RU2794351C1 - Method for obtaining granulated fertilizer based on chicken manure and leonardite - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method for obtaining fertilizer includes the collection of the substrate, its treatment with a humic substance by spraying, mixing the resulting organic mixture and drying, and after mixing the organic mixture, it is kept at ambient temperature until the internal temperature reaches 70 degrees Celsius, after which it is dried to a moisture content of not more than 15%, crushed to a fine fraction and granulated, while bedding material from a mixture of chicken manure with cellulose-containing bedding is used as a substrate, leonardite powder is used as a humic substance, and the components for forming granules are taken at a certain ratio.

EFFECT: invention allows to reduce the negative impact of unprocessed chicken manure on the environment and obtain high-quality organic fertilizer to improve soil quality and increase productivity.

3 cl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to the production of a complex granular fertilizer based on bedding chicken manure and leonardite, and can be used in crop production, in agriculture as a stimulant to increase soil fertility, as well as in land reclamation.

A known method for producing organic fertilizer (patent RU 2017705, IPC C05F 3/00, publ. 15.08.1994), including mixing chicken manure with organic moisture-absorbing material, aerobic fermentation of the mixture, drying and cooling. In order to improve the quality of the fertilizer by deep fermentation of all particles of manure and increase the content of humus substances in the fertilizer, chicken manure is crushed to a particle size of 0.5 - 1.0 mm, mixing with a moisture-absorbing material is carried out at a ratio equal to 3>Qp / Qv>0 ,1, where Qp is the mass of dry matter of the litter, Qw is the mass of dry matter of the moisture-absorbing material, aerobic fermentation is carried out in an autothermal thermophilic mode, and after cooling, the resulting product is subjected to psychrophilic fermentation by keeping without air for 60 - 90 days.

There is a known method for the disposal and disinfection of chicken manure (patent RU 2645901, IPC C05F 3/00, publ. 02/28/2018), including mixing the manure with filler, forming the mixture into a pile and subsequent composting. Disinfection of chicken manure is carried out in the poultry house outside the zone of the bird's stay in the vestibule on a conveyor-mixer, while simultaneously moving and mixing chicken manure with ground quicklime in the necessary and sufficient amount to achieve a pH of 6.5-6.8 of the mixture, into which then filler is added - natural sorbent glauconite in the ratio of 1:10, mixed and removed to the destination.

Closest to the claimed is a method for producing a complex fertilizer based on bird droppings and potassium humate (patent RU 2710234, IPC C05F 3/00, C05F 11/02, C05F 15/00, publ. 12/25/2019), including the operations of mixing and drying. The mixture of bird droppings is carried out with ready-made potassium humate "bioresource". At the same time, at the first stage, mixing is carried out on a moving base with mixing scraper elements, and potassium humate is sprayed. At the second stage, drying is carried out by supplying air with a temperature of 120-200°C.

Moreover, during drying, periodic spraying of potassium humate "bioresource" is also carried out, the total consumption of potassium humate is 20-30 liters per ton of bird droppings.

However, these fertilizers do not effectively stimulate soil fertility and do not sufficiently reduce the negative impact of unprocessed chicken manure on the environment.

The technical problem of the claimed invention is the development of a method for obtaining granular fertilizer based on bedding chicken manure and leonardite, which effectively stimulates soil fertility on agricultural crops in open and protected ground and does not contain pathogenic microflora, bacteria and helminths.

The technical result of the invention is to reduce the negative impact of unprocessed chicken manure on the environment and to obtain high-quality organic fertilizer to improve soil quality and increase productivity.

To achieve a technical result in the method of obtaining fertilizer, including the collection of the substrate, its treatment with a humic substance by spraying, mixing the resulting organic mixture, drying, according to the solution, after mixing the organic mixture, it is kept at ambient temperature until the internal temperature reaches 70 degrees Celsius, after which dried to a moisture content of not more than 15%, crushed to a fine fraction and formed granules, while bedding material from a mixture of chicken manure with cellulose-containing bedding is used as a substrate, leonardite powder is used as a humic substance, and the components for forming granules are taken in an amount, wt . %: leonardite powder - 25-35; bedding material - 65-75.

Sawdust is used as a cellulose-containing bedding.

Granules are formed in length from 15 to 30 mm, with a diameter of 8 mm.

To obtain granular fertilizer, two main components are used:

1. Substrate in the form of chicken manure with cellulose-containing litter (sawdust) from the floor keeping of poultry. Chicken manure is one of the best types of organic fertilizers, it is rich in organic matter and contains a large amount of plant nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In addition, the litter from the floor keeping of poultry includes sawdust, which replenishes depleted soils, gradually decomposing and rotting, sawdust makes the soil more loose (air and moisture permeable).

2. Humic acids from leonardite. The dry form of leonardite was used (brown-black powder), the total amount of humic acids in 100 g of leonardite was 65% in dry matter. It does not contain impurities contained in peat and sapropel, from which humic fertilizers are mainly produced, and has a high content of humic acids. Humic acids reduce the loss of nutrients from manure and speed up the process of its composting, they also have remitting properties: they bind pesticides, heavy metals, and are an effective plant biostimulant, increasing their resistance and productivity.

For the manufacture of granules (pellets), the optimal dose of leonardite was used - 25%, which allows using the potential of humic acids without overestimating the cost of a natural component (leonardite) for the manufacture of a soil fertility stimulator. 75% was litter litter.

Treatment of bedding chicken manure with leonardite reduces its hazard class by reducing emissions of harmful gases (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide), improves the environmental situation at the poultry farm (if the drug is used in the poultry rearing process), allows for efficient disposal and processing into valuable organic fertilizer with a high content nitrogen.

Organic raw materials for the production of granules (pellets) usually have high humidity, they contain aggressive chemicals, so it is advisable to dry it and treat it with special additives that neutralize and accelerate the process of decomposition of organic compounds. Leonardite with a high content of humic acids is a bioactive component for the production of a safe complex organic fertilizer (soil fertility stimulator).

The technology for the production of granular fertilizer (soil fertility stimulator) based on bedding chicken manure and leonardite in the form of granules consists of three main stages.

Stage 1 - processing of bedding manure (a mixture of chicken manure and sawdust bedding). The technological cycle of production begins with the collection of bedding manure treated with leonardite powder, which accelerates the process of converting manure into a high-quality product, at this stage the release of ammonia nitrogen is reduced. The dry form of leonardite was applied to the litter by gradual uniform dispersion with a powder duster and further mixing with the litter manure using a rake. It is important to emphasize that leonardite can be introduced during the rearing of birds, thereby improving their living conditions. The process takes place at outside temperature (at ambient temperature) and does not require additional heating. The organic mixture is kept in this state for up to 3 days, while the internal temperature of the mixture (raw materials) rises to 70 degrees Celsius.

Stage 2 - drying and grinding. The semi-finished product of the future fertilizer is dried to a moisture content of not more than 15% to stabilize and preserve its useful properties, for this it is placed in a high-temperature drying unit (temperature over 100 degrees Celsius), where it is simultaneously crushed to a fine fraction. The drying process takes place on equipment adapted for an aggressive environment, which is equipped with a system of sensors and software. At this stage, there is a complete separation of water, nitrogen fixation and the formation of mineral salts and humic compounds.

Stage 3 - production of granules. Loose fertilizer is fed into a matrix granulator, where the material is compacted under high pressure and passes through the matrix fillers, resulting in the formation of granules (pellets) with a diameter of 8 mm and a length of 15 to 30 mm. The used granulation line has a cooler and a sieve for sifting and aerating the resulting dust, which goes back to the processing.

The experiment shows that the introduction of leonardite into fresh bedding manure leads to a decrease in ammonia emissions by 20-25 percent, and also reduces the emission of hydrogen sulfide. Thus, in the case of timely treatment of manure with leonardite, it is possible to reduce the loss of nitrogen, a valuable plant nutrient.

An example of the implementation of the method.

The conditions in the area of the experiment and the air conditioning regime during the entire period of measurements and production of granules are stable. The air temperature during the experiment was in the range from 22.0 to 25.2°C. Relative air humidity from 50 to 65%, air pressure from 969 to 976 hPa.

After one round of rearing the parent stock of broilers, which is 60 weeks, the accumulated manure, together with the bedding material, is treated with humic acids in order to conduct studies on the emission of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. In the future, experimental samples are produced - pellets of a soil fertility stimulator. The litter consists of sawdust of soft coniferous (spruce) trees, which is sprinkled during the keeping of chickens and periodically subjected to tedding to prevent caking.

The moisture content of the bedding chicken manure used in the experiment is 25-30%; in terms of consistency, the bedding chicken manure has a loose structure. Bedding material (chicken manure and sawdust bedding) is not treated with disinfectants.

For the treatment of manure with humic acids, a dry form (brown-black powder) of leonardite is taken (the total amount of humic acids in 100 g of leonardite is 65% in dry matter).

The dry form of leonardite is applied to the litter by gradual uniform dispersion with a powder duster over the surface of the isolated cultivated areas of the poultry house and mixed with the litter manure using a rake.

To determine the concentration of ammonia (NH ₃ ) and hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S) in the poultry house, a portable gas analyzer PGA-600 is used.

After measuring emissions of harmful gases (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide), organic material ready for disposal is stored on a pre-prepared site for the production of pellets.

As a result of laboratory studies, it was found that pellets from bedding manure with leonardite comply with sanitary and toxicological standards, do not contain pathogenic microflora, bacteria and helminths, which means that they can be classified as low-hazard substances (4th hazard class according to GOST 12.1.007). The resulting sample contains 1.9% total nitrogen and 0.98% total phosphorus, which meets the requirements for fertilizers from chicken manure. Mass fraction of organic matter - 90.58%, pH - 6.02.

Based on tests to determine the effectiveness of the use of a soil fertility stimulator on agricultural crops (crop - spring wheat, application doses: 1 t / ha and 2 t / ha) and greenhouse crops (crop - lettuce, application doses: 200 g / m ² and 300 g/m ² it is shown that the use of the developed organic fertilizer improves soil structure, increases germination, plant height, weight and yield.

The following are examples of tests.

1. Study of the emission of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide.

Studies to determine the emission of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were carried out in the experimental room of the poultry house of the Zavolzhskaya poultry farm, which is part of the Saratov-Ptitsa Group, the largest specialized agricultural enterprise in the Saratov region for the production of marketable eggs and chicken meat.

For production tests to determine the concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, 3 isolated sites with an area of 20 m ² each, litter weight 1064 kg were allocated.

The first experimental site without the introduction of leonardite - control. The application rate of leonardite (25% leonardite powder / 75% sawdust with chicken manure) is 355 kg (17.73 kg per 1 m ² ), and at (35% leonardite powder / 65% sawdust with chicken manure) - 573 kg (28 .65 kg per 1 m ² ). In total, 928 kg of leonardite were added to the surface of the bedding material.

Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia concentrations were measured with a PGA-600 gas analyzer (TS TP 012/2011, GOST 30852.0 and GOST 30852.10.) every 30 minutes for 17 hours on December 26, 2021 at a level of 50 cm from the floor at various points of the experimental site at a distance 1 m from the edge. Hydrogen sulfide, which has a high density, accumulated from below, and ammonia circulated with air currents throughout the poultry house.

The research results showed that the content of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the experimental options is less than in the control one during the entire measurement period.

The average concentration of ammonia in the control plot was 6.53 mg/m ³ , in the second experimental site 5.13 mg/m ³ , and in the third - 4.84 mg/m ³ . In all areas, the concentration of ammonia does not exceed the maximum permissible concentration. The maximum allowable concentration (MPC) in the air of broilers for ammonia is 10 mg/m ³ for young birds and 15 mg/m ³ for adult birds, thus, at all three sites, the concentration of ammonia does not exceed the established standards. When mixing bedding manure with leonardite at a ratio of 75/25, the average concentration of ammonia decreased by 21.4%, and at a ratio of 65/35 by 25.9%.

The average concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the control area was 2.74 mg/m ³ , in the second experimental area - 2.45 mg/m ³ , and in the third - 2.32 mg/m ³ . At concentrations above 1.4 mg/m ³ a characteristic "rotten egg" odor begins to be felt, which becomes very intense at 4 mg/m ³ , higher concentrations of hydrogen sulfide are already characterized as "painful". When mixing bedding manure with leonardite at a ratio of 75/25, the average concentration of hydrogen sulfide decreased by 10.5%, and at a ratio of 65/35 by 15.3%. Thus, humic acids from leonardite quite effectively neutralize odors from bedding manure.

The use of leonardite provides an increase in the efficiency of utilization of chicken manure, a decrease in its hazard class by reducing hazardous emissions, namely, ammonia emissions by at least 20 percent and hydrogen sulfide emissions by at least 10 percent.

2. Study of the physical and chemical properties of soil samples to determine the effectiveness of the soil fertility stimulator on agricultural crops and crops of protected ground.

Field studies were carried out on the experimental field of the Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov in the UNPO "Povolzhye" of the Engels district of the Saratov region in 2022 on dark chestnut soils, medium-thick in terms of thickness, granulometric composition - medium loamy, humus content - 2.8%.

The climate of the Central left-bank microzone of the Saratov region is characterized as moderately hot and moderately dry. The duration of the frost-free period according to long-term average data is 162 days. The sum of effective temperatures above 10°C is 2500°C. The hydrothermal coefficient is 0.77.

In order to study the physical and chemical properties of soil samples to determine the effectiveness of the soil fertility stimulator on agricultural crops and crops of protected ground, experiments were carried out according to the following schemes: spring wheat (control, stimulant at a dose of 1 t/ha, stimulator at a dose of 2 t/ha) ; lettuce (control, stimulant at a dose of 200 g/m ² , stimulant at a dose of 300 g/m ² ).

The total area of each plot for spring wheat is 100 m ² , accounting 70 m ² . Repeat three times. Plot locations are randomized.

The experiments were accompanied by observations and research in accordance with generally accepted guidelines (B.A. Dospekhov, 1985). Soil moisture - thermostatic-weight method using an AM-16 drill. Soil density - cutting ring method using a Kaczynski drill. Soil structure - dry screening method through a column of sieves. Agrochemical indicators were determined in the agrochemical service of the Federal State Budgetary Institution GSAS "Saratovskaya". The analysis of the structure of the spring wheat crop was carried out according to the Methodology of the state variety testing of agricultural crops (1985).

1. When studying the agrophysical properties of the soil, the reserves of productive moisture before sowing were determined, which were satisfactory in the 20 cm layer and very good in the 0-60 cm layer. The moisture content of the upper soil layer of 0-10 cm was low and amounted to 4.02%, the highest rate was noted at a depth of 20-30 cm - 20.45%.

2. On average, in a layer of 0-30 cm, the density of the soil before sowing spring wheat was 1.28 g/cm ³ , which is the optimal indicator for the normal development of the root system of the crop under study.

3. In experiments with lettuce, the density of the soil substrate before sowing the crop was 1.18 g/cm ³ . The introduction of a soil fertility stimulator contributed to a decrease in compaction by the time the lettuce was harvested.

4. The largest percentage in the soil is occupied by aggregates larger than 10 mm - 33% and from 1 to 2 mm - 22%. The remaining structural components varied equally from 6 to 11%. The number of agronomically valuable structural aggregates in the studied soil is 65%, which is a good indicator for dark chestnut soil.

5. The study of changes in soil structure during the cultivation of lettuce showed that the number of agronomically valuable aggregates increases with the application of fertilizers. Before sowing, their number was 65%, after harvesting the lettuce, due to the loosening action of the root system, the number of aggregates over 10 mm decreased to 27%, and the number of aggregates less than 0.25 mm increased to 5%.

6. The application of the studied fertilizers at a dose of 200 g/m ² contributed to the improvement of soil structure up to 71%, while the number of aggregates less than 0.25 mm decreased to 3% due to the structure-forming ability of organic substances contained in the fertilizer, the number of aggregates larger than 10 mm dropped to 26%.

7. When applying a dose of 300 g/ha, an increase in the number of aggregates larger than 10 mm to 28% was noted, this is due to the influence on the structure of the fertilizer itself, which did not have time to completely decompose in the substrate over a short growing season.

8. The use of a soil fertility stimulator based on humic acids and chicken manure in the cultivation of spring wheat contributed to an increase in germination by 4-6% and planting density - by 20-29 pieces/m ² . The highest effect was obtained in the variant with a fertilizer dose of 2 t/ha.

9. Fertilization has affected plant height. In the tillering phase, the highest indicator (40 cm) is in the variant with a dose of 2 t/ha, which is higher than the control by 9 cm or 29%.

10. The studied fertilizer contributed to a decrease in the density of the soil substrate for lettuce harvesting and improved the number of agronomically valuable aggregates, at a dose of 200 g/m ² they amounted to 71%.

11. The use of the studied fertilizer in the cultivation of lettuce has a positive effect on the formation of leaves, increasing their number to 5.2-5.9 leaves compared to the control, where the number of leaves was 4.1 leaves per plant. The height of lettuce plants increased in the variants with the use of a soil fertility stimulator based on humic acids and chicken manure and amounted to 19.2-19.6 cm.

12. In the variants with the application of fertilizer, an acceleration of the growth processes of lettuce plants was noted, which was expressed in the increase in the number of leaves, height and weight of plants. The use of fertilizer with a fertilizer application dose of 300 g/m ² biometric indicators and yield reached the highest values among all variants of the experiment 3.06 kg/m ² .

13. The use of a soil fertility stimulator based on humic acids and chicken manure improves soil fertility, increases the content of humus to 4.3 and 3.0%, phosphorus to 45.3 and 109.7 mg/kg and potassium to 401 and 517 mg /kg.

14. Analysis of the content of the main nutrients after harvesting lettuce showed that the studied fertilizers increased the nitrogen content to 70 mg/kg (at a dose of 1 t/ha), potassium - up to 711 mg/kg (at a dose of 2 t/ha). The humus content decreased from 13.2% before sowing to 10.8-12.8% after harvest. The amount of lead during the growing season decreased from 5.47 to 5.6 in the control, 2.2 at a dose of 1 t/ha and 4.9 at a dose of 2 t/ha, the MPC for lead was not exceeded.

15. When applying a soil fertility stimulator based on humic acids and chicken manure at a dose of 1 t/ha, the yield of spring wheat increased by 0.12 t/ha or 7.6%. Increasing the dose of the studied fertilizer to 2 t/ha made it possible to obtain an increase in control by 0.4 t/ha or 24.7%.

Summarizing the above, the granular fertilizer obtained by the claimed method absorbs moisture well during rains and irrigation, which is then given to plants when the earth dries up. Also, the granules have a prolonged action, nutrients enter the soil gradually, as the pellets decay, thus, less nitrates accumulate in plants. Chicken manure pellets are easier to dose, and aqueous solutions can also be prepared from them. The use of fertilizer in the form of granules allows much more efficient use of the nutritional potential, while significantly reducing the application dosage. Also, the costs associated with the storage of fertilizer, its transportation and application are reduced, since during granulation the volume of manure is reduced by up to 10 times due to drying and pressing. The granulated form of fertilizers expands the agrotechnical possibilities of their use.

In the production of pellets, when chicken manure is mixed with leonardite, the formation of water-soluble salts of organic acids (ammonium humates, potassium humates) occurs, thus, the humic acids contained in leonardite become bioactive and begin to act effectively as a biostimulator and source of nutrients. When introduced into the soil, due to the presence of various functional groups, plant nutrients bound by humic acids (macro- and microelements) are not absorbed by soil minerals and are not washed out by water, but are in a form available for absorption by plants. The introduction of this kind of fertilizer increases the buffer capacity of soils, stabilizes the reserves of mineral nutrition, and also protects plants from the ingress of toxic substances (pesticides, heavy metals, radioactive elements) into them due to the protective function of humic acids by binding them into inactive and difficult to dissociate compounds.

As a result of the pellet production process, the following is ensured: increasing the concentration and optimization of nutritional components available to plants, the biological safety of the product, pathogenic microflora and helminth eggs die, weed seeds lose their germination; the amount of cellulose is reduced, the negative impact of unprocessed chicken manure on the environment is reduced.

Claims (5)

1. A method for obtaining fertilizer, including the collection of the substrate, its treatment with a humic substance by spraying, mixing the resulting organic mixture and drying, characterized in that after mixing the organic mixture, it is kept at ambient temperature until the internal temperature reaches 70 degrees Celsius, after which it is dried to a moisture content of not more than 15%, crushed to a fine fraction and formed granules, while bedding material from a mixture of chicken manure with cellulose-containing bedding is used as a substrate, leonardite powder is used as a humic substance, and the components for forming granules are taken in an amount, wt. %: leonardite powder - 25-35; bedding material - 65-75. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that sawdust is used as a cellulose-containing bedding. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that granules are formed in length from 15 to 30 mm, with a diameter of 8 mm.