zero, of removable truss lattice elements. Other design options for systems 3930, 3940, 3950 have more than two removable truss lattice elements and do not have retaining elements.

In Fig. 40 shows a measurable path through a device with irregularly shaped passages, cavities, protrusions, edges and boundaries of the device (shown as thick lines). Line 4107 is an approximation for a measurable path from point A to point B, constructed from 10 path segments, each of which is a straight line. The approximate length of the measurable path from point A to point B is the sum of the lengths of all 10 segments of the path. The extent of this measurable path is the straight line distance between points A and B. Because of the irregular directionality of the boundaries, the span must be calculated by the method described in the span definition. The dotted line circle 4110 is an example of one of many circles drawn to define the line of closest approximation between the first point, point C in this example, at the uppermost boundary of the object and at the lowermost boundary of the object. Circle 4110 is centered on the upper boundary and is drawn such that its dimensions touch the lowermost boundary, and no other circle whose dimensions touch the lowermost boundary will have a smaller radius. Circle 4110 is the tangent circle with the smallest radius. The dotted line segment 4108 is the line of closest approximation between point C at the uppermost boundary and the lowermost boundary. The line of closest approach runs from point C, the center of circle 4110, i.e. tangent to the circle of smallest radius, to point D, i.e. to the point where the tangent circle of smallest radius touches the lowest boundary. The line of closest approach serves as the guidance line for determining the span as defined. The method shown in Fig. 41 is just one of several methods for determining lines of closest approximation between opposing surfaces of an object. The method of determining lines of closest approximation between opposite surfaces for all possible choices of point C on one of the opposite surfaces or a representative set of them also serves to determine a set of direct paths between opposite surfaces of an object. The method of determining the line of least approximation in three dimensions uses a tangent sphere of smallest radius centered at point C and produces a line extending from the center of the tangent sphere of smallest radius to the point at which the tangent sphere of smallest radius touches the opposite boundary of the object. This usually requires 3D analysis unless the object has a planar structure that can be used for 2D analysis.

In Fig. 41A, 41B, 42A, 42B<.Preliminary drawing No. 110.> shows various options for the structural implementation of a device with a single frame with a simple (plane-parallel) or I-shaped cross section. In Fig. 41A shows a frame 93.5" long, 11" deep, with two 1.5' wide, 2.5' thick flanges, three 3.5' wide frame bars, offset at 12' and 1.25', which can serve as a beam, post, rafter or similar building element. In Fig. 41B shows a cross section of the frame shown in Fig. 41A with an I-beam shape created by a 2.5" wide top and bottom flange and between them are 1.5" wide truss chords and truss lattice members. In Fig. 42A shows the frame shown in Fig. 41A, in which the truss lattice elements in each individual lattice are offset from the truss lattice elements in all other lattice. In Fig. 42B is a cross-section of the frame shown in Fig. 41A, with truss chords and truss lattice elements 2.5" wide.

ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURES

Frames can be combined in a variety of ways, which generally follow the same pattern as timber framing techniques by joining structural components using joinery techniques. Can be used with bevel lock joints, finger joints, bevel joints, mortise and tenon joints, 45 degree miter joints, hidden 45 degree miter joints, dovetail joints, Japanese style joints, plain Lap joints are just a few. Seam patterns can be specified in the longitudinal, normal and transverse directions to secure the frames together. To fasten frames to each other and to other structural elements, you can use fastening elements such as rafter plates, strip strips, cables, chains, ropes, strings, wire twists, belts, ties, clamps, screws, nails and dowels. The open architecture of frames allows the use of rivets, rivet nuts, clamping nails, nuts and bolts to similar effect and provides an advantage over solid frame members in the use of these types of fasteners. You can attach the fastener at an angle depending on the application. You can add items such as actuators, glue, holes, bearings, bushings, buttons, fasteners, conduits, cords, crank handles, removable frames, dials, electrical wire, electronic components, film, flanges, flashing units, gaskets, guides, handles, hanging mechanisms, door fittings, window fittings, hinges, holes, hoses, teeth, indicators, insulating racks, tweezers, handles, lamps, locks, lubricant, metal parts, mirrors, castings, racks, O-rings, pipes, pockets, ridges, dowels, retractable cords, belt tensioners, screens, sealant, seals, gauges, shields, containments, solvents, springs, clear materials, edging, pipes, valves, weatherstrips, wheels, wire. Another example is adding a concave curve to the end chords of a truss to smooth out the seams between drywall pieces that meet the stud frame. Another example is cutting frames into smaller pieces to create battens, battens for cladding, and supports for pieces of drywall that float in height and do not fall on the stud frame. Another example is the application of adhesives, fire retardants and other coatings to frames and low-emission coatings (particularly window glass). The radiant barrier can be applied to intra- and inter-frame cavities, and on the surface of the frame. The ideas of cross-laminated timber, tongue-and-groove laminated timber, tenon laminated timber, structural composite lumber, multi-layer plywood timber, laminated strand lumber, oriented strand laminated timber can be applied to many modern options for the structural implementation of thermal insulating products. Differences in humidity can be exploited by using dowels or floating joint teeth to create intra- and inter-frame joints. You can mill, create planes, route various pipes and wires, and cut material to customize the shape of the produced frames to suit the needs of the project. You can customize the size and shape of the frame on site by cutting a piece from one frame and attaching it to another. The cited references we provide throughout the document are examples of many ideas that can be combined with the design options presented here to create a wide range of other design options. Generally, any variation described here for one structure can be applied to any other structure.

UNIVERSAL CAPABILITIES

The frame's x, y, and z axes can have any arbitrary alignment relative to a set of fixed reference x, y, and z axes. The frame can have any arbitrary rotation, tilt or roll angle and any arbitrary orbital rotation, tilt or roll angle. For example, a structurally insulating strut is a variant of the structural implementation of an insulating and insulating frame with the y-axis oriented parallel to the vertical y direction determined by gravity. In this case, the frame, oriented along the y-axis perpendicular to the vertical y-direction determined by the force of gravity, becomes the upper or lower plate. When the frame is rotated 90°, this frame turns into a beam. The design options can be connected to each other. The highest strength Y axis of the material that is composed of the truss lattice element may be parallel to the longitudinal direction of the truss lattice element y, often increasing the strength of the material, or substantially non-parallel or even perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the truss lattice element, often increasing at this is the insulation resistance. To summarize, the Y-axis of greatest strength of the material can be oriented in any direction relative to the longitudinal direction of the frame lattice element or any other structural part. Structural elements can be flanged. The lateral width of structural elements can be greater than that of the truss lattice elements or vice versa. All key geometric parameters for any given structural part can be adjusted relative to all other structural parts. Key geometric parameters are lateral width, normal depth, longitudinal length, surface quality, joint design, shape, twist, serration, curvature, bending, smoothness, roundness, squareness, curvature, flatness, plan deformation, wood density may be higher in certain places. Physical parameters such as density can be customized for any specific structural part. For example, one part may have a higher density or moisture content. Higher material density at the joints between structural elements is one way to increase the tensile strength of the joint and the structure as a whole. The structural insulating resistance of any material can be increased by selectively eliminating connections between adjacent elongated structural elements. The chemical compound may be designed to selectively bind at certain locations and/or resist binding at other locations such that the material naturally assembles into an embodiment of the present invention.

The embodiments disclosed herein may be manufactured by available manufacturing methods and by methods that will be offered in the future. The disclosed embodiments may be made from currently available materials and materials developed in the future. A non-exhaustive list of materials includes: metal, ceramics, carbon compounds, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite, wood fiber, nanomaterial, nanocrystals, wood, engineered wood, composite materials, wood-plastic composite material, wood materials, FRP, fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), plastic, carbon fiber, Kevlar, fiberglass, structural composite, composite plastic, glass, polymer, autoclaved aerated concrete, concrete, stone, brick, compressed soil, minerals, crystalline materials, natural materials, colloidal materials, transparent materials, textiles , biomaterials, metals, metal alloys, semiconductor materials, construction materials, rigid insulation, foam plastic, elements, chemicals, chemical compounds, insulation. The disclosed embodiments can be designed and manufactured for all forms of energy. A non-limiting list of methods for manufacturing insulating frame devices includes: 3D printing, 3D concrete printing, additive manufacturing, carpentry, carving, casting, chemical deposition, CNC machining, coating, cutting, directional extrusion, butt-laminated fabrication strength elements, electron beam forming, etching, extrusion, nailing, screwing, trussing, forging, forming, friction welding, future manufacturing processes, gluing, carpentry technologies, joining technologies, manufacturing of multi-layer strength elements by gluing, production of multilayer strength elements, laser ablation, laser etching, grinding, machining, masonry, microwave pressing, milling, casting, production of multilayer strength elements using nailing, permanent clamping and gluing of layers, plasma cutting, galvanization, ceramic sintering technologies, preliminary heating and pressing, pressing, pultrusion (production of uniaxially oriented fibrous plastic), robotic assembly, milling, screw manufacturing of multilayer strength elements, selective removal of existing material to form a new material with a high coefficient of structural insulation, self-assembly, sintering, soldering, spraying, stamping , steam injection molding, subtraction manufacturing, temporary clamping and bonding, turning, water jet cutting, braiding and welding.

PARAMETERS AND RANGES

In variants of structural implementation, when the manufactured device is a building element selected from the group, which includes: racks, beams, rafters, jack, rafter beam, window lock, door lock, windows, doors, minimal piecewise mediated non-straightness between the internal and the outer surface of the building element is non-zero. The overall minimum span misalignment between the inner and outer surfaces of a building element is more than 0%. This means that the device does not provide a direct path for heat-conducting energy flow between the interior and exterior surfaces of the building. The uniformity of the distribution of the total non-straightness between its first and second value is from about 0.074 to 0.962, or from about 0.222 to about 0.814, or from about 0.370 to about 0.666.

In variants of structural implementation, when the manufactured device is a building element selected from the group, which includes: racks, beams, rafters, jack, rafter beam, window block, door block, window and doors, the minimum piecewise mediated non-straightness between the first and the second item is non-zero. The minimum total resistance to movement between the first and second element is approximately 3.5 at 72°F sq. ft per BTU h per inch, or about 4.5 at 22°F sq. ft per BTU*h per inch, or about 5.0 at 12°F sq. ft per BTU*h per inch.

In variants of structural implementation, when the building element is a truss with a global minimum non-straightness along the span greater than 0 (0%) between the upper surface of the insulation layer on the floor of the upper floor created by the truss and the lower chord of the truss, the maximum and minimum non-straightness have the following values: approximately equal to 200% deviation from straightness, or from about 10% to 150% deviation from straightness, or from about 25% to 100% deviation from straightness, or from about 50% to 75% deviation from straightness.

METHODS

Method 1 (design/build an insulating and insulating frame device)

1. Optimizing the length of the most direct measurable path, i.e. the most direct path through the structural material alone, to the exclusion of surrounding space and material other than the structural material.

2. Optimization of the total distance between structural elements meeting along the most direct measurable path.

3. Iteration pp. 1 and 2 by adjusting the number and geometry of the structural parts until satisfactory results are achieved

Note: The identity of the straightest measurable path and the longest straight path may change during the process where the optimization criteria are:

1. strength of the frame device

2. the least resistance Ra along any path through the frame device, where Ra is the lesser of R1 and R2 as defined in the definitions below. <as defined below [1]>

3. additional constraints such as: structural strength, cost-effectiveness, thermal bridge level, resistance along the most direct measurable path, resistance along the longest direct path, resistance along the shortest direct path, resistance along the shortest or longest straight path in that same connection as the most direct measurable path, level of design redundancy (for resistance to fire, corrosive chemicals, earthquakes, hurricanes, ground fire, ballistic impact, military attack, etc.) and geometry adjustments include, but are not limited to:

1. change in the relative position of structural elements

2. changing the dimensions of structural elements

3. changing the cross-sectional shape of structural parts (round, rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular)

4. changing the cross-sectional shape of cavities (round, ellipsoidal, round-angular rectangular, rectangular, oval, trapezoidal, triangular)

Method 2 (design/build insulated barriers such as frames, panels, walls, roofs, floors, etc.)

Same as method 1 with one additional criterion

4. Target Ro resistance for the entire barrier

Method 3

the same as method 2, in which the target resistance Ro is the resistance Rb along the longest straight path through the non-interleaved material within the barrier.

Method 4

Method 4 is similar to Method 2 in which the target resistance is the minimum required value of Rci.

Method 5

To achieve the minimum R-value as required by code [1] for a two-strap truss, a three-string truss or any N-strut truss

Method 6

Practically eliminate the thermal bridge for a double-layer truss with diagonal frame lattices:

1. The slope of the diagonal lattice elements in the truss should be approximately equal to r2/rb.

Method 7

Practically eliminate the thermal bridge for a three-layer truss with diagonal frame lattices:

1. The slope of the shortest line segment through the middle chord of a three-pole truss frame between the truss lattice elements attached to opposite sides of the middle chord of the truss should be approximately equal to r2/rb

3. Variations in methods 1-7

1. Instead of the most direct measurable path, use the most medial measurable path, i.e. the most medial measurable path in the same bundle as the most direct measurable path.

2. Instead of the straightest measurable path, use the longest measurable path, i.e. the longest measurable path in the same bundle as the straightest measurable path.

3. Instead of the straightest measurable path length, use the resistance of the straightest measurable path.

4. Instead of the straightest measurable path length, use the most medial measurable path resistance.

5. Instead of the straightest measurable path length, use the resistance of the longest measurable path.

6. Instead of the cumulative distance between structural members occurring along the straightest measurable path, use the cumulative thickness of the structural material intersected by the longest straight path.

7. Instead of the cumulative distance between truss lattice members meeting along the most direct measurable path, use the cumulative thickness of the truss lattice members meeting along the most direct measurable path.

7. Instead of the cumulative distance between truss lattice members meeting along the most direct measurable path, use the cumulative thickness of truss lattice members meeting along the measurable path of interest.

8. Instead of the cumulative distance between structural members meeting along the most direct measurable path, use the resistance of the longest straight path.

9. Similar changes lead to changes in measurable dimensions.

Definitions associated with Methods 1-7

• Ra: the lesser of R1 and R2.

• R1: Resistance along the longest straight path through the structural material of the frame and any interfering material.

• R2: Resistance along the longest straight path through the structural material.

• Rb: (in the context of a direct path through a frame device installed in a thermal barrier) the resistance along the longest direct path through the non-interacting material within the barrier (barrier cavity insulation)

• Rn: 1. The R-value of continuous insulation required by the ICC building code, such as “13” in the “13+5” standard or “20” in the “20+5” standard [2].

• Rci: 1. the R value for continuous insulation required by the ICC building code, such as “+5” in the “13+5” standard or “+10” in the “13+10” standard [2].

• Rextra: 1. Rtotal - Ra, 2. R-value for the additional material outside the frame traversed by the longest straight path between the outer surface and the inner surface of the barrier that spans the straightest measurable path.

• Rtotal: 1. The R-value along the longest straight path between the outer surface and the inner surface of the barrier that spans the straightest measurable path.

• Minimum R-value according to the requirements of the standards: 1. Rn+Rci, where Rn is 13, and Rci -10, for example, in the standard 13+10.

• Rstd: 1. the standard R value associated with the appropriate framing member for the minimum R value required by code, e.g., 3.5" °F sq.ft./(BTU*h) associated with a 3.5" deep wood stud. inch per 13+5 [2], 2. rstd multiplied by the depth of the corresponding framing member associated with the standard minimum value per code, for example, a 3.5 inch deep wood stud per 13+5 [ 2].

• rstd: 1. the standard thermal resistance value associated with the associated framing element and equal to the minimum value required by the code, for example, 1°F sq. ft per BTU*h per inch associated with a 2x4 wood stud in accordance with the 13+5 standard [2].

• r1: R1 divided by L1

• r2: R2 divided by L2

• ta: ha divided by La

• rb: Rb divided by Lb

• L1: length of the longest straight path through the structural material of the frame and any intervening material.

• L2: length of the most direct measurable path

• La: path length associated with Ra

• Lb: length of the longest straight path through the non-interacting material within the barrier (barrier cavity isolation)

• M: inclination of the diagonal elements of the truss lattice in a double chord truss

• cumulative distance between structural elements: 1. (in the context of a measurable path) the sum of the distances between each pair of structural elements measured along a measurable path.

• straightness: (in the context of a measurable path with length and span) span divided by length

• straight path: 1. a path through the structural material of the frame and any intervening material with a straightness value of 1.

• the straightest measurable path: 1. the path through the structural frame material having the smallest straightness value, 2. the path through the structural frame material having the smallest span-to-length ratio.

• straightest measurable path: 1. the straightest path through the structural frame material avoiding any intervening material, 2. the path through the structural frame material avoiding any interfering material with the lowest straightness value.

• most direct path: 1. path through the structural material of the frame and any intervening material having the lowest straightness value

• longest straight path: the longest straight path through the structural material of the frame and any intervening material

• resistance: 1. surface thermal resistance, 2. R value, measured in imperial units °F sq. ft per BTU*h and measurable units of Kelvin per sq.m. Watt, 3. surface resistance associated with any form of energy transfer

• Resolution: 1. (in the context of a measurable path) the length of the measurable path divided by the length of the subpath through the shortest-length feature measured along the measurable path.

• Path: 1. (in the context of a specified permission) a path defined according to a specified permission, 2. (in the context of a permission that is not explicitly specified) a path defined according to permission 1000, 3. (in the context of a permission that is explicitly not specified, but inferred from the context) path defined according to the resolution inferred from the context.

• Span-to-length ratio: (in the context of a span-length path) the length of the path divided by the span length.

• Ax: (in the context of a three chord lattice truss) the distance between the lattice attached to opposite sides of the middle chord of the truss.

[2] https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/iecc2018/chapter-4-re-residential-energy-efficiency?site type=public

Method 8 is a method of manufacturing and/or using a device with an improved minimum span non-straightness value for at least one measurable path between the first and second option relative to a prior art building component. The method involves reducing the thermal bridge by increasing the piecewise non-straightness, controlling the thermal bridge by controlling the piecewise non-straightness, increasing the non-straightness in the span and/or controlling the non-straightness in the span. In various variants of the constructive implementation, the method involves increasing the non-straightness in the span along measurable paths and leveling the non-straightness in the span along measurable subpaths. In some cases, the method involves controlling span skew along measurable paths and leveling span skew along measurable subpaths.

Method 9 is a method of manufacturing the device described here by pultrusion (producing a monoaxially oriented fibrous plastic) and intermittently introducing and removing at least one barrier during the pultrusion process to create voids. In some cases, the device is manufactured by extrusion and periodically inserting and removing at least one barrier during the extrusion process to create cavities.

Method 10 is a method of constructing houses using crossed battens and the devices described here in such a way as to obtain a non-zero span non-straightness between the inside and outside of the house.

Method 11 is a method for designing buildings by calculating non-straightness for minimized paths and minimized subpaths passing through the building frame;

Method 12 is a method of manufacturing the device described herein in which structural elements with cooperating finger joints are joined to form the entire device. In the proposed variants of structural implementation, structural elements with finger joints working together are joined into a single whole, while the finger joints are cut with a saw; and/or structural elements with cooperating finger joints are butted into a single unit, wherein the finger joints are stamped using a stamping tool using the shape of the additional space for the finger joints. Lumber fibers are laid into a mat having the shape of the desired device and then pressed into the structural member, and/or lumber veneer is pressed to form a mat shaped like the desired device and then pressed into the structural member.

Method 13 is a method for calculating span non-straightness for one or more measurable paths passing through the building frame.

Method 14 is a method for calculating piecewise non-straightness for one or more measurable paths passing through the frame of a building.

Method 15 is a method for simultaneously maximizing an adiabatic one-dimensional effective drag model combined with maximizing the span skewness calculated using the methods described here.

Method 16 is a method for simultaneously maximizing an adiabatic one-dimensional effective drag model combined with maximizing the piecewise non-straightness calculated using the methods described here.

ADDITIONAL OPTIONS DISCLOSED HEREIN

Structural implementation option A is a device consisting of: a matrix of structural arrays (structure matrix), a matrix of arrays of lattice structures (matrix of arrays of lattice structures), a design matrix consisting of one or more structural arrays (structural arrays) and a matrix of arrays of lattice structures, consisting of one or more arrays of lattice structures (arrays of lattice structures). Each of the lattice structure arrays consists of one or more lattice structures (truss lattice), each of the structural arrays consisting of three or more structural elements, and each lattice structure consisting of one or more truss lattice elements. Every two successive structural elements in each structural array form a dual array of first and second structural elements and an intermediate cavity. Every three consecutive structural elements in each design array form a triple array of the first, second and third structural elements. The lattice structure matrix is configured to provide non-zero piecewise non-straightness for energy flow between the first and third structural elements of the truss lattice of at least one triplet array containing only structural elements from the first structural array of the structure matrix. In the proposed structural implementation options, the lattice matrix is configured in such a way that the piecewise non-linearity of the energy flow between the first and third structural elements of the truss lattice of at least one triplet array containing only structural elements from the first structural array of the structure matrix is non-zero. Structural implementation option B is a device consisting of: a frame array, a structural matrix and lattice matrix structures. A frame array consists of one or more frames, and each frame consists of one or more structural arrays. A structural matrix consists of one or more structural arrays, a lattice matrix structure consists of one or more structural arrays, and each of the structural arrays consists of one or more lattice structures (truss lattice). Each of the structural arrays consists of three or more structural members, and each of the lattice structures consists of one or more truss lattice members. Every two consecutive structural elements in each structure array form a double array and an intermediate cavity of the first and second structural elements, and every three consecutive structural elements in each structure array form a triplet array of the first, second and third structural elements.

In some cases, the lattice matrix is configured to provide non-zero piecewise non-straightness to the flow of energy between the first and third structural elements of the truss lattice of at least one triplet array containing only structural elements from the first structural array of the structure matrix. In the proposed variants of structural implementation, the lattice matrix is configured in such a way that the piecewise non-linearity of the energy flow between the first and third structural elements of at least one triplet array, containing a structural element from two different structural arrays, is non-zero. This embodiment includes an array of structural elements, a first array, a lattice structure array, a second array, a first array cardinality of three or more, a second array cardinality of two or more, each lattice array consisting of one and more truss lattice elements, structural elements of the first array spaced from each other; every two adjacent structural elements in the first array form an adjacent pair; each structural element of the first array adjacent to any adjacent pair forms an adjacent trio, each adjacent pair forms an intermediate cavity, and each lattice contributes to the increase in piecewise non-straightness.

Design option C (see Fig. 38A, 38B, 38C, 38D, 38E, 38F) is essentially a biaxial frame design. At least three structural elements in design option C with at least 1 frame are a device consisting of structural parts and a matrix with intra-frame cavities, each intra-frame cavity is defined by a pair of structural parts; the structural parts consist of an array (1) of frames, the array of frames consists of at least one frame (1a); each frame consists of an array of structural elements (2) and an array of lattice structures (3), - the array of structural elements in each structure consists of one or more structural elements (2a), and the array of structural elements within at least one frame consists of three or more structural elements. <.there is a similar variant of structural implementation, in which at least one structure consists of two or more structural elements.> Every two adjacent structural elements in each frame form a pair of structural elements (4) from the first and second structural elements, and every two adjacent frames form a pair (5) of the first and second frames. Every three adjacent structural elements in the frame form a triple of structural elements from the first, second and third structural elements, and every three adjacent frames form a frame triple from the first, second and third frame. Each lattice array consists of one lattice structure for intra-lattice connections (3a) for each pair of structural members and one lattice structure for inter-lattice connections (3b) for each pair of frames. Each intra-lattice connection lattice structure for a particular pair of structural members consists of one or more intra-lattice connection truss lattice elements. Truss lattice elements for connections within lattice structures connect the first and second structural elements in the specified pair of structural elements. Each lattice structure for external inter-lattice connections for a specified frame pair consists of one or more truss lattice elements for external inter-lattice connections, these truss lattice elements connecting the first and second frames of said pair of frames. Lattice structures for connection within a lattice are configured to provide a minimum piecewise non-straightness within the statistical range of values for the energy flow between the first and third structural elements of one or more triplets of structural elements, the statistical range is selected from the following group of values: greater than zero and up to 50% , more than 50%, but less than 100%, more than 100%, but less than 120%, more than 120%, but less than 140%, more than 140%, but less than 160%, more than 160%, but less than 180%, more than 180%, but less than 200%, more than 200% but less than 250%, more than 250% but less than 300%, more than 300% but less than 400%, more than 400% but less than 500%, more than 500%.

In other external connection designs, the lattice structures are configured to provide a minimum piecewise non-straightness within a statistical range of values for the energy flow between the first and third frames of one or more frame triplets, the statistical range of values being selected from the group to which they belong: from zero to 50%, more than 50% but less than 100%, more than 100% but less than 120%, more than 120% but less than 140%, more than 140% but less than 160%, more than 160% but less than 180 %, more than 180% but less than 200%, more than 200% but less than 250%, more than 250% but less than 300%, more than 300% but less than 400%, more than 400% but less than 500%, more than 500% .

Structural implementation option D - arrangement of a 2D sandwich-type frame - See Fig. 6F

Structural implementation option D is a device consisting of an array (1) of frames and a matrix of cavities, a matrix of cavities, which, by virtue of the very fact of its design, is formed by an array of frames, an array of frames consisting of one or more frames (1a), each frame consists of an array of structural elements (2) and an array of lattice structures (3), an array of structural elements inside each frame consists of one or more structural elements (2a). An array of structural elements within at least one structure consists of three or more structural elements, every two adjacent structural elements in each frame form a pair of structural elements (4) from the first and second structural elements, and every two adjacent frames form a pair (5) from first and second frames. Every three adjacent structural elements within the frame form a triple of the first, second and third structural elements, and every three adjacent frames form a frame triple of the first, second and third frame. Each array of lattice structures consists of one lattice structure for connection within the lattice (3a) for each pair of structural elements. Each lattice structure for a particular pair of structural elements consists of one or more truss lattice elements to form a lattice structure. Each truss lattice element for forming a lattice structure connects the first and second structural elements in the specified pair of structural elements, and each truss lattice element for forming the lattice structure connects the first and second frames of the specified pair of frames. The network array is configured to provide maximum piecewise non-straightness within a statistical range of energy flow values between the first and third structural elements of one or more of the specified trio of structural elements. In variants of constructive implementation, the statistical range of values corresponds to that described above in variant of constructive implementation C.

Structural implementation option E - Arrangement of a 2D frame lattice - see fig. 17 V<.F002>. Structural implementation option E is a device consisting of an array (1) of frames and a matrix of cavities. The matrix of cavities is formed by an array of frames by itself due to design. The frame array consists of one or more frames (1a). Each frame consists of an array of structural forms and an array of lattice structures (3), the array of structural forms in each frame consists of one or more structural forms. An array of structural forms within at least one frame consists of three or more structural forms, each structural form including one or more arrays of structural elements (2a). Each feature array consists of one or more features. Every two adjacent structural shapes in each frame form a pair (4) of the first and second structural shapes, and every two adjacent frames form a pair (5) of the first and second frames. Every three adjacent structural forms within one frame form a triple of structural elements from the first, second and third structural forms, and every three adjacent frames form a frame triple from the first, second and third frames. Each lattice array consists of one lattice structure for intra-lattice connection (3a) for each pair of structural forms and one lattice structure for external connection between lattice (3b) for each pair of frames. Each intra-lattice connection lattice structure for a particular pair of structural forms consists of one or more intra-lattice connection truss elements, wherein the intra-lattice connection truss elements connect all structural elements of the first and second structural forms in the specified pair of structural forms. Each lattice structure for the external connection between the lattice for the specified pair of frames consists of one or more elements of the lattice truss for the external connection between the lattice. The lattice truss elements for external connection between the lattice connect the first and second frames of the specified frame pair. Lattice structures for intra-lattice connection are configured to provide maximum piecewise non-straightness within a statistical range of values for energy flow through one or more triplets of structural forms between any structural element in the first structural form and any structural element in the third structural form. In the design options, the statistical range of values corresponds to that described above in Design Option C.

In design options C, D, E, and F with three or more frames in a frame array, the lattice structures for the external connection between the lattices can be configured to provide maximum piecewise non-straightness within the statistical range of energy flow values between the first and third frames one or more frame triplets, the statistical range of values is selected from the group they belong to: more than 0% but less than 1%, more than 1% but less than 10%, more than 10% but less than 20%, more than 20% but less than 40%, more than 40% but less than 60%, more than 60% but less than 80%, more than 80% but less than 100%, more than 100% but less than 120%, more than 120% but less than 140%, more 140%, but less than 160%, more than 160%, but less than 180%, more than 180%, but less than 200%, more than 200%, but less than 250%, more than 250%, but less than 300%, more than 300%> but less 400%, more than 400% but less than 500%, and also more than 500%.

In design options C, D, E, and F with three or more frames in a frame array, the lattice structures can be configured for external connection between the lattices so that they produce a minimum piecewise non-straightness within the statistical range of values for the energy flow between the first and third frames one or more triplets of frames, the statistical range of values is selected from the group consisting of the following indicators: more than 0%, but less than 1%, more than 1%, but less than 10%, more than 10%, but less than 20%, more than 20%, but less than 40%, more than 40% but less than 60%, more than 60% but less than 80%, more than 80% but less than 100%, more than 100% but less than 120%, more than 120% but less than 140%, more 140% but less than 160%, more than 160% but less than 180%, more than 180% but less than 200%, more than 200% but less than 250%, more than 250% but less than 300%, more than 300% but less than 400 %, more than 400% but less than 500%, more than 500%

In design options C, D, E and F with one frame in an array of frames, the lattice structures for the intra-lattice connection are configured to provide maximum piecewise non-straightness within the statistical range of energy flow values between the first and third structural elements of one or more triplets structural elements, the statistical range of values is selected from the group consisting of the following ranges: more than 0%, but less than 1%, more than 1%, but less than 10%, more than 10%, but less than 20%, more than 20%, but less than 40% , more than 40%, but less than 60%, more than 60%, but less than 80%, more than 80%, but less than 100%, more than 100%, but less than 120%, more than 120%, but less than 1407o, more than 140%, but less than 160%, more than 160% but less than 180%, more than 180% but less than 200%, more than 200% but less than 250%, more than 250% but less than 300%, more than 300% but less than 400%, more 400%, but less than 500%, more than 500%.

In design options C, D, E and F with one frame in an array of frames, the lattice structure is configured to provide a minimum piecewise non-straightness within the statistical range of values for the energy flow between the first and third structural elements of the truss lattice of one or more structural elements. member three, the statistical range of values is selected from the group, which includes: more than 0%, but less than 1%, more than 1%, but less than 10%, more than 10%, but less than 20%, more than 20%, but less than 40%, more than 40%, but less than 607o, more than 60%, but less than 80%, more than 80%, but less than 100%, more than 100%, but less than 120%, more than 120%, but less than 140%, more than 140%, but less 160%, more than 160% but less than 180%, more than 180% but less than 200%, more than 200% but less than 250%, more than 250% but less than 300%, more than 300% but less than 400%, more than 400 %, but less than 500%, more than 500%.

In design options C, D, E and F with one frame in an array of frames, the intranet network is configured to provide maximum span non-straightness within the statistical range of values for the energy flow between the first and third structural elements of one or more triplets of structural elements, the statistical range of values is selected from the group consisting of the following values: more than 0% but less than 1%, more than 1% but less than 10%, more than 10% but less than 20%, more than 20% but less than 40%, more than 40 %, but less than 60%, more than 60%, but less than 80%, more than 80%, but less than 100%, more than 100%, but less than 120%, more than 120%, but less than 140%, more than 140%, but less than 160 %, more than 160% but less than 180%, more than 180% but less than 200%, more than 200% but less than 250%, more than 250% but less than 300%, more than 300% but less than 400%, more than 400% , but less than 500%, more than 500%.

In design options C, D, E and F with one frame in an array of frames, the intranet network is configured to provide a minimum span misalignment within the statistical range of values for the energy flow between the first and third structural elements of one or more triplets of structural elements, the statistical range of values is selected from the group consisting of the following values: more than 0% but less than 1%, more than 1% but less than 10%, more than 10% but less than 20%, more than 20% but less than 40%, more than 40 %, but less than 60%, more than 60%, but less than 80%, more than 80%, but less than 100%, more than 100%, but less than 120%, more than 120%, but less than 140%, more than 140%, but less than 160 %, more than 160% but less than 180%, more than 180% but less than 200%, more than 200% but less than 250%, more than 250% but less than 300%, more than 300% but less than 400%, more than 400% , but less than 500%, more than 500%.

Structural implementation option F - at least two structural elements in at least 1 frame.

Structural implementation option F is a device consisting of an array (1) of frames and a matrix of cavities; the matrix of cavities is formed by itself due to the array of frames ipso facto. The frame array consists of one or more frames (1a), each frame consisting of an array (2) of structural elements and an array (3) of lattice structures. The array of structural elements in each frame consists of one or more structural elements (2a). An array of structural elements within at least one frame consists of two or more structural elements. Every two adjacent structural elements in each frame form a pair (4) of the first and second structural elements, and every two adjacent frames form a pair (5) of the first and second frames. Every three adjacent structural elements in the frame form a triple of the first, second and third structural elements, and every three adjacent frames form a triple of the first, second and third frames. Each lattice array consists of one internal connection lattice structure (3a) for each pair of structural elements and one external lattice connection lattice structure (3b) for each pair of frames, each internal connection lattice structure is intended for a specific pair of structural elements consisting from one or more lattice truss elements for internal connections. The lattice truss elements for internal connections connect the first and second structural elements in the specified pair of structural elements. Each lattice structure for external connections for a specified pair of frames consists of one or more lattice truss elements for external connections of lattice structures. Lattice truss elements for external connections of lattice structures connect the first and second frames of the specified pair of frames. Lattice structures for internal connections are configured to provide maximum piecewise non-straightness within a statistical range of values for energy flow between the first and second structural members of one or more pairs of structural members. In variants of constructive implementation, the statistical range of values corresponds to that described above for option C.

Structural implementation option G for a sandwich-type 2D frame device

Structural implementation option G is a device consisting of an array (1) of frames and a matrix of cavities, while the matrix of cavities is ipso facto (by virtue of the fact) formed by the array of frames itself, the array of frames consists of one or more frames (1a), each the frame consists of an array of structural elements (2) and an array of lattice structures (3), the array of structural elements inside each frame consists of one or more structural elements (2a). An array of structural elements in at least one frame consists of two or more structural elements. Every two adjacent structural elements in each frame form a pair (4) of the first and second structural elements, and every two adjacent frames form a pair (5) of the first and second frames. Every three adjacent structural elements in the frame form a triple of the first, second and third structural elements, and every three adjacent frames form a frame triple of the first, second and third frames. Each array of lattice structures consists of one lattice structure for internal connection (3a) for each pair of structural elements. Each lattice structure for internal connection in an array of lattice structures can additionally be a lattice structure for external connection of the lattices to each other. Each lattice for a particular pair of structural members consists of one or more truss lattice elements to create an overall lattice. Each of the truss lattice elements connects first and second structural elements in said pair of structural elements to create a common lattice. Each of the truss lattice elements connects the first and second frames of the specified pair of frames to create a common lattice. The array of lattice structures is configured to provide maximum piecewise non-straightness within a statistical range of energy flow values between the first and third structural elements of one or more triplets of structural elements. In variants of constructive implementation, the statistical range of values corresponds to that described above for variant of constructive implementation C.

Structural implementation option N - 2D lattice frame device

Structural implementation option H is a device consisting of an array (1) of frames and a matrix of cavities, and this matrix of cavities is formed by the array of frames in itself ipso facto (by virtue of the fact). An array of frames consists of one or more frames (1a), each frame consists of an array of structural forms and an array of lattice structures (3), an array of structural forms in each frame consists of one or more structural forms. An array of structural forms within one frame consists of at least two or more structural forms. Each structural form consists of one or more arrays of structural forms (2a). Each array consists of one or more structural elements, every two adjacent structural forms in each frame form a pair (4) of the first and second structural forms, and every two adjacent frames form a pair (5) of the first and second frames. Every three adjacent structural forms within one frame form a triple of structural elements from the first, second and third structural form, and every three adjacent frames form a frame triple from the first, second and third frame. Each lattice array consists of one lattice structure for internal lattice connections (3a) for each pair of structural shapes and one lattice structure for external inter-lattice connections (3b) for each pair of frames. Each internal lattice connection lattice structure for a specified pair of structural forms consists of one or more lattice truss elements for internal connection of lattice trusses, the lattice elements of internal lattice connection trusses connect all structural elements of the first and second structural forms within the specified pair of structural forms . Each lattice structure for the external connection between the lattice for the specified pair of frames consists of one or more lattice elements of the trusses for the external connection between the lattice, the elements of the lattice trusses connecting the first and second frames of the pair of frames. Lattice structures for internal lattice connection are configured to provide maximum piecewise non-straightness within a statistical range of values for energy flow through one or more triplets of structural forms between any structural element in the first structural form and any structural element in the third structural form. In variants of constructive implementation, the statistical range of values corresponds to that described above in variant of constructive implementation C. The ranges of non-straightness correspond to those described in variant of constructive implementation E.

In the embodiments described herein, one or more frame elements is an element selected from the group consisting of a set of fibers, a set of fiber bundles, a set of threads, a set of lamellas, a set of veneer layers. In some cases, the frame is a single building form with a series of adjacent tunnels.

Structural implementation option I - Explicitly uniaxial and implicitly multiaxial frame devices. Structural implementation option I is a device consisting of two or more cavities, representing a certain body and a set of body elements, the body has a set of measurable paths and a first subset of measurable paths. A set of body elements consists of three or more structural elements, including first, second and third structural elements, located separately at some distance from each other, two or more truss lattice elements, including first and second truss lattice elements, each of which connects at least at least one of three or more structural elements with an adjacent structural element in a fixed positional relationship under self-loading conditions, and together ensure that each of the three or more structural elements is connected to the device. The device includes two or more lattice structures, including first and second lattice structures, each of which consists of one or more truss lattice elements, more specifically, the first lattice structure consists of a first truss lattice element, each truss lattice element in the first lattice structure at least connects the first and second structural elements, more specifically, the second lattice structure is composed of a second truss lattice element, the second truss lattice element in the second, each element of this truss lattice at least connects the second and third structural elements. Each measurable path in the first subset of measurable paths is defined by the shortest path along which energy can flow through the body between the first end point, i.e. any point on the first structural element, and the second end point, i.e. any point on the third structural element, and this path is represented by a set of path segments with a sufficiently large cardinality index. Each measurable path is characterized by a range, a path length, and a piecewise non-straightness equal to the path length divided by the range minus one. The first subset of measurable paths is characterized by the maximum piecewise non-straightness of the first subset, equal to the maximum value of the piecewise non-straightness for each path in it. The first and second lattice structures are configured in such a way as to ensure the maximum piecewise non-straightness of the first subset, greater than zero. The first and second lattice structures are configured to provide a value greater than zero for a statistical quantity selected from the group consisting of: maximum piecewise non-straightness value, minimum piecewise non-straightness value, maximum span non-straightness value and minimum span non-straightness value.

Structural implementation option J - explicitly uniaxial and implicitly multiaxial frame devices

Design option J is a device consisting of: a housing with five or more housing elements; a first subset of five or more housing elements; three or more structural members, each of which is one of five or more body members; two or more measurable paths; the first subset of two or more measurable paths; two or more pairs of adjacent structural elements, consisting of a first pair of three or more structural elements and a second pair of three or more structural elements adjacent to the first pair of structural elements. Further, the device includes two or more truss lattice elements, each of which is one of five or more frame elements and connects a pair of an array consisting of two or more pairs of adjacent structural elements placed together in a fixed positional relationship under self-loading conditions in such a manner that that the first paired element does not touch the second paired element, and two or more truss lattice elements, each of which consists of one, two or more truss lattice elements. The device has two or more lines that may be a variant of the flight direction line, a first subset of two or more lines that may be a variant of the flight direction line, two or more flight direction lines, a first subset of two or more flight direction lines, two or more sets of statistics and a first subset of two or more sets of statistics. The first subset of five or more housing elements consists of: a first structural element of three or more structural elements, a second structural element of three or more structural elements that extends from the interior of the first structural element, a third structural element of three or more structural elements, that extends from the interior of the first structural member to a greater extent than the second structural member, a first truss lattice member of two or more truss lattice members that connects the first structural member to the second structural member, and a second truss lattice member that connects the second structural member with a third structural element, the first of two or more lattice structures that consists of one or more (two or more) truss lattice elements, including a first truss lattice element, each of which connects the first structural element to a second structural element, the second of two or more lattice structures that consists of one or more (two or more) truss lattice elements, including a second truss lattice element, each of which connects a second structural element to a third structural element, wherein in a set of two or more measurable paths, a first subset two or more measurable paths, a set of two or more span options, a first subset of two or more span options, a set of two or more span options, and a first subset of two or more span options have a cardinality sufficient to achieve any required accuracy in the calculation any dependent quantities.

Each option in the first subset of two or more flight direction lines is a line passing through the starting point, i.e. any point on the surface of the first structural element, and the reflection point, i.e. the point of closest approach between the starting point and the third structural member, wherein each flight direction line in the first subset of two or more flight direction lines is a line based on a variant in the first subset of the two or more flight direction lines and passing through the starting point, i.e. .e. the point of closest approach of the reflection point of the specified option and the first structural element, and the end point, i.e. the point of closest approach between the starting point and the third structural element.

Each path in the first subset of two or more measurable paths is a shortest, that is, completely limited by the part of the body between the first end point, that is, one starting point from the first subset of two or more flight direction lines, and the second end point, that is, one end point from the first subset of two or more flight direction lines, and is approximated by a set of path segments with a cardinality sufficient to achieve any required accuracy when calculating any dependent quantity. Each path represents a range, defined as the distance between the first endpoint and the second endpoint; path length, which is approximated as the sum of the total length of each segment for a set of path segments; piecewise non-straightness is equal to the difference, i.e. path length minus range divided by range, wherein the first subset of statistics includes a first subset piecewise non-straightness value equal to the maximum value of each first subset piecewise non-straightness of two or more measurable paths such that the maximum piecewise non-straightness of the first subset is greater than zero.

Structural implementation option K - explicitly uniaxial and implicitly multiaxial frame devices, at least three structural elements, triplets

Structural implementation option K is a device consisting of the following parts: two or more cavities, first, second and third structural elements located separately at a distance from each other, first and second lattice structures, each layer consists of one or more structural elements, first and second lattice structures, each consisting of one or more truss lattice elements, each truss lattice element in the first lattice structure connecting one or more structural elements in the first layer to one or more truss lattice elements in the second layer, each lattice element the trusses in the second lattice structure connect one or more structural members in the second layer to one or more structural members in the third layer. Each truss lattice element in the first and second lattice structures is configured to provide a dimensional constraint selected from the group consisting of: greater than 0 maximum piecewise uncertainty value, greater than 0 minimum piecewise uncertainty value, greater than 0 maximum span uncertainty value and greater than 0, the minimum span uncertainty value for the flow of energy along connected measurable paths between any point at the junction of the first structural element with the first or more truss lattice elements and any point on the third truss lattice element.

Structural implementation options L, M N O and P - uniaxial, with at least three structural elements in a 1D frame

Structural implementation option L is a device consisting of the following parts: first, second and third structural elements located separately at a distance from each other; a first truss lattice element connecting the first structural element to the second structural element; a second truss lattice element connecting the second structural element to the third structural element; the first and second truss lattice elements are configured to provide a maximum piecewise non-straightness greater than zero for energy flow between any point on the first structural element and any point on the third structural element.

Structural implementation option M is a device consisting of the following parts: first, second and third structural elements located separately from each other, the first truss lattice element or several truss lattice elements connecting the first structural element with the second structural element, the second truss lattice element or more truss lattice elements connecting the second structural element to the third structural element, the first truss lattice element or more than one truss lattice elements and the second truss lattice element or more than one truss lattice elements are configured to provide a maximum piecewise non-straightness greater than zero for energy flow between any point on the first structural element and any point on the third structural element.

Structural implementation option N is a device consisting of first, second and third structural elements located separately at a distance from each other, a first truss lattice element or several truss lattice elements connecting the first structural element to a second structural element, a second truss lattice element or several truss lattice elements connecting the second structural element to the third structural element; the first truss lattice element or plurality of truss lattice elements and the second truss lattice element or several truss lattice elements are configured to provide a minimum piecewise non-straightness greater than zero for the flow of energy between any point on the first structural element and any point on the third structural element.

Structural implementation option O is a device consisting of the following parts: first, second and third structural elements located separately at a distance from each other, one (first) or several first elements of the truss lattice connecting the first structural element with the second structural element, the second or more second truss lattice elements connecting the second structural element to the third structural element, the first or more first truss lattice elements and the second or more second truss lattice elements are configured to provide a maximum piecewise non-straightness greater than zero for energy flow between any point on the junction of the first structural element with the first or more lattice elements of the network truss and any point on the third structural element.

Structural implementation option P is a device consisting of three or more structural elements, two or more lattice structures and two or more truss lattice elements, each of two or more lattice structures consisting of at least one of two or more elements truss lattice and connects an adjacent pair of three or more structural elements, i.e. a first structural element and an adjacent structural element, exactly one of the two or more lattice structures connects the first structural element to the adjacent structural element of each pair of structural elements.

Structural implementation options Q, R S and T are explicitly uniaxial and implicitly multiaxial doublets of at least two structural elements,

Embodiment Q1 is a device consisting of the following parts: first and second structural elements located separately at a distance from each other, a first truss lattice element connecting the first structural element to a second structural element, the first truss lattice element being configured in this way , to provide a maximum piecewise non-straightness greater than zero for the energy flow between any point at the junction of the first truss lattice element with the first structural element, and any point on the second structural element.

Option Q2 is a device consisting of the following parts: first and second structural elements located separately from each other, a first truss lattice element connecting the first structural element to the second structural element; the first truss lattice element is configured to provide a minimum piecewise non-straightness greater than zero for the flow of energy between any point at the junction of the first truss lattice element with the first structural element, and any point on the second structural element.

Embodiment R is an apparatus consisting of first and second structural elements spaced apart from each other, a first truss lattice element connecting the first structural element to a second structural element, the first and second truss lattice elements being configured such that provide a minimum piecewise non-straightness greater than zero for the flow of energy between any point on the first structural element and any point on the second structural element. In the design embodiment, the "minimum non-straightness along the span" is greater than or equal to 150%±50%, 250%±50%, 350%±50%, 450%±50%, 550%±50% or 650%±50%.

Structural implementation option S is a device consisting of the following parts: first and second structural elements located at a distance from each other, a first truss lattice element connecting the first structural element to a second structural element, first and second truss lattice elements configured in such a way in a manner to provide a normalized propagation of non-straightness along the span that is less than or equal to 50% for the energy flow between any point on the first structural member and any point on the second structural member.

Structural implementation option T is a device consisting of the following parts: first and second structural elements located at a distance from each other, a first truss lattice element connecting the first structural element to a second structural element, first and second truss lattice elements configured in such a way in a manner to provide a uniformity of skewness across the span of less than or equal to 50% for the flow of energy between any point on the first structural element and any point on the second structural element.

Structural implementation option U is a three-axis device, which is a sandwich frame

Structural implementation option U is a device consisting of a first device - structural implementation option L, as well as one special additional layer, one or more additional layers, two or more special additional structural elements, one or more additional structural elements, one or more additional lattice structures and one or more additional truss lattice elements, wherein the special additional layer consists of three or more special additional structural elements, each of several additional layers (at least one) consists of one or more additional structural elements, each of several additional lattice structures (at least one) consists of one or more additional elements of truss lattice; a special additional layer has an index of zero, each of several additional layers (at least one) has an index greater than zero, each index is an integer between zero and the number of one or more additional layers, each index that represents a value greater than one forms a pair of adjacent indices , consisting of a first index and a second index that is equal to the first index minus one, and each pair of adjacent indices forms a pair of adjacent layers between the first layer, one of several additional layers (at least one) with an index equal to the first index in the pair of adjacent indices, and the second layer, one of several additional layers (at least one) with an index equal to the second index in a pair of adjacent indices. As a result, each of the two or more lattice structures in the first set of the first device is connected to two of several special additional structural elements (at least one), each of one or more additional lattice structures is connected to each of several (at least one) additional layers to the third device and each of the one or more additional truss lattice elements connects two additional structural elements in the first layer in a pair of adjacent layers to the second layer in a pair of adjacent layers.

Structural implementation option V1 - one-piece solid device

Structural implementation option V1 is a device in which the material of the device fills each seam at the interface between the elements of the device, in which the elements of the device are structural elements and elements of the truss lattice, forming a continuous body with structure-forming structural elements and parts similar to the elements of the truss lattice.

Design option V2 is a device in which the material of the device fills one or more seams, at most one seam less than all seams, at the joints between device elements, where the device elements are structural elements and truss lattice elements.

Structural implementation option W is a one-piece solid body

Option W is a window frame formed by adding a through cavity to the frame described in Option L in the span direction. In embodiments, one or more device elements are of different lengths than others, in which the device elements are structural members and truss lattice elements.

Structural implementation option X is the frame described above, which is built into a window opening, doorway, opening, circular opening, portal, insulating cavity, room, chamber, indentation, open cavity, closed cavity, closed cell, capsule, microscopic cavity, nanoscopic cavity, as well as other minor cavity.

Design option Y is similar to design option L and includes one special additional layer, one or more additional layers, two or more special additional structural elements, one or more additional structural elements, one or more additional lattice structures and one or more additional truss lattice elements, wherein the special additional layer consists of three or more special additional structural elements, each of which consists of one or more additional structural elements, each of the one or more additional lattice structures consisting of one or more additional truss lattice elements. In embodiments, a special additional layer has a zero index, each of one or more additional layers has an index greater than zero, each index is an integer between zero and the number of one or more additional layers, each index greater than one forms a pair of adjacent indices consisting of the first index and a second index that is equal to the first index minus one, and each pair of adjacent indices forms a pair of adjacent layers between the first layer, one of several (at least one) additional layers with an index equal to the first index in the pair of adjacent indices, and the second layer, one from several (at least one) additional layers with an index equal to the second index in a pair of adjacent indices.

As a result, each of the two or more lattice structures in the first set of the first device is connected to two of several (at least one) special additional structural elements, each of the several (at least one) additional lattice structures is connected in each of several (at least one) additional layers with a third device, and each of several (at least one) additional truss lattice elements is connected to two additional structural elements in the first layer in a pair of adjacent layers with the second layer in a pair of adjacent layers. In this variant of structural implementation, the first characteristic feature is the farthest structural element along the first axis, the second feature is the closest structural element along the first axis, the third feature is the farthest structural element along the second axis, the fourth feature is the closest structural element along the second axis, and the second axis extends at an angle with respect to the first axis.

Structural implementation option Z

Structural implementation option Z is a temporary formwork that contains permanently installed autoclaved aerated concrete blocks laid in cavities for formwork of a concrete frame by pouring concrete into the specified formwork so that the concrete frame has a minimum non-straightness along the span - 0.25 (25%) for at least at least one minimum span between the surfaces of the concrete frame that oppose each other in the depth direction.

Option AB is a window frame, as described above, that includes a valve to relieve pressure from the space between at least two panes of glass when the valve is open and to reseal that space so as to maintain a low pressure inside when the valve is closed. . A household vacuum cleaner, hand pump, or other suction device can depressurize the space using appropriate fittings that fit into the window valve opening. In some cases, this design option consists of a frame comprising three layers of offset sealed cells. In some cases, frame fragments are formed from three posts connected by two lattice structures.

A variant of the structural implementation of the AC is the device described in the last paragraph of the Summary and in paragraphs 16 and 17, additionally including any number of additional structural elements for a total number of N_sm structural elements, marked as one array of structural elements, as well as any number of additional lattice structures for a total number of N_w lattice structures, labeled as one array of lattice structures,

the first lattice structure additionally includes any number of additional truss lattice elements with a total number of N_wm truss lattice elements in the first lattice structure,

the second lattice structure further includes any number of additional truss lattice elements for a total number of N_wm truss lattice elements in the second lattice structure, an array of structural elements indexed by the index l_sm, which ranges from 1 to N_sm,

the first feature indexed with index l_sm equal to 1,

the second structural element, indexed with index l_sm equal to 2,

the third structural element, indexed using the index l_sm equal to 3,

l_sm-th structural element located between (l_sm-1)-M and (l_sm+1)-th elements for l_sm varying from 2 to N_sm-1,

an array of lattice structures, indexed by an index, l_w, which ranges from 1 to N_sm-1,

first lattice structure indexed with l_w index equal to 1, second lattice structure indexed with l_w index equal to 2,

l_w-th lattice structure, consisting of a number of truss lattice elements equal to l_w - N_wm lattice structures, varying from 1 to any positive integer greater than zero,

l_w-th lattice structure, indexed using the l_w-l_wm lattice structure index, which ranges from 1 to l_w-th-N_wm lattice structure,

a first lattice structure consisting of a first truss lattice element, a second lattice structure consisting of a second truss lattice element,

the first lattice element of the truss, indexed by the first value for lattice structures N_wm equal to 1,

the second lattice element of the truss, indexed by the second value for lattice structures N_wm equal to 1,

each truss lattice element in the l_w-th lattice structure, the connecting l_w-th structural element with the (1_w+1)-m structural element in a spaced relationship for l_w, going from 1 to l_w N_wm,

structural parts further including additional structural elements and additional lattice structures and forming a uniaxial frame,

Structural implementation option AD is a combination of structural implementation option AB with at least one additional frame to achieve a total number of N_f frames, as well as N_f-1 arrays of lattice structures for external connection, with frame numbers designated according to the numbering of the frame array,

array of frames, indexed by index, l_f,

index, l-f, ranges from 1 to N_f,

External Connection Lattice Array, designated according to the Outer Connection Lattice Array Matrix, the External Connection Lattice Array Matrix consists of the numbers, N_iwa, for the External Connection Lattice Array

number, N_iwa, can be equal to at least one,

matrix for the outer join lattice array, indexed by the index, l_iwa, which specifies the l_iwa th outer join lattice array,

I_iwa, varies in the range from 1 to N_f-1,

The l_iwa-th array of lattice structures for external connection has the numbers, l_iwa N_iw, of lattice structures for external connection,

value l_iwa N_iw, can be equal to at least one,

l_iwa-th array of lattice structures for external connection, indexed using the index, l_iwa I_iw, which defines l_iwa-th l_iw-th array for external connection of lattice structures,

l_iwa l_iw changes between 1 and l_iwa N_iw,

l_iwa-th l_iw-th lattice structure for external connection, has the number, l_iwa-th l_iw-th N_iwm, of truss lattice elements for external connection,

l_iwa-i l_iw-i N_iwm - equal to at least one,

The l_iwa-th l_iw-th lattice structure for external connection is indexed using the index, l_iwa-th l_iw-th l_iwm, which defines the l_iwa-th l_iw-th l_iwm-th for the lattice element of the truss for external connection,

l_iwa-th l_iw-th l_iwm varies in the range between 1 and l_iwa-th l_iwlh N_iwm,

The l_iwa-th l_iwa-th lattice structure for external connection connects the l_iwa-th frame to the (l_iwa+1) frame for l_iwa, which varies in the range from 1 to N_f-1,

The l_iwa-th l_iw-th external connection lattice structure consists of at least one external connection truss lattice element that connects to at least one structural element in the l_iwa-th frame with at least one structural element in the (l_iwa+l)th frame,

structural parts additionally include arrays of lattice structures for external connections and additional frames,

structural parts that make up the multi-axial frame,

Design option AE is a design option AC in which the structural parts are sized and arranged to include at least one of (A) the most direct second paths through uniaxial frames, starting with the first structural element, which is at least at least 1.5 times longer than the length of the straightest second path through uniaxial frames starting from the first structural element, or (B) the straightest second path through uniaxial structures starting from the first structural element that is at least 2 times longer longer than the length of the straightest second path through uniaxial structures starting from the first structural element, or (C) the straightest second path through uniaxial structures starting from the first structural element is at least 2 times longer than the length of the straightest one second paths through single-axis structures starting from the first structural element, or (C) the straightest second path through single-axial structures starting from the first structural element that is at least 2.5 times longer than the length of the straightest second path through single-axial structures structures from the first structural element or (D) the straightest second path through single-axial structures from the first structural element is at least 3 times longer than the length of the straightest second path through single-axial structures from the first structural element. In some cases, each truss lattice element is a piece of rigid insulation.

An AF structural implementation option is a device consisting of at least an array of structural forms, each structural form consists of an array of structural elements, each structural element consists of an array of structural sub-elements and an array of lattice structures, each lattice structure consists of an array of truss lattice elements, each lattice structure, consists of at least one of the following: (a) a lattice structure between forms, in which the elements of the lattice structure between forms are configured to provide a span non-straightness greater than 100% to obtain the shortest measurable path between the first and last forms in array of structural forms.

Design Option AF: (Preferred Design Option) for installation in a barrier with a joint internal and external surface - a device consisting of a frame with more than one structural element and a global lattice structure consisting of more than zero global lattice truss elements, in in which the elements of the global truss lattice are configured to provide (1) a first measurable path between the inner and outer surface with a first length L ₁ , a first span S ₁ , a first non-straightness value along the span h={L ₁ /S ₁ }-1 greater 100% (insulation aspect), equivalent to the first structural insulation factor F ₁ =L ₁ /S ₁ greater than 2, in which the first measurable path is shorter than any other measurable path between the inner and outer surface, (2) the first direct path between the inner and external surface with a second span value and a first cumulative distance between structural parts equal to (a) more than {(9%±1%) times the second span value} (isolated aspect) and (b) less than {80% of the second span } (not so insulated that the structure becomes weak), where the first cumulative distance between structural parts is less than any other cumulative distance between structural parts for any other direct path between the inner and outer surface, (3) the length of the first path is less than 85 times less the first cumulative distance between the structural parts (the balance between the insulating and insulating aspects), where the structural parts include each structural element and the global lattice structure.

Design option AG: Design option AF in which the same rules apply in a direction perpendicular to the structural members.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the panel structure 500 shown in Fig. 43 includes a spaced-apart first planar panel 502, a second planar panel 504, and a plurality of spaced-spaced connecting cladding surface structures 510A, 510B, 510C, 510D of the first panel 502 and the second panel 504. As shown in FIG. 44, each of the structural members 510A, 510B, 510C, 510D includes a first frame member 520 in longitudinal contact with the first planar panel 502, a second frame member 530 in longitudinal contact with the second planar panel 504, the second frame member 530 is spaced from and substantially parallel to first frame member 520, and frame connector 540 is between first frame member 520 and second frame member 530, frame connector 540 is between first frame member 520 and second frame member 530 in multiple first places 525 and a second frame member 530 in a plurality of second places 550; the first and second frame members 520, 530 have free internal surfaces 521, 531 between the first and second locations 525, 550. The frame connecting member 540 does not provide a direct conductive heat flow path in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction between the first and second internal surfaces 521, 531 frame elements 520, 530. Structural elements 510A, 510B, 510C, 510D can be made of wood or composite. The distance between the first places 525 is at least 2 times the distance between the first and second frame elements 520, 530. The distance between the second places 550 is at least 2 times the distance between the first and second frame elements 520, 530. Frame connecting element 540 consists of a central frame member 540A substantially parallel to the first and second frame members 520, 530 and a plurality of connecting frame members 540B, 540C perpendicular to the central frame members 540A in contact with the first and second frame members 520, 540 at first and second mounting locations 525, 550. Alternatively, the frame connector 540 consists of a central frame connector 540A substantially parallel to the first and second frame connectors 520, 540, and a plurality of first connectors 540B connecting the first surface 550 of the central frame member 540A to the first frame member 530, and a plurality of second coupling members 540C connecting a second surface of the central frame member 540A opposed to the first surface of the central frame member 540A for attachment to the second frame member 520, wherein none of the first coupling members 540B is not directly opposite any of the second connecting elements 540C. As shown in Fig. 44, the frame connecting element 540 consists of a central frame element 540A, which is substantially parallel to the first and second frame elements 520, 530, and a plurality of connecting elements 540 B, 540C, each of which is secured either diagonally between the first element 530 and the central element 540A, or diagonally between the second element 520 and the central element 540A. Panel structure 500 may include secondary connecting elements connecting one of the interconnected structural elements to at least one of the other divided structural elements. Secondary connecting elements may connect one of the separated structural elements to at least another separated structural element when the secondary connecting elements do not provide a direct path for conductive heat flow in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction between the separated structural elements.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for manufacturing the panel structure 500 shown in FIG. 45, the facing surfaces of the first and second panels are connected by structural members 510A, 510B, 510C, 510D, wherein the frame connector 540 does not provide a direct conductive heat flow path in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction between the inner facing surfaces of the first and second frame members 520 , 530.

Alternatively, the method of manufacturing the panel structure 500 may include a plurality of spaced structural elements 510A, 510B, 510C, 510D connecting the facing surfaces of the first and second panels 502, 504, in which the spaced elements structures 510A, 510B, 510C, 510D do not provide a direct conductive heat flow path in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction between the inner facing surfaces of the first and second panels 502, 504.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to the development of structural members 510A, 510B, 510C, 510D that connect the first and second panels 502, 504 to create a panel structure 500. The structural members 510A, 510B, 510C, 510D include a first elongated frame member 520, a second elongated frame member 530 spaced from and substantially parallel to the first elongated frame member 520, and a frame connecting member 540 located between and connecting the first and second frame members 520, 530, a frame connecting member 540 in contact with a first frame member 530 at a plurality of first locations 550 and in contact with a second frame member 520 at a plurality of second locations 525, the first and second frame members 520, 530 with free internal surfaces between the first and second locations 550, 525. The frame connecting member 540 does not provide direct conductive heat flow paths in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal one between the internal surfaces of the first and second frame elements 520, 530.

Another aspect of the present invention, shown in Fig. 46 is directed toward an insulating structural member 610 including a first elongate frame member 620 having a first length, and a second elongate frame member 630 spaced from and substantially parallel to the first elongate frame member 620, a second elongate frame member 630 having a second length substantially the same as the first frame member. The insulating element 610 includes a central elongate frame element 640 located between the first and second frame elements 620, 630, and a third frame element 640 having a length substantially equal to the length of the first frame element. The insulation element 610 includes a plurality of first connection elements 650 that connect the first elongate element 620 to one surface of the central frame element 640, the first connection elements 650 having a connection length less than the first length. The insulating structural element 610 includes a plurality of second connection elements 660 connecting the second elongate element 630 to the opposite surface of the central element 640, wherein the second connection element 660 has a connection length significantly less than the first length. The structure 610 does not provide a direct path for conductive heat flow in a direction perpendicular to the first length. The connection length of the plurality of first coupling members 650 and the plurality of second coupling members 660 may be less than 20% of the first length of the first elongated frame member 620 and further may be less than 10% of the first length of the first elongated frame member. The first, second, and central elongate members 620, 630, 640 may constitute a plurality of elongate laminate members 601, as shown in FIG. 46, and the first and second connecting elements 650, 660 constitute a plurality of multi-layer connecting elements 602.

The connecting laminates of the first connecting elements 650 may be woven with the elongate laminates of the first and central elongates 620, 640, and the connecting laminates of the second connecting elements 660 may be interwoven with the elongate laminates of the second and central elongates 630, 640 The first and second coupling members 650, 660 may be fixed diagonally between the respective first or second elongated frame members 620, 630 and the central frame member 640. The first and second coupling members may be configured to provide a first measurable path between the outer surface of the first. elongated frame element and the opposite outer surface of the second elongated frame element had a first value of length L1, a first value of non-straightness along the span S1 such that I1={L1/S1}-1 is greater than 100% (insulation aspect), which is equivalent to the first geometric insulation coefficient F1 =L1/S1 greater than 2, with the first measurable path being shorter than any other measurable path between the inner and outer surfaces. The first and second connecting members may be configured such that the first direct path between the outer surface of the first elongated frame member and the opposite outer surface of the second elongated frame member with the second span and the first cumulative distance between the structural members is (a) greater than {(9 %±1%) of the value for the second span} (insulation aspect) and (b) less than {80% of the value for the second span} (not so insulated as to render the structure weak), where the first cumulative distance between structural parts is less than any different cumulative distance between structural parts for any other direct path between the inner and outer surface. The first and second connecting portions may be configured to provide a first path length that is less than a factor of 85 multiplied by the first combined distance between the structural portions (the balance between the insulating and insulating aspects). In this case, the structural parts include each structural element, as well as the first and second connecting parts.

Thus, the present invention provides one or more of the following advantages. The present invention provides the user with a structural element having insulating properties, as well as a structural element that complements the insulating materials used in conjunction with the structural element. The present invention provides a structural member for arranging load-bearing panels on opposite sides of the structural member that resists heat transfer between the opposing panels and is a panel structure with panels spaced apart on a first and second plane that provide structural integrity and resistance to heat transfer.

Although the present invention has been particularly described in connection with one or more specific embodiments, it will be appreciated that many alternatives, modifications and variations thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims will cover any such alternatives, changes and variations that fall within the true scope and spirit of the present invention.

Claims (74)

1. Panel structure containing: first and second planar panels located at a distance from each other, And a plurality of spaced apart structural elements connecting the lined surfaces of the first and second panels, each structural element contains: a first frame element in longitudinal contact with the first planar panel, a second frame member in longitudinal contact with the second planar panel, the second frame member being spaced from and substantially parallel to the first frame member, and a frame connecting element located between the first and second frame elements and in contact with them, wherein the frame connecting member contacts the first frame member at a plurality of first locations and contacts the second frame member at a plurality of second locations, the first and second frame members having free inwardly facing surfaces between the first and second locations, wherein the frame connecting member does not provide a direct conductive heat flow path in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction between the inward facing surfaces of the first and second frame members, wherein each structural element is a structural part, the main purpose of which is to carry applied structural loads, and which is part, partially or wholly constituting a frame formed by a panel structure, having significant structural strength in comparison with other parts of the frame and contributing significant contribution to its structural strength, where structural strength is the force per unit area, measured in metric units N/m ² , that a structural element can withstand without failure or plastic deformation. 2. Panel structure according to claim 1, in which the structural elements are made of wood or composite. 3. Panel structure according to claim 1, in which the distance between the first points is at least 2 times the distance between the first and second points, and the distance between the second points is at least 2 times the distance between the first and second points. 4. The panel structure of claim 1, wherein the frame connecting element comprises a central frame element substantially parallel to the first and second frame elements, and a plurality of connecting elements perpendicular to the central frame elements and contacting the first and second frame elements at locations of the first and second frame elements. second. 5. The panel structure of claim 1, wherein the frame connecting element comprises a central frame element substantially parallel to the first and second frame elements, a plurality of first connecting elements connecting the first surface of the central frame element to the first frame element, and a plurality of second connecting elements connecting a second surface of the central frame element opposite the first surface of the central frame element with a second frame element. 6. The panel structure of claim 5, wherein none of the first connecting elements is directly opposite any of the second connecting elements. 7. The panel structure of claim 1, wherein the frame connecting element comprises a central frame element substantially parallel to the first and second frame elements, and a plurality of connecting elements, each of which is secured either diagonally between the first frame element and the central frame element, or diagonally between the second frame member and the central frame member. 8. The panel structure of claim 1, comprising secondary connecting elements connecting one of the spaced structural elements to at least one more spaced structural element. 9. The panel structure of claim 8, wherein the secondary coupling members connecting one of the spaced structural members to at least one further spaced structural member do not provide a direct path for conductive heat flow in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction , between structural elements placed at a distance. 10. A method for manufacturing a panel structure, including: provision of first and second flat panels, providing a plurality of spaced structural members comprising a first frame member in longitudinal contact with the first planar panel, a second frame member in longitudinal contact with the second planar panel, and spaced from and substantially parallel to the first frame member , And a frame connecting member disposed between and in contact with the first and second frame members, the frame connecting member contacting the first frame member at a plurality of first locations and contacting the second frame member at a plurality of second locations, wherein the first and second frame members have free inward facing surfaces between the first and second locations, and connecting the mutually facing surfaces of the first and second panels using structural members, wherein the frame connecting element does not provide a direct path of conductive heat flow in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal one between the inwardly facing surfaces of the first and second frame elements, wherein each structural element is a structural part, the main purpose of which is to carry applied structural loads, and which is part, partially or wholly constituting a frame formed by a panel structure, having significant structural strength in comparison with other parts of the frame and contributing significant contribution to its structural strength, where structural strength is the force per unit area, measured in metric units N/m ² , that a structural element can withstand without failure or plastic deformation. 11. The method according to claim 10, in which the structural elements are made of wood or its composite. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the distance between the first and second places is at least 2 times greater than the distance between the first and second frame elements. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the frame connecting element comprises a central frame element substantially parallel to the first and second frame elements, and a plurality of connecting elements perpendicular to the central frame elements in contact with the first and second frame elements in the first and second places. 14. A structural member for connecting a first and a second panel to create a panel structure, the structural member comprising: the first extended frame element, a second elongate frame member spaced from and substantially parallel to the first elongate frame member, and a frame connecting element located between and in contact with the first and second frame elements, wherein the frame connecting element contacts the first frame element at a plurality of first positions and contacts the second frame element at a plurality of second positions, wherein the first and second frame elements have free inward-facing surfaces between the first and second positions, wherein the frame connecting element does not provide a direct path for conductive heat flow in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal one between the inward facing surfaces of the first and second frame elements, wherein each structural element is a structural part, the main purpose of which is to carry applied structural loads, and which is part, partially or wholly constituting a frame formed by a panel structure, having significant structural strength in comparison with other parts of the frame and contributing significant contribution to its structural strength, where structural strength is the force per unit area, measured in metric units N/m ² , that a structural element can withstand without failure or plastic deformation. 15. An insulating structural element containing: a first elongated frame member having a first length, a second elongated frame member spaced from and substantially parallel to the first elongated frame member, the second elongated frame member having a second length substantially the same as the first length, a central elongated frame member located between the first and second frame members and parallel to them, wherein the central element of the frame has a third length, practically the same as the first length, a plurality of first connecting elements connecting the first elongated frame element to one of the surfaces of the central frame element, wherein the connection length of the first connecting elements is shorter than the first length, and a plurality of second connecting elements connecting the second elongate frame element to the opposite surface of the central frame element, wherein the connection length of the second connecting elements is substantially less than the first length, wherein the insulating structural element does not provide a direct path for conductive heat flow in a direction perpendicular to the first length. 16. The insulating structural member of claim 15, wherein the connecting length of the plurality of first connecting members and the plurality of second connecting members is less than 20% of the first length of the first elongated frame member. 17. The insulating structural member of claim 15, wherein the connecting length of the plurality of first connecting members and the plurality of second connecting members is less than 10% of the first length of the first elongated frame member. 18. The insulating structural member of claim 15, wherein each of the first, second, and central elongate members comprises a plurality of laminated elongated members attached to adjacent laminated elongated members, wherein the first and second connecting elements comprise a plurality of multi-layer connecting elements attached to adjacent connecting multi-layer elements. 19. The insulating structural element of claim 18, wherein the laminated connecting elements of the first connecting element are interwoven with the elongate laminated elements of the first and central elongate elements, and the laminated connecting elements of the second connecting element are interwoven with the laminated elongated elements of the second and central elongate element. 20. The insulating structural member of claim 15, wherein the first and second connecting members are attached diagonally between the corresponding first or second elongate frame member and the central frame member. 21. The insulating structural element of claim 15, wherein the first and second connecting elements are configured to provide a first measurable path between the outer surface of the first elongated frame element and the opposite outer surface of the second elongated frame element with a first length L1, a first span S1, a first non-straightness along span I1={L1/S1}-1 greater than 100% - insulation aspect equivalent to the first geometric insulation factor F1=L1/S1 greater than 2, the first measurable path being shorter than any other measurable path between the inner and outer surfaces. 22. The insulating structural member of claim 15, wherein the first and second connecting members are configured to provide a first direct path between an outer surface of the first elongated frame member and an opposing outer surface of the second elongated frame member with a second span and a first cumulative distance between the structural members (a ), which is greater than the second span by more than {(9%±1%)} - insulating aspect, and (b) less than {80% of the second span} - not so insulating as to render the structure weak, with the first cumulative distance between structural parts is less than any other aggregate distance between structural parts for any other direct path between the inner and outer surfaces. 23. The insulating structural element of claim 15, wherein the first and second connecting elements are configured to provide a first path length that is less than 85 times the first cumulative distance between the structural parts - a balance between insulating and insulating aspects, the structural parts including each structural element, and first and second connecting elements. 24. An insulating structural panel having front and rear surfaces and containing: a pair of spaced structural members having a first length, a depth extending between the front and rear surfaces, a width extending perpendicular to the depth, and spaced apart in width and spaced apart from each other, each spaced structural member comprising: a first elongated frame member located along the rear surface and extending in the direction of the length of the spaced structural member, a second elongate frame member disposed along a front surface spaced from and substantially parallel to the first elongate frame member, wherein the second elongate frame member has a second length substantially the same as the first length, a central elongate frame member located between and parallel to the first and second frame members, wherein the central frame element has a third length substantially the same as the first length, a plurality of first connecting elements connecting the first elongate element to one of the surfaces of the central frame element, wherein the first connecting elements have a connecting length that is shorter than the first length, and a plurality of second connecting elements connecting the second elongate element to the opposite surface of the central frame element, wherein the second connecting elements have a connection length that is substantially less than the first length, wherein the spaced apart structure does not provide a direct path for conductive heat flow in a direction perpendicular to the first length, and the reinforced insulating material is disposed between the front and rear surfaces in the depth direction, between each of the spaced structural members in the width direction, and substantially throughout the space between the first and second frame members. 25. The insulating structural panel of claim 24, comprising at least one additional spaced structural element located parallel to said pair of spaced structural elements. 26. The insulating structural panel of claim 24, comprising at least one additional spaced structural element located perpendicular to said pair of spaced structural elements. 27. The insulating structural panel of claim 26, wherein said at least one additional spaced structural element is attached at each end to one of a pair of ends of the spaced structural element. 28. The insulated structural panel of claim 24, comprising a foil-coated radiant barrier attached to at least one of the front or rear surfaces. 29. The insulating structural panel of claim 24, wherein the curable insulating material is rigid closed cell polyurethane foam. 30. An insulating window frame for installing a perimeter window, comprising: a plurality of structural elements connected around the perimeter of the window, each structural element containing: a first frame element located along the edge of the window on one side thereof, a second frame element located along the edge of the window on the opposite side of the window and located at a distance from the first frame element and substantially parallel thereto, and a connecting window element located between the first and second elements frames and in contact with them, wherein the window connecting element is in contact with the first frame element at a plurality of first places and is in contact with the second frame element at a plurality of second places, wherein the first and second frame elements have free inward facing surfaces between the first and second places, wherein the window connecting element does not provide a direct path for conductive heat flow in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal one between the first and second frame elements. 31. The insulating window frame of claim 30, wherein the window connecting member extends diagonally between the first frame member and the second frame member. 32. The insulated window frame of claim 30, wherein the window connecting member comprises a central frame member substantially parallel to the first and second frame members, a plurality of first connecting members connecting a first surface of the central frame member to the first frame member, and a plurality of second connecting members. members connecting a second surface of the central frame element opposite the first surface of the central frame element to the second frame element.

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