RU2815475C2 - System for removal of solid particles present in fumes and exhaust gases obtained in combustion processes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: cleaning.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to electrostatic gas cleaning. Device comprises ionizing component and collector component. Ionizing component comprises a perforated part with at least one electron emitter inside the holes. Emitter contains one or more needle-like elements, to which a negative potential is supplied to create an electron cloud, which is provided by a constant voltage generator. Smoke and exhaust gas pass through the ionizing component to transfer a negative charge to solid particles present in the smoke and exhaust gas flow. Collector component comprises a plurality of positively charged metal tubes for collecting solid particles previously negatively charged. Perforated part of the ionizing component is made of a grid with square or rectangular holes. Grid contains branches and intersections of branches, which form holes. Each branch or each intersection of the lattice branches supports at least one of the electron emitters, each of which is formed either by a bundle in the form of a brush of needle elements composed of several threads of different length, or by a bundle of needle elements composed of several threads of the same length. Free ends of the threads form the said needle elements so that the needle elements are located both before entering the holes and after exiting the hole, surrounding the grid.

EFFECT: higher efficiency of cleaning gases from solid particles.

3 cl, 11 dwg

Description

Field of technology to which the invention relates

The present invention relates to a system for removing particulate matter present in fumes and exhaust gases from combustion processes. In particular, the system according to the present invention aims to improve the effectiveness of reducing the concentration of particulate matter especially in smoke and exhaust gases produced in combustion processes. The technical solution proposed here is mainly aimed at filtering exhaust gases or fumes generated in combustion processes at high smoke temperatures.

State of the art

Numerous technical solutions are known in the art for removing particles present in smoke and exhaust gases. However, known technical solutions do not allow obtaining good results in cases where there is a high particle density.

In known technical solutions using two plates, one of which is charged with a positive potential and the other with a negative potential, the effectiveness of reducing the particle concentration is limited by the magnitude of the applied electric field. This value is limited by the maximum value at which an electrical discharge does not yet occur between these two plates. This is due to the fact that ozone is formed in the area of the electrical discharge, which is an extremely undesirable phenomenon and should be avoided.

Document US 2016/0229267 A1 (published on August 11, 2016) discloses an air purification system with an ionizing unit. The ionizing unit is installed in the pipeline in front of the air filtration unit entering the vehicle interior. The collector electrode of the ionizing unit has the shape of a tube, and the emitter electrode is located on the central axis of the collector electrode. The system is not intended to purify gases containing particulates at high particle densities.

Therefore, there is a need to find and offer technical solutions that can overcome and solve the problems inherent in the technical solutions available today and overcome the shortcomings inherent in the technical solutions available today.

Disclosure of the invention

The present invention relates to technical solutions aimed at increasing the efficiency of reducing particulate matter, especially in relation to smoke and exhaust gases from combustion processes.

Therefore, this patent application proposes a system, embodiments of which can solve the above-mentioned and other disadvantages of previously known technical solutions.

The described system for removing particulate matter present in fumes and exhaust gases generated during combustion processes contains an ionizing component and a collector component. An Ionizing Part (PI) comprises a perforated portion with at least one electron emitter in the holes, the electron emitter comprising one or more needle-like elements that are applied to a high negative potential to create a cloud of electrons. The negative potential is provided by a constant voltage generator. The fumes and exhaust gases pass through the ionizing component to impart a negative charge to the particles present in the smoke and exhaust gas stream. The Collection Part contains a plurality of positively charged metal tubes to collect pre-negatively charged particles.

Specifically, in the illustrated embodiment, the manifold component comprises a plurality of metal tubes arranged in an orderly manner in rows and columns.

In various embodiments, the perforated portion of the ionizing component is made of a perforated plate, wherein at least one electron emitter located in each hole includes one or more needle elements that are applied to a negative potential to emit electrons.

In some embodiments, the holes are circular and have one diametrical ridge that supports at least one electron emitter formed by one or more needle elements.

In alternative embodiments, the circular holes have two diametrical ridges orthogonal to one another, with each ridge supporting at least one electron emitter formed by one or more needle elements.

In various embodiments, each fin supports at least one electron emitter formed by at least one tuft (tassel-shaped) of needle elements composed of several strands of varying lengths, the free ends of which form the needle elements, the tufts protruding from both sides of the fin, so that these needle-shaped elements are located both before the entrance (upstream) to the plate hole and after the exit (downstream) from the hole.

In alternative embodiments, each fin supports at least one electron emitter formed by a bundle of needle elements composed of several threads of equal length, the free ends of which form the needle elements, and these threads project to either side of the corresponding edge so that the needle elements are both before entering the plate hole and after exiting the hole.

In alternative embodiments, the perforated portion of the ionizing component is made of a grid of square or rectangular holes, each hole housing at least one electron emitter formed by one or more needle elements that are applied a negative potential to emit electrons.

In some embodiments, the at least one electron emitter is located at the intersection of the arms forming the lattice and/or along the sides of the square holes.

In various embodiments, each branch or each intersection of lattice branches supports at least one electron emitter formed by a bunch of needle elements composed of several threads of different lengths, the free ends of which form needle elements, so that these needle elements are located both in front of the entrance to the hole, and after exiting the holes, surrounding the grate.

In alternative embodiments, each branch or each intersection of lattice branches supports at least one electron emitter formed by a bundle of needle elements composed of several threads of equal length, the free ends of which form needle elements, such that these needle elements are both in front of the entrance to the holes, and after exiting the holes, surrounding the grate.

The DC voltage generator has any input voltage, and at the output terminals of the generator the voltage is between 4 kV and 30 kV.

The distance between the needle elements of the ionizing component and the metal tubes of the collector component varies depending on the applied voltage.

Brief description of drawings

Further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following description, given by way of non-exhaustive example, using the accompanying drawings, in which:

- Fig. 1 shows an example of an embodiment of the system according to the present invention,

- Fig. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D show some examples of the ionizing component of a perforated plate system,

- Fig. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D show some examples of the ionizing component of a grid or lattice system,

- Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 shows examples of embodiments of the system according to the present invention.

Elements consistent with the present description are presented in the drawings, where appropriate, with conventional notation, where these drawings show only those specific details that are relevant to understanding embodiments of the present invention, so as not to emphasize details that would be readily apparent to one skilled in the art. links to the description given here.

Detailed description of drawings

The present invention can be applied in all cases where there is a high density of fine and ultrafine particles.

The technical solution described here is mainly devoted to the filtration of smoke and exhaust gases generated in combustion processes.

Of course, the system can be used in the civil area, in any room where air purification is required.

The technical solution described here exhibits significant innovative features compared to prior art technical solutions proposed to date.

The purification system proposed herein consists of two components, as shown in FIG. 1.

The first component, called the ionizing component (PI), creates a cloud of electrons in response to the input of negative potential from the power source.

Smoke or exhaust gases that contain particles that need to be removed cross the ionizing component (PI).

The job of the ionizing component (PI) is to impart a negative charge to particles present in the smoke or exhaust stream passing through the component.

In particular, particulate pollutants are ionized and given a negative charge by the cloud of electrons through which the particles fly. Therefore, as smoke and exhaust gases pass through, the electrons emitted by the ionizing component (PI) bind to the polluting particulate matter and turn it negatively charged.

The flow of smoke and exhaust gases containing negatively charged particulate matter passes through a second component that makes up the treatment system, called the Collection Part (PR), where the collection part is specifically designed to collect particulate matter.

Specifically, the purpose of the collector component (PR) is to collect and capture ionized particulate matter for the purpose of removing particulate matter from smoke and gases.

Positive polarity is applied to the collector component (PR) and the solid particles previously negatively charged in the ionizing component (PI) are deposited on this collector component.

Therefore, the filter system is made of an ionizing component (PI) and a collector component (PR).

The ionizing component (PI) consists of electron emission sources, which can take different forms. More specifically, electron emission sources impart a negative charge to particles present in the smoke passing through the ionizing component.

In contrast, the collector component (PR) has a structure that is crossed by smoke containing particles that were negatively charged when passing through the ionizing component (PI).

The positive potential applied to the collector component is generated by the same power supply that powers the ionizing component PI and determines the electric field to attract negatively charged ionized particles to the collector component (PR).

More specifically, the first component portion, or ionizing component (PI), comprises a perforated plate or grid or perforated mesh. At the center of each hole is an electron emitter containing one or more needle-shaped elements P, which are applied to a high negative potential.

The support portion on which the electron-emitting needle elements P rest may be made of various materials and may have various shapes, such as wire mesh with square holes or other shaped holes, the needle elements being located at the corners of the squares or at the intersections of branches .

The second component or collector component (PR) is formed by a structure composed of a series of parallel metal tubes placed at a suitable distance, which are supplied with a positive potential generated by a power source.

Therefore, the collector component (PR) is made of metal tubes into which fumes and exhaust gases containing particles that were previously negatively charged are directed.

the potential applied to the tubes determines the electric field so as to attract negatively charged ionized particles present in the flow of smoke or exhaust gases passing through the tubes.

The flow of smoke or exhaust gas with negatively charged particles coming from the ionizing component (PI) passes further through the passage channels inside the tubes.

In particular, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the PR manifold component structure includes a plurality of metal tubes 20 arranged in rows and columns aligned to form a box-like structure.

Metal tubes 20 are connected to receive the positive potential generated by the power source.

Of course, the materials used to construct the components of this filter system must be suitable to withstand the fumes and exhaust gases passing through the system. In particular, the ionizing component part (PI) and the collector component (PR) must withstand the temperatures that the system reaches when fumes or exhaust gases flow through it.

In addition, to optimize results, several filter systems such as the system just described can be placed in parallel to handle large volumes of smoke to be purified at high flow rates (in m ³ /hour) or in series to obtain higher reduction rates polluting particles.

In known technical solutions, the cleaning system was made of two plates, charged one with a positive potential and one with a negative potential, and the effectiveness of reducing the number of particles was limited by the maximum value of the electric field. In particular, the maximum achievable electric field value is limited to the maximum acceptable value possible without causing an electrical discharge between the two plates with corresponding ozone generation. This situation, of course, should be avoided.

The solution described herein eliminates negatively charged particles present in fumes and exhaust gases by using a collector component made of a plurality of metal tubes arranged in an orderly manner to form rows and columns, which are applied to a positive potential.

The cleaning system is designed and optimized to achieve a high degree of particle reduction.

The positive pole (+) is connected to a collector component (PR) made of a plurality of tubes 20, while the negative pole (-) is connected to the ionizing component PI.

This option allows the use of high voltage, creating a strong electric field, which makes it possible to achieve high particle reduction rates.

In the following, some possible ionizing component (PI) options will be described with reference to FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D.

In particular, the ionizing component (PI) may be made of a perforated plate 40, with each hole 42 containing one or more needle elements P that are applied to a more or less high negative potential (see FIG. 1) to emit electrons. In these embodiments, the holes 42 are circular and structures with different geometries can be created therein. In more detail, in Fig. 2A and 2B, the circular hole 42 has two diametrical ribs 44 orthogonal to one another, whereas in FIG. 2C and 2D, the circular hole 42 has a single diametrical rib 44.

In FIG. 2, the top portion is a front view of the hole 42 in the plate 40, while the bottom portion is a side view of a section along the horizontal rib 44.

In FIG. 2A shows three clusters of needle elements P for each rib 44, located at equal distances from each other. In particular, the central beam is shared by two ribs. In addition, these bundles are made of several threads of different lengths, the free ends of which form needle-shaped elements P. In the illustrated embodiment, the bundles protrude in both directions relative to the rib 44, i.e. they are made of threads of different lengths that pass through holes in the rib 44 and their free ends form needle elements P. In this configuration, needle elements P are located both at the inlet (upstream) of the hole 42 in the plate 40 and at the outlet (downstream ) holes 42.

Of course, the terms “upstream” and “downstream” as used in this specification mean areas located “upstream” and “downstream” in the direction of flow of fumes or gases.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2B, there are three bundles (in the form of bundles) of needle elements P for each rib 44, located at equal distances from each other. In particular, the central beam is shared by two ribs. These bundles are composed of several threads of the same length, the free ends of which form the needle elements P. In the illustrated embodiment, the bundles are made of threads of the same length, extending in the same direction, starting from the holes in the rib 44, and the free ends of these threads form the needle elements P. As a result, the needle elements P are present only after the hole 42 in the plate 40. Other variants are also possible here in which the needle elements P are present only upstream of the hole 42, or both before and after the hole.

In FIG. 2C shows one tuft of needle elements P on a single rib 44. In particular, this tuft is located in the center of the rib 44 and therefore in the center of the hole 42. Such tufts are composed of several threads of varying lengths, the free ends of which form the needle elements P. In the illustrated embodiment , the beam protrudes in both directions relative to rib 44, i.e. this bundle is assembled from threads of different lengths inserted into a hole in the rib 44, and the free ends of these threads form needle elements P. As a result, needle elements P are present on both sides - both before and after the hole 42 in the plate 40. It is also possible create other variants in which the needle elements P are present only before or only after the hole 42.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2D, there is a single bundle of needle elements P on the rib 44, in particular this bundle is located in the center of the rib 44 and therefore in the center of the hole 42. This bundle is composed of several threads of equal length, the free ends of which form the needle elements P. In the illustrated embodiment, the bundle is assembled from threads of equal length, which extend in one direction, starting from the central hole made in the rib 44, and the free ends of which form the needle elements P. With this approach, the needle elements P are present only after (downstream) the hole 42 in the plate 40. Other options are also possible in which the needle elements P are present only upstream (downstream) of the hole 42, or both upstream and downstream of the hole.

Other options are also possible in which multiple ribs are created dividing the opening 42, or alternatively the bundles of needle elements P can be constructed and arranged differently compared to the examples illustrated in the drawings, or mixed solutions are possible in which the bundles alternate in in the form of a brush and bundles in the form of a tourniquet. In addition, you can imagine holes of other geometries (for example, oval).

An alternative design provides a grid 50 instead of a plate 40 and square or rectangular holes 52 instead of round holes 42.

As shown in FIG. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D, the ionizing component PI can be made from various materials and in various shapes, such as wire mesh with square holes and other shaped holes, element or needle elements P created at the intersections of branches forming a mesh or lattice (Fig. 3C and Fig. 3D), and/or on the sides of squares and at branch intersections (Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B). In either case, a reference potential (negative or zero) is applied to the array 50 for the express purpose of causing the emission of electrons from the needle elements P present on the array.

In FIG. 3, the top portion is a front view of a mesh or grille 50 having square holes 52, while the bottom portion is a side view of a section along a leg of the grille 50.

In FIG. 3A, a plurality of tassel-like tufts of needle elements P are provided on each grating branch 50. Specifically, on each segment of the grating branch 50 forming a square hole 52, or on each side of the hole 52, three tufts are arranged at equal distances from one another. In particular, bundles located at intersections are shared by two branches orthogonal to one another. The bundles are composed of several threads of different lengths, the free ends of which form needle-shaped elements P. In the variants shown in Fig. 3A, the bundles extend in both directions from the branch, i.e. they are made of threads of different lengths passing through holes in the branches of the lattice 50, and the free ends of the threads form needle elements P. In this design, needle elements P are present both before and after the holes 52 of the lattice 50. It is also possible to create other options in which the needle elements P are present only before or only after the holes 52.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3B, there are several bundles, in the form of bundles, of needle elements P for each branch of the array 50. The bundles of needle elements P are located at equal distances from each other. In particular, a beam located at the intersection of two branches is shared by these two intersecting orthogonal branches. The bundles are made of several threads of equal length, the free ends of which form needle-shaped elements P. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 3B, the bundles are made of threads of equal length, which extend in both directions, starting from the holes in the branches, and the free ends of which form needle elements P. In this design, needle elements P are also present on the side facing the flow of smoke and gases (above downstream), and from the side where this flow exits (downstream), four adjacent holes 52, from the intersection of two branches of the grid 50. Other options are also possible in which the needle elements P are present only before or only after the holes 52.

In FIG. 3C shows bundles of needle elements P located at the intersections of two orthogonal branches of the lattice 50. In particular, each bundle is located at the intersection point between two branches forming the lattice 50. Moreover, each bundle is composed of several threads of different lengths, the free ends of which form needle-shaped elements P. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3C, each tuft extends to either side of the point where the branches intersect. In addition, each bundle is made of threads of different lengths, which pass through the hole at the intersection of the two branches forming the lattice 50, and the free ends of which form the needle elements P. In this design, the needle elements P are located both before and after the four holes 52 lattice 50, which surrounds the beam. Other variants are also possible in which the needle elements P are present only before or only after the holes 52.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3D, the bundles are located at the intersections of two orthogonal branches of the lattice 50. In particular, each bundle is located at the intersection point between two branches forming the lattice 50. Each bundle is composed of several threads of equal length, the free ends of which form the needle elements P. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 3D, the bundle is made of threads of equal length extending in both directions, starting from the central hole at the point of intersection of the two branches forming the lattice 50, and the free ends of the threads form needle elements P. In this design, needle elements P are also present on the side in front (downstream) holes 52, and on the side located after (downstream) four holes 52 of the lattice 50. Other options are also possible in which the needle elements P are present only in front of the holes or only after the holes - four holes 52 adjacent to the beam.

It is also possible to create other embodiments in which the bundles of needle elements P are distributed differently compared to the examples illustrated in FIGS. 3. In addition, the holes 52 can be imagined to have different geometries (eg, rectangular, triangular, circular, oval).

As already noted, the materials from which such filter systems are made must be able to withstand the effects of fumes and exhaust gases passing through these systems.

The collector component consists of a series of metal tubes 20 of suitable diameter and length, which are all electrically connected to one another and to which a more or less high positive potential is applied.

Of course, without prejudice to the principles of the present invention, details of construction and embodiments may vary widely from what has been described and illustrated herein by way of example only, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A system for removing particulate matter present in fumes and exhaust gases produced in combustion processes, comprising an ionizing component (PI) and a collector component (PR), wherein the ionizing component (PI) comprises a perforated portion (40, 50) of at least with one electron emitter within the holes (42, 52), the electron emitter contains one or more needle elements (P) to which a negative potential is applied to create an electron cloud, said negative potential supply being provided by a constant voltage generator, the smoke and exhaust gas pass through the ionizing component (PI) to transfer a negative charge to particulate matter present in the smoke and exhaust gas stream, while the collector component (PR) contains a plurality of positively charged metal tubes (20) designed to collect particulate matter that previously received a negative charge, wherein the perforated part of the ionizing component (PI) is made of a grid (50) with square or rectangular holes (52), wherein the grid (50) contains branches and intersections of branches that form holes (52), each branch or intersection of lattice branches (50) supports at least one of the electron emitters, each electron emitter being formed either by a tassel-shaped bundle of needle elements (P) composed of several threads of different lengths, or by a bunch of needle elements (P) composed from several threads of the same length, the free ends of the threads form said needle-shaped elements (P), so that said needle-shaped elements (P) are located both before entering the holes (52) and after leaving the hole (52), surrounding the grid (50). 2. The system according to claim 1, in which the metal tubes (20) of the collector component (PR) are arranged in an orderly manner to form rows and columns. 3. The system according to claim 1 or 2, in which the specified constant voltage generator has any input voltage, is raised above the ground, and the voltage at the output terminals reaches values of up to 30 kV or more.