RU2801741C1 - Method for determining range to aerological radiosonde - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: radars.

SUBSTANCE: invention can be used in atmospheric radio sounding systems for measuring the slant range from a radar station to a aerologic radiosonde (ARS) by the pulse method, direction finding along angular coordinates and transmitting telemetric information on a single carrier frequency. The claimed method includes the supply of requesting radar pulses to the ARS, their reception, amplification and excitation of oscillations of an autodyne generator perturbed in amplitude and frequency with a beat frequency. Further, the perturbed oscillations of the autodyne generator are re-radiated in the direction of the radar as an ARS response radio signal, this radio signal is received, separating autodyne frequency changes from it in the form of a signal at the beat frequency, the moments of sending request radio pulses and receiving the beat signal are compared, then the delay time between them is determined, and the distance to the ARS is determined by the delay time. In this case, the frequency of the radar request signal is pre-tuned from the frequency of the ARS autodyne generator by more than half-width of the synchronization band, and the frequency of the autodyne generator is modulated by a radio telemetry signal for transmitting meteorological data from the ARS board to the radar.

EFFECT: increased accuracy of determining the range to the ARS due to the elimination of hardware signal delay time and simplified design of the autodyne transceiver (ATS).

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Description

The invention relates to radar with an active response, and can be used in atmospheric radio sounding systems for measuring the slant range from a radar station to an aerological radiosonde (ARZ) by the pulse method, direction finding along angular coordinates and transmitting telemetric information on a single carrier frequency.

Radars with an active response are known, which, in addition to determining the coordinates of objects, are also used to transmit various telemetry information. An example of such a device is the ARZ tracking system developed by the English company Crowley (see pp. 78-82, [1]; pp. 38-41, [2]). In this system, the ARZ coordinates are determined by the ground-based radar interrogator based on the received signals from the transponder, which is located on board the ARZ. Simultaneously with the determination of the coordinates, telemetric information on the state of the atmosphere (pressure, humidity and temperature) is also recorded, which is also transmitted by the transponder.

The complexity, bulkiness and high energy consumption of the known radio sounding system are its disadvantages. The presence of separate antennas, transmitter and receiver for different frequency ranges (see Fig. 26, p. 79, [1]; p. 40, Fig. 20, [2]) significantly complicates and increases the cost of the transceiver on-board equipment of the ARP, which is essentially a consumable material for sounding, since it is used once. In addition, the large dimensions and weight of this equipment create a safety hazard for aircraft in the event of a collision.

The super-regenerative transceivers (SRTs) proposed in the 1950s were first used in aviation friend-foe identification systems (see p. 21, Fig. 6, [1]). SPPs are distinguished by their extreme simplicity of design, low weight and dimensions due to the combination of the functions of the transmitter and receiver in one stage - an autogenerator operating in a super-regenerative mode. Later, SPPs began to be used onboard ARP as transponders in domestic atmospheric radiosounding systems (see pp. 41-45, [2], ed. SU115078, publ. 01.01.1958, [3]).

The high sensitivity of the SPP to the radio pulse interrogation signal makes it possible to form a range response signal in the form of a short pause in the radiation of the transceiver at a reduced power of the interrogation radio pulse of the radar radio transmitter. Sufficiently powerful radiation of the SPP, in turn, provides reliable tracking of the ARP in terms of angular coordinates and range, as well as the simultaneous transmission of telemetric information about the state of the atmosphere up to distances of 100 ... 150 km (see ed. SU115078, publ. 3]).

A distinctive feature of radio sounding systems is the measurement of the slant range to the ARZ equipped with an SPP providing an active response signal by the radio pulse method. The request radio pulse from the radar causes a change in the structure of the radio pulses constantly emitted by the ARZ transceiver. These changes are expressed in the appearance of an energy maximum - the primary reaction and an energy minimum in the form of a "pause" - the secondary reaction of the SPP. The time delay from the moment of formation of the request signal of the radar transmitter to the energy minimum in the response signal received by the radar determines the value of the real slant range to the ARP (see pp. 61-67 [4]).

Very important in the use of SPP is the fact that the positioning system and the channel for transmitting telemetric information of the radio sounding system operate almost at the same frequency, which greatly simplified the construction of the radio sounding system as a whole. This was the decisive factor in choosing the type of transceiver in favor of the SPP in the ARP as a single-use device. Further development of the theory and technology of the SPP made it possible to reduce the power of the interrogating signal transmitter, increase the noise immunity of the complex and the secrecy of the operation of the ground-based radar with an increase in the tracking range of ARP up to 250...300 km [5,6].

Among the technical solutions that have significantly improved the parameters and characteristics of radio sounding systems, there is a method proposed in patent RU2304290C2 dated 10.08.2007, bul. No. 22, [7]. This method, which includes the supply of an interrogation signal of a ground-based radar to an upper-air radiosonde, its amplification and re-emission with the help of the SPP in the direction of the radar, is characterized in that coherent interrogation radio pulses of the radar are used as the interrogation signal, which synchronize the phase of the radio pulses of the SPP of the radiosonde, re-emit them in the direction of the radar , extract coherent response radio pulses from the received SPP radiation, determine the delay time between the interrogation and response coherent radio pulses, and determine the range to the radiosonde from the delay time.

However, the known radio sounding systems that use the SPP as a radar transponder have their common significant drawbacks.

1. Insufficient sensitivity of the device in the receive mode, which is limited by shock oscillations inherent in the super-regenerative mode of operation of the microwave generator during the formation of the leading edge of the radio pulse (see pages 140-146, books [8]; Fig. 4, patent RU 2345379 C1, publ. 27.01.2009, Bulletin No. 3, [9]; Fig. 4, patent RU 2470323 C1, published on 20.12.2012, Bulletin No. 35, [10]; article [11]).

2. The asynchrony of the processes of forming the receiving window of the SPP and sending interrogating radio pulses of the radar causes additional fluctuations in the time position, depth and duration of the response pause (see Fig. 5 of the patent RU2368916C2, publ. 27.09.2009, bull. No. 27, [12]; p. 566, Fig. 4.4.18, book [6]). This factor is the cause of the fundamentally unremovable component of the additional error in measuring the slant range.

Fig. 3. The real discrepancy between the frequencies of receiving and transmitting the SGN due to the instability of the parameters of the elements, which reduces its sensitivity as a receiver (see Fig. 3 and 4 of the patent RU2172965C1, 27.08.2001, [13]; see Fig. 5, patent RU2470323C1, 20.12 .2012, Bulletin No. 35, [10], article [14])

4. Difficulty in setting up the SPP, due to the fact that changes in one of the parameters entail a change in the other, for example, adjusting the conditions for excitation of oscillations causes a change in the carrier frequency, which is noted in patent RU2470323C1, publ. 20.12.2012, bul. No. 35, [10].

5. The wide emission spectrum of the SPP and its noise nature creates problems of electromagnetic compatibility, for example, in the operation of GLONASS / GPS systems (see pp. 532-537, Fig. 4.3.34, [6]). The half-power spectrum width is usually 6...8 MHz, depending on the duration of the generated radio pulses (see Fig. 36, p. 103, [15]; see Fig. 2 of patent RU2368916C2, publ. 27.09.2009, bul. 27, [12]).

Free from these shortcomings is a method for receiving and processing a request signal using an autodyne generator as a transceiver, according to patent RU2624993C1, publ. 07/11/2017, bul. No. 20, [16], which is taken as a prototype.

The method for receiving and processing the request signal of the prototype device in accordance with the description of the principle of its operation consists in the following sequence of actions. The radio pulse of the request signal of the transmitting device of the radar is emitted by means of the radar antenna in the direction of the ARP, received on board the ARP by means of an antenna, converting it into electromagnetic oscillations of the request radio pulse, directing it to the resonator of the autodyne generator, mixing with the natural oscillations of the autodyne generator, the resulting mixture is converted on the nonlinearity of the autodyne generator into an autodyne response in the form of changes with the beat frequency of the amplitude and frequency of oscillations, as well as the average value of the current and voltage in the bias circuit of the active element, the autodyne response of the generator is isolated by means of a recording device in the form of a radio pulse with the frequency of the beat signal, after which the radio pulse is successively amplified in amplitude, filtered with a band-pass filter, then, by means of amplitude detection, the radio pulse is converted into a video pulse, its amplitude is compared with the threshold level, selection is made according to the time parameters of the interrogation signal and a response pause pulse is formed, which interrupts the oscillations of the autodyne generator and, accordingly, the radiation of the antenna on board the ARP, by the receiving device Radars receive the ARZ signal and fix the moment of radiation interruption in it, compare the moment of sending the request signal and the moment of receiving the radiation interruption, then determine the delay time between them and determine the distance to the ARZ by the delay time, while the frequency of the autodyne generator is modulated by a radio telemetry signal for transmitting meteorological data from the ARZ board to the radar of the atmospheric radio sounding system, wherein the frequency of the radar interrogation signal is detuned from the frequency of the autodyne generator by more than half-width of the synchronization band of the autodyne generator.

However, the prototype has the following significant drawbacks.

In addition to the time of their propagation to the ARP and back, the so-called “hardware” signal delay time is included in the total delay time of the moment of receiving a signal from the ARP board in the form of an interruption of radiation relative to the request radio pulse. This time is determined by the signal settling time constants in the bandpass amplifier and radio pulse detector of the converted request signal, the time interval of the request signal selector, and also depends on the stability of the comparator with hysteresis and the response pause pulse shaper. The value of the hardware delay time of an autodyne transceiver (ATS) has an individual spread and, to a certain extent, depends on the level of the request radio signal, which, together with other factors, reduces the accuracy of determining the range to the ARZ. To reduce this measurement error, it is necessary to perform the operation of adjusting and testing the hardware delay time, which complicates and increases the cost of setting up the ARP during its manufacture.

Thus, the technical problem to be solved by the claimed invention is to increase the accuracy of determining the range to the ARZ, simplify the design of the AMS and reduce its cost while maintaining the functionality of the prototype.

To solve this problem, a method is proposed for determining the range to an aerological radiosonde equipped with an AMS, including the supply of interrogating radio pulses from the radar to the ARP, their reception, amplification and excitation of oscillations of the autodyne generator perturbed in amplitude and frequency with a beat frequency, and the disturbed oscillations of the autodyne generator are re-radiated in the direction of the radar as a response radio signal of the ARZ, this radio signal is received, separating autodyne frequency changes from it in the form of a signal at the beat frequency, the moments of sending interrogating radio pulses and receiving the beat signal are compared, then the delay time between them is determined, and the distance to the ARZ is determined from the delay time. In this case, the frequency of the radar interrogation signal is pre-tuned from the frequency of the autodyne ARZ generator by at least an order of magnitude greater than the half-width of the synchronization band, the frequency of the autodyne generator is modulated by the radio telemetry signal, and the signal at the beat frequency is isolated from the response radio signal of the ARZ by means of a frequency detector.

The essence of the invention is illustrated in Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a part of the radio sounding system that is involved in determining the range from the radar to the ARP according to the proposed method.

The composition of the radar of the system of radio sounding of the atmosphere to determine the distance to the ARP includes a range channel, which contains (see Fig. 1): radar synchronizer 1, pulse transmitter 2, antenna switch 3, receiver 4, frequency detector 5, range meter 6, antenna Radar 7, loops 8 and 9 output data "Range" and "Telemetry signal output", respectively. The transponder of the atmospheric radio sounding system contains an autodyne generator 10, configured to electrically control the generation frequency, an ARP antenna 11 and a loop 12 "Telemetry data".

The pulse transmitter 2 is connected to the transmitting port of the antenna switch 3, the receiving port of which, through the receiving device 4 and the frequency detector 5, is connected to the input of the range meter 6, and the antenna port of the antenna switch 3 is connected to the radar antenna 7. The radar synchronizer 1 is connected to the input of the pulse transmitter 2 and to the input of the range meter 6. The range meter 6 and the receiver 4 are connected via loops 8 and 9 to the meteorological data processing unit of the radar (not shown in Fig. 1). The radar antenna 7 is connected via a radio channel to the ARZ antenna 11 connected to the high-frequency port of the autodyne generator 10, the frequency control input of which is connected to the ARZ telemetry unit via the telemetry data loop 12 (not shown in Fig. 1).

These nodes and blocks can be made on the following elements and integrated circuits for general use. Pulse transmitter 2 can be made on the basis of a self-oscillator with a dielectric resonator in the feedback circuit and a two-stage power amplifier, made on powerful field-effect or bipolar transistors (see Fig. 12, [5]). In this case, the pulse transmitter 2 must have a frequency that is at least half the synchronization bandwidth of the autodyne generator 10 from the frequency of the ARZ transponder. The frequency detector 5 can be made according to a balanced circuit with mutually detuned circuits (see page 209, Fig. 5.49, [ 17]). Antenna switch 3 can be made on the basis of two 3dB directional couplers on coupled lines (see p. 193, Fig. 2.54, [18]). The receiving device 4 can be made according to the scheme of a resonant amplifier based on a low-noise transistor with a delayed AGC (see p. 102, Fig. 3.20, [17]). The radar antenna 7 can be made in the form of a phased antenna array (see patent RU2161847C1, publ. 10.01.2001, [19]).

The ARZ antenna 11 can be made in the form of a quarter-wave vibrator (see Fig. 4 of patent RU2214614C2, publ. 20.10.2003, [20]). Autodyne oscillator 10, made with the possibility of electrical frequency tuning, can be made on a field-effect transistor according to the circuit shown on page 88, fig. 3.7 of the book [21]. The radar synchronizer 1 and the ranger 6 can be made on the basis of a signal microcontroller (see, for example, [22]).

In the block diagram shown in Fig. 1, some nodes, blocks and connections between them are not disclosed, which are not mandatory when considering the proposed method. These include, for example, the general synchronization scheme of the radar, the control circuit of the antenna switch 3 and the radar antenna drive 7 from the microprocessor control system, as well as the internal structures of the pulse transmitter 2 with automatic frequency control (AFC), the receiver 4 and the meteorological data processing unit radar.

The proposed method is based on the use of the features of the manifestation of the autodyne effect in the generator when exposed to an external radio signal, as well as the method of recording this effect using a radar receiver. The time delay for receiving the start of autodyne changes relative to the sending of the request signal is the basis for determining the range from the radar to the ARP.

In more detail, we will consider the essence of the proposed method using the example of the operation of the device implementation described above.

When a supply voltage is applied to the device in the autodyne generator 10 (see Fig. 1), high-frequency oscillations occur, which are modulated by a narrow-band frequency modulation (FM) telemetry signal using a packet method of information transmission (see patent RU2529177C1, publ. 27.09.2014, bull. No. 27 [23]). The encoded signal with meteorological data is fed through the loop 12 to the built-in resonator generator 10 varicap from the telemetry unit (not shown in Fig. 1). The oscillations received in the generator 10 through the antenna 11 ARZ in the form of electromagnetic waves are emitted at a frequency in the direction of the atmospheric radio sounding radar.

In accordance with the operating principle of the radar (see pp. 74-87, [6]), the radar antenna 7 receives the electromagnetic waves coming from the ARP, converts them into a radio signal in the form of electromagnetic oscillations and sends it through the antenna switch 3 to the receiving device 4 radars. In the receiver 4, the radio signal is amplified and divided into two channels. The first one is designed to obtain information about the distance to the ARZ, and the second one is to receive and process the telemetry signal from the ARZ board. The telemetric radio signal from the receiver 4 via the loop 9 enters the meteorological data processing unit (not shown in Fig. 1). The results of measuring the angular coordinates of the ARP position relative to the radar are received from the radar antenna drive control system 7 to the same block.

The radar pulse transmitter 2, in accordance with the trigger pulses coming from the radar synchronizer 1, generates periodic (with a repetition rate of about 500 Hz) sending short (of the order of 1 μs) request radio pulses, which through the antenna switch 3 enter the radar antenna 7 and are emitted in the direction of the ARZ to frequency .

The radiation received on board the ARZ by antenna 11 is converted into electrical oscillations, which, in the form of request radio pulses, have a frequency , enter the resonator of the autodyne generator 10. Here they are mixed with the natural oscillations of the generator 10, which have a frequency . The resulting mixture of oscillations, interacting on the nonlinearity of the active element of the generator 10, causes an autodyne effect in this generator, which, depending on the ratio of the magnitude of the frequency difference and half-width of the band synchronization of the generator 10 manifests itself in different ways (see pp. 13-24, [24]).

If the difference frequency is within half-width of the sync bandwidth , then the frequency of the generator 10 is captured by the acting signal and the reaction of the generator 10 ends there. If the difference frequency is outside the half-width of the sync bandwidth when the inequality , then the beat mode is observed in the generator 10. In this mode, oscillations of the generator 10 are accompanied by complex amplitude-frequency modulation and significant non-linear distortions of the autodyne signal [25]. At the same time, the frequency beats is equal to the difference between the frequency of the influencing signal and the value of the frequency of the edge of the synchronization band closest to it, that is .

In the case of a strong inequality, when , in the autodyne oscillator 10 quasi-harmonic changes in the amplitude are observed and frequency hesitation with beat frequency (see pp. 19, 20, [26]):

Where

- instantaneous values of fluctuations at the output of the autodyne generator 10;

, - the amplitude and frequency of oscillations of the generator 10 in the stationary mode of the autonomous generator 10, respectively;

- coefficient of attenuation of the amplitude of the radio signal on the path of its propagation from the radar to the ARP, reduced to the antenna port 11 of the ARP (see pages 23-24 of the book [1]);

- the average power of the radio signal at the antenna port 11 ARZ;

- average power of the interrogating radio signal of the radar;

, - antenna gains of 7 radars and 11 ARPs, respectively;

- current distance from the radar to the ARZ;

- wavelength of ARZ radiation in free space;

- speed of propagation of radio waves;

, - coefficients of autodyne amplification of the received signal and relative deviations of the generation frequency, respectively;

, - angles of relative phase shift of autodyne characteristics;

, - coefficients of nonisodromicity and nonisochronism of the generator 10, respectively;

, - efficiency and external quality factor of the generator resonator 10;

, , - differential parameters of the generator 10, which determine its reduced steepness of the increment, non-isochronism and non-isodromy, respectively.

The maximum changes in the amplitude and frequency of oscillations of the generator 10 in expressions (1) and (2) are determined by the values of the multipliers in front of the trigonometric functions. Note that the autodyne gain with the specified multiplier in (1) shows how many times the amplitude of the response of the autodyne generator 10 is greater than the amplitude of the received signal and can be (see Fig. 2, c , d , [26]). In this case, the factor in (2) is numerically equal to the half-width oscillator 10 synchronization bands (see pages 25, 26, [26]):

As a result of calculating the half-width synchronization bands according to formula (3) at , which corresponds to the case of a strong signal and a small distance from the radar to the ARP (tens of meters), at a frequency at , , And we get , i.e. 2.37 MHz. It is obvious that the condition satisfies the choice of frequency difference order , that is, 30 MHz or more.

Thus, during the action of the request signal in one microsecond, in the generator 10 with such a value of the frequency difference perturbed oscillations modulated in amplitude and frequency by at least 30 periods of the beat signal will be formed. During the rest of the operation of the generator 10, its oscillations, as noted above, are modulated by a telemetry signal with packet information transmission, the transmission rate of which (2.4 kbps) is much lower than the frequency of the beat signal.

The perturbed oscillations of the autodyne generator 10, modulated by both the beat signal and the telemetry data, in the form of a response radio signal of the ARP through the ARP antenna 11, the space between the ARP and the radar, the radar antenna 7 and the antenna switch 3 enter the receiving device 4. Here, after amplification, as noted above, the signal is divided into two channels: the "Range" channel and the channel for receiving and processing the telemetry signal. In the telemetry channel, demodulation of "slow" frequency changes is performed, as well as the extraction and decoding of weather data.

In the range channel, the radio signal enters the frequency detector 5, at the output of which a radio pulse is formed, filled with "fast" oscillations with a beat frequency. This radio pulse enters the range meter 6, where, in accordance with the principle of operation laid down in the operation of the radar (see pp. 74-87, [6]), the slant range to the ARP is measured by the time position of the received radio pulse relative to the moment of sending the interrogation radio pulse. Further, taking into account the angular coordinates, the current coordinates of the ARP location are determined. At the same time, the hardware delay time introduced by the proposed device (of the order of a few to tens of nanoseconds) associated with the transient process in the autodyne generator is negligibly small compared to the propagation time of radio signals from the radar to the ARP and back (see Fig. 3 in the article [26])

Autodyne generator 10 in the proposed device operates with virtually continuous radiation without interruptions in the mode of stationary oscillations in the presence of narrow-band FM radiation signal telemetry channel. Narrowband FM does not significantly affect its operation mode and emission spectrum. The range of the proposed device is much narrower than that of the prototype and analogues. Thus, the AMS radiation creates less interference with the operation of other radio systems, including GLONASS/GPS systems.

In the mode of stationary oscillations, in which the autodyne generator 10 operates, practically no additional means are required to stabilize its operating point, as in the SPP. Setting the autodyne generator 10 to the optimal mode in terms of the sensitivity and dynamics of the formation of the autodyne signal is reduced to choosing the coupling coefficient with the load and setting the required generation frequency [26]. In addition, there is no need to perform the adjustment operation and test the hardware delay time. This achieves a simplification of the methodology for setting up the AMS during its production in comparison with analogues, which also provides an advantage to the proposed device.

In addition, the proposed invention allows, in comparison with the prototype, to significantly simplify the design of the APC, excluding from its functional diagram the autodyne signal extraction unit, the amplifier, the request signal detector and the response pause pulse shaper without compromising the functionality of the device, which reduces the cost of its manufacture.

Thus, the proposed method for determining the range to the ARZ while maintaining the functionality of the known devices ensures the achievement of the technical result of the invention - increasing the accuracy of determining the range to the ARZ due to the elimination of fluctuations in the time position of the response signal and the hardware delay of the radio signal. At the same time, it should be added that the use of the proposed method in existing radio sounding systems will require only minor design changes in the radar, associated with the introduction of a frequency detector into the range channel, and tuning the frequency of the interrogating transmitter by the value of the difference frequency beat signal.

The results of theoretical studies of APCs are confirmed by experimental data obtained for a transceiver mock-up based on a transistor generator at a frequency of 1680 MHz, and also confirmed the feasibility of the proposed method for determining the range to ARP and its suitability for use in the advanced development of an atmosphere radio sounding system [26].

Literature

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Claims (4)

1. A method for determining the range to an aerological radiosonde (ARZ) equipped with an autodyne transceiver (ATP), including the supply of request radio pulses from the radar to the ARP, their reception, amplification and excitation of oscillations of an autodyne generator perturbed in amplitude and frequency with a beat frequency, characterized in that the perturbed oscillations of the autodyne generator are re-radiated in the direction of the radar as a response radio signal of the ARP, this radio signal is received, separating autodyne frequency changes from it in the form of a signal at the beat frequency, the moments of sending interrogating radio pulses and receiving the beat signal are compared, then the delay time between them is determined, and by time delays determine the range to the ARP. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the frequency of the radar interrogation signal is preliminarily detuned from the frequency of the ARP autodyne generator by at least an order of magnitude greater than the half-width of the synchronization bandwidth. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the frequency of the autodyne generator on board the ARP is modulated by a radio telemetry signal. 4. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the signal at the beat frequency is isolated from the response radio signal of the ARZ by means of a frequency detector.