RU2801957C1 - Method to increase the individual adaptive capabilities of the body in the development of cold resistance - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: medicine; sports medicine.

SUBSTANCE: invention can be used in the educational and training process when training military specialists to work under the Arctic conditions, beginner athletes that take part in winter swimming competitions, as well as for people involved in winter swimming and other extreme sports. At the preparatory stage, dousing with water is performed 1 time per day 6 times a week after morning exercises with tap water of +8 to +10°C or water from a natural source and swimming in a stationary pool 1–2 times a week for 45–60 minutes. The main stage includes a warm-up with a low intensity load in front of an ice pool, diving into an ice pool with ice of 0 to +5°C or cold water of +6 to +16°C; swimming a freestyle distance of 25 m, leaving the ice pool, air break for 1–2 minutes. Then, a physical warm-up is performed indoors. After having rest, physical training is performed with a load of medium intensity for 20–25 minutes outside at an air temperature of at least -25°C. After that, a person dives into an ice pool, swims a freestyle distance in an ice pool with an increase in load. Warming up in a sauna or bath or changing into dry clothes and staying indoors follows.

EFFECT: method provides an increase in the adaptive capabilities of the body in terms of psychoemotional, psychophysiological and cardiovascular reactions of the body to extreme temperatures and physical exertion, the method does not cause maladaptive reactions of hemodynamic parameters, the functional state of the circulatory system and the autonomic nervous system, as well as metabolic processes.

2 cl, 2 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The present invention relates to the field of physical culture (training) and sports and can be used in the educational and training process when training military specialists to work in the conditions of the Arctic, beginner athletes for winter swimming competitions, as well as for people involved in winter swimming and other extreme sports. sports, in order to develop cold resistance and increase the individual adaptive capabilities of the body to long-term low-temperature aquathermal (cold / ice water) exposure.

State of the art

Considering the modern geopolitical interests of different countries of the world in the development of the Arctic, including Russia, scientific interest in studying the effect of cold on the human body is increasing. At present, there are various ways of activating and increasing human adaptive resources to adverse environmental factors, including temperature and physical stress, including the use of aqua- and aerothermal temperature factors.

There is a method of year-round complex hardening, which includes an ice pool with sections of the Russian bath and Finnish sauna, phytoblock and ultraviolet sources for its methodical implementation [US Pat. 2116097 C1, 27.07.1998]. This method includes the implementation of classes with hardening trainings, performing exercises in a combination of various temperature regimes, swimming in an ice pool, performing physiotherapy, exposure to ultraviolet radiation and using a phytoenvironment. The invention relates to year-round complex hardening and can be used in physical culture (training) and sports to increase the intensity of adaptation of the human body to the temperature factors of the water-air environment. The disadvantages of this method is that its implementation requires a certain place with expensive equipment, divided into blocks with various complex installations that provide a contrast effect on the human body. Also, this method of hardening does not have a specific sequential scheme of hardening procedures and does not reflect the assessment of various physiological parameters of the adaptive capabilities of the body.

A known method of year-round water-air hardening in combination with an ice bath [US Pat. 2108829 C1, 20.04.1998]. This method includes conducting classes based on air procedures in combination with dousing with cold water. Classes are carried out year-round in stationary conditions with individual selection of the composition of the water-air environment and temperature control to extremely low values. The disadvantages of this method of hardening is the need for a specially equipped room with different rooms and platforms directly for the implementation of hardening procedures.

Also known is a method for regulating the stability of cardiorespiratory and heat generation when exposed to low plus and minus temperatures of the water-air environment in stationary conditions of the ice pool during year-round classes and competitions of athletic swimmers [US Pat. No. 2259184 C2, 27.08.2005]. The method includes hardening, including swimming lessons and competitions, regardless of the season, using various training disciplines. Athletic swimming is carried out in ice or cold water. They swim alternately in butterfly-crawl-butterfly, using thermal and waterproof equipment. In addition, they perform exercises on land on sports devices and simulators. EFFECT: method makes it possible to regulate the stability of cardiorespiratory and heat generation when exposed to low plus and minus temperatures of the water-air environment in stationary conditions of an ice pool during year-round classes and competitions of athletic swimmers. The disadvantage of this method is the risk of critical hypothermia of the body, especially during passive stay in the water or a monotonous low-amplitude swimming style, and the stages of recovery after swimming in an ice pool are not indicated.

One of the ways to activate the human adaptive resource is to conduct long swims in cold / ice water, an example of which is described in [Fisher T.A., Petrov S.A., Dotsenko E.L., Sukhovey Yu.G. Dynamics of the emotional state and physiological parameters of the body during prolonged aquathermal exposure // Questions of balneology, physiotherapy and therapeutic physical culture, 2018. http://doi.org/10.17116/kurort2018953557]. It is shown that a group of people (22 people) involved in winter swimming, of different social levels (age and professions) and different sports training (experience: from 4 to 12 years) overcame a long distance (101.4 km) in 40 hours and 33 minutes ice water (t about +4°C). The disadvantage of this method of activation of adaptive resources on the part of the physiological and psychological links of the life support system was that the system of the training process, the conditions for the event and measures aimed at safety and reducing the risks of dysfunctional conditions in people who had covered a long distance in ice water were not indicated. .

The closest analogue of our proposed method is a way to increase the adaptive capacity of the body to temperature and physical stress [US Pat. No. 2744024 C2, 03/02/2021]. The method includes stages of repeated repetition of cold exposure in combination with high temperatures sequentially for 60-80 minutes: Stage I. "Long contrast cycle" - the initial stage of hardening measures; II stage. "Medium contrast cycle" - the next stage of hardening activities (without warming up in the air and re-dipping in cold water); III stage. "Short-term contrast cycle" - the stage of hardening measures (without warm-up in the air and breathing exercises, 3-time repetition of changing temperature effects). This method is more suitable for training the thermoregulation system, as a health and preventive measure, and not for developing cold resistance and expanding the individual adaptive capabilities of a person to a long stay in cold / ice water.

Patent and information search has shown that today there are various schemes for expanding the adaptive capabilities of a person, but they do not reflect the sequence of the training process in the development of swimmers' cold resistance and the expansion of individual adaptive capabilities to long-term low-temperature aquathermal exposure. A description of the sequence of stages of the training system is necessary for athletes involved in winter swimming who conduct sports events in established ice pools and long swims in open water, as well as for a category of people performing their professional duty in the Arctic zone, including military engineering troops, which include engineer-engineer, engineering-road, pontoon and other units and units.

The task to be solved by the claimed method is to carry out a set of measures consisting of two stages that contribute to the development of cold resistance of swimmers to low-temperature aquathermal effects within the normal values of the life support system, in particular, autonomic regulation of the nervous system and metabolic processes.

Achievement of the technical result will be carried out due to: 1. system of selection of athletes - "criteria for inclusion"; 2. admission of swimmers; 3. passing technical training; 4. ensure safety precautions; 5. stages of the training process aimed at increasing the individual adaptive capabilities of the body in the development of cold resistance.

Disclosure of the essence of the invention

Offered:

1. The selection of military personnel, beginner athletes and people who want to develop cold resistance to low-temperature aquathermal exposure (swimming in an ice pool, in open water) is carried out according to the inclusion criterion: at least 1 year experience in regular swimming in a warm, stationary pool; good swimming technique; conclusion of a cardiologist/therapist based on the results of ECG and ultrasound of the heart

2. The admission of military personnel, athletes and swimmers to the educational and training process is established as a prerequisite that contributes to the development of cold resistance and an increase in the individual adaptive capabilities of the body to long-term low-temperature aquathermal exposure:

- voluntary consents to participate in the training process to develop the formation of cold resistance skills and increase individual adaptive capabilities should be signed. Training course 8 weeks;

- before each training swim, the general health of the swimmers is determined: 1) excellent; 2) good; 3) satisfactory;

- before each training swim, the level of blood pressure is determined, which should not exceed: systolic 110-155 mm Hg. Art., diastolic 60-90 mm Hg. Art., and the heart rate should not leave the "rest" or "everyday" zone, which is in the range of 60-90 beats per minute.

3. Technical training during the educational and training process in an ice pool is determined by the preparation of an equipped pool, as an object, which is a section of the water area of an open natural reservoir, the surface of which is limited by an ice perimeter (hole) and special equipment necessary to achieve the stated result.

- the size of the equipped pool is 4 × 25 m 33 cm (two swimming lanes).

- a "push wall" is mounted in the walls of the pool, which holds the structure of the pool 10 cm thick and goes under water by 1 m 20 cm, which is a frame made of metal pipes 70 × 70 mm, sheathed with moisture-resistant plywood.

- on both end sides, the hole is equipped with a ladder with lifting mechanisms for safe and independent exit from the water.

- Separating colored cables are stretched along the length of the pool, indicating swimming lanes.

- all approaches to the ice pool and along it are lined with rubber tracks to avoid injuries.

- military personnel, novice athletes and people are in the usual swimming equipment for the pool: swimming shorts / swimming trunks, goggles, and two swimming caps are put on their heads.

4. Precautions to achieve the main result in the ice pool, as mandatory conditions that contribute to increasing the individual adaptive capabilities of a person in the development of cold resistance:

- during the educational, training process, the student fixes a buoy for swimming.

- around the perimeter of the ice pool, at each corner there is a lifeguard - a person who can help a drowning person.

- on the right and left edges of the ice pool there are any means for rescuing people on the water: a life buoy, a rescue “end of Alexandrov”, swimming boards or an air mattress.

5. The method of developing cold resistance and increasing the individual adaptive capabilities of swimmers to long-term low-temperature aquathermal exposure is achieved in two stages:

Preparatory stage:

- the formation of skills of short-term, dosed low-temperature aquathermal exposure (pouring with cold / ice water) to improve the mechanisms of adaptation is carried out in the system of physical exercises aimed at the physical development of the body. At the end of morning exercises, 1 time per day, 6 times a week, dousing with cold / ice water from 12-15 l buckets is carried out in a specially equipped place. Temperature range of water: tap water +8-+10°С; from a natural source according to the season (increasing the general tone of the body; the formation of cold resistance skills);

- practicing the improvement of swimming technique in a regular, stationary pool (freestyle, breaststroke), it is necessary to increase speed, develop endurance, physical strengthening of the body, development of breathing. An integrated approach to improving swimming technique is carried out 1-2 times a week, for 45-60 minutes and includes a warm-up in the water, swimming - on your feet, swimming - on your hands, etc., as well as work with weights to increase the load on muscles and development of psychological stability (improvement of swimming technique);

main stage

(training is carried out once a week):

- warm-up with a low-intensity load (without sweating) in front of an ice pool to warm up the body (in sportswear) (5-7 minutes). Dressing for a swim for a distance in an ice pool (warming up the body - physical and psychological preparation for the start of training);

- Dive into the ice pool. Temperature range of water from a natural reservoir: ice water: 0-+5°С; cold +6-+16°С). Swim a crawl distance of 25 m (first entry into the water - switching on all life support systems for cold stress);

- exit from the ice pool. Air pause (1-2 minutes);

- in a warm room, physical warm-up: 30 squats and 30 push-ups (5-10 minutes) (restoration of peripheral circulation, control of one's well-being);

- dressing in a sports uniform (3-5 minutes);

- physical training with a load of medium intensity, aimed at warming up all muscle groups (20-25 minutes) outdoors (air temperature not lower than -25 ° C) (physical and psychological preparation for a long stay in cold / ice water);

- rest (3-5 minutes) (recovery after physical activity of medium intensity);

- drinking mode (ordinary water);

- dressing for training in the ice pool: swimming trunks, 2 swimming caps, swimming goggles (5-10 minutes) (well-being assessment);

- immersion in an ice pool (the second entry into the water - the development of cold resistance and individual adaptive capabilities). Swim a long distance freestyle in an ice pool, gradually increasing the load: 1-2 lessons - 25 m; 3-4 lesson - 50 m; 5-6 lesson - 75 m; 7-8 lesson 100 m;

- exit from the ice pool to a warm room - physical warm-up: 30 squats and 30 push-ups (5-10 minutes) (restoration of peripheral circulation; assessment of well-being);

- general recovery of the body:

Option 1 - warming up (t + 90- + 92 ° С) in a sauna or bath (15-20 minutes) (complex contrast effect);

Option 2 (natural warming) - changing into dry clothes and staying indoors (30-40 minutes; t + 22- + 28 ° С) (complex non-contrast exposure) (the final stage of training);

- drinking mode (restoration of osmotic balance).

1. Hardening procedures in the system of the morning sports complex.

The combination of morning exercises with the influence of various temperature stimuli (for example, cold air or water) helps to increase the flow of impulses in the central nervous system [Titarenko S.A. Morning hygienic gymnastics // Psychological and pedagogical problems of human security and society. 2017. no. 3. S. 44-52. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_30455223_43472268.pdf] and also affects the work of the ANS. "Reconfiguration" to change the work of the ANS has a trophic effect, which is expressed in the rate of metabolic processes [Abramov et al., Fundamentals of neuroimmunology. M: Academy of Earth Sciences. 2004. 100 p. ]. Complementing the tasks of morning exercises, water procedures serve as a hardening agent of the body, which leads to the activation of internal resources [Tkach I.M. The influence of morning hygienic gymnastics on the human body // social and humanitarian sciences in the face of modern challenges. 2021. S. 343-345]. Morning exercises in combination with cold procedures in any weather of the autumn-winter period is an adaptive transition of the body that is able to regulate muscle tone, influence biochemical and biophysical reactions and metabolic processes occurring at the tissue, cellular and molecular levels [Burdova A.A. The value of the method of complex hardening in the system of health improvement of the human body / A.A. Burdova, N.V. Koloskov. Innovative processes in modern science: Mat. International (correspondence) scientific and practical. conf. - Neftekamsk: World of Science, 2017. S. 560-563].

2. Improving swimming skills in a warm, stationary pool.

The development of swimming skills consists in specific biomechanical and psychophysiological patterns of swimming movements, as well as the development of physical qualities that play a specific role, contributing to the successful formation of motor skills. Motor actions are remembered polymodally, due to visual, auditory, verbal and other types of memory. From the standpoint of a systematic approach, motor memory is characterized by multi-order and multiple relationships of its elements, taken together [Frolov V.V. The role of motor memory in the formation of technical swimming skills in schoolchildren: dis. - autoref. dis. for an apprenticeship degree cand. ped. sciences: spec. 13.00.04 "Theory and methods of physical education and sports training." 2009]. At the same time, the sequence of setting tasks, selecting exercises and teaching methods includes: learning leg movements; learning hand movements; learning the way of swimming in general; swimming improvement in full coordination [Kanareeva O.I. Ways to improve swimming with sports styles (breaststroke, crawl on the chest, crawl on the back) within the framework of the section program at the university // Innovations. The science. Education. 2021]. Special attention is paid to the issues of improving the technique of breaststroke swimming [Zhukova E.S. Accounting for the kinematic characteristics of movements in the process of selecting exercises to improve the technique of breaststroke swimming // Aspects of technical training of athletes. - 2019. S. 46-52]. Techniques with means of using special strength training means are included in the training process for teaching and developing swimming in various styles [Klochkov M.R. Improving the technique of swimming in the crawl on the chest based on the use of special strength training. Student electronic journal Strizh. -2018. - No. 4-1. P. 134-138.], as well as ways to improve the technique of turns [Savchenko E.A. Improving the technique of turns in modern crawl swimming on the chest and on the back // Actual problems of the theory and practice of physical culture, sports and tourism. 2020. S. 288-290].

3. Influence of low-temperature aquathermal action (cold stress).

Cold hardening (dousing, dipping, winter swimming) improves and restores the microcirculation of fluids in the body at the cellular and intercellular levels. As a result, this leads to an improvement in metabolism and other processes occurring in the aquatic environment of the body [Cheveleva E.A. Influence of low temperatures on the human body // Kholod. - 2017. - S. 815-816]. Low-temperature water procedures stimulate the production of leukocytes and erythrocytes in the blood, contribute to the speedy restoration of strength and endurance of muscle fibers, causing constriction and expansion of blood vessels, leading to an increase in heat generation. The alkalinity of the blood increases, the absorption of nitrogenous food (proteins) improves, the processes of excretion of urea, uric acid and other decay products from the body are activated. Such changes in the ongoing processes in the body under the influence of hardening procedures affect the general well-being of a person. He feels fresh and rested, ready to perform physical work [Cheveleva E.A. Influence of low temperatures on the human body // Kholod. - 2017. - S.815-816].

Pouring, dipping into an ice hole and swimming in cold water stimulates the activity of the immune and endocrine systems, enhances metabolic processes in cells. In the human body at the time of immersion in ice water, various hormones are produced. Thus, adrenaline is produced by neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla and is involved in the implementation of the state in which the body is mobilized to eliminate the threat. The essence of the hardening procedure is based on the difference in body and water temperature drops. In the process of dousing, cold water affects the body's receptors. There is a narrowing of the capillaries, reduced blood flow; the body, trying to save heat, lowers the temperature of the skin. At the same time, the heat balance begins to recover intensively. The blood fills the capillaries again, the skin warms up, turns red. From the point of view of the processes occurring when entering a cold environment, the body is conditionally divided into three areas: 1. The head is exposed to the smallest area of impact (this also includes the neck). This area has (15% of the total body area). The brain is located in the head, the cells of which need constant nutrition and a large amount of oxygen, without which they die within a few minutes; 2. The largest area of influence is the limbs (arms and legs). The surface area of this area (more than 50%). There are no vital centers in the limbs, and muscle tissue, even in the absence of oxygen and nutrients, is able to remain viable for several hours; 3. The surface area of the low-temperature exposure (about 30%) is exposed to the body (or torso). Here are vital organs, as a rule, well protected by a layer of muscles and subcutaneous fat [Yakovlev A. Hardening of the human body with ice water as an increase in psychological stability in stressful situations // Personality in extreme conditions and crisis situations of life. - 2016. - No. 6. S. 384-387]. With a long stay in cold or icy water, the kinematics of movement, tempo-rhythm characteristics, coordination are disturbed and, as a result, the swimming technique suffers. This is due to a number of reasons (deterioration of the dynamic characteristics of muscles in conditions of cooling, slowing down of nerve impulses, changes in blood circulation, a tendency to spasms, respiratory failure, subjective discomfort). [Arbuzova N.A., Gretsov A.G. Psychological aspects of adaptation to sports activities occurring in extreme conditions (on the example of swimming in ice water) // Personality in extreme conditions and crisis situations of life. - 2016. - No. 6. - S. 368-376].

4. Restoration of self-regulation of the body after prolonged low-temperature aquathermal exposure;

An effective means of hardening is the use of contrasting temperatures - the alternation of cold and heat. Such procedures significantly activate the processes of excitation in the nervous system, the release of stress hormones (adrenaline and norepinephrine), thereby increasing the overall resistance of the body to the action of adverse factors [Titarenko S.A. Morning hygienic gymnastics // Psychological and pedagogical problems of human security and society. - 2017. - No. 3. - S. 44-52]. The main factor influencing the body after cold procedures is (heat, hot air, steam) in the bath / sauna. Under the conditions of this environment, the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems are affected: microcirculation, metabolism are improved, recovery processes are accelerated, sweating and excretion of metabolic products (urea, lactic acid, etc.) with sweat are increased, muscle tone is reduced, functions are improved. skin, there is a stimulation of protective mechanisms [Ryzhov A.S. Recovery of the body after exercise // Science-2020, 2017. - No. 2 (13). - S. 81-92]. The body temperature of a person in such an environment rises to 38-40 ° C and most of the pathogens (bacteria, viruses) die. Also, against the background of the activation of various functions of the body, the blood supply to the brain increases, attention, memory, and mental performance improve [Grigonee J.J., Skirene V., Nautskunaite L. Bath procedures as a means of recreation and their effect on the activity of the cardiovascular system // Pedagogy , psychology and biomedical problems of physical education and sports. - 2008. - No. 10. - S. 41-43].

Example:

The study was conducted on the basis of the Center for hardening and swimming in cold water "AquaIsport", (Tyumen, Russia), which is located in the south of Western Siberia, the climate in this geographical zone is moderate. The average temperature in winter is -15°С, in summer +18.8°С.

The study involved cadets of the military engineering command school (TVVIKU) (n=14; age 18.5±0.9), who had no previous experience of swimming in cold / ice water, who completed an 8-week course on the development of cold resistance and increasing the individual adaptive capabilities of swimmers to long-term low-temperature aquathermal exposure.

The dynamics of the vegetative regulation of the nervous system and metabolic processes during the training process of developing cold resistance and individual adaptive capabilities with a consistent increase in cold load in cold/ice water was studied.

Two variants of the study were taken into account:

Option 1 (complex contrast effect): 1st and 7th lesson - the development of cold resistance and individual adaptive capabilities with heating in the bath t + 90 + 92 ° С;

Option 2 (complex non-contrast impact): 2nd and 8th lesson - development of cold resistance and individual adaptive capabilities without warming up in a sauna, natural recovery in a warm room (30-40 minutes; t + 22- + 28 ° С);

Selection into the group was carried out according to the following parameters (inclusion criteria): good swimming technique; at least 1 year experience in regular swimming in a stationary pool; conclusion of a cardiologist/therapist based on the results of ECG and ultrasound of the heart.

Admission to each lesson was carried out: by determining the general health of swimmers (excellent; good; satisfactory), blood pressure level (systolic 110-155 mm Hg, diastolic 60-90 mm Hg), heart rate (60-90 beats . in min).

Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and saturation (1st measurement) were measured before the start of the main stage (before training) (for 20 minutes); 2nd measurement (in 20 minutes) - after the end of the training process, taking into account the 1st option and the 2nd option of body recovery.

The main outcome of the study. The dynamics of pulse pressure (PP) and mean arterial blood pressure (APav), systolic blood volume (SVC), minute volume of blood circulation (MOV), vegetative Kerdo index (VIC), adaptive potential (AP) according to R.M. Baevsky, Robinson index, saturation and determination of metabolic processes

Methods for registering indicators. To determine the level of blood pressure, a semi-automatic shoulder tonometer was used. To quantify the systolic function of the heart, several methods were used simultaneously. The obtained data on heart rate, SBP and DBP were compared with the proper values (heart rate, SBP should, DBP, respectively), calculated by the formulas: Heart rate should = 48⋅ (height, cm / body weight, kg) .6⋅age (years) DADcoll=63.0+0.5⋅age (years). Based on the actual data, the following coefficients and indices were calculated, which indirectly characterize the systemic circulation:

1. PD, which is the difference between SBP and DBP: PD=SBP-DBP.

2. BPmean was calculated using the Wetzler-Boger formula: BPmean=0.42⋅SBP+0.58 DBP.

3. To describe the functional state of the heart, COV and COV were calculated using the Starr formula for adults: COV=100+0.5⋅PD-0.6⋅DBP-0.6⋅age (years) ). An individual assessment of the volume of blood circulation - DMOK (proper minute volume of blood circulation) was calculated by the formula: DMOK=DOO/281 (l/min), where DOV is the proper basal metabolism, taken in the tables of Harris and Benedict.

4. In the assessment of adaptive potential (AP) according to R.M. Baevsky used the calculation formula: AP=0.011(HR)+0.14(SBP)+0.008(DBP)+0.009 (body weight, kg)-0.009(height, cm)+0.14(age, years)0, 27. The value of AP was regarded as: up to 2.10 - satisfactory adaptation (characterizes sufficient functionality of the circulatory system); 2.11-3.30 - functional stress of adaptive mechanisms; 3.31-4.30 - unsatisfactory adaptation, which characterizes the decrease in the functionality of the circulatory system with insufficient adaptable response to physical stress; - more than 4.30 - disruption of adaptive mechanisms, which characterizes a sharp decrease in the functionality of the circulatory system.

5. To assess the mechanical activity of the heart, the Robinson index was used as an indicator of the reserve "double product" (DP): DP=HR⋅ADavg/100. The value of DP≥100 indicates an increased energy of the heart. 6. To determine the somatotypological features, VIC was calculated: VIC = (1-DBP/HR)100. The value of VIC equal to 0 is regarded as vegetative balance, from -15.0 to 15.0 - the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences of the ANS, from 16.0 to 30.0 - sympathicotonia, 31.0 and above - pronounced sympathicotonia (characterizes the activation sympathetic division of the ANS and the catabolic orientation of metabolic processes), from -16.0 to -30.0 - parasympathicotonia, -30.0 or less - pronounced parasympathicotonia (there is an imbalance in metabolic processes according to the anabolic variant of metabolism).

Medical pulse oximeter "Armed YX302. A device for measuring saturation - the level of oxygen saturation in the blood. The normal rate is 95-98%. With the help of the Oximeter, you can quickly measure the oxygen in the blood.

The level of glucose was determined in capillary blood using a portable control system OneTouch Select Plus Flex (Russia).

The studied qualitative and quantitative characteristics were subjected to statistical processing using the integrated software package "IBM SPSS Statistics 21". To select the type of criteria for (nonparametric) analysis, we studied the nature of the distribution of the studied features. Data are presented in median and first and third quartiles (Me [Q1; Q3]).

According to the results of the assessment of hemodynamic parameters (table 1), when the general recovery of the body was carried out according to 1 option (heating in a sauna or bath at t +90-+92°C for 15-20 minutes - a complex contrast effect), the SBP indicator decreased after training on the development of cold resistance and increase in the individual adaptive capabilities of swimmers to long-term low-temperature aquathermal exposure (1 session; p<0.001), and in comparison between 1 and 7 sessions (p<0.05), while the DBP indicator remained within normal values during the 8 week course. It is important to note that in their early works it was noted that in people engaged in winter swimming and before hardening procedures, the SBP indicator was in the range of 140-145 mm. Hg, which was regarded as preparing the body for extreme temperature stress [Fisher T.A., Kolyvanova S.S., Pushnikov A.A., Lepunova O.N. Changes in hemodynamic, psychophysiological parameters and adaptive potential of men of working age involved in water-cold hardening. Issues of balneology, physiotherapy and therapeutic physical culture. 2020. V. 97. No. 6. S. 40-49]. A significant decrease in PP was found with the difference between the values of SBP and DBP on the first day of the start of classes between measurements "before" and "after" (1 lesson: p<0.05), as well as between 1 and 7 lessons (p<0, 05). At the same time, the indicators of MBV (7th session: p<0.001) and SOC (between 1st and 7th sessions: p<0.05) increased. reduced (p<0.05), and after the training session it increases (7th session: p<0.001).The level of AP during the course of training indicated a satisfactory adaptation characterizing sufficient functionality of the circulatory system, especially after 1 session (p<0.001 ).Assessing the mechanical activity of the heart (Robinson index), it was found that the DP indicators are within normal values, which indicates an increased energy of the heart.At the same time, there is a significant decrease between measurements "before" and "after" (1 lesson: p<0, 05; 7 session: p<0.05), as well as an increase in DP between sessions 1 and 7 (p<0.05).When evaluating the vegetative Kerdo index, a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences of the ANS was observed and only by the end of training after a bath after 20 minutes, there is a shift towards sympathicotonia (session 7: p<0.001). At the same time, the level of blood oxygen saturation and metabolic processes during the training system did not go beyond normal values.

According to the results of the assessment of hemodynamic parameters (table 2), when the general recovery of the body was carried out in the natural conditions of a warm room (non-contrast exposure), the SBP indicator decreased after training (session 2: p<0.05; session 8: p<0.05), at the same time, the DBP indicator remained within the normal range. The heart rate indicator significantly increased by the 8th session in relation to the 2nd session and between measurements "before" and "after" (p<0.05). There was a decrease in the SOC (session 8: p<0.001). A significant decrease in PP was found with the difference between the values of SBP and DBP on the first day of the start of courses on cold resistance between measurements "before" and "after" (2nd lesson: p<0.05; 8th lesson: p<0.001). The level of AP between measurements "before" and "after" testified to a satisfactory adaptation characterizing the sufficient functionality of the circulatory system (2nd lesson: p<0.05; 8th lesson: p<0.05). When evaluating the vegetative Kerdo index during the restoration of the body in natural conditions of a warm room (non-contrast exposure), a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences of the ANS was observed. At the same time, the level of blood oxygen saturation and metabolic processes during the training system did not go beyond normal values.

Conclusions:

1. A comprehensive system of training to develop cold resistance and increase the individual adaptive capabilities of swimmers to long-term low-temperature aquathermal exposure with heating in a bath at t +90-+92°C for 15-20 minutes (1st option) does not cause a disruption of adaptive mechanisms. At the same time, the adaptation strategy to long-term low-temperature aquathermal exposure for 2 months is successful without changing the work of hemodynamics, the cardiovascular system and metabolic processes. A shift towards sympathoconia according to the Kerdo index is not a maladaptive marker of ANS function. The data obtained may indicate a high adaptability of the body to stress and training of adaptive mechanisms, especially from the side of the cardiovascular system, to a sharp temperature drop, which is about 70°C.

2. A complex system of training to develop cold resistance and increase the individual adaptive capabilities of swimmers to long-term low-temperature aquathermal exposure during body recovery in natural conditions of a warm room (non-contrast exposure), also without causing maladaptive reactions on the part of hemodynamic parameters, the functional state of the circulatory system and autonomic nervous system, as well as metabolic processes. And, on the contrary, it may indicate that the natural, non-contrast restoration of the body is a mild form of adaptive reactions to low-temperature stress exposure, aimed at consolidating the hardening effect.

3. In a comparative analysis of the options for restoring the body during a comprehensive system of training for the development of cold resistance and increasing the individual adaptive capabilities of swimmers, it was found that natural recovery (non-contrast exposure) in a warm room after a long-term low-temperature aquathermal exposure during the training process increases the functionality of the system blood circulation due to the economical work of the cardiovascular system.

Claims (2)

1. A method for increasing the individual adaptive capabilities of the body in the development of cold resistance, including at the preparatory stage dousing with water 1 time per day 6 times a week after morning exercise with tap water +8 - +10 ° C or water from a natural source; swimming in a stationary pool freestyle or breaststroke 1-2 times a week for 45-60 minutes; the main stage includes a warm-up with a low-intensity load in front of an ice pool for 5-7 minutes, immersion in an ice pool with ice 0 - +5 ° C or cold water +6 - + 16 ° C, crawling a distance of 25 m, exiting the ice swimming pool, air break 1-2 minutes, physical warm-up indoors: 30 squats and 30 push-ups 5-10 minutes, dressing in sportswear and rest 3-5 minutes, physical training with a load of medium intensity 20-25 minutes outdoors at a temperature air not lower than -25°C, rest 3-5 minutes, dressing for training in the ice pool and rest 5-10 minutes, immersion in the ice pool, freestyle swimming in the ice pool with increasing load - 1-2 lesson - 25 m ; 3-4 lesson - 50 m; 5-6 lesson - 75 m; 7-8 lesson 100 m, then warming up in a sauna or bath at a temperature of +90 - +92°С for 15-20 minutes, or changing into dry clothes and staying indoors for 30-40 minutes at a temperature of +22 - +28°С. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that before each session, an admission is made to participate in training based on indicators of general well-being, systolic blood pressure 110-155 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure 60-90 mm Hg. , heart rate at rest 60-90 beats per minute, body temperature 36.0-36.9°; equip an ice pool 4 × 25 m 33 cm with two swimming lanes.