RU2808679C1 - Bench for studying erosional impact of atmospheric precipitation on soil - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: soil treatment.

SUBSTANCE: devices for modeling the processes of erosive effects of precipitation on soil. The bench includes a body (1) with a frame (4) hinged on it and a device for changing the angle of inclination of the frame (4). The frame (4) is designed to accommodate a cuvette (5) with the soil being tested. The device for changing the angle of the frame (4) includes a lift (7), a pusher frame (8) of the lift and a control shaft (10) connected to it. When the control shaft (10) rotates, the pusher frame (8) ensures rotation of the lift (7) acting on the frame (4), establishing a given angle of inclination. In this case, the frame hinge axis (4) is shifted relative to its center of gravity.

EFFECT: expansion of operational capabilities.

5 cl, 3 dwg

Description

Technical field

The claimed invention relates to laboratory equipment, in particular, to devices for modeling the processes of water erosion of soils in laboratory conditions and natural environmental conditions, and can be used in studying the processes of water erosion of soils to develop a set of anti-erosion measures without the need for field observations.

State of the art

Various devices are known from the prior art, used within the framework of known methods for studying soil erosion processes, during the implementation of which soils are exposed to artificial water flows under various modes, including at limited angles of inclination of soil surfaces.

Thus, from the publication SU 1 203 394 there is known an installation containing a thermostated refrigeration chamber, a tray for soil samples placed in it with a tray for collecting infiltration soils, a container and a pipeline for water supply. The tray is hingedly mounted on a self-propelled cart, on which a mechanism is attached to change the angle of inclination of the tray. Using this installation, various temperature conditions, precipitation, soil freezing, thawing, etc. are simulated.

However, this device can only be used for research in enclosed spaces due to the limited size of the tray, which limits the scope of its application and, as a consequence, the reliability of the research. It is known that in order to conduct reliable field studies of the erosive impact of atmospheric precipitation on soil, the ratio of dimensions (width to length) of the tray should, on average, be 1:5, which will ensure the possibility of accelerating water over the surface of the soil and, as a result, simulating real soil erosion. The tray known from publication SU 1 203 394 has a complex hydraulic system for changing the angles of its inclination, which requires regular maintenance, which also makes it difficult to use in open areas.

From the publication SU 737805, a device is known for studying the processes of water erosion of materials, including a tray with a perforated bottom made of insulated sections with separate measuring containers, a device for changing the angle of inclination of the tray, water supply and discharge systems. The device provides simulation of various reclamation techniques and is used to determine the permissible rate of runoff on a slope.

However, this device is also not applicable in open areas, since it is a laboratory installation intended for research in enclosed spaces. The device has a complex base design and small angles of inclination, which limits its scope of application. This device is also based on the use of a hydraulic mechanism for changing the angle of inclination, which also requires regular maintenance and makes it difficult to use in open areas

The closest in technical essence to the claimed stand is a device for studying the processes of water erosion of soils, disclosed in RF patent No. 2788322. The device includes a support structure (frame) with a blower placed on it, a hydro tray and an adjustable sprinkler unit equipped with a pump. The bottom of the hydrotray is made in the shape of a pyramid with a hole for draining infiltrate at the lowest point. The hydrotrough is equipped with a system for draining water that has fallen outside of it, located around the perimeter of the trough, as well as a drain for draining surface runoff. The support structure has four legs, with hydraulic jacks mounted in two legs on one side of the structure to allow the support to tilt, and two opposite support legs are connected to each other by a rotating structure in the form of a cylindrical hinge.

The design and equipment of such a tray are intended for conducting research in enclosed spaces, which excludes the possibility of studying erosion processes in natural conditions, in particular, the impact of melt water on the soil. The known tray is characterized by small (laboratory) dimensions, since their increase entails the need to use a more powerful hydraulic system for lifting it with increasing tilt angles.

The trays known from the prior art have small dimensions, which makes it possible to conduct research only indoors when creating an artificial erosion effect. The above-mentioned ratios of the width and length of the tray, which provide an imitation of natural erosion processes, are not applicable to known solutions, which leads to the unreliability of the results obtained. With small laboratory dimensions, the reliability of the results obtained is also questionable.

The technical problem solved by means of the claimed invention is the need to overcome the disadvantages inherent in the above analogues and the prototype by creating a stand that provides the ability to study erosion processes resulting from precipitation both indoors and in natural open areas, and also the ability to simulate erosion processes at different angles of inclination of the soil surface.

Brief disclosure of the invention

The technical result achieved by using the claimed invention is to expand the operational capabilities of known devices for studying the erosive effects of precipitation on soil by ensuring the possibility of its use under natural environmental conditions.

The inventive device also provides the possibility of its use both indoors and outdoors, providing simple and accurate installation of any specified angles of inclination and their reliable fixation. The inclination angles of the trays of known devices for studying erosion processes are limited by the capabilities of the hydraulic systems used for lifting (for example, jacks). The inventive tray design, in contrast to known analogues, reproduces the entire range of inclination angles of soil surfaces found in nature, while by shifting the center of gravity of the frame with a pre-installed ditch relative to its rotation axis, it is easier to rotate the frame if it is necessary to change the inclination angle.

The inventive device, in contrast to known analogues, is characterized by a wide range of angles of inclination of the tray, and with an increase in the angle of inclination, not the entire weight of the tray is overcome, as in the case of known analogues, but only its unbalanced mass, which simplifies the technology of its use.

The inventive device is also characterized by the absence of a hydraulic component, which reduces the risk of device failure, and is driven exclusively by mechanical means. In addition, the inventive device makes it possible to conduct research during natural snow melting.

The claimed technical result is achieved by the fact that the stand for studying the erosive effects of precipitation on soil, according to the technical solution , includes a frame with a hinge, with the ability to rotate around the hinge axis, a frame fixed to it, designed to accommodate a ditch with the soil being studied, and a device changing the angle of inclination of the frame, including a lift, a frame - lifter pusher and a control shaft connected to it, during rotation of which the pusher frame ensures rotation of the lift acting on the frame, establishing a given angle of inclination, while the hinge axis of the frame is shifted relative to its center of gravity. The control shaft has a stepped shape. The lift includes an upper and lower frame, united by a section of pipe. The frame is made of rectangular pipes and is a supporting structure. The angle of inclination of the frame with the cuvette relative to the horizontal position ranges from 0° to 45°.

Brief description of drawings

The claimed invention is illustrated by the following drawings, where

Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the device (side view),

Figure 2 shows a rear view of the inventive device,

in fig. Figure 3 shows a schematic representation of the cuvette.

Positions in the drawings indicate:

1. Bed.

2. Tray.

3. Funnel.

4. Frame.

5. Cuvette.

6. Stopper bar.

7. Lift.

8. Pusher.

9. Plate nut.

10. Control shaft.

11. Washer.

12. Lamb.

13. Hinge plate.

14. Soil.

15. Geotextile.

Carrying out the invention

The stand contains a frame 1, made of rectangular pipes and representing a supporting structure. In the front upper part of the frame, frame 4 is hinged, with the ability to rotate around the hinge axis. The frame is designed to accommodate a ditch 5 with the soil sample under study. The frame can be made from an angle profile. The cuvette generally has a length of 2 to 5 meters. The width of the cuvette is 1/5-1/6 of its length with a side height of 15-20 cm (for the given length and width values). The frame hinge axis is shifted relative to its center of gravity (CG) by 20-70 cm to the front of the stand. By rotating the frame, the tilt angle of the cuvette can be changed from 0° (horizontal position) to 45°. In the upper middle part, brackets are attached to the frame, in which the rotation axis of the lift 7 is fixed, which changes the angle of inclination of the frame. The lift consists of two frames (upper and lower), united by a section of pipe through which its rotation axis passes. The frames are located at an angle to each other at 110 -130°. The sides of the lower frame are elongated and end with curtains. Threaded pins of pusher 8 enter into the slots of the wings. The pusher is a frame hinged in the brackets of the base of the frame. A trapezoidal plate with a cutout and welded sockets for the axis of rotation of the hinge plate 13 is welded to the top crossbar of the pusher frame. A hole is made in the center of the hinge plate. The end of the control shaft 10 freely fits into it, on which locking elements are located - washers and nuts with locknuts covering both sides. A wheel is installed at the other end of the control shaft. The control shaft has a stepped shape. In the area of larger diameter, a thread is cut into which the shaft is screwed through a plate nut 9, hinged in a trapezoidal plate welded to the rear crossbar of the frame. The length of the threaded part of the shaft ensures that the stand frame is raised at an angle from 0° to 45°. In the front part, locking rails 6 are installed on the frame posts. The upper ends of the rails lie on threaded pins welded to the stand frame. Large diameter washers are put on the pins and wings 12 are screwed on.

The cuvettes installed in the stand frame have a frame made of an angle profile. The bottom surface is made of all-metal expanded mesh (CPVS). The walls of the cuvette are made of steel plates 1-2.5 mm. The front walls have an inclination of 30 to 45°. The bottom of the cuvette is covered with geotextile. A device for collecting washed away soil is installed under the drain side of the ditch. It consists of tray 2 and funnel 3.

The inventive device operates as follows.

Before starting work, the cuvette is filled with the soil being tested. In this case, the frame with the ditch is located in a horizontal position. When filling, water the soil generously. Water, passing through the soil, compacts it, seeps through the geofabric and flows out through the perforation of the bottom surface of the ditch into the tray. The cuvette filled with soil is kept for 2 - 3 days. After this, by rotating the control shaft wheel, the required inclination angle is set (in accordance with the research plan). As the angle of inclination increases, not the full weight of the tray is overcome, but only its unbalanced mass due to the shifted center of gravity. The shaft, rotating in the plate nut, simultaneously moves forward and pulls the pusher along with it. The pusher pins act on the lift's links, causing it to rotate. In this case, the upper crossbar of the lift slides from below along the frame and lifts it up. When the specified angle of inclination of the cuvette is reached, all locking devices are blocked by the wings. Then the device is left for a given time in a static state, after which, for example, the amount of washed away soil, its aggregate composition and the number of water-resistant aggregates are recorded, and a visual examination of the tray with soil is carried out for the erosive effects of water flows. In the process of exposure to water flows along the surface of the soil in a ditch, the washed away soil mass enters the receiving tray through a funnel, settles at the bottom, and the water flows out over the edge of the receiving tray.

To reduce the angle of inclination at the end of the study or the need to change in accordance with the study plan, the locking devices are unlocked. By rotating the control shaft, the pusher is moved in the opposite direction and, acting with threaded pins on the lift scenes, lowers it. In this case, the frame also rotates under the influence of the unbalanced mass, reducing the angle of inclination.

The design of the stand can also be used in closed laboratory premises with a sprinkler system and devices that form artificial water flows, as well as under conditions of exposure to soil in external environmental conditions.

Example of concrete execution

A prototype of the proposed stand design was created at the Department of Erosion and Soil Conservation, Faculty of Soil Science, Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov. The frame is welded from rectangular pipes 60x30 mm. In the front upper corner of the frame, between the brackets, there is a pipe with a diameter of 16 mm, through which a frame rotation axis with a diameter of 12 mm passes. Brackets 10 mm thick are welded in the middle part of the upper and lower side members. The stand frame is welded from an angle profile. Brackets are welded to the bottom of the frame, in which holes are made for the passage of an axial rod with a diameter of 12 mm. The frame's rotation axis is shifted forward by 30 cm relative to its center of gravity (centre). The upper frame of the lift is welded from round pipes with a diameter of 20 mm. The angle between the upper and lower frames of the lift is 125°. The sides of the lower frame are made of steel strips 60 mm wide and 10 mm thick. They have 18mm wide slides cut into them. The rockers include 14mm diameter threaded pins welded to the pushrod. The pusher in the form of a frame is welded from pipes with a diameter of 16 mm. An axial rod with a diameter of 12 mm, fixed in the frame brackets, passes through the lower cross member of the pusher. A trapezoidal plate 8 mm thick is welded to the top crossbar of the pusher, with a cutout and sockets for the hinge plate. A hole with a diameter of 16 mm is made in the center of the hinge plate, into which enters the end of the control shaft, held in place by two washers with a diameter of 40 mm and nuts with lock nuts. At the opposite end of the control shaft with a diameter of 18 mm, a thread is cut and a wheel with a diameter of 36 cm is fixed. The length of the threaded section is 45 cm. The threaded part of the shaft is screwed into a 35 mm thick plate nut installed on the rear crossbar of the frame. When the wheel rotates, the control shaft moves translationally and pulls a pusher, which turns the lift. The upper crossbar of the lift slides from below along the frame and turns it to the desired angle. Having reached a given angle (30°), the position of the frame was blocked by screwing the wings of the locking devices. The stand remained in this position for a year. The washed away soil was periodically removed for examination.

As a result, the amount of washed away soil, its aggregate composition and the number of water-resistant aggregates were determined. Carrying out periodic measurements of cross sections in given areas reflected the dynamics of changes in surface topography.

The proposed stand is distinguished by a simple, reliable and easy-to-use design that reproduces the entire set of inclination angles found in nature. Stands of this type can be used both indoors and outdoors. If necessary, the design of the stand makes it possible to increase the dimensions of the cuvette. At the stand, you can study erosion processes caused by the artificial formation of water flows and sprinkling, as well as the direct impact of precipitation. The stand is best suited for studying erosion processes in soil caused by melt water - a device with soil samples for such research is placed in an open area for a long time in accordance with the season (about six months) and the behavior of the soil during snow melt is studied.

Claims (5)

1. A stand for studying the erosive effects of atmospheric precipitation on soil, including a frame with a hinge, with the ability to rotate around the hinge axis, a frame fixed to it, designed to place a ditch with the soil under study, and a device for changing the angle of the frame, including a lift, a frame – a lift pusher and a control shaft connected to it, during rotation of which the pusher frame ensures rotation of the lift acting on the frame, establishing a given angle of inclination, while the frame hinge axis is offset relative to its center of gravity. 2. The stand according to claim 1, characterized in that the control shaft has a stepped shape. 3. The stand according to claim 1, characterized in that the lift includes an upper and lower frame, united by a section of pipe. 4. The stand according to claim 1, characterized in that the frame is made of rectangular pipes and represents a supporting structure. 5. The stand according to claim 1, characterized in that the angle of inclination of the frame with the cuvette relative to the horizontal position ranges from 0° to 45°.