RU2817604C1 - Waste recycling plant - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: removal and processing of wastes.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to equipment for recycling industrial and household wastes, including combustible low-calorie wastes. Waste recycling plant comprises a thermoreactor with a grate, a flue gas afterburner, a flue gas quenching chamber and a heat exchanger. Thermoreactor in upper part is made with possibility of communication with waste loading device. In the under-grate zone of the thermoreactor, destruction of combustible gases is provided, the over-grate zone of the thermoreactor is interconnected through the pyrolysis gas exhauster with the afterburner, the outlet of which is interconnected with the inlet of the flue gas quenching chamber, the outlet of which is interconnected with the first inlet of the heat exchanger. Plant comprises a distribution chamber of gas-air flows to stabilize gas flow and equalize pressure at its outlets. Gas-air flows distribution chamber inlet is connected to the heat exchanger second outlet, the gas-air flows distribution chamber first outlet is connected to the thermoreactor under-grate zone, second outlet of gas-air flow distribution chamber communicates with fluidized bed zone of thermoreactor formed nearby grate. Inside the flue gas quenching chamber vertical ring-shaped partitions are installed at a distance from each other with formation of ring-shaped cavities between them. Each quenching chamber partition is made with a longitudinal cut along the entire length of the partition with formation of vertical edges located at a distance from each other. Heat exchanger is made cylindrical with internal arched partitions installed at a distance from each other with formation of ring-shaped cavities between them for flue gases and air. At that, ring-shaped cavities for flue gases and ring-shaped cavities for air are made alternating and are located adjacent to each other. Air is supplied to the heat exchanger through its second inlet. Ring-shaped air cavities are interconnected and connected with the second outlet of the heat exchanger, which in turn is interconnected with the inlet of the distribution chamber of gas-air flows. Installation contains a scrubber; at that, the heat exchanger is equipped with the first outlet communicated with the ring-shaped cavities for flue gases, which is interconnected by means of a gas duct with the inlet of the scrubber through the flue gas exhauster. Ring-shaped cavities for flue gases are interconnected and connected with the first outlet of the heat exchanger. Scrubber outlet is interconnected by means of a branch pipe with the inlet of the device for utilization of harmful impurities of slag and ash, the second inlet of which is interconnected by means of the branch pipe with the under-grate zone of the thermoreactor. Outside on the thermal reactor at the level of the under-grate zone there are emitters of electromagnetic waves and rigidly fixed.

EFFECT: improving efficiency of the device for recycling wastes with simultaneous provision of environmental friendliness of recycling process and proper quality of flue gas cleaning.

13 cl, 3 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The inventive device relates to the field of equipment for the disposal of industrial and household waste, including flammable low-calorie waste.

From the RF patent No. 2502017 for the invention, a waste incineration plant is known, consisting of a bunker block, a solid waste combustion block in a rotating drum-type kiln, a smoke purification block, a water treatment and heat recovery block, an ash recovery block, which contains a melting reactor lined from the inside; plasmatron; ash bunker with ash input mechanism; a melt drainage and slag granulation system, a power supply, a flue gas purification system, wherein the smelting reactor of the ash recovery unit has a metal water-cooled casing, the ash recovery unit contains an air compressor and a water pump for cooling the plasmatron electrodes and the reactor casing, a flue gas purification system of the recycling unit ash contains an afterburner, a vortex scrubber (centrifugal bubbling apparatus) with an alkaline solution, a bag filter for cleaning from solid impurities and a receiver of ash residue (secondary ash).

The disadvantage of the analogue according to patent No. 2502017 is its complexity, due to the complexity of the equipment, as well as the implementation of the process in two stages with the need to use a high-temperature slag afterburning system using a plasma torch. Another disadvantage of the analog is that it is not environmentally friendly, due to the possibility of restoring complex molecules of hazardous substances behind the chimney after thermal heating.

From RF patent No. 2502017 for the invention, a waste disposal plant is known, containing a thermoreactor with a grate, an afterburning chamber, a vortex chamber, a heat exchanger, and a receiver, rigidly connected in series relative to each other, while the thermoreactor, afterburning chamber, vortex chamber, heat exchanger, and receiver are rigidly fixed relatively rigid frame, the output of the thermoreactor, made in its under-grid zone, is connected to the input of the afterburning chamber, the output of which is connected to the input of the vortex chamber, the output of which is connected to the inlet of the heat exchanger, the heat exchanger output is connected to the input of the receiver, the first output of which is connected to the under-grid zone of the thermoreactor, the second outlet of the receiver is connected to the fluidized bed zone of the thermoreactor located above the grate, the thermoreactor in the upper part is configured to communicate with the waste loading device, in the under-grid zone of the thermoreactor destruction of combustion gases is ensured at a temperature of 1400 ± 50 ° C and at a pressure of 0.02 - 0.08 MPa, the dimensions of the vortex chamber are specified from the ratio:

V = (3-5)×X,

where V is the volume of the vortex chamber, m ³ ,

X - hot gas flow through the vortex chamber, m ³ / s,

the receiver and the afterburning chamber are located between the thermoreactor and the vortex chamber, the installation is equipped with a pyrolysis gas exhaust fan, connected on one side through a pyrolysis gas collector with the above-grid zone of the thermoreactor, and on the other hand with the afterburning chamber.

The technical solution according to RF patent No. 2784299 was chosen as a prototype.

The disadvantage of the prototype is its lack of efficiency.

The technical problem solved by the proposed invention is the creation of a simple, high-performance device that provides environmentally friendly disposal of industrial and household waste, expanding the arsenal of means for waste disposal.

The technical result achieved by the claimed device is increasing the efficiency of the device for waste disposal while simultaneously ensuring the environmental friendliness of the recycling process and the proper quality of flue gas purification, reducing the overall dimensions of the installation.

The claimed technical result is achieved due to the fact that in a waste disposal plant containing a thermoreactor with a grate, a flue gas afterburning chamber, a flue gas quenching chamber, a heat exchanger, the thermoreactor in the upper part is configured to communicate with a waste loading device in the under-grid zone of the thermoreactor destruction of combustion gases is ensured at a temperature of 1400 ± 50 ° C and at a pressure of 0.02 - 0.08 MPa, the above-grid zone of the thermoreactor is connected through a smoke exhauster of pyrolysis gases to the afterburning chamber, the output of which is connected to the input of the flue gas quenching chamber, the output of which is connected to the first the inlet of the heat exchanger, according to the invention, the installation contains a distribution chamber of gas-air flows for stabilizing the gas flow and equalizing the pressure at its outlets, the inlet of the distribution chamber of gas-air flows is connected with the second output of the heat exchanger, the first outlet of the distribution chamber of gas-air flows is connected with the under-grid zone of the thermoreactor, the second output of the distribution chamber of gas-air flows communicate with the fluidized bed zone of the thermoreactor formed near the grate, the flue gas quenching chamber is made cylindrical from refractory material, inside the flue gas quenching chamber, vertical ring-shaped partitions made of refractory material are installed at a distance from each other with the formation of ring-shaped cavities between them, each the partition of the hardening chamber is made with a longitudinal section along the entire length of the partition with the formation of vertical edges located at a distance from each other, the heat exchanger is made cylindrical with internal arc-shaped partitions made of metal and installed at a distance from each other with the formation of ring-shaped cavities for flue gases between them and air, wherein the annular cavities for flue gases and the annular cavities for air are made alternating and located adjacent to each other, the air supply to the heat exchanger is provided through its second input, the annular cavities for air are interconnected and communicated with the second output of the heat exchanger, communicated in turn, with the inlet of the distribution chamber of gas-air flows, the installation contains a scrubber, and the heat exchanger is equipped with a first outlet connected with the annular cavities for flue gases, which is connected by means of a flue to the inlet of the scrubber through a flue gas exhaust fan, ensuring the direction of the flue gas flow from the heat exchanger to the scrubber , the annular cavities for flue gases are communicated with each other and communicated with the first output of the heat exchanger, the scrubber output is connected through a pipe with the input of a device for recycling harmful impurities of slag and ash, the second input of which is connected through a pipe with the under-grid zone of the thermoreactor, while the device for recycling harmful impurities of slag and ash is made in the form of a furnace that provides heating of ash and slag to temperatures of at least 700°C; outside on the thermoreactor at the level of the under-grid zone, emitters of electromagnetic waves are placed and rigidly fixed, while the thermoreactor at the level of the location of electromagnetic emitters is made of a material transparent to electromagnetic radiation radiation, electromagnetic emitters are made with the possibility of periodically changing the frequency of electromagnetic radiation in the range of resonant frequencies or frequencies that are multiples of the resonant frequencies of vibrations of atoms of substances contained in flue gases, gas ducts and pipes are made of hard material that is heat-resistant up to temperatures of 1500°C, the connection of gas ducts and pipes is ensured by flange connections ensuring the passage of gas flow.

The flue gas quenching chamber can be configured to hold flue gases in the chamber for at least 3 seconds.

The opposite vertical edges of adjacent partitions can be equipped with reflectors that are arcuate in cross section, with the concave side of each reflector directed towards the other edge of the corresponding partition.

The installation may contain a frame, relative to which a thermoreactor with a grate, an afterburning chamber, a gas quenching chamber, a heat exchanger and a distribution chamber for gas-air flows are rigidly fixed.

The distribution chamber of gas-air flows may contain internal channels connected on the one hand with its inlet, and on the other hand with the corresponding outlets, while the equalization of gas-air flows and pressure at the outlets of said chamber is ensured by means of pressure control sensors.

Inside the flue gas quenching chamber, before it exits, carbon electrodes can be installed opposite each other, operating from an electromagnetic pulse with a frequency in the range from 200 Hz to 1000 Hz and a voltage in the range from 5000 V to 15000 V.

The distribution chamber of gas-air flows can be made with a third outlet with the possibility of communication via an air duct through the third outlet with an external consumer of thermal energy.

The device can be equipped with a fan, rigidly fixed by means of a threaded connection relative to the frame, and the fan is designed both for pumping air into the corresponding annular cavities of the heat exchanger through its second input connected to the atmosphere, and for external cooling of the air flow and flue gas flow to the distribution chamber gas-air flows.

The fan can be placed on the frame and connected to it via a threaded connection.

The fan can be placed on the frame above the heat exchanger.

Electromagnetic emitters can be configured to periodically change the frequency of electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range from 200 Hz to 100,000 Hz.

The volume of the annular cavities for air in the heat exchanger can correspond to the volume of the annular cavities for flue gases.

The volume of the annular cavities in the heat exchanger can be no less than the volume of the annular cavities for flue gases.

The inventive device is illustrated by drawings.

In fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the proposed device for recycling flammable waste.

In fig. Figure 2 shows a schematic cross-section of the heat exchanger.

In fig. Figure 3 shows a schematic cross-section of the hardening chamber.

Positions on the figures:

1 - thermoreactor;

2 - afterburning chamber (furnace);

3 - flue gas quenching chamber (furnace);

3.1 - partitions in the hardening chamber;

3.2 - ring-shaped cavities in the hardening chamber;

3.3 - reflectors;

4 - heat exchanger;

4.1 - heat exchanger partitions;

4.2 - ring-shaped cavities for flue gases in the heat exchanger;

4.3 - ring-shaped cavities for air in the heat exchanger;

4.4 - flat partitions in the heat exchanger;

5 - scrubber;

6 - distribution chamber of gas-air flows;

7 - first outlet of the gas-air flow distribution chamber;

8 - second outlet of the gas-air flow distribution chamber;

9 - third outlet of the gas-air flow distribution chamber;

10 - grate (grid);

11 - frame;

12 - scrubber chimney (scrubber gas outlet);

13 - under-grid zone of the thermoreactor;

14 - fluidized bed zone of the reactor;

15 - fan;

16 - flue gas exhaust fan;

17 - smoke exhauster of pyrolysis gases;

18 - pyrolysis gas collector.

19 - emitters of electromagnetic waves;

20 - muffle furnace.

Implementation of the proposed installation.

The inventive installation for waste disposal contains a thermoreactor 1 with a grate 10, a combustion chamber 2 for flue gases, a chamber 3 for quenching flue gases for a period of at least 3 seconds, a heat exchanger 4; the thermoreactor 1 in the upper part is configured to communicate with the waste loading device (not shown in the figure); in the under-grid zone 13 of the thermoreactor 1, destruction of combustion gases is ensured at a temperature of 1400 ± 50 ° C and at a pressure of 0.02 - 0.08 MPa, the above-grid zone of the thermoreactor 1 is connected through a smoke exhauster 17 of pyrolysis gases to the afterburning chamber 2, the output of which is connected to the chamber input 3 for quenching flue gases, the output of which is connected to the first input of heat exchanger 4.

The installation contains a distribution chamber 6 gas-air flows to stabilize the gas flow and equalize the pressure at its outlets; the input of the distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows is connected to the second output of the heat exchanger 4; the first outlet of the distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows is connected to the under-grid zone 13 of the thermoreactor; the second outlet of the distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows is connected to the fluidized bed zone 14 of the thermoreactor formed near the grate 10; chamber 3 for quenching flue gases is made of cylindrical material; inside the flue gas quenching chamber 3, vertical ring-shaped partitions 3.1 are installed at a distance from each other, made of refractory material, with the formation of ring-shaped cavities 3.2 between them; each partition 3.1 of the hardening chamber is made with a longitudinal section along the entire length of the partition with the formation of vertical edges located at a distance from each other; the heat exchanger 4 is made cylindrical with internal arc-shaped partitions 4.1 made of metal and installed at a distance from each other to form ring-shaped cavities 4.2 for flue gases and 4.3 air between them, while the annular cavities 4.2 for flue gases and ring-shaped cavities 4.3 for air are made alternating and are located adjacent to each other; air supply to the heat exchanger 4 is provided through its second inlet; the annular cavities 4.3 for air are interconnected and communicated with the second output of the heat exchanger 4, which in turn is connected with the input of the distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows; the installation contains a scrubber 5; in this case, the heat exchanger 4 is equipped with a first outlet communicated with the annular cavities 4.2 for flue gases, which is connected by means of a gas duct to the inlet of the scrubber 5 through a flue gas exhaust fan 16, ensuring the direction of the flue gas flow from the heat exchanger 4 to the scrubber 5; the annular cavities 4.2 for flue gases are connected to each other and communicated with the first outlet of the heat exchanger 4; the output of the scrubber 5 is connected through a pipe to the input of the device 20 for recycling harmful impurities of slag and ash, the second input of which is connected through a pipe to the under-grid zone 13 of the thermoreactor; in this case, the device 20 for recycling harmful impurities of slag and ash is made in the form of a furnace that provides heating of the ash and slag to temperatures of at least 700°C; outside on the thermoreactor 1 at the level of the under-grid zone 13, emitters 19 of electromagnetic waves are placed and rigidly fixed; in this case, the thermoreactor 1 at the level of the electromagnetic emitters 19 is made of a material transparent to electromagnetic radiation; electromagnetic emitters 13 are configured to periodically change the frequency of electromagnetic radiation in the range of resonant frequencies or frequencies that are multiples of the resonant vibration frequencies of atoms of substances contained in flue gases; flues and pipes are made of hard material that is heat-resistant up to temperatures of 1500°C; the connection of gas ducts and pipes is ensured by means of flange connections that ensure the passage of gas flow.

Making the heat exchanger 4 with cavities for air allows it to be heated and supply heated air to the input of the chamber 6.

The oxygen-saturated gas-air mixture entering from the outlet of chamber 6 into the above-grid and under-grid zones of the thermoreactor 1 more effectively ensures combustion and temperature maintenance in the thermoreactor 1 compared to the closest analogue. This made it possible to ensure more complete combustion of flue gases in thermoreactor 1 and eliminate the need to supply flue gases from both the above-grid zone of thermoreactor 1 and simultaneously from its sub-grid zone (as in the closest analogue) to the input of afterburning chamber 2.

The separation of the cavities 4.2 and 4.3 in the heat exchanger 4 can be organized by simple means, for example, by using flat partitions 4.4, through which the cavities 4.2 and 4.3 are isolated from each other. Also, in addition, to ensure communication of cavities 4.2 with each other, as well as cavities 4.3 with each other, a pipeline system is used (not shown in the figure). The communication of cavities 4.2, as well as cavities 4.3, can be organized in another way, most convenient for the manufacturer and/or user.

In the inventive installation, pyrolysis gases from the above-grid zone are supplied to the inlet of the afterburning chamber 2, as they are the most harmful, containing the largest amount of harmful impurities. Accordingly, supplying a smaller volume of gas to the afterburning chamber 2, compared to the closest analogue, allows you to correspondingly reduce the volume of the afterburning chamber 2 by 20 ÷ 30%.

The thermoreactor 1 with a grate 10, afterburning chamber 2, gas quenching chamber 3, heat exchanger 4 and distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows can be rigidly fixed relative to the frame 11. The frame 11 can be made in the form of a frame (beam) structure, providing the possibility of rigidly fastening all installation elements and the possibility of placing the installation, for example, in a transport container.

The distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows may contain internal channels communicated on one side with its input, and on the other hand communicated with the corresponding outputs, while equalization of gas-air flows and pressure at the outlets of said chamber 6 can be ensured by means of pressure control sensors. Equalization of gas-air flows and pressure at the outlets of chamber 6 is necessary so that from the outlets of chamber 6 the gas-air mixture enters the above-grid and under-grid zones of the thermoreactor 1 with the same pressure. The entry of the gas-air mixture into the above and below the grate zones of the thermoreactor 1 ensures combustion mode without the need to use additional fuel. When supplying a gas-air mixture to these zones, the thermodynamic regime inside the thermoreactor 1 must not be disturbed. The thermodynamic regime in the thermoreactor 1 is maintained by the fact that the gas-air mixture is supplied to its above-grid and under-grid zones with the same pressure.

Using a receiver (as in the closest analogue) for these purposes is impossible, since the receiver is intended only for collecting gas. In this case, the supply of gas from the outlets of the receiver (as in the closest analogue) to the above and below the grate zones of the thermoreactor can lead to a violation of the thermodynamic regime in it due to the fact that gas can be supplied to these zones at different pressures.

Maintaining the combustion mode in thermoreactor 1 by supplying from the outlet of chamber 6 a gas-air mixture saturated with air oxygen, while maintaining the thermodynamic regime, made it possible to increase the productivity of the installation by 10 ÷ 15% compared to the closest analogue, in which the combustion mode is supported only by purified flue gases, entering the thermoreactor from the receiver outputs, while maintaining the thermodynamic regime in thermoreactor 1 in the closest analogue is not ensured.

Inside the flue gas quenching chamber 3, before it exits, carbon electrodes (not shown in the figure) can be installed opposite each other, operating from an electromagnetic pulse with a frequency in the range from 200 Hz to 1000 Hz and a voltage in the range from 5000V to 15000V. These electrodes have an additional effect on the flue gases leaving the gas quenching chamber 3, contributing to their destruction.

The distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows and the afterburning chamber 2 can be placed between the thermoreactor 1 and the gas quenching chamber 3 one above the other to form a more compact design of the inventive installation, helping to reduce its overall dimensions.

The distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows can be made with a third outlet with the possibility of communication through an air duct through the third outlet with an external consumer of thermal energy. Such an energy consumer could be, for example, a local thermal power plant or another heat consumer.

The device can be equipped with a fan 15, rigidly fixed by means of a threaded connection relative to the frame 11, while the fan 15 is designed both for pumping air into the corresponding annular cavities 4.3 of the heat exchanger 4 through its second input communicated with the atmosphere, and for external cooling of the air flow and flow flue gases to the distribution chamber 6 gas-air flows. The presence of a fan 15, which simultaneously performs two functions, allows, firstly, to simplify the inventive installation by eliminating special structural elements that ensure the supply of air in the required volume to the corresponding annular cavities 4.3, and secondly, it allows for further cooling and equalizing the temperature of the air entering the inlet of chamber 6. The entry of air at the inlet of chamber 6 at the same speed and at the same temperature will speed up the process of stabilizing the gas-air mixture in chamber 6 and equalizing the pressure at its outlets. Which, in turn, will improve the productivity of the installation as a whole.

The fan 15 can be placed on the frame 11 above the heat exchanger 4 and connected to it via a threaded connection.

Electromagnetic emitters 19 are designed to periodically change the frequency of electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range from 200 Hz to 100,000 Hz.

The inventive device is a single rigid workable structure, all elements of which are connected by assembly operations (threaded connections; flange connections). In this case, each flange connection is a through-type flange connection in order to ensure the passage of gas flow through it. The flange connection is installed using fasteners and/or welding. The connecting kit has several components: a flange - a metal part of a flat profile with holes for installation; fasteners (bolts, screws, rivets), gaskets - joint seals (https://jafar-rus.ru/news/articles/osnovnye-kharakteristiki-i-naznachenie-flantsevykh-soedineniy/).

In the inventive device, the frame 11 serves as a housing that ensures the reliability of the entire device as a whole by eliminating damage or deformation of gas ducts, pipes and their connections.

A significant reduction in the overall dimensions of the installation is facilitated by the design features of the gas quenching chamber 3 and heat exchanger 4.

The flue gas quenching chamber 3 is made cylindrical from a refractory material; inside the flue gas quenching chamber, vertical annular partitions 3.1 are installed at a distance from each other, made of refractory material, with the formation of annular cavities 3.2 between them, each partition 3.1 is made with a longitudinal section along the entire length partitions with the formation of vertical edges located at a distance from each other.

Thus, the flue gases entering the chamber 3 move in the annular cavities of the chamber 3 in opposite directions, since the distribution of the flue gas flow through the annular cavities 3.2 comes from the common space between the partitions. The organization of the movement of flue gases in opposite directions leads to a collision of the flue gases and to their braking, increasing the residence time of the flue gases in chamber 3 to the required parameters - at least 3 seconds. The dimensions of chamber 3 and the number and dimensions of arcuate partitions, taking into account the required time for quenching the flue gases, are determined by calculation.

An increase, if necessary (for example, with large volumes of flue gases) of the flue gas retention time (quenching time) can be ensured by means of reflectors 3.3, which have an arc-shaped cross section, the reflectors are fixed on the opposite vertical edges of adjacent partitions 3.1, the other edges of the corresponding partitions 3.1 are not equipped with such reflectors. The concave side of each reflector 3.3 is directed towards the other edge of the corresponding partition. Reflectors 3.3 contribute to even greater swirl of flue gases as a result of their reflection from reflectors 3.3, respectively, such a swirl leads to even greater inhibition of flue gases and to their greater (10÷20%) delay in the quenching chamber 3.

Making chamber 3 with ring-shaped partitions 3.1 makes it possible to reduce its dimensions by 30÷50% compared to flue gas quenching chambers with a common undivided internal cavity. Because in chamber 3 in the inventive installation, quenching of the entire flue gas flow entering it is ensured simultaneously throughout the entire volume of chamber 3. While in chambers with a common undivided internal cavity, the required gas quenching is provided only at the exit from the chamber.

Therefore, to quench the same volume of gas entering chamber 3, a much smaller volume is required compared to a quenching chamber with an undivided common internal cavity.

Making chamber 3 with the same dimensions as the gas quenching chamber with an undivided common internal cavity will increase the productivity of the installation by no less than 15%.

The closest analogue for gas hardening uses a vortex chamber, which provides the required gas retention (at least 3 seconds) through the use of special structural elements - swirlers.

Accordingly, the dimensions of chamber 3 used in the inventive installation are 30÷50% smaller than the dimensions of the vortex chamber in the closest analogue with the same installation performance.

Depending on the needs, it is possible to make chamber 3 with smaller dimensions while maintaining productivity no less than that of the closest analogue, or it is possible to make chamber 3 with the same dimensions as in the closest analogue, thus increasing the productivity of the installation by no less than 15%.

It should be noted that in chamber 3 in the inventive installation a swirl of the flue gas flow is also provided, but such a swirl (even without reflectors 3.3) is a consequence of the organization of the movement of the flue gas flow in the ring-shaped cavities 3.2 in opposite directions, as a result of which a collision occurs between those moving in the indicated cavities of gas flows and the formation of their vortices. Reflectors 3.3 contribute to even greater swirl of the flue gas flow.

The design feature of the heat exchanger 4 is that it is cylindrical with internal arc-shaped partitions 4.1 made of metal and installed at a distance from each other to form ring-shaped cavities 4.2 and 4.3 between them for flue gases and air. The annular cavities 4.2 for flue gases and the annular cavities 4.3 for air are made alternating and located adjacent to each other; air supply to the heat exchanger is provided through its second input, the annular cavities 4.3 for air are interconnected and communicated with the second output of the heat exchanger 4, which in turn is connected with the input of the distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows; ring-shaped cavities 4.2 for flue gases are connected to each other and communicated with the first outlet of the heat exchanger 4.

When the flow of flue gases passes through the cavities 4.2 intended for them, heat is transferred through metal partitions (which are thermally conductive) to the air located in the adjacent annular cavities. As a result, cooling of the flue gases to the required temperatures and simultaneous heating of the air is ensured.

The presence of metal partitions 4.1 in the heat exchanger 4 significantly increases the heat exchange surface compared to heat exchangers with an undivided internal cavity. The constant removal of air from the heat exchanger 4 ensures that a heat-receiving medium is always present in its cavity. Accordingly, to cool the same volume of flue gases in the inventive installation, a heat exchanger with up to 50% less volume is required compared to a heat exchanger with an undivided internal cavity, in which there is no constant removal of the medium that receives heat from the flue gases.

It is advisable that the volume of the annular cavities 4.3 for air in the heat exchanger 4 corresponds to the volume of the annular cavities 4.2 for flue gases. The most optimal situation will be in which the volume of the annular cavities 4.3 for air in the heat exchanger 4 will be no less than the volume of the annular cavities 4.2 for flue gases. In this case, the most efficient cooling of the flue gases is ensured and the air will be heated to temperatures equal to the temperature of the cooled flue gases.

The device works as follows.

Solid household and/or industrial waste enters the upper part of the reactor 1 through a loading device, for example, a conveyor belt, which is accepted without sorting both from special vehicles and from general-purpose freight transport. Large metal inclusions are separated from waste at the receiving stage. Then the waste evenly enters the fluidized bed zone 14 in the area of the grate 10 of the thermoreactor 1 with a temperature of 900-200 °C.

When waste is burned in the above-grid zone of the thermoreactor 1, pyrolysis gases are formed, some of which are discharged through a smoke exhauster 17 of pyrolysis gases into the afterburning chamber 2, which is a combustion furnace. The unremoved part of the pyrolysis gases burns with its simultaneous effective destruction due to electromagnetic emitters in the under-grid zone of the thermoreactor 1. The final combustion of flue gases from the under-grid zone of the thermoreactor is carried out in furnace 20, in which the collection and afterburning of waste ash and ash generated during the combustion process also takes place.

From chamber 2, flue gases enter chamber 3 for quenching flue gases, in which thermal quenching of flue gases is carried out for a period of at least 3 seconds at a temperature of up to 1400 °C. From the quenching chamber 3, the flue gases enter the heat exchanger 4, in which they are sharply cooled in no more than 0.6 seconds. As a result, complex molecules destroyed during thermal destruction are not restored. Then the flue gases enter the smoke purification unit, for example, scrubber 5.

Part of the thermal energy from heat exchanger 4 enters the distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows, where the gas-dynamic parameters are equalized. Next, a uniform flow of oxygen-saturated gas-air mixture with a temperature of up to 800°C enters through gas ducts (which are, as a rule, pipes) 7 and 8 to organize and effectively maintain the combustion process into the reactor 1 into the fluidized bed zone 14 and into the under-grid zone 13.

In the claimed device, the term “gas duct” is used for pipes that allow the passage of gases; the term “pipe” is used for sections of pipelines through which primarily not gases pass, but ash, ash, and precipitated impurities.

The organization of air flow (gas-air mixture) from thermoreactor 1 to chamber 6 and further - again into thermoreactor 1 in the proposed installation allows:

- significantly improve the combustion process;

- recover heat, which, in turn, increases the thermal efficiency of the installation as a heat engine.

In this case, the supply of hot air from the distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows 6 into the above-grid zone 14 of the thermoreactor (fluidized bed zone) and into the under-grid zone 13 makes it possible to most effectively support the combustion process in the thermoreactor 1 in its entirety.

Part of the hot air from the cooling system can be supplied to an external consumer of thermal energy through air duct 9. An external consumer of thermal energy can serve, for example, a boiler room, a heating system for industrial or residential premises, or technological heat consumers.

Scrubber 5 is designed to remove flue gases that have cooled after heat exchanger 4 from a temperature of 1400°C to a temperature of 90°C. The outlet of the scrubber 5 is connected through a gas duct with a muffle furnace 20 for transporting deposited impurity particles from the scrubber 5 for their disposal. Scrubber 11 is also equipped with a gas outlet for discharging purified gas into the atmosphere. Muffle furnace 20 provides afterburning of harmful impurities of slag and ash at temperatures of at least 700°C, which makes it possible to fully ensure afterburning of harmful impurities of metals and ash. With such afterburning of harmful impurities of ash and slag, the level of contamination of the flue gases leaving the under-grid zone of the thermoreactor 1 is reduced from class 3 to class 5, i.e. to a completely safe level.

In the distribution chamber 6 gas-air flows, all gas-air flows are collected from the equipment cooling system: thermoreactor 1, heat exchanger (economizer) 4, gas quenching chamber 3, afterburning chamber 2 and directly the outer casing of the distribution chamber 6 gas-air flows. The average temperature of the air flow from the thermoreactor 1 to the gas-air flow distribution chamber 6 can be controlled by the air flow from the fan 15 and, as a rule, ranges from 600 to 800°C.

Due to its compactness, taking into account the placement of all structural components of the device on a rigid frame, the entire device can be placed in a standard transport container. At the same time, due to the use of an external casing (container wall) covering the device from the outside, the issue of ensuring safe operation requirements for operating personnel (from burns) is removed.

Thanks to a more uniform distribution of the oxidizer (gas-air mixture from chamber 6) and fuel (waste) in the fluidized bed 12 of the thermoreactor 1, compared to the closest analogue, a favorable stoichiometric ratio and conditions for a stable combustion process are organized. Thermal energy recovery is carried out by partially directing heated air into the thermoreactor 1 of chamber 6 through outputs 7 and 8. To organize combustion using an automatic control system, it is important to have a stable oxidizer gas (air). The presence of chamber 6 makes it possible to level the thermal gas-air flows to uniform equalized parameters in temperature, pressure, and flow. The distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows allows the use of thermal energy for other purposes (for example, by directing it to an external consumer, etc.).

Thus, due to the distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows and its connection with zones 13 and 14 of the thermoreactor 1, the gas-dynamic properties of the fuel (oxidizer plus fuel) are increased due to preheating of the oxidizer and fuel. Fuel (waste) is heated in the upper grate part 14 of the thermoreactor 1 due to convective heat exchange and light radiation from the fluidized bed zone.

The combustion process is organized in the fluidized bed zone 14, in the afterburning chamber 2 and in the furnace 20. The gas-air distribution chamber 6 more evenly than in the closest analogue distributes hot gas-air flows from the flue gas cooling system to organize the combustion process in the thermoreactor 1 in zone 14 fluidized layer in the area of the grate 10, in the under-grid zone 13 and in chamber 2, which ensures afterburning of pyrolysis gases from the above-grid zone of thermoreactor 1.

Technical parameters of the gas-dynamic path during operation of the device: temperature under the grate 10 - 1400+50°C; flue gas temperature in scrubber 5 - 80+10°C; the pressure throughout the gas-dynamic path (flue gases) is 800 + 100 Pa; the productivity of the proposed device is up to 6 t/h for municipal solid waste and up to 4 t/h for solid industrial waste; the air consumption for stoichiometric combustion is 13500 m ³ /hour, while the heat generated per kilogram of fuel is 10.3 MJ/kg; the total power of the device with a productivity of 6 t/h, the stoichiometric ratio during combustion and the specific heat of combustion of 10.3 MJ/kg is equal to 45500 MJ per hour, the total power of the device with a productivity of 4 t/h for solid industrial waste is equal to 73500 MJ per hour. The efficiency of the proposed installation is 87-89%.

These parameters indicate that the efficiency of the proposed installation is higher than that of the closest analogue.

After holding (quenching) the hot gases in chamber 3 and their subsequent sharp cooling in the heat exchanger 4, the substances contained in the hot gases pass into the atomic state, i.e. non-recoverable condition. Therefore, the periodic partial discharge of flue gases from the scrubber 5 through the air duct 12 does not lead to environmental pollution. For the same reasons, there is no environmental pollution at the third outlet of the distribution chamber 6 of gas-air flows. Harmless hot air is supplied to the possible consumer of thermal energy. All substances in the exhaust gases are contained in an atomic, non-reducible state, which is safe for the environment. Intensification of the movement of hot air in the device is provided by smoke exhausters 16 and 17.

To increase the efficiency of the process of destruction of flue gases, the inventive device is equipped with electromagnetic radiation converters 19. The composition of substances in flue gases is preliminarily determined by the results of an analysis of their composition. The frequency of electromagnetic radiation changes periodically in accordance with the resonant frequency of the substances contained in the flue gases.

The process is carried out in the combustion zone (in the under-grid zone 13 of the thermoreactor), where the flue gases are subject to thermal effects, which leads to the destruction or weakening of intermolecular bonds.

At the same time, information about the resonant frequencies of chemical elements of the periodic table is known (see table 1).

Table 1:

For efficient operation of the device, thermoreactor materials are used (at least at the level of the under-grid zone), transparent to electromagnetic radiation in the operating frequency range, for example, made from mixtures of glass, quartz or ceramics.

Flue gases, as a rule, are dipole or polar dielectrics due to the electrolysis of flue gases in the fluidized bed 14 (in the above-grid zone of the thermoreactor) from spark discharges of static electricity formed on the grate 10 and the inner surface of the thermoreactor 1 due to the dynamics and vortex of the gas flow, entraining particles of recycled waste with appropriate electrical resistivity. In this case, when the flue gas substances rub against the grate 10 and the inner surface of the thermoreactor 1, static electricity is generated, which forms discharges that promote both the dissociation of water into hydrogen and oxygen, and the thermal destruction of recyclable waste particles into hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.

Static electricity on the grate 10 is generated by friction of substances contained in the flue gases against the grate 10 (the so-called triboelectrification effect).

Triboelectricity (from the Greek tribos - friction) is the phenomenon of the emergence of electrical charges during friction and subsequent separation of materials.

The presence of polarized particles makes it possible to effectively transfer the energy of electromagnetic radiation to the flue gases, affecting, first of all, the kinetics of the process. When electromagnetic radiation interacts with dipole dielectrics, the dipoles of substances constantly change their orientation in space in the direction of the electric field lines, and at the same time experience tension along the magnetic lines, as a result of which intermolecular forces decrease.

Induced or permanent dipoles of a medium change their orientation under the influence of an alternating electromagnetic field. Depending on the frequency of the external electromagnetic field, the dipole can move in time at the rate of change of the field, lag behind it, or remain in place. Because the movement of dipoles is limited by neighboring atoms; as a result of the internal interaction of dipoles, the energy of their rotational motion is spent on chemical transformations or converted into heat. If the frequency of electromagnetic radiation is as close as possible to the frequency with which molecular dipoles of the medium can change their orientation (resonant frequency), then the radiation energy is effectively transferred primarily to the energy of rotational motion of particles. For this purpose, electromagnetic converters are designed to periodically change the frequency of electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range from 200 Hz to 100,000 Hz.

Ionic conductivity also contributes to absorption, but the dominant absorption mechanism is a change in the orientation of the dipole molecules of the dielectric under the influence of an alternating electric field. For magnetic materials contained in flue gases: iron, nickel, cobalt, etc., it is also necessary to take into account the effect of the magnetic component of the field on the substance, which can make a decisive contribution to the interaction of substances with alternating electromagnetic radiation.

When exposed to an electromagnetic field on flue gases with a high vapor content, the molecules on the surface of the liquid tend to change their orientation in the direction of the electric field lines. Because the movement of molecules is limited by neighboring molecules, then when the molecules are reoriented, an increase in surface tension is observed in the depth of the liquid. In this case, the molecules on the surface develop a torque that tends to turn the liquid molecule around. The rotation speed of flue gas particles is not the same due to the different dielectric properties of the substances. As a result, the intermolecular interaction of flue gas molecules weakens, and the molecules move into the external environment. The rate of electromagnetic destruction depends on: the power and frequency of the radiation, the amount of flue gases, the method of removing flue gases from the reactor, as well as the temperature of the flue gases.

When flue gases are irradiated with an electromagnetic field, a reorientation of the electronic shells of the molecules of crystalline substances of flue gases occurs, which leads to the complete destruction of intermolecular bonds at lower costs.

As a result of desorption of flue gases by electromagnetic radiation, the resulting slags and light ash in an amount, as experiments show, does not exceed 0.4% of the total mass of waste, enter the device 20 under the influence of its own weight. This method of removing slag and light ash eliminates the need to install additional devices used to remove slag and light ash from thermoreactor 1. Carrying out destruction using electromagnetic radiation under resonance conditions makes it possible to reduce the time required for the destruction of gases, and also to carry out destruction at significantly lower temperatures and without much overpressure or vacuum. This makes it possible to ensure the destruction of flue gases containing substances with high boiling points and/or that are not capable of decomposing when heated.

The operation of the inventive installation was tested at frequencies of electromagnetic radiation of emitters 19 equal to 200 Hz and 100,000 Hz, as well as at a frequency of electromagnetic pulses of carbon electrodes in chamber 3 equal to 200 Hz and 1000 Hz, at a voltage of 5000V and 15000V.

At minimum frequencies and voltages of emitters 19 and carbon electrodes, the degree of purification in the inventive installation was ensured in the range of 99.2 ÷ 99.5%. At the same time, the efficiency of the installation was 87% at the minimum values of the specified parameters, and 89% at the maximum values of the specified parameters.

At the same time, the productivity of the inventive installation was higher than that of the closest analogue by 15% at the minimum values of the specified parameters (with the same overall dimensions of chamber 3 and heat exchanger 4) and by 20% at the maximum values of the specified parameters.

The reduction in overall dimensions of the installation as a whole is achieved by reducing the overall dimensions of chamber 3 (by 30-50%) and the heat exchanger (by 50%) compared to the closest analogue with the same performance.

Taking into account the above, the claimed device ensures the achievement of a technical result, which consists in increasing the efficiency of the device for waste disposal while simultaneously ensuring the environmental friendliness of the recycling process, adequate quality of flue gas purification, and also ensures a reduction in the overall dimensions of the installation.

Claims (13)

1. Installation for waste disposal, containing a thermoreactor with a grate, a combustion chamber for flue gases, a quenching chamber for flue gases, a heat exchanger, a thermoreactor in the upper part is designed to communicate with a waste loading device; in the under-grid zone of the thermoreactor, destruction of combustion gases is ensured at a temperature of 1400± 50°C and at a pressure of 0.02-0.08 MPa, the above-grid zone of the thermoreactor is connected through a smoke exhauster of pyrolysis gases to an afterburning chamber, the output of which is connected to the input of the flue gas quenching chamber, the output of which is connected to the first input of the heat exchanger, characterized in that it contains a distribution chamber of gas-air flows to stabilize the gas flow and equalize the pressure at its outlets, the entrance of the distribution chamber of gas-air flows is connected to the second output of the heat exchanger, the first output of the distribution chamber of gas-air flows is connected to the under-grid zone of the thermoreactor, the second output of the distribution chamber of gas-air flows is connected to the fluidized bed zone of the thermoreactor , formed near the grate, the flue gas quenching chamber is made cylindrical from refractory material, inside the flue gas quenching chamber, vertical ring-shaped partitions made of refractory material are installed at a distance from each other with the formation of ring-shaped cavities between them, each partition of the quenching chamber is made with a longitudinal section along along the entire length of the partition with the formation of vertical edges located at a distance from each other, the heat exchanger is made cylindrical with internal arc-shaped partitions made of metal and installed at a distance from each other with the formation of ring-shaped cavities between them for flue gases and air, while the ring-shaped cavities for flue gases and annular cavities for air are made alternating and located adjacent to each other, the air supply to the heat exchanger is provided through its second input, the annular cavities for air are interconnected and communicated with the second output of the heat exchanger, which in turn is connected with the input of the distribution chamber gas-air flows, the installation contains a scrubber, wherein the heat exchanger is equipped with a first outlet communicated with ring-shaped cavities for flue gases, which is connected by means of a gas duct to the inlet of the scrubber through a flue gas exhaust fan, ensuring the direction of the flue gas flow from the heat exchanger to the scrubber, the annular cavities for flue gases are connected to each other with each other and communicated with the first output of the heat exchanger, the scrubber output is connected through a pipe with the input of a device for recycling harmful impurities of slag and ash, the second input of which is connected through a pipe with the under-grid zone of the thermoreactor, while the device for recycling harmful impurities of slag and ash is made in the form of a furnace, providing heating of ash and slag to temperatures of at least 700°C, outside on the thermoreactor at the level of the under-grid zone, electromagnetic wave emitters are placed and rigidly fixed, while the thermoreactor at the level of the electromagnetic emitters is made of a material transparent to electromagnetic radiation, the electromagnetic emitters are made with the possibility of periodic changes in the frequency of electromagnetic radiation in the range of resonant frequencies or frequencies that are multiples of the resonant vibration frequencies of atoms of substances contained in flue gases, flues and pipes are made of hard material that is heat-resistant up to temperatures of 1500°C, the connection of flues and pipes is ensured by means of flange connections ensuring the passage of gas flow . 2. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the flue gas quenching chamber is designed to hold flue gases in the chamber for at least 3 seconds. 3. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the opposite vertical edges of adjacent partitions are equipped with reflectors that are arched in cross section, with the concave side of each reflector directed towards the other edge of the corresponding partition. 4. The installation according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains a frame, relative to which a thermoreactor with a grate, an afterburning chamber, a gas quenching chamber, a heat exchanger and a distribution chamber for gas-air flows are rigidly fixed. 5. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the distribution chamber of gas-air flows contains internal channels connected on the one hand with its inlet, and on the other hand with the corresponding outlets, while equalization of gas-air flows and pressure at the outlets of said chamber is ensured by pressure regulation sensors. 6. The installation according to claim 1, characterized in that inside the flue gas quenching chamber before its exit, carbon electrodes are installed opposite each other, operating from an electromagnetic pulse with a frequency in the range from 200 Hz to 1000 Hz and a voltage in the range from 5000 V to 15000 IN. 7. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the distribution chamber of gas-air flows is made with a third outlet with the possibility of communication through an air duct through the third outlet with an external consumer of thermal energy. 8. Installation according to claim 4, characterized in that the device is equipped with a fan, rigidly fixed by means of a threaded connection relative to the frame, and the fan is designed both for pumping air into the corresponding annular cavities of the heat exchanger through its second input, connected to the atmosphere, and for external cooling the air flow and flue gas flow to the gas-air flow distribution chamber. 9. Installation according to claim 8, characterized in that the fan is placed on the frame and connected to it via a threaded connection. 10. Installation according to claim 8, characterized in that the fan is placed on a frame above the heat exchanger. 11. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the electromagnetic emitters are designed to periodically change the frequency of electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range from 200 Hz to 100,000 Hz. 12. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the volume of the annular cavities for air in the heat exchanger corresponds to the volume of the annular cavities for flue gases. 13. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the volume of the annular cavities in the heat exchanger is not less than the volume of the annular cavities for flue gases.